1

Thit K Trn FPGA Loi Nhiu

Cho Tn Hiu ECG
Nh Bin i Sng Con

Hunh Minh Trit, sinh vin khoa in t vin thng, trng H
Khoa Hc T Nhin TP. HCM

Tm tt: Tn hiu in tm (ECG) c
th b trn ln vi rt nhiu loi nhiu khi o
v thu thp d liu. Mt vi gii thut da
trn bin i sng con c pht trin
loi nhiu cc tn hiu ECG. Nhm loi
b hin tng Pseudo-Gibbs vi cc dng
sng Q, S khi bin i sng con ri rc
(DWT) v thit k mch trn dy cng kh
lp trnh (FPGA) loi nhiu tn hiu
ECG, trong bi bo ny, mt kiu loi nhiu
khc c a ra da trn DWT theo m
hnh ca h thng thnh gic. Cc tham s
DWT c thay i ti u ho gi tr
ngng v kt qu loi nhiu c so snh
gia cc php bin i sng con. Cc d liu
tn hiu ECG s dng kim tra ng dng
DWT loi nhiu c ti t c s d liu
MIT-BIH.

1. Gii thiu:
Tn hiu in tm (ECG) l mt trong cc
tn hiu y sinh c nghin cu rng ri
v ng dng trong cc phng khm. Mt
dng sng ECG thng thng thng l s
t hp ca sng P, sng QRS v sng T
(Hnh 1). S phn tch chnh xc cc dng
sng ny l rt quan trng khi phn tch tn

hiu ECG. Tuy nhin do tn hiu ECG l rt
yu v khng r rng, in p chnh lch
gia 2 in cc pha tay tri v pha tay
phi c 1-3mV v tn s ca cc tn hiu
ECG nm trong khong gia 0.02Hz cho ti
150Hz. Cht lng ca cc sensor cm nhn
tn hiu ECG tu thuc vo bng thng ca
n. Cc sensor ECG trn th trng gi r
c bng thng ti 30Hz. Cn cc sensor
ECG chuyn dng ca cc phng cp cu c
bng thng ti 1KHz. Vi ph tn s v
tn hiu ECG rt yu nh vy th n rt d b
can nhiu bi cc nhiu khc, do vy trit
nhiu mt cch hiu qu l vn quan
trng trong vic phn tch tn hiu ECG. Vo
nhng nm 60 ca th k trc, vic phn
tch cc dng sng P, sng QRS v sng T
c in trc y thng s dng cc b
lc tng t bng thng cao, b lc bng
thng thp v b lc Notch n thp k
70, x l tn hiu s thch nghi c xut
bi Bernard Widrow v Samuel D. Stearns
a lnh vc x l tn hiu y sinh sang
hng mi. Ban u Widrow tp trung vo
vic lc cc nhiu 50Hz - 60Hz tng ng
vi tn s ngunhiu in li thnh ph v
t ra cc tiu ch chnh cho x l tn hiu y
sinh l: lc nhiu, sa dng sng, nhn dng
2

v tin on. Cc tiu ch ny l v cng
quan trng cho cc bc s trong chun on
lm sng v cho cc h thng t ng chun
on bnh sau ny. Nhng nm gn y,
cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v cng
ngh, cc k thut x l tn hiu y sinh ( in
tm , in no ) p dng cc k
thut hin i nh:
- Loi nhiu theo ngng sau khi thc hin
bin i sng con ri rc (DWT)
- S dng cc gii thut cho lc s nh:
Thay i bc thut ton LMS, RLS theo
hng thay i kch thc bc thch nghi.
- Nhn dng tn hiu m tch tn hiu
FECG...


K thut loi nhiu thng qua ngng sau
khi thc hin DWT ngy nay v ang
pht trin mnh v k thut ny c u im l
phc tp va phi chp nhn c, kh
nng trit nhiu cao. Tuy nhin vic la
chn gii thut cho vic loi nhiu tn hiu
ECG v chn cng ngh ng dng cho
hthng phn cng s dng sng con rt
a dng. Hn na phng php loi b
nhiu thng qua ngng sau khi thc hin
bin i sng con kinh in gy ra hin
tng Pseudo-Gibbs ti dng sng Q v S
ca tn hiu ECG do DWT. Nhm gim
hin tng Pseudo-Gibbs ti dng sng Q v
S, th vic la chn gii thut ngng thch
nghi theo tng bng con c t ra trong
bi bo ny. Cc kt qu thc nghim ch
ra rng, phng php vi gii thut trong bi
bo ny tt hn phng php kinh in trn
y m vn gi c cc c tnh hnh hc
ca tn hiu ECG v t s tn hiu trn nhiu
(SNR) c p dng trn cc h thng da
trn FPGA kt hp DSP.

