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ME 2401 MECHATRONICS VII

SEMESTER MECHANICAL
UNIT I
MECHATRONICS, SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS
1. Defne Mechatronics.
The term Mechatronics is the combination of Mechanical engineering,
Electronic engineering, Computer engineering, Software engineering,
Control engineering, and Systems Design engineering in order to design and
manufacture useful products. Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary feld of
engineering
2. What is a measrement s!stem"
The word system in mechatronics refers to a group of physical
component connected or related in such a manner as to form as entire unit
for performing a specifc tas. !or e"ample an electric heater may be
thought of as a system which has, as its input electric power and as output
heat
#. Write a$ot the sensor an% &i'e an e(am)*e.
Sensor is a de#ice which con#erts a physical $uantity, %roperty &r
Condition into output, usually electrical parameters such as #oltage.
E"ample' ( thermocouple is a temperature sensor. The input to the
sensor is a temperature and the output is an e.m.f. which is related to the
temperature #alue.
+. Write a$ot the si&na* con%itioner"
Signal %rocessor recei#es output signal from sensor and processes into
a suitable input signal to control system. )ts perform fltering and
amplifcation functions.
,. What are the t-o $asic .orms o. the contro* s!stem an% -hat are
the a%'anta&es an% %isa%'anta&es"
a. &pen loop control system. b. Closed loop control system.
Type (d#antage Disad#antage
&pen *oop
a. )t is being relati#ely
simple inaccurate since there is no
b. *ow cost correction of error
c. +ood reliability
Closed *oop (ccurate in matching the a. More comple"
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ME 2401 MECHATRONICS VII
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(ctual to the re$uired
#alues.
b. More costly
c. +reater chance of breadown as a
conse$uence of the greater ,umber of
components.
/. What are the e*ements o. the c*ose% *oo) contro* s!stem"
The #arious elements of a closed loop control system are,
Comparison element, Control element, Correction element, %rocess
element, and Measurement element
0. What are the t!)es o. contro* e*ements"
There are two types of control elements. They are
-ard . wired systems and %rogrammable systems.
1. What are the 'arios e*ements o. a c*ose% *oo) s!stem .or a
)erson contro**in& the tem)eratre"
The #arious elements of a closed loop system are,
/.Controlled #ariable
0.Comparison element
1.Error signal
2.Control unit
5.Measuring de#ice !or e"ample,
Controlled #ariable 3 The room temperature 4eference #alue 5The re$uired
room temperature67 Comparison element 3 The person comparing the
measured #alue with the re$uired #alue of temperature7 Error signal 3 The
di8erence between the measured and re$uired temperatures7 Control unit 3
The person Correction unit 3 The switch on the fre %rocess 3 The heating by
the fre7 Measuring de#ice 3 ( thermometer.
2.What is the *ar&er sca*e a))*ication o. Mechatronics"
( larger scale application of Mechatronics is a !le"ible Manufacturing
engineering System 5!MS6 in#ol#ing computer . controlled machines, robots,
automatic material con#eying and o#erall super#isory control.
13. 4ist some o. the a))*ications o. Mechatronics"
/. -ome (ppliances' 9ashing machine, :read machines etc
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ME 2401 MECHATRONICS VII
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0. (utomobile' Electrical fuel in;ection, (ntiloc brae system
1. (ircraft' !light control, ,a#igation system
2. (utomated Manufacturing
11. What are the com)onents o. Mechatronics S!stem"
/. (ctuators and Sensors
0. Signal Conditioning units
1. Digital control de#ices
2. Software data gaining system
5. +raphical Displays
12. What are the main a))*ications o. mechatronics"
9ashing machines, dish washers, micro o#ens, cameras, camcorders,
robots, automatic con#eyors, computer3controlled machines
1#. Dra- the $*oc5 %ia&ram o. measrement s!stem.
)nput System &utput
1+. 4ist %o-n the re6irements o. contro* s!stems.
Stability
(ccuracy
4esponse
1,. 7i'e an e(am)*e .or o)en *oo) s!stem an% c*ose% *oo) s!stems.
Closed loop system . (utomatic water le#el controller
&pen loop system 3 Electric fre
1/. What are the $asic e*ements o. .ee%$ac5 s!stem"
!orward path !eedbac path
Error detecting de#ice
(mplifer and Compensating networ
10. What is the )r)ose o. a sensor"
Sensors are de#ices which produce a proportional output signal
5Mechanical, Electrical, etc6 when e"posed to a physical change 5pressure,
Electric -eater
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ME 2401 MECHATRONICS VII
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temperature, displacement, etc6
11. Defne trans%cer"
Transducers are de#ices which con#erts an input of one form of energy
into an ouput of another form of energy
12. What are the terms that %efne the )er.ormance o. the
trans%cers"
/. 4ange and span 0. Error
1. (ccuracy 2. Sensiti#ity
5. 4eproducibility <. ,on . linearity error
=. 4epeatability >. Stability
?. Dead band @ time /A. 4esolution
//. &utput impedance.
23. What are the terms that !o can fn% .rom the %!namic
characteristics"
/. 4esponse time.
0. Time constant.
1. 4ise time
2. Settling time.
21. What is a %is)*acement sensor"
)tBs used to measure the #ibration, #elocity, acceleration, stress, force,
pressure, thicness and etc
Displacement sensors are concerned with the measurement of the
amount by which some ob;ect has been mo#ed.
22. What is )ro(imit! s-itches"
%ro"imity switches are used to detect the presence of an ob;ect. These
can be achie#ed by the presence of an ob;ect in order to gi#e output which is
either on or o8
2#. What are the t-o $asic t!)es o. the %is)*acement an% the
)osition trans%cers"
The two basic types are,
/. Contact sensors
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ME 2401 MECHATRONICS VII
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0. ,on contact sensors.
2+. Write a$ot the strain 8 &a&e% e*ement"
Strain can be either compressi#e or tensile and is usually measured by
strain gauges. )n general, strain gauges are de#ices used to measure
displacement, force, load, pressure, tor$ue or weight.
2,. Defne 49DT"
*CDT 5linear #ariable di8erential transformer6 is based on
electromagnetic induction. The basic arrangement of a multi induction
transducer contains two coils3primary and secondary. The primary carries ac
e"citation 5C ref6 that induces a steady ac #oltage in the secondary coil. The
mo#ement of an ob;ect made of ferromagnetic material within the Du" path
alters the coupling between the coils. Conse$uently, the magnetic Du"
coupling between two coils is con#erted into #oltage.
2/. What are the ses o. 49DT"
The uses are as follows.
a. 9idely used as primary transducers for monitoring displacements.
b. (lso used as secondary transducers in the measurement of force,
weight and pressure.
20. What is an O)tica* enco%er"
&ptical encoders are de#ices that con#ert a mechanical position into a
representati#e electrical signal by means of a patterned dis or scale, a light
source and photosensiti#e elements. 9ith proper interface electronics,
position and speed information can be deri#ed..
21. What is an incrementa* enco%er"
(n incremental encoder is used for the measurement of angular
displacement. ( beam of light passes through slots in a disc and is detected by a
suitable light sensor. 9hen the disc is rotated, the sensor produces a pulsed
output with the number of pulses being proportional to the angle through which
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ME 2401 MECHATRONICS VII
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the disc is rotated. -ence, the angular position of the disc is determined.
22. Write a$ot a$so*te enco%er"
(n absolute encoder is used for the measurement of angular displacement.
This gi#es an output in the form of a binary number of se#eral digits, each such
number representing a particular angular position. The rotating disc has three
concentric circles of slots and three sensors to detect the light pulses.