ECE 5221 Personal Communication Systems

Prepared by:
Dr. Ivica Kostanic
Lecture 24 Basics of 3G UMTS (4)



Spring 2011
PHY layer procedures
Initial system acquisition (cell search)
RACH procedure
Paging
Transmit diversity
Open loop power control
Fast closed loop power control
Handover measurements
MS and UTRAN measurements


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Cell search procedure
WCDMA asynchronous system
Goal of search process
Synchronize to the system
Demodulate PCCPCH (Primary Common
Control PHY Channel)
Procedure initiated every time the
phone is turned on
Subdivided into four steps
Acquisition of slot synchronization
Acquisition of frame synchronization
Determination of the PrSC
Resolution of the PCCPCH TTI ambiguity
(TTI = 20ms)
If the acquired system is the home
system end of the procedure
If the acquired system in not the
home system procedure may be
restarted


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Note 1. To demodulate PCCPCH the UE
Needs to determine proper PrSC and
proper code offset
Note 2. There are 512 codes and 38400
possible offsets size of search space is
~ 20 million possibilities
Note 3. Four step process allows for quick
pruning of the search space

Step 1 TS synchronization
Accomplished through the search for P-SCH (Primary
Synchronization Channel)
P-SCH uses 256 bit long code at the beginning of each time slot
Each TS is 0.67ms (15 TS make 10ms frame)
All cells (Node Bs) in the network use the same P-SCH code

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P-SCH radio frame
UE may receive P-SCH
from multiple cells
It will key on the
strongest one

Step 2 Frame synchronization
Accomplished through acquisition of S-SCH
S-SCH: 64 codes that consists of 15 code words that
remains unique under cyclic shits
UE reads decodes 15 time slots and based on the
received code, it determines beginning of the frame
Decoded S-SCH points to one of 64 groups for PrSC
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Example: Word that is
unique under cyclic
shift:

Horse
Orseh
Rseho
Sehor
Ehors
Step 3: PrSC identification
There are 512 PrSC arranged in 64 groups with 8 codes in each group
S-SCH points to one of 64 groups reducing the search to 8 PrSC candidates
PrSC is 38400 long and it is aligned with the beginning of the radio frame
By convolving single radio frame with 8 possible candidates, the mobile
determines PrSC of the cell


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PrSC establishes the cell
identity. Once mobile
determines the PrSC it can
decode the information
associated with a given cell
Step 4: Decoding of PCCPCH
Broadcast channel (BCH) is sent over PCCPCH in 20 ms TTI
BCH aligned with beginning of every other frame
Mobile determines the beginning if PCCPCH through simple CRC checks
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Once PCCPCH is decoded, the mobile has acquired the system and it may register
Note: BCH is the only transport channel mapped to PCCPCH
Random Access Procedure
Uses PRACH (PHY Random Access Channel)
Steps in RACH procedure
Decode BCH to learn the available RACH sub channels and their scrambling codes and
signatures (SIB Type 5)
Select randomly the sub channel and scrambling code signature combination
Set initial transmit power on the basis of open loop power control
Send 1 ms preamble with selected signature
Wait for the response on AICH
If there is no response, increase power and send preamble again
If the response is negative PHY informs MAC and stops the procedure
If the response if positive, send RACH message (may be 10ms or 20 ms long)
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Note 1: Mobile should send
several preambles before it is
heard by the system
Note 2: In case of negative AIC
response, UE randomizes time
and starts again
PRACH (power and timing)
Power
Initial power determined using open loop power control
Power step and maximum number of power steps: signaled on the BCH
Timing (signaled on BCH)
Time between preambles
Time between preamble and AI
Time between preamble and message


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Note: Setting the access
power is balancing
between setup success
rate and interference
AS = Access Slot
RACH priority management
The UE accesses the system through sub-channels
There are 12 sub-channels mapped on 15 access slots (per 20ms)
Depending on the UE priority class, it can be assigned one or more sub-channels
High priority users may use more than one sub-channel

