Chng 4

SAI S

I. Sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i.

Cc phng php tnh gn ng v cc php o cho bit gi tr
gn ng
Cn xc nh sai s.
a. Sai s tuyt i.
A : i lng ng;
a : gi tr gn ng ca A;
( ta ni a xp x A hay a A)
a A - sai s tuyt i ca A; c c lng bng
mt s dng a no .
(1. 1)
a A a ;
a: sai s tuyt i gii hn;
mi a > a u l sai s tuyt i gii hn ca a.
Chn a l s dng nh nht tho mn iu kin (1. 1)
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Quy c vit: A = a a;
ngha l

(1. 2)

a a < A < a + a;

(1. 3)

V d: A = e = 2,718281. . .
2,71 < e < 2,72 = 2,71 + 0,01
c th chn a = 0,01;
2,71 < e < 2,7183 = 2,71 + 0,0083
c th chn a = 0,0083;
Sai s tuyt i khng phn nh y cht lng ca php
xp x, cht lng c phn nh qua sai s tng i.
b. Sai s tng i.
a
(1.4)
Sai s tng i gii hn ca A:
a
;

a a . a ;

A = a(1 a);
Thc t : a v a l sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i.
(1. 2)

(1. 5)
(1. 6)
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II. Cch vit s xp x.

1. Ch s c ngha: s cc ch s t ch s khc khng u tin
2. Ch s ng tin.
Mi s thp phn c th vit:
s
a s .10 ;
(1. 7)
s - nhng s nguyn t 0 n 9; s = 1; 2; 3; . . .
V d: 56, 708 = 5.101 + 6.100 +7.10-1 + 0.10-2 + 8.10-3.
vi 1 = 5; 0 = 6; -1 =7; -2 = 0; -3 = 8.
125,018 = 1.102 + 2.101 + 5.100 + 0.10-1 + 1.10-2 + 8.10-3.
2 = 1;1 = 2; 0 = 5; -1 =0; -2 = 1; -3 = 8.
Nu a l xp x ca A; a l sai s tuyt i gii hn ca a:
- a 0,5 X10s
s - ch s ng tin;
- a > 0,5 X10s
s - ch s ng nghi;
Mi ch s c ngha bn tri s l ng tin; bn phi n l ng nghi

*/ V d: s 65,8274
- a = 0,0043
Cc s 6, 5, 8, 2: ng tin; cn 7, 4 : ng nghi;
- a = 0,0067
6; 5; 8: ng tin; 2,7,4: ng nghi.
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3. Cch vit s xp x: hai cch vit

- Vit km sai s : a a
- Vit theo quy c: mi ch s c ngha l ng tin
C ngha l s gn ng c sai s tuyt i gii hn khng ln hn
mt na n v hng cui cng.
III. SAI S QUY TRN
1. Quy trn s.
Trong tnh ton, b i mt vi ch s cui quy trn s
sai s quy trn.
Sai s quy trn tuyt i = |s quy trn - s cha quy trn|
Nguyn tc : Sai s tuyt i quy trn khng ln hn na n v hng
gi li cui cng hay 5 n v hng b i u tin.

2. Sai s ca s quy trn.

a: s xp x ca s ng A; a : sai s tuyt i ca a.
- Quy trn a thnh a vi sai s quy trn tuyt i a ;

a' a a' ; (1. 8)

Sai s tuyt i a ca a c tm nh sau:

a-A=a-a+a-A

a' A a' a a A a' a ;

a' A a' a a' ;
a > a quy trn lm tng sai s tuyt i
3. nh hng ca sai s quy trn.
V d: tnh nh thc Newton

( 2 10)10 3363 2378 2 ; vi 2 1,41421356;

Nu thay 2 bng cc s quy trn:
2

1,4
1,41
1,414
1,41421
1,414213563

V tri
0,0001048576
0,00013422659
0,00014791200
0,00014866399
0,00014867678

V phi
33,8
10,02
0,508
0,00862
0,0001472

Cn quan tm n sai s quy trn khi tnh ton.

IV. Cc quy tc tnh sai s.

1. Sai s ca tng:
u = x + y;
u = x + y;
Sai s tuyt i ca mt tng bng tng cc sai s
tuyt i ca cc s hng
Ghi ch: xt trng hp u = x y; ( x, y cng du)
Sai s tng i gii hn:

Khi x y rt b th u rt ln trnh tr cc s gn nhau.

2. Sai s ca tch:
u = xy;

Sai s tng i ca tch bng tng cc sai s tng i ca cc s hng.

3. Sai s tng i ca mt thng: u = x/y; vi y 0.

Tng t nh trng hp ca tch:

u = x + y

Sai s tng i ca mt tch hoc thng bng tng sai s

tng i ca cc s hng.

V. Sai s tnh ton .

Cc loi sai s thng gp phi:
- Sai s cc s liu (do o c hay thc nghim );
- Sai s ca gi thit ( l tng ho, m hnh ho bi ton);

- Sai s phng php (dng cc phng php gn ng

gii cc bi ton phc tp)
- Sai s ca php tnh (do thc hin cc php tnh hay quy trn
cc kt qu trung gian).
V d: a/ Tnh tng

1
3

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
3

1
6

- Tnh trc tip A qua cc phn s Khng c sai s ph/php;

- Tnh n 3 s l v nh gi sai s quy trn tng ng:
10

1
1,000
3 1
1
1 1
0,125
3
8
2
1
1

0,037
3
27
3
1
1

0,016
3
64
4
1
1

0,008
3
125
5
1
1

0,005
3
216
6

vi 1 = 0;
2 = 0;
3 = 1.10-4;

(0,037037)

4 = 4.10-4;

(0,015625)

5 = 0;
6 = 4.10-4;

(0,004629)

a = 1,000 0,125 + 0,037 0,016 +0,008 0,005 = 0,899.

A a 1 2 3 4 5 6 9.10 4 ;
a = 9.10-4;

A = 0,899 9.10-4.

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b/ Tnh tng

1 1 1 1
n 1 1
B 3 3 3 3 (1)
;
3
1 2 3 4
n

Vi sai s tuyt i khng qu 5.10-3.

Thay B bng tng n s hng u:

1 1 1 1
n 1 1
B Bn 3 3 3 3 (1)
;
3
1 2 3 4
n
Khi B Bn l sai s phng php.
Cn tm sao cho: B Bn + sai s php tnh < sai s cho php.
Theo l thuyt chui: B Bn

(n 1) (n 2)
(n 1)
1
1
Vi n = 6:
B B6 3
0,002915... 3.103 ;
7 d 343
-4
(v
a)
B6 = A = 0,899 9.10

Gi tr gn ng: 0.899
Xt sai s

B 0,899 = B B6 + A 0,899;
|B 0,899| |B B6 | + |A 0,899| ;
|B 0,899| 3.10-3 + 9.10-4 < 4.10-3;

B = 0,899

4.10-3.

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