SDH

2001 - 2005 ZHW
Zrcher
Hochschule
Winterthur
Prof. Dr. Andreas Steffen / Prof. Hans Weibel
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Frame and Multiplex Structure,
Network Elements and Topologies,
Overhead Information,
Automatic Protection Switching,
Management Functions,
Network Synchronization,
New SDH
ZHW / H. Weibel, 10.4.2005 SDH.ppt / Folie 2
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The Work Horse of Telecommunications
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SDH is more than just a Multiplexing Technique
SDH is a full set of standards dealing with transport networks and their
operation, administration and maintenance (OAM):
The standards include:
Network elements (types, functions, structure, ...)
Tributary interfaces (Zubringer): PDH (E1, E3, E4), SDH (STM-N)
Line interfaces: SDH (STM-N)
Network-wide functions such as:
Network management (monitoring, alarming, [re-]configuration, performance
management, statistics collection...)
Re-routing und recovery (automatic establishment of an alternative path in case
of failure)
Protection switching (fast switch to a reserved path in case of failure)
Clock distribution
Relevant Standards:
ITU-T G.703 Physical/electrical Characteristics of Digital Interfaces
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
ITU-T G.732/G.744/G.751
ITU-T G.707 Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
ITU-T G.783 Characteristics of SDH Equipment Functional Blocks
ITU-T G.784 SDH Management
ITU-T G.957 Optical Interfaces for Equipment ans Systems relating to SDH
ETS 300 147 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Multiplexing Structure
ETS 300 417 Generic functional requirements for SDH equipment
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Clk f1
2048 kbps
34368 kbps
139264 kbps
SDH SDH
STM-N
SDH
channel individual mapping into
container with associated pointers
transmission
network
Clk f1
STM-N
Comparison of PDH and SDH Clocking Scheme
2048 kHz
8448 kHz
34368 kHz
1
31
channel individual
justification (buffering)
channel transparency
(bit transparency and frequency transparency)
PDH
transmission
network
139264 kHz 139264 kHz
Clk
Clk
Clk
Clk Clk
Advantages of SDH
Worldwide standard
First standard for bitrates higher than 45/140 Mbps
Standardised optical interfaces
simple coding of the electrical signal into the line signal (scrambling)
Integration of multiplexer and line equipment
Huge overhead capacity for error monitoring and for management purposes (TMN)
Direct access to tributary channels
Only small buffers required --> small group delay figures
Provides concept for clock/synchronization, protection switching etc.
Suitable as the physical layer of ATM networks
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3
2
5
6
7
8
9
1
1 270
4
RSOH
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
SDH Frame Structure
Synchronous Transmission Module STM-1
MSOH
Multiplex
Section
Overhead
1 STM-1 frame =
2430 octets in 125 s
9 10
Administrative Unit AU-4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Virtual Container VC-4
with Path Overhead POH
261 columns
Virtual Container VC-4
with Path Overhead POH
261 columns
Container C-4
260 columns
H1 H2 H3
Pointer
SDH Frame Structure
A single SDH frame is called a Synchronous Transmission Module (STM-1). Transmitted
over a duration of 125 s, the frame consists of 2430 octets organized as 9 rows of 270
octets each. A single octet in an SDH frame represents a 64 kbps channel (8 bits every 125
s), several octets can be aggregated to form containers for larger data rates.
SDH Section Overhead (SOH)
A relatively large number of 72 octets in an STM-1 frame have been reserved for various
management and monitoring purposes. This so-called section overhead (SOH) is further
divided into a regenerator section overhead (RSOH) and multiplex section overhead
(MSOH).
Administrative Unit (AU-4) and Virtual Container (VC-4)
The actual payload carried in an STM-1 frame is encapsulated in an administrative unit
(AU-4). The AU-4 consists of a VC-4 virtual container comprising 261 columns plus a 9
octet wide AU-4 pointer that points to the first octet of the VC-4 payload container.
AU-4 Pointer
The SDH pointer mechanism is a very elegant way of multiplexing multiple data
containers without the need to align the containers to a common frame start. Thus the frame
buffers in SDH multiplexing equipment can be kept small and the transmission delay due to
buffering is minimized.
The VC-4 container is allowed to float freely within the AU-4. The H1 and H2 pointer
bytes form a word with a range of 0 to 782 which indicates the offset, in three byte
increments, between the pointer and the first byte of the VC-4.
