Al-Azhar University Engineering Journal, JAUES

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010

603


--- ~--)- ,V ,--;- ,~- '=-

AL-AZHAR ENGINEERING
ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
December 21 - 23, 2010

Code : C 53

DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED
TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL
PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Mahmoud Sayed-Ahmed , Ehab Shehata and Khaled Sennah

1
Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.

ABSTRACT
A Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) is a panel composed of foam insulation core laminated
between two oriented-strand boards (OSB). SIPs deliver building efficiencies by replacing
several components of traditional residential and commercial construction, including: (i) studs;
(ii) insulation; (iii) vapour barrier; and (iv) air barrier. A SIP-based structure offers superior
insulation, exceptional strength, and fast installation. Besides those benefits, the total
construction costs are less with SIPs compared to wood-framed homes, especially when
considering speed of construction, less expensive HVAC equipment required, reduced site waste,
reduction construction financing costs, more favorable energy-efficient mortgages available, and
the lower cost of owning a home built with SIPs. This paper presents a summary of the
experimental testing on selected SIP sizes to investigate their long-term flexural creep behavior
under sustained triangular loading. The subject panels are proposed to be used as basement walls
in residential construction where the walls carry the gravity loading from the building in addition
to lateral soil pressure. Two SIP sizes were considered in this study, 2.7 m and 3.0 m height,
respectively, with 1200 width and 210 mm thick. The experiment study performed in a manner to
comply with applicable ASTM test methods and Canadian Codes. It should be noted that the
long-term creep tests were performed over nine months and resulted to determine the increase in
panel total deflection with time. The long-term creep test results led to an empirical creep
constant that can be used to obtain the long-term deflection over a specified period of time.

2010 Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION
The structural insulated panel (SIP) is an engineered composite product composed of an
insulating foam core sandwiched to provide the insulation and rigidity, and two face-oriented
strand board (OSB) made of timber to provide durability and strength. The SIP can be compared,
structurally, to an I-beam; the foam core acts as the web, while the facings are analogous to the I-
beam's flanges as shown in Fig. 1. In case of flexural loading, all of the elements of a SIP are
stressed; the skins are in tension and compression, while the core resists shear and buckling.
Under axial concentric in-plane loading, the facings of a SIP act as slender columns, and the core
DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
604
stabilizes the facings and resists forces that may cause local bucking of the facings. These panels
can be used in low-rise industrial, commercial and residential construction as loading bearing
walls, roofs and walls. The energy saving insulation, design capabilities, cost effectiveness, speed
of construction and exceptional strength make SIPs the future material for high performance
buildings. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the use of SIPs in building systems, while Fig.
3 shows views of the use of SIPs as basement foundation walls in residential construction. This
type of use is known as permanent wood foundation (PWF).

(a) I-section (b) SIP section Fig .2. View of SIPs in a building system
Fig .1. Comparison of I- and SIP sections



Fig .3. Examples of use of SIPs in basement wall construction in a residential building

The permanent wood foundation (PWF), shown in Fig. 3 is a complete wood frame foundation
(load-bearing walls) for low-rise, residential, industrial, commercial and other types of buildings.
All lumber and plywood in PWF is pressure treated with water-borne preservatives. Nails and
straps must be corrosion resistant. The walls are designed to resist soil pressure loads in addition
to the normal vertical loads from roofs, floors and top walls. Improved moisture control methods
around and beneath the foundation result in comfortable and dry living space below grade. The
foundation is placed on a granular drainage layer which extends 300 mm beyond the footings.
Porous backfill is brought up to within 300 mm of finished grade and the remaining space filled
with less permeable or native soil sloped away from the house. The porous drainage material
directs ground water to below the basement, thus preventing hydrostatic pressure and leaks in the
Flange = Facing
Web = Core
DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
605
basement walls or floors. A sump is provided, in accordance with the building code, and is
drained by mechanical or gravity means. No drainage (weeping) tile is needed around the
footings as this may impede the flow of water. The granular drainage layer can accommodate a
large influx of water during peak storm conditions. It also provides a large surface area for water
to percolate into the subsoil. Caulking between all wall panels and between the walls and the
footings, and a moisture barrier applied to the outside of the walls provide additional protection
against moisture. The result is a dry basement that can be easily insulated and finished for
maximum comfort and energy conservation. PWF has many other advantages including (i)
increased living space since drywall can be attached to the foundation wall studs, (ii) rapid
construction, whether framed on site or prefabricated off-site, and (iii) buildable during winter
times using minimal measures around the footings to protect them from freezing. CAN/CSA-
S406, Construction of Preserved Wood Foundations, (CSA, 1992) allows the use of permanent
wood foundation (PWF) which is referred to in Part 9 of the National Building Code of Canada
(2005) and in provincial building codes. It describes the required materials and methods of
construction of permanent wood foundations made of lumber studs. While more design
information is available in the CSA book Permanent Wood Foundation (CSA, 1997). Design
information of PWF made of SIPs is as yet unavailable. PWF transmits gravity loading from
floors, roofs and walls to the bearing soil. Also, it sustains the lateral loading from soil pressure
as well as snow loading over the ground. Figure 4 shows a schematic diagram of the applied
loading on the PWF. In designing such wall load eccentricity on the wall increased the applied
bending moment on the wall. Such eccentricity results from the eccentricity of the applied gravity
loading as well as lateral deflection of the wall under soil. Such lateral deflection can be easily
calculated under soil triangular pressure. However, the increase in lateral deflection (i.e. creep
deflection) is as yet unavailable. Therefore, the current study investigates the long term flexural
creep of such PWF so that an estimate of creep effect along the service life of the structure can be
predicted.