2. Lc nhiu s dng DWT

Bin i sng con c ng dng rt
rng ri trong vic x l tn hiu v hnh
nh. Hin nay c hai phng php chnh loi
nhiu nh php bin i sng con cho cc
tn hiu ECG:
a) Phng php ti a module bin i sng
con. phng php ny, c th loi b
nhiu v lu li thng tin ca tn hiu gc ti
cng thi im, nhng s lng tnh ton
ln v khng n nh [1].
b) Phng php sng con ngng loi
nhiu sau khi bin i sng con c
xut bi Donoho vo nm 1999 [2] v c
p dng cho loi nhiu cc tn hiu ECG
[3,4] Tn hiu ECG cha nhiu ngu nhin
khng tng quan vi di hu hn c th
c biu din:

s(t)= x(t) + n(t) (1)

trong x(t) l tn hiu ECG nguyn gc
khng c nhiu, n(t) l nhiu trng Gaussian
c trung bnh zero v phng sai
2
. Cc h
s sng con ti cc phn gii khc nhau
c th nhn c bng cch ly DWT ca
3

tn hiu ECG c nhiu. Tn hiu ECG c
bin i sng con ri rc (DWT) tr thnh:

vi

j,n
l cc h s sng con ti phn gii
j,
j,n
v
j,n
l cc hm phn gii v hm
sng con ti phn gii j. Phng php
ngng loi nhiu sau khi bin i sng con
ri rc (DWT) l phn chia cc h s sng
con vi mt ngng c chn n nh.
Thng thng, cc h s sng con ny c
bin nh hn ngng nhiu c t li
bng zero v cc h s sng con khc c h
s ln hn ngng nhiu s c gi
nguyn (gi l ngng cng) hoc l co li
cht t (ngng mm). Tn hiu ECG loi b
nhiu c th c khi phc t cc h s
sng con nh bin i IDWT nh trong
Hnh 2.



Phng php loi nhiu cc tn hiu ECG
da trn bin i sng con n gin v d
dng s dng. Th nhng phng ph p ny
s dng ngng cng c th dn n s giao
ng ca cc tn hiu khi khi phc, cn
ngng mm c th lm suy gim tn hiu
ECG (c bit suy gim bin sng R).
Hn na ngi ta tin rng, phng thc
sng con lai b nhiu kinh in da trn
DWT c th dn ti hin tng Pseudo-
Gibbs ti cc sng Q v R khi khi phc tn
hiu ECG [5]. Phng php ngng cng
loi nhiu c s dng [6] sao cho:




Vi =

vi N l s mu tn hiu
ECG trong mt khi bin i DWT,
2
l
phng sai i vi nhiu trng phn b
Gauss. n gin [7] xc nh:

=((|

|))/ 0.6745

Phng php ngng mm loi b nhiu
c s dng [6]:


Trong d
j,n =

c coi l
cc h s sng con khi bin i DWT ca tn
hiu x(t) ECG gc khng c nhiu. Cn
j
l
ngng c t trc ti phn gii j
sao cho
j
= / ( ),
Ta c th thy rng, tu theo gi tr ca
c la chn m phng php ngng
mm c th c coi nh l phng php
ngng cng. d
j,n

ln ca

cng ln ng vai tr quyt nh v nh vy
n phn no cng ph thuc vo vic la
chn loi sng con c s dng cho hm
sng con
j,n.
Tn hiu (t) c khi phc
t d
j,n
v
jo,n
nh bin i ngc sng con
ri rc (IDWT) vi hy vng (t) x(t). Do
nhiu v cc nh hng khc m cc h s
sng con

b nh hng khc nhau tu

theo loi sng con v ti phn gii j ca
n. Trong bi bo ny, chng ta i biu
4

thc (4) ngng mm thnh biu thc
ngng mm thch nghi cc bng con:

Vic la chn ngng
j
thch nghi da theo
(5) phi c gi tr cao hn gi tr
j
=
sao cho (t) phi gn vi x(t),
lin quan vi sai lch gia (t) vi x(t),
cng sut nhiu ca tn hiu. sai lch ny
phi c phng sai nh, c xc nh:

Do php bin i sng con l trc giao do
biu thc (6) c th c biu din di
dng cc h s sng con theo phin bn sng
con:

Chng ta s dng nguyn l Stein [8] trong
bi bo ny tnh gi tr ngng
j
tho
mn gi tr ti thiu ca biu thc (8)

Trong :

Cn chnh l s cc h s
sng con b loi b. Hnh 3 cho ta cu trc
b lc nhiu thch nghi theo tng bng con
da trn DWT:





3. Kin trc thit k FPGA
Cc tp cha 1000 mu tn hiu in tm
(ECG) thu nhn t bnh nhn c ly
t tp c s d liu c a ch mng Internet
http://www.physionet.org. Cc tn hiu ECG
yu cu phn cng:
+ Tn s ly mu tn hiu : 200Hz
+ Kch thc b m ti thiu : N= 1024
+ lc lp sng con: l = 8

3.1. B nh m

thc hin c x l vo ra thi gian
thc th phn cng phi x l lin tc cc
chui mu vo v ra. Tuy nhin, dy mu d
liu tn hiu ECG lin tc phi c phn
tch thnh tng khi, c lu gi trong b
nh m.
Chng ta s dng ti 3 b nh m,
trong khi b nh m u tin lu tr cc
mu li vo thc hin bin i DWT ca
khi th (n+1) d liu li vo th b nh
m th hai cha cc d liu ca khi th n
c x l.
5

B nh m th 3 cha khi d liu th n,
li ra c khi phc nh bin i
IDWT. Kch thc ca b nh m th nht
v th ba c kch thc N=1024 cha s
mu tn hiu ECG ca mt khi li vo. Cn
b nh m th hai c kch thc (1+8)xN
= 9216 (vi phn gii j = 8) cha c d
liu trc v sau khi x l. Nh b m th
hai m php x l thc hin ng thi chng
lp theo thi gian do thi gian tr do x l
c gim xung.

V d nu thi gian bin i DWT cho 1024
mu vi tn s mu 200Hz l khong 5.1
giy th h thng x l trnh t c thi gian
tr khong (5.1+5.1)+1 11.2 giy. y l
thi gian tr ln cho vic kim tra tn
hiu ECG cho bnh nhn trong thi gian
thc. Nu h x l chng lp (song song) 4.1
giy thi gian bin i DWT v IDWT th
thi gian tr gim xung cn khong 2.6
giy. Khong thi gian ny dch
chuyn chu k nhp tn hiu ECG vo b
m li vo th nht hay b m li ra th
ba v cho php ch th trn mn hnh tn hiu
ECG.

3.2. C ch tnh ton ngng thch nghi

Biu thc (8) khi khai trin chim rt nhiu
dung lng cng (gate) v thi gian x l
kh ln do h thng lin tc phi tnh (8) v
x l trong thi gian thc. FPGA l h thng
c kh nng tnh ton s hc v gii tch
thp, nhng mt h thng FPGA da trn
khi x l tn hiu s(DSP) s cho php gii
cc bi ton x l phc tp. H thng DSP
tun t sau khong thi gian 2.6 giy nhn
d liu ti b m th 2 ca FPGA x l,
sau 100 mili giy tr li kt quv nng cp
d liu ti b m th hai ny v khi ng
vic khi phc tn hiu.
Gi tr ca cc bin trong (8) thng
thng s dng du phy ng v cc php
bin i DWT v x l tn hiu s da trn
sng con c chnh xc rt cao m bo
tnh trc giao (cc h s sng con c ti 14
con s sau du phy). Tuy nhin php loi
nhiu da trn sng con li khng cn i
hi chnh xc nh vy, v li gi tr cc
bin h thng FPGA khi s dng du phy
tnh s n gin hn nhiu trong bi bo ny

4. M phng thit k FPGA

Trong bi bo ny, chng ti s dng
cng c thit k FPGA l Xillinx
TM
System
Generator v MatLab
TM
phin bn R14,
2008. Cng c tng hp FPGA s dng
l XillixTM ISE phin bn 8.0. System
Generator to cc khi hm m phng
FPGA theo SIMULINK ca MatLab v v
th vic thit k l kh thun li v tin cy.
Cc m VHDL c to ra t ng khi s
dng System Generator dch cc tp
SIMULINK (.mdl), cn Xillinx ISE t hp
np vo Kit Virtec-II Pro XC2VP30.
Bng 1 cho thy cc yu cu cng chi tit.
Tng s cng c dng l hn 1000K
cng. Tn s xung clock FPGA ti a l
100MHz. Gi thnh ca Kit FPGA rt thp
(gi Virtec-II Pro 300 USD ). Mt mch
c thit k loi nhiu c ch ra trong
Hnh 4.
Bng 1. Yu cu cng FPGA cho thit k
mch loi nhiu:
S Slice cho Logic 442
S Slice cho Flip-Flop 507
S LUTs c dng 225
S BRAMs 4
S IOBs 36
6