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SDH Multiplexing Hierarchy
ETSI Branch
TUG-2 C-12 VC-12 TU-12
C-11 VC-11
1.5 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
x3
TUG-3 C-3 VC-3 TU-3
x7
45 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
AUG C-4 VC-4 AU-4
140 Mbit/s
STM-N
xN
x3
STM-1 : 155 Mbit/s
STM-4 : 622 Mbit/s
STM-16 : 2.5 Gbit/s
STM-64 : 10 Gbit/s
STM-256 : 40 Gbit/s
Basic Operations
Mapping
Stuffing
Aligning
Multiplexing
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SDH
Network Elements
Synchronous Cross-Connect (SXC)
used in meshed networks
mainly STM-N interfaces
large switching matrix (1024 STM-1)
Wideband SXC: VC-12 granularity
Broadband SXC: AU-4 granularity
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
used in rings
two STM-N line interfaces (East/West)
large number of tributary interfaces
STM-1, 140 / 34 / 2 Mbit/s
(equipped up to full ring capacity)
Terminal Multiplexer (TMX / PTE)
used as concentrator (hub)
STM-1/4 (redundant) line interface
mainly 2 Mbit/s tributary interfaces
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SDH
Network Elements
Synchronous
Radio Relay
SRT1, SRT1,2
SRT1CC, 2CC
SRT
SRA
140M/
155M
SRA1, SRA1S
140M/
155M
34M
21*2M
Synchronous
Cross-Connect
SXC
2M, 34M,140M
155M, 622M, 2.5G
155M 155M
622M 622M
2.5G 2.5G
2M, 34M, 140M, 155M
2M, 34M, 140M, 155M
2M, 34M, 140M, 155M, 622M
Synchronous
Add/Drop
Multiplexer
ADM1
ADM4
ADM16
Synchronous
Line System
2.5G 2.5G
2.5G 2.5G
155/140M, 622M, 2.5G
SLR16
SLT
Wavelength
Division Multiplex
Line System
(10G) 160G
n
WL16
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STM-4 Add/Drop Multiplexer
Block Diagram
VC-12
Switching
matrix
STM-4 STM-4
2
M
b
i
t
3
4
M
b
i
t
S
T
M
-
1
1
4
0
M
b
i
t
Line West Line East
Tributaries
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TMX
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Access
Network
ADM
ADM
ADM
SXC SXC
SXC
Long
Distance
Network
SDH Network Configurations
Mesh / Ring / Hub Architectures
W
L
T
W
L
P
W
L
T
SLT SLT SLR
S
L
T
S
L
T
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Regional
Network
S
R
T
S
R
T
SXC Sync. Cross Connect
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexer
SLT Sync. Line Terminal
SLR Sync. Line Regenerator
SRT Sync. Radio Terminal
WLT WDM Terminal
WLP WDM Line Amplifier
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Example of a global SDH Network
KPNQwest EuroRings Network
DWDM / STM-64:
96 fibers @
80 wavelengths
@10 Gbit/s
13000 km
in 2001
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Example of a global SDH Network
Qwest Unified Global Broadband Network
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SDH Overhead
Hierarchical Layers
Path
Termination
Path
Termination
Path
PTE
PTE
PTE
PTE
ADM
ADM
REG
REG
REG
REG
PTE Path Terminating Element (Terminal Multiplexer)
REG Regenerator
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexer
RS
Termination
Regenerator Section
RS
Termination
Regenerator Section
RS Regenerator Section
MS
Termination
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section
MS Multiplex Section
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SDH Overhead
STM-1 Section Overhead (SOH)
A1
B1
D1
A1
B2
D4
D7
D10
S1
A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
AU-4 Pointer
E1
D2 D3
F1
B2 B2 K1
D5
D8
K2
D6
D9
D12 D11
E2 M1
RSOH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
MSOH
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SDH Overhead
RSOH - Regenerator Section Overhead
A1..A2
B1
D1..D3
J0
E1
F1
Framing bytes - designate start of STM-1 frame
RS bit interleaved parity (BIP-8) - parity computed over previous
frame
RS trace - connection verification (E.164 number)
RS orderwire 64 kbit/s voice connection for operators
RS user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators
RS data communications channel (DCC) 192 kbit/s
OAM channel (Operations, Administration and Maintenance)
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SDH Overhead
MSOH - Multiplex Section Overhead
S1
D4..D12
E2
M1
MS bit interleaved parity (BIP-24) - parity computed over previous
frame
B2..B2
MS orderwire 64 kbit/s voice connection for operators