Fig .4. Loading of the permanent Fig .5. Typical section at panel lumber-spline
wood foundation (CWC, 2005) connection before assembly

DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
606

Fig .6. Typical section at panel lumber-spline connection before and after assembly

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
DESCRIPTION OF THE TESTED PANELS
Two PWF groups were considered in this study for flexural creep testing. The size of the panel in
the first group has three identical panel of 2.74 m (9-0) length, 1.22 m (4-0) width and 210
mm (8 ) total depth. While the second panel group has three identical panels of 3.05 m (10-
0) length, 1.22 m (4-0) width and 260 mm (10 ) total depth. Both wall lengths represent the
range of basement heights in residential construction. To allow for the construction of preserved
wood foundation, the interior facing was made of 11 mm (7/16) OSB sheets, while the exterior
facing exposed to soil was made of 15.5 mm (5/8) Canadian softwood plywood. To built the
basement wall, panels were placed vertically beside each other and jointed together using lumber-
spline connection shown in Fig. 5. To construct this joint, a recess in formed along the
longitudinal edges of the foam during manufacturing. After placing the panel over the wall, a
sawn lumber, 38 mm thickness, is inserted in the recess along the panel length. Then, the adjacent
panel slides over the sawn lumber, followed by nailing the OSB facings to the solid lumber.
Figures 5 and 6 show schematic diagrams of the solid lumber-spline connection before and after
assembly, respectively. To ease the testing of such panels, a 1.22 m (40) wide panels, as shown
in Fig. 6, was constructed at the manufacturers facility and then shipped to the structures
laboratory of Ryerson University for testing. As shown in Fig. 6, the tested panel includes a
lumber-spline connection at its mid-width to consider its effect during testing.