Hnh 4. Mch chi tit loi nhiu trn FPGA

Hin c nhiu loi sng con c bit n
nh Haar, Meyer, Daubechies... Khng c
mt cch no tt nht la chn sng con
ny cho ng dng kia. Chng ti thy rng,
la chn mt hm sng con ph hp vi
dng tn hiu c x l l rt quan trng.
Chng ti ti v 30 tp d liu tn hiu
ECG khc nhau t a ch mng internet
http://www.physionet.org tnh ton v th
nghim gii thut. Khi thc hin tnh ton
m phng, chng ti s dng cc hm
sng con khc nhau nh: Sng con
Daubechies (bc t 2 cho ti 20), sng con
Meyer (bc t 1.3 cho ti 3.9) v kim tra
hot ng ca mch. Chng ti nhn thy
rng: cng loi sng con c chn, vi
hm sng con c bc cao hn th hiu qu
loi nhiu s tt hn, nhng phc tp s
tng ln ng k. Cc sng con Daubechies
c dng gn ging nht v i dng sng QRS
ca tn hiu ECG. Ph nng lng ca sng
con Daubechies tp trung xung quanh vng
tn s thp t 2Hz ti 40Hz.


Hnh 5(a). Tn hiu ECG c nhiu v cc h s hm
sng con.

Hnh 5(a) biu din tn hiu ECG cha
nhiu v cc h s sng con Daubechies (d4)
ti cc phn gii tng ng v Hnh 5(b)
cho kt qu dng tn hiu ECG c loi
nhiu trn c s cc h s sng con c
nng cp.

7

Nhiu Gaussian vi cc lch chun khc
nhau c cng thm vo tn hiu ECG
gc kim tra hiu nng SNR loi nhiu
v c xc nh:

SNR(dB) = 20log*


+

R rng rng, t hnh 5(a) so vi hnh 5(b),
hiu nng ngng mm thch nghi theo tng
bng con ca m hnh a ra trong bi bo
ny l rt tt. Bng 2 cho kt qu loi nhiu
tn hiu ECG tp 112.dat theo cc bc khc
nhau ca sng con Daubechies.

Bng 2. Kt qu loi nhiu


5. Kt lun

Trong bi bo ny, chng ti gii thiu mt
thit k FPGA thc hin loi nhiu da
trn DWT theo gii thut ngng nhiu
thch nghi tng bng con, gi thnh h. Tn
hiu loi nhiu thu c m bo dng ca
tn hiu ECG gc, theo thi gian thc. Thit
k FPGA kt hp cng gii php DSP cho
php x l bi ton phc tp hn, cho kt
qu c tin cy cao, lm vic trong thi
gian thc. Loi n da trn DWT vi gii
php x l tn hiu min tn s s l m hnh
c h s sng con phi tuyn ng, tng bng
con s cho hiu nng SNR cao hn.


Ti liu tham kho
[1] Ju-won Lee, Gun-ki Lee, Design of an
Adaptive filter with a Dynamic Structure for
ECG Signal processing, International journal
of Control, Automation, and System,Vol 3,
No1 (2005) 137.
[2] D. L. Donoho, De-noising by soft-
thresholding, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory.
41 (1995) 613.
[3] P. M. Agante, J. P. Marques de Sa',
ECG noise filtering using wavelets with
soft-thresholding methods, Computers in
Cardiology. 26 (1999) 523.
[4] Omid Sayadi, Mohammad Bagher
Shamsollahi, Multi Adaptive Bionic
Wavelet Transform: Application to ECG
Denoising and Baseline Wandering
Reduction, EURASIP Journal on Advances
in Signal Processing,Volume 2007, p11,
2007.
[5] R. Coifman, D. L. Donoho,
Translation-invariant de-noising,In Wavelets
and Statistics, Springer Lecture Notes in
Statistics103. New York: Springer-Verlag,
1994, pp. 125-150.
[6] Li Su, Guoliang Zhao, De-Noising of
ECG Signal Using Translation- Invariant
Wavelet De-Noising Method with Improved
Thresholding, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th
Annual Conference Shanghai, China,
September 1-4, 2005.
[7] G. Song, R. Zhao, Three novel models
of threshold estimator for wavelet
coefficients, 2nd International Conference
on Wavelet Analysis and Its Applications.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2001, pp. 145-150.