MS data communications channel (DCC) 576 kbit/s
OAM channel (Operations, Administration and Maintenance)
K1/K2
MS remote error indication (REI) number of errored BIP-24
blocks received at the remote end
Automatic protection switching (APS) MS protection /
alarm indication signal (AIS) / remode defect indication (RDI)
Synchronisation status Quality of STM-1 signal when used as
synchronisation and timing source
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SDH Overhead
POH - Higher Order Path Overhead (VC-4/3)
B3
C2
F2
Path trace - connection verification (E.164 number)
Path bit interleaved parity (BIP-8) - parity computed over previous
container
Path signal label mapping type in VC-n
Path status monitoring of bidirectional path status
Path user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators
J1
K3
H4
Tributary unit multiframe indicator - start of multiframe
N1
Path user channel 64 kbit/s user channel for operators
G1
F3
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) path protection
Network operator byte higher order tandem connection overhead
(TCOH)
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SDH Overhead
POH - Lower Order Path Overhead (VC-2/1)
V5
BIP-2 / Remote error indication (REI) / Remote failure
indication (RFI) / signal label / remote defect indication (RDI)
Path trace connection verification (E.164 number)
Network operator byte lower order tandem connection overhead
(TCOH)
J3
K4
N2
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) path protection
The lower order POH is a single overhead octet per VC-2/1
organized as a multiframe of 4 frames.
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SDH OAM Functions
Anomalies, Defects, Failures and Alarms
Anomalies
B1 / B2 / B3 bit interleaved parity (BIP) errors
Remote Error Indication (REI)
Defects
Persistent anomalies beyond a maximumtime limit
Loss of Signal (LOS)
Loss of Frame Alignment (LOF)
Loss of Pointer (LOP)
Alarm Indication Signal (AIS), Remote Defect Indication (RDI)
Failures
Persistent defects beyond a maximum time limit
Alarms
Maintenance signals to alert downstream equipment that a defect or
equipment failure has been detected
Fault and Performance Monitoring
Anomalies, defects and failures are reported to OAM function
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Regenerator Section (RSOH)
LO PTE
Multiplex Section (MSOH)
HO PTE MS TE RS TE RS TE RS TE MS TE HO PTE LO PTE
Higher Order Path (POH)
Lower Order Path (POH)
SDH Defects
Signalling in forward and backward directions
RDI
(V5)
RDI
(G1)
AU
AIS
TU
AIS
MS
AIS
LOS
LOF
MS
AIS
LOS
LOF
LOS
LOF
RDI
(K2)
RDI
(K2)
LOP
RDI
(G1)
LOP
RDI
(V5)
Alarm Detection Alarm Transmission
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SDH Protection Schemes
Protection and Restauration
Equipment Protection
Provisioning of extra hardware in a node to prevent against equipment failures
-> Fast recovery (some bits .... some ms)
Path (Trail) Protection: Makes use of pre-assigned capacity between nodes
Provisoning of an extra trail through the network to enhance the end-to-end
availability of the respective service -> Fast recovery ( < 50ms)
Restauration: Makes use of any capacity available between nodes
Reconfiguration of a trail through a network
fast switching in nodes, i.e. re-routing. Some percentage of thenetwork capacity
will be reserved for re-routing working traffic
automatic restauration by software means, i.e. re-routing within seconds
manual restauration by an operator (within minutes or hours)
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1+1 vs 1:1 Protection
1+1 Protection
1:1 Protection (general case 1:N protection)
priority traffic
working channel
protection channel
priority traffic
extra traffic
working channel
protection channel
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Linear Multiplex Section Protection (MSP)
MSP 1:1
TX TX
RX RX
Working
Line
Protection
Line
high priority
traffic
low priority
traffic
MSP 1+1
TX TX
RX RX
Working
Line
Protection
Line
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
P
o
i
n
t
-
t
o
-
P
o
i
n
t
)
Das Bild zeigt nur eine Richtung; das selbe Prinzip ist in der Gegenrichtung
implementiert.