PANELS MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The interior faces of SIPs, are oriented strand board (OSB) manufactured and grade stamped as
per APA (1990). The OSB board fabricate panels had 1R24/EF16/W24 panel mark with 11 mm
thickness construction sheathing. The material properties for OBS boards are specified as
follows: Modulus of elasticity = 800,000 psi (5515 MPa) in the span direction and 225,000 psi
(1551 MPa ) in the direction normal to the span direction; Modulus of rupture = 4200 psi (28.955
MPa) in the span direction and 1800 psi (12.409 MPa) in the direction normal to the span
direction. However, material characteristics as specified in the OSB Design Manual (2004) for
the 1R24/EF16/W24 panel are as follows: Bending resistance, M
r
= 228 N.mm/mm; Bending
stiffness, EI, = 730,000 N.mm
2
/mm; Axial stiffness, EA = 38,000 N/mm; Axial tensile
resistance, T
r
= 57 N/mm; Axial compressive resistance, P
r
= 67 N/mm; Shear through thickness
resistance, V
r
= 44 N/mm; Shear through thickness rigidity, G = 11,000 N/mm. The foam core
was made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) type 1. The priority density demonstrates a load failure
of 25 psi when tested as per ASTM C297. The expanded polystyrene (EPS) core material used in
these panels must meet the standard CAN/ULC-S701 and demonstrate the following
characteristics: Nominal density= 1.0 Ibs/ft
3
(16 kg/m
3
); Flexural strength = 25 psi (172 kPa);
DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
607
Tensile strength = 15 psi (103 kPa); Compressive strength= 10 psi (70 kPa); Shear strength = 12
psi (83 kPa); Shear modulus = 400 psi (2758 kPa).
The urethane adhesive must meet the following standards: ASTM D-2294: 7 Day High
Temperature Creep Test; ASTM C-297: Tension Test of Flat Sandwich Construction in a
Flatwise Plane; ASTM D-1877: Resistance of Adhesive to Cyclic Laboratory Aging Conditions;
ASTM D-905: Block Shear Test Using Plywood; and ASTM D-1002: Strength Properties of
Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Tension Loading. To allow for the construction of preserved wood
foundation the panel exterior facing exposed to soil was made of 15.5 mm (5/8) Canadian
softwood plywood (CSP). CSP has 5 plies and demonstrates the following characteristics:
Bending resistance = 520 N.mm/mm if the applied force is in the direction of face grain; Bending
resistance = 280 N.mm/mm if the applied force is normal to the direction of face grain; Bending
stiffness, EI = 2000,000 N.mm
2
/mm if the applied force is in the direction of face grain; Bending
stiffness, EI = 630,000 N.mm
2
/mm if applied force is normal to direction of face grain; Axial
stiffness, EA = 71,000 N/mm if the applied force is in the direction of face grain; Axial stiffness,
EA = 47,000 N/mm if the applied force is normal to the direction of face grain; Axial tensile
resistance, T
r
= 110 N/mm if the applied force is in the direction of face grain;Axial tensile
resistance, T
r
= 71 N/mm if the applied force is normal to direction of face grain; Axial tensile
resistance, P
r
= 120 N/mm if the applied force is in the direction of face grain; Axial tensile
resistance, P
r
= 79 N/mm if the applied force is normal to direction of face grain; Shear through
thickness resistance, V
r
= 38 N/mm; Shear through thickness rigidity, G = 7,100 N/mm; These
values are based on dry service conditions and standard-term duration of load. For all panels,
2x0.095 diameter, hot-dipped galvanized, gun nails at 8 spacing with minimum edge
distance to connect the facings to the lumber splines. Also, this nail arrangement was used to
connect the panel facings to the lumber plates at the top and bottom of the walls.

TEST METHOD FOR PWF PANELS IN FLEXURAL AND PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA
The Acceptance criteria for SIPs set forth in ICC-ES AC04 (2004) includes testing three identical
panels from each panel size. It also specifies that the average deflection and ultimate load
carrying capacity of a panel size will be basically the average of those for the three panels.
However, AC04 specifies that when the results of each tested panel vary more than 15% from the
average of the three panels, either the lowest test value is used or the average result based on a
minimum of five tests may be used regardless of the variations. The results from two tests may be
used when the higher value does not exceed the lower value by more than 5% and the lower
value is used. Zarghooni and Sennah (2010) used this test method to study the flexural creep
behavior of SIPs with foam-spline connection for roof construction.


DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
608




Fig .7. Views of the triangular loading over the tested panels

CREEP TEST PROCEDURE
Long-term flexure creep is time-dependent strain/ deformation under constant stress. ASTM C
480-62, Standard Test Methods of Flexural Creep of Sandwich Construction (1988), ASTM E72-
02, Standard Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests on Panels for Building Construction
(2002), and ASTM E1803-96, Standard Test Methods for Determining Structural Capacities of
Insulated panels, (1996) cover the flexural creep rate for sandwich panels. A typical setup for the
flexural creep testing of simply-supported basement wall panel is to load it with a triangular
loading. This triangular loading simulates the lateral soil pressure which is specified as an
equivalent Fluid Pressure equal to 4.7 kN/m
2
as per National Building Code of Canada NBCC
Part 9 for average stable soils.
Analogue dial indicators were placed at the maximum bending moment location which was at
0.45 of the panel span. The PWF panels were loaded with solid concrete bricks of 6.44 lbs and
200x100x60mm dimensions. Bricks were arranged in several layers and incremental piles to
produce the intended soil pressure of 4.7 kN.m
2
. As such the first panel group was loaded with a
total of 16,243.00 N bricks, while the second panel group was loaded with 20,563.20 N. It should
be noted that the length of the triangular loading was 2400 mm for the first panel group and 2700
mm for the second panel group, leaving 300 mm length unloaded. This unloaded length
represents the wall height between the ground level and the first floor level as indicated in Fig. 4.
Figure shows views of the triangular loading over the tested panels. Dial gauge readings were
recorded at 0 minute before loading, 5 minutes after loading, every 30 minutes for 6 hours after
loading, once per day for 30 days, and finally once per week till unloading time. Final readings
were taken after unloading for 48 hours. Also Humidity-Temperature sensors were placed near
the panels and both humidity and temperature readings were recorded parallel to dial gauge
readings. Figure 8 shows schematic diagram for deflection-time history which defines the
DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
609
immediate deflection,
o
, at time t = 0 directly after loading. It also defines the final deflection,

f
, at time t
i.
. The figure also shows
u
as deflection immediately after unloading,
24
as
deflection after unloading by time t = 24 hours, and
48
as the deflection after unloading by t= 48
hours, (Allen 1969 and Taylor 1996).




