Earth Fault protection

Power Transmission
and Distribution

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Siemens AG 2006
7SA522
High Resistance Earth Fault Protection: Features

 Earth (zero sequence) current protection, 4 stages

 1 and 3 pole tripping with special phase selectors
 3 definite-time stages
 1 inverse-time stage: IEC, logarithmic inverse or ANSI characteristic
this stage can also be used as a 4th definite-time stage
 Directional determination with 3V0 and/or Ipol of an earthed power
transformer
 Directional determination with V2 and I2 (negative sequence)
 Sensitive 3I0-measurement with a pick-up range: 0.005 A to 100 x In
 Elimination of higher harmonics with special digital filters
 Inrush-stabilisation with I0/100Hz
 Teleprotection: Directional comparison, Blocking or Unblocking
 Operation with weak infeed trip and echo
 Instantaneous trip after switch-onto-fault

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
Example: Single phase fault with infeed from 2 sides

IL 1

IL 2

IL 3

Z f
IE

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
Symmetrical Component representation: L1-E Fault

A I1A I1B B

Pos.
Seq.

I2A I2B
3x
RFault
Neg.
Seq. U2A U2B

I0A I0B

Zero
Seq. U0A U0B

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 4 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
Polarizing Options for Directional Earth Fault
Relays

*)

I0P U0P U2P I0L, I2L

*) not needed for numerical relays,

U0P may also be internally calculated

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 5 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
Directional Characteristic (U0 and IY)

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 6 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
7SA522
High Resistance Earth Fault Protection: functional
diagram
Earth fault
direction

Inrush- EF IE> Echo Tele-

stabilisation EF Fault Det. protection
SOTF

>EF Trip rel.

Direc. 3I0>>> =
P
&
P 3I0>>>
EF>>> Trip
& T

>EF>>> block 3I0>>> Def. Time Stage

3I0>> Def. Time Stage
3I0> Def. Time Stage

P Direc. 3I0p
= &
P 3I0p
P3146 AddTdelay
EFp Trip
&
T(3I0/IN)
T
>EFp block Inverse Time Stage

= Input signal P = Parameter = Output Signal

(binary input) (alarm, command)
Siemens AG 2006
©

Page 7 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
7SA522 - Directional earth fault protection: Settings

General settings:

Settings for direction:

Settings of the stages:

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 8 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
Principle of phase selection logic with U and I - Example
L1-E

UL1E < 0.6 UNOM

&
UL2E > 0.7 UNOM Select
UL3E > 0.7 UNOM L1-E
OR
with U / I

IL1E > 2 INOM

&
IL2E < 1.2 INOM

IL3E < 1.2 INOM

If selection with U / I is not successful (U too large or I too small)

then symmetrical component method is used
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Siemens AG 2006
Page 9 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
 Phase Selection Logic - Sequence Components

Angle difference Faulty Phase

I2/I0
-60° .. 60° L1-E
60° .. 180° L3-E
180° .. 300° L2-E I2 = a*I 0

L3-E

L1-E

I2 = I0

L2-E

I2 = a2*I0

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 10 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
DEF protection, Critical application issues

 U0P or U2P may fall below critical value (approx. 1 V secondary) and limit
relay highresistance earth fault sensitivity
 Zero or negative sequence sources to be available behind relay location
 Minimum settings at least > 3 times VT and CT inaccuracies

 Current setting above line unsymmetry (M 0 = Z01/Z0 or M2 = Z21/Z1)

(series compensated lines require higher current setting due to
possibility of unsymmetrical gap flashover)
 Separate current threshold setting for tele-protection : 3I0<Min Teleprot
Inhibits echo send / releases block signal send
Must be set to consider capacitive charging currents
 Teed load on line may reduce I2 at relay location

 Teed earthed transformer may reduce I0 at relay location

 DEF should be blocked during 1-pole ARC dead time

 Pick-up threshold biasing by Iph > to avoid false operation with CT

saturation
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Siemens AG 2006
Page 11 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution
7SA522 - Earth fault protection
Directional comparison teleprotection scheme

A B

E/F. E/F.
frwd. TS
1 transm. transm 1 TS frwd.
& &

& trip trip &

rec. rec.

TS

*Three-terminal schemes are supported as well

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Siemens AG 2006
Page 12 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection -Earth Fault Protection Power Transmission and Distribution