Bei 1:1-Protection mssen die Switches koordiniert und synchron bettigt werden ->
dies wird durch das Automatic Protection Switching-Protokoll gewhrleistet
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Node A
Node D
Node B Node C
Node E Node F
Bidirect. MS Shared Protection Ring - normal State
working
protection
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
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Node A
Node D
Node B Node C
Node E Node F
Bidirect. MS Shared Protection Ring - failed State
MS Protection
Switching
within 50 ms
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
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Atlantic
Ocean
New York
Zurich
London Paris
Amsterdam Boston
Special Case: Transoceanic Links - normal State
Channel
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Atlantic
Ocean
New York
Zurich
London Paris
Amsterdam Boston
Special Case: Transoceanic Links - failed State
Channel
three
ocean
crossings
Short
cuts
single
crossing
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Node A
Node D
Node B Node C
Node E Node F
Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - normal State
working
protection
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
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Node A
Node D
Node B Node C
Node E Node F
Unidir. MS Dedicated Protection Ring - failed State
MS Protection
Switching
within 50 ms
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
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Path Protection
L
i
n
e
I
F
L
i
n
e
I
F
Trib IF
ADM
2/34/140/STM-N
Trib IF
2/34/140/STM-N
STM-N Ring
ADM
ADM
working path protection path
Trib IF
Trib IF
2/34/140/STM-N
L
i
n
e
I
F
L
i
n
e
I
F
L
i
n
e
I
F
L
i
n
e
I
F
path protection
switching
within 50 ms
Das Bild zeigt nur eine Richtung; das selbe Prinzip ist in der Gegenrichtung analog
implementiert.
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SDH Network Synchronization
Hierarchical Timing Distribution
PRC
ITU-T G.811
Primary Reference Clock
Accuracy: 10
-11
(Stratum 1)
300 s/year
STM-16
Ring
STM-4
Ring
STM-1
Ring
Any STM-N or 2.048 Mbit/s
signal can be used as a
timing source for SDH equipment
2 Mbit/s
S1 Byte
0000 Quality unknown
0010 G.811 PRC
0100 G.812 transit
1000 G.812 local
1011 G.813 SETS
1111 Do not use
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SDH Network Management
Data Communications Network (DCN)
Q
SDH Ring
LAN / WAN
(Bridge/Router Network)
Network Elements
to be managed
Data
Communications
Network (DCN)
Network Managment System
Bridge/Router
Network
Embedded
Com. Channel (ECC)
carrying DCCs
Q
Q
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
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New SDH
New Requirements > New Functions
SDH was initially optimized for voice transport
The huge demand of bandwidth for data and storage networks created
new requirements
Transport of Ethernet, Fibre Channel and Escon
More efficient use of bandwidth for new services (finer granularity):
Example: A Gigabit Ethernet consumes a full STM-16 (i.e. 2.4 Gbps),
resulting in a 42% utilization
The answers
Virtual Concatenation (VC): Allows the bandwidth to be adapted to the
service requirements
Link Capacity Access Scheme (LCAS): A signalling protocol to adjust the
transport bandwidth dynamically
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP): Adapts a frame or cell oriented service to
a byte streamservice.
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New SDH
Virtual Concatenation / Link Capacity Access Scheme
A virtual container offers some fix transport capacity, i.e.
VC-12 ~ 2,2 Mbps, VC-3 ~ 50 Mbps, VC-4 ~ 149 Mbps
For a 10 Mbps Ethernet, a full VC-3 is wasted (20% utilization)
For a 1 Gbps Fibre Channel, 4 concatenated VC-4 are wasted (33% utilization)
Virtual Concatenation allows groups of virtual containers
Each container follows its individual path
Differences of transit delays are detected by a frame counter and compensated
(maximumallowed difference is 512 ms)
For a 10 Mbps Ethernet, 5 VC-12 are used (VC-12-5v, 92% utilization)
For a 1 Gbps Fibre Cahnnel, 47 VC-12 are used (VC-12-47v, 100% utilization)
The Link Capacity Access Scheme (LCAS) allows a dynamic adaptation of
the bandwidth
Members of a group can be added or deleted according to the demands without
interruption
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New SDH
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) is an ITU standard (G.7041) which
describes a flexible mapping technique for transparent transport of
multiple protocols in a SDH network.
GFP's benefits include:
Low overhead procedure for transporting both packet services and storage
services including FICON, Fibre Channel, ESCON, Ethernet, and STM-n
signals.
Error correction schemes which enable the extremely low bit error rates
critical for storage connectivity.
Unambiguous implementation across multi-vendor and legacy SDH networks.
GFP enables the SDH infrastructure to evolve to a Multiservice Switching
Platform supporting TDM, Cell and Frame transport.

SDH

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2001 - 2005 ZHW

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