Fig .8. Typical long-term creep test results, (Taylor 1996)

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
SHORT-TERM DEFLECTION
In creep testing, the panels were loaded for a period of about 9 months. Then, the panels were
unloaded, followed by testing to-failure under eccentric axial load (t/6). With respect to short
term deflection, the instantaneous deflections of the panels just after loading them with the
triangular pressure were recorded. Table 1 summarizes these deflection values for each specimen.
To check for serviceability limit-state design criteria, Canadian Standard CSA/CAN O86.1,
Clause A5.5.12.2, specifies a limiting deflection of span/300. It can be observed that the wall
short term deflection-to-span ratios were 1/379 and 1/341 for groups I and II, respectively. Those
ratios are greater that the deflection limit, thus satisfying code deflection criteria.

RECORDED DEFLECTION, TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE-HUMIDITY
Wood is anisotropic and hygroscopic organic material. It has three structural directions; the
radial, the tangential, and the longitudinal direction. It adsorbs and loss moisture from the
surrounding air to be in equilibrium with the surrounding environment. The gain and loss of
moisture content affect the increase and decrease of the creep rate for the studied panels as shown
in the schematic diagram in Fig. 8. For the tested panels, both the room temperature and relative
humidity were recorded in addition to panel deflection. Figure 9 shows the change in the room
temperature and relative humidity during the creep test. It was observed that the room
temperature was around 23C, while the relative humidity ranged between 20 to 58%. Figures 10
and 11 depict the increase in deflection with time for the tested panel groups I and II,
respectively. It can be observed that the increase in creep deflection is not constant due to the
change in relative humidity over time as recorded in Fig. 9. Table 3 summarizes the average short
term deflection as well as the deflection of the panels after about 5000 hrs from the loading. It
can be observed that the deflection increased by 40 and 43% after about 5000 hrs of loading for
groups I and II, respectively.


DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
610
Table 1: Short-term deflection results

Specimen
No.
Experimental
deflection,
mm
Deflection-to-
span ratio
Average deflection-
to-span ratio
Deflection
limit
BW1 7.690 1/396
BW2 8.023 1/380 1/379 1/300
BW3 8.390 1/363
BW4 8.140 1/337
BW5 7.240 1/378 1/341 1/300
BW6 8.715 1/314



Fig .9. Recorded temperature and relative-humidity versus time in the structures laboratory from February
2010 to August 2010

Table 2: Short and long-term deflection obtained from test data

Specimen
No.
ID
1
, time MD
2
, time Relative creep Fractional
creep
BW1 7.690 (0.50) 11.14 (5016) 0.45 0.69
BW2 8.023 (0.50) 11.32 (5065) 0.41 0.71
BW3 8.390 (0.50) 11.17 (5087) 0.33 0.75
BW4 8.140 (0.50) 12.77 (5062) 0.57 0.64
BW5 7.240 (0.50) 10.21 (5013) 0.41 0.71
BW6 8.715 (0.50) 11.38 (5088) 0.31 0.77

Where:
1
ID = Instantaneous deflection (mm),
2
MD = Maximum deflection (mm), time (hr),

o
/
f
= fractional deflection



DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
611


Fig .10. Deflection-time relationship for panels in group I



Fig .11. Deflection-time relationship for panels in group II

VISCOELASTIC CREEP MODEL
The phenomenological creep-strain response for wood-based structure is viscoelastic, where
represented by elastic spring and viscous dashpot. Wu (2002) presents the viscoelatsic creep
models available in the literature, namely: rheological models illustrated by Kelvin-Voigt (solid)
and Maxwell (fluid), the linear mode and the Burger model which is non-linear. Such models are
presented in a mathematical form in Fig. 12. The Burger model was considered in this study since
it is more comprehensive than other models. The model consists of elastic (e), viscoelastic (k),
and viscoplastic (v) deformations, written in the following form (Wu, 2002):
(1)
Where is the deformation, t is the time, is the applied stress, K
e
is the elastic spring constant,
K
k
and
k
are the spring constant and viscosity for the viscoelastic deformation, respectively, and

v
is the viscosity of dashpot for the viscoplastic deformation. A nonlinear master curve is used
DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
612
along with the shift factor to determine the model parameters (Pierce and Dinwoodie, 1977).
Burger model parameters were then used to predict creep, recovery strain, and fractional creep.