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Mapping between access slots and access sub-channels
Paging procedure
Registered terminal is assigned a paging group (144, 72, 36 or 18 groups)
Each paging group has a PI assigned on the PICH
Terminal monitors the assigned PI, and in the mean time it sleeps
If there is a page for any terminal within the paging group associate PI is set
Once terminal decodes a set PI, it decodes PCH on the SCCPCH
SCCPH is 3 timeslots after PICH
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Note: location of the PICH
(and SCCPCH) changes from
frame to frame randomizes
paging location of the mobiles
Transmit diversity
Used to improve robustness of DL towards fading
Main idea: multiple copies of the signal have small probability of
simultaneous fading
Requires two transmit antennas on the base station
Net gain DL transmit power reduced and capacity increases
There are three approaches specified in WCDMA
x Site selection transmit diversity (SSTD)
x Closed loop transmit diversity
Open loop transmit diversity
Closed loop transmit diversity not implemented and it will be
removed from the specs
SSTD proved difficult to implement will be removed from the specs
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Open loop diversity
Use of the Space Time Block Codes (STBC)
Open loop no feedback required
Data sent through two antennas
Encoding applied using 4 bits at the time
Uses Alamounti Space Time Block Codes
Used on downlink DPDCH

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Note: STBC do not increase symbol rate. They use special encoding
scheme to provide diversity reception using a single antenna
Power control
Very important in CDMA
Minimizes interference
increases capacity
Power control classification
Open loop no feedback
Closed loop close to real time
feedback
Open loop power control
UL open loop
DL open loop
Closed loop power control
UL inner loop
UL outer loop
DL inner loop
DL outer loop
Power control more critical
for performance of UL

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PHY channel Open
loop
Closed loop
Inner
Closed loop
outer
No power
control
DPDCH Yes Yes Yes X
DPCCH Yes Yes Yes X
PCCPCH X X X Yes
SCCPCH
(BCH and FACH)
X X X Yes
AICH X X X Yes
PICH X X X Yes
PRACH Yes X X X
CPICH X X X Yes
PSCH X X X Yes
SSCH X X X yes
Power control fir different PHY channels
Power assignment for PHY
channels without PC
Overhead channels that need to be heard over entire cell
Overhead channels no power control
Power allocation depends on the cell coverage requirements


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Overhead channel Power range Typical power settings Comment
CPICH -10 to 50 dBm 33 dBm About 10% of the available
PA power
PSCC/SSCH -35 to 15 dB relative to
CPICH
-5 dB relative to CPICH
PCCPCH (BCH) -35 to 15 dB relative to
CPICH
-2 dB relative to CPICH
SCCPCH (PCH) -35 to 15 dB relative to
CPICH
-2 dB relative to CPICH
SCCPCH (FACH) -35 to 15 dB relative to
CPICH
1 dB relative to CPICH
AICH -22 to 5 dB relative to CPICH -6 dB relative to CPICH
PICH -10 to 5 dB relative to CPICH -7dB relative to CPICH
Typical power assignments for overhead channels
UL Open loop power control
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Necessary to prevent UL interference
due to mobiles that are not in closed
loop Power control
Open loop on the UL is implemented on
PRACH during access
UL DPDCH and UL DPCCH before closed
loop control starts
Based on the mobile estimates of what
it should transmit
Not very accurate nominal accuracy
is +/- 9 dB
Const UL RSCP P P
ce interferen CPICH CPICH - TX preamble

Estimate of the initial mobile TX power on PRACH or UL DPCCH. UL
DPDCH is adjusted depending on transport format
DL open loop power control
Initial Dl transmission before closed
loop power control
Initial power depends on requested
data rate, mobile reported CPICH
quality and target Eb/No
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Estimate of the initial Node B TX
power on a DPDCH

o c
b
N E
W R
/ P
/N E / log 10 P
CPICH TX
o b DPCH - DL

Note: There is a direct dependence

between TX rate and power
UL closed loop power control
UL power control is
implemented in two loops
Inner loop:
Fast loop
Instantaneous SIR of the
mobile on the uplink
Executed by Node B
Outer loop:
Slower loop
Manages the target SIR for
the mobile on the uplink
Executed by RNC
Mobile receives one TPC
(Transmit Power Control)
command per every time slot
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UL closed loop power control
UL closed loop power control in
handover
Two types of handover
Soft (two different Node Bs)
Softer (two cells of the same Node
B)
Each cell issues TPC to the
mobile
TPC bits from the same Node
B are combined one
command per Node B
TPC commands from different
Node Bs or of the downs
In the case of conflicting
commands the mobile powers
down
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UL power control for mobile in handover
DL closed loop power control
On the DL both inner and outer loops are at the UE
UE sends one TPC command received by all Node Bs in the active set
All node Bs adjust their power in the same direction
Additional algorithms need to be implemented at RNC to make sure Node B
powers do no drift due to erroneous UP frames
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DL closed loop power
control