Fig .12. Common Creep-response model (Wu, 2002)

Table 2: Summary of parameters in Equation (1) obtained by the least-square fitting

K
e
K
k

k

v

Group I 2.34 0.73 0.001 6644
Group II 1.24 1.10 0.001 5800
Average 1.30 1.00 0.001 6000



Fig .13. Deflection-time history of the tested panel groups based on developed equation (1)

Using Burger model of equation (1), the equation parameters were calculated using the least-
squares fitting technique. Considering applied stress of 4.7 kN/m
2
, these parameters were
obtained as listed in Table 3 for panel groups I and II. To have a generalized equation for the two
panel groups considered in this study, average parameters were proposed in Table 3. Figure 13
depicts the deflection-time history for each panel group as obtained from equation (1) along with
that using average parameters listed in Table 3. It can be observed the proposed average values of
the equation parameters still represent very well the deflection-time history for each panel group.
For the sake of determining the deflection of the panel under soil pressure after 50 years, equation
DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
613
(1) results in a deflection of 164 mm for panel group I and 186 mm for panel group II. This
would result in an increase in deflection of about 20 times the short term deflection in 50 years,
which is not realistic as compared to those for other materials such as concrete and timber. As
such, it is believed the burger creep model is more like a linear model and can not be used as a
representative for creep constant in sandwich panels under flexural loading.

CONCLUSIONS
This paper present a summary of the experimental findings obtained so far from flexural creep
tests on sandwich foam-timber panels under sustained triangular loading simulating soil pressure.
Based on the data generated from this study, it can be concluded that the tested panels satisfy the
deflection limit set forth in the Canadian Standard for Wood Design for short-term loading. For
long-term loading, the panel deflections were recorded up to about 9 months and the deflection-
time history was extended theoretically using Burger model. However, the predicted deflection of
the SIPs was in the order of 20 times the instantaneous deflection. As such, Burger model can not
be used as a representative for flexural creep of the basement walls under soil pressure. This
study should be extended by including other non-linear creep models that have decreasing creep
rate over time. Also, further studies should be conducted to develop creep constant equations that
include the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the creep response.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is funded by Thermapan Structural Insulated Panels Inc of Fort Erie, Ontario,
Canada, and Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE) Interact Funding Program.

REFERENCES
1. APA The Engineered Wood Association. 1990. Supplement 4: Design and Fabrication of
Plywood Sandwich Panels. (www.apawood.org).
2. ASTM. 2002. Standard Test Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building
Construction, ASTM E72-02. American Society fro Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
3. ASTM. 1988. Standard Test Methods of for Flexural Creep of Sandwich Construction.
ASTM C 480-62. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
4. Canadian Standard Association. 1992 Construction of Preserved Wood Foundation,
CAN/CSA
5. -S406-92. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
6. Canadian Standard Association. 2005. National Building Code of Canada. Etobicoke,
Ontario, Canada.
7. Allen, H. 1969. Analysis and Design of Structural Sandwich Panels. Pergamon Press.
8. ICC AC04. (2004). Acceptance Criteria for Sandwich Panels. ICC Evaluation Service Inc.,
USA.
9. Institute for Research in Construction. 2005. National Building Code of Canada, NBCC-
2005. National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
10. Pierce, C.B., and Dinwoodie, J. M. 1977. Creep in chipboard, Part 1: Fitting 3- and 4-element
response curves to creep data. Journal of Materials Science, 12: 1955-1960.
11. Structural Board Association (SBA). 2004. OSB Design Manual Construction Sheathing and
12. Design Rated Oriented Strand Board. (2004).
13. Taylor, S. B. 1996. Experimental Measurement Of The Flexural Creep Behavior of Structural
14. Insulated Panel (SIP) Sandwich Beams. The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP MODEL FOR STRUCTURAL INSULATED TIMBER-FOAM SANDWICH
WALLS UNDER SUSTAINED SOIL PRESSURE IN BASEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Vol. 5, No.1, Dec. 2010
614
15. Wu, Q., and Lee, J. 2002. Long-term Creep Response of Borate-modified Oriented Strand
Board. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Building Technology. Hong
Kong, China.
16. Zarghooni, M., and Sennah, K. 2010. Development of Creep Model for Structural Insulated
Timber-Foam Panels for Roof Construction under Sustained Loading. Proceedings of the 2
nd

International Structures Specialty Conference, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, pp. 1-10.