B KHOA HC V CNG NGH

VIN NNG LNG NGUYN T VIT NAM

Bo co tm tt








TNG QUAN
H THNG CNG NGH
NH MY IN HT NHN




C quan thc hin: Vin Nng lng nguyn t Vit Nam












H Ni, 4/2011
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 1 -



Ni dung


1. M u................................................................................................................2
2. Mt s khi nim c bn v cng ngh l phn ng ht nhn ...........................3
3. L nc nh p lc PWR - Pressurized Water Reactor .....................................6
4. L nc si BWR - Boiling Water Reactor ...................................................11
5. L nc nng PHWR.......................................................................................14
6. Cc th h l phn ng ht nhn.......................................................................16
7. Mt s thit k l phn ng ci tin (advanced) .............................................20
8. Cc loi l VVER ca Nga...............................................................................24
9. Kt lun.............................................................................................................30























Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 2 -
CNG NGH NH MY IN HT NHN
1. M u
Theo s liu mi nht cng b thng 1/2011 ca C quan nng lng
nguyn t quc t, hin nay trn ton cu c 442 t my in ht nhn ang vn
hnh, lng in pht in ht nhn chim 16% sn lng in ton cu; c
khong 65 t my in ht nhn ang tin hnh xy dng.
Th t cc quc gia c nhiu t my in ht nhn nht: M 104 t my,
Php 58, Nht Bn 54, Nga 32, Hn Quc 21, n 20, Anh 19, Canada 18,
c 17, Ukraine 15, Trung Quc 13. Chu ang l khu vc c nhp pht
trin in ht nhn cao nht.
p ng nhu cu ca th k 21, hin nay nhiu loi l th h mi ang
c nghin cu pht trin. Chnh ph cc nc c ngnh cng nghip ht nhn
pht trin ang u t trn 2 t US$ cho cng tc ny. Nhiu loi l ang c
nghin cu thit k vi mc tiu tng tnh kinh t, nng cao an ton v gii
quyt vn b thi hot cao sng di ngy.
Cc khoa hc gia quc t khng nh: d ang phi i mt vi nhiu
thch thc, nhng cng ngh in ht nhn vn l mt la chn quan trng ca
th k 21.
Trong hoch nh chin lc pht trin nng lng v la chn cng ngh
pht in, mi khu vc, mi quc gia, trong tng thi k nht nh, u phi i
mt vi mt lot cc vn , khng c mt khun mu chung no cho tt c cc
nc.
Vic cung cp nng lng, c bit l in nng, mt cch y v tin
cy khng ch cn thit cho s pht trin kinh t m, nh ngy cng c thy r,
cn cn thit cho s n nh chnh tr v x hi. S thiu ht nng lng trm
trng, c hin ti ln trong tng lai, thng dn ti nhng bt n v mu thun
tim tng trong mi quc gia v gia cc quc gia.
Bi vy, cung cp nng lng mt cch an ton, tin cy v vi chi ph hp
l l mt yu cu kinh t, chnh tr v x hi thit yu, v l mt thch thc.
Hoch nh v a ra nhng quyt nh v sn xut nng lng v in nng, do
, l mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng nht ca cc nh hoch nh chnh
sch.
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 3 -
Bo co ny gii thiu nhng khi nim c bn v cng ngh l phn ng
ht nhn v nhng ci tin, nhng cng ngh l th h mi ang c trin khai
thc hin trn th gii.
2. Mt s khi nim c bn v cng ngh l phn ng ht nhn
2.1 Nguyn l phn ng phn hch
L phn ng ht nhn (LPHN) hot ng da trn nguyn l phn ng
phn hch dy chuyn. S n gin ca nguyn l ny nu trn hnh 1.
Khi mt ntron bn ph ht nhn U235, ht nhn b tch thnh hai hay
nhiu ht nhn nh hn km theo vic gii phng nng lng dng ng nng,
bc x gamma v pht ra cc ntron t do, cc ntron t do ny l tip tc bn
ph cc ht nhn khc to ra phn ng ht nhn dy chuyn.


Ntron nhit Nhit nng Ntron nhanh

N N Ntron nhit
N
Phn hch Cht lm chm

U 235 U 235 N Hp
th
N

Hnh 1. S n gin ca nguyn l phn ng phn hch

2.2 Cu trc c bn ca l v cc vt liu s dng
Cu trc c bn ca l phn ng ht nhn (LPHN) bao gm: nhin liu
ht nhn, cht lm chm, cht ti nhit, thanh iu khin, vnh phn x, thng l,
tng bo v v cc vt cu trc khc. S cu trc c bn ca LPHN nu
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 4 -
trong hnh 2. Cc phn t chnh, vt liu s dng v chc nng ca chng c
nu trong bng 1.

Thanh iu khin

Vnh phn x Nhin liu ht nhn

Thng l Cht lm chm

Cht ti nhit





Hnh 2. S cu trc c bn ca LPHN


Bng 1. Cc phn t chnh, vt liu s dng v chc nng ca chng

TT Phn t Vt liu Chc nng
1 Nhin liu U
233
, U
235
, Pu
239
,
Pu
241

Cht phn hch
2 Cht lm chm H
2
O, D
2
O, C, Be Gim nng lng ca ntron
nhanh thnh ntron nhit
3 Cht ti nhit H
2
O, D
2
O, CO
2
, He,
Na
Ti nhit lm mt l
4 Thanh iu khin Cd, B, Hf iu khin mc tng gim ntron
5 Vnh phn x Nh cc cht lm
chm
Gim mt mt ntron
6 Thng l Fe &S/S Chu p lc v cha ton b vng
hot
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 5 -
7 Tng bo v B tng, H
2
O, Fe, Pb Bo v chng bc x
8 Cc vt cu trc
khc
Al, Fe, Zn, S/S H tr cc cu trc trong l

2.3 Phn loi cc loi l
Tu thuc vo vic s dng cc cht ti nhit, cht lm chm v cu trc
ca l, ngi ta phn ra cc loi l nh nu trong bng 2.
Bng 2. Phn loi cc loi l

S
TT
LOI
L
Tn gi Nhin liu Cht lm
chm
Cht ti
nhit
1 PWR L nc p lc Urani lm giu
nh 2-5%
H
2
O H
2
O
2 BWR L nc si Urani lm giu
nh 2-5%
H
2
O H
2
O
3 WWER L nc p lc
(LX c)
Urani lm giu
nh 2-5%
H
2
O H
2
O
4 PHWR -
CANDU
L nc nng
knh p lc
Urani t nhin
0,7%
D
2
O D
2
O H
2
O
5 GCR L kh grafit Urani t nhin
0,7%
Grafit Kh He
6 LWGR L nc grafit
knh p lc
Urani t nhin
giu nh
Grafit H
2
O
7 AGR L kh grafit ci
tin
Urani t nhin
0,7%
Grafit Kh He
8 FBR L nhanh ti sinh Urani lm giu
hoc Plutoni
Khng Na

Hin nay, cng ngh l pht trin rt phong ph v a dng. Hin c trn
10 loi l ang c s dng v nghin cu pht trin. Rt kh c th nh gi
u th tuyt i ca loi l ny so vi loi l khc. Vic mi quc gia s dng v
pht trin loi l no ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trc ht l chin lc ca
mi quc gia, sau l trnh khoa hc - cng ngh v kh nng tham gia ca
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 6 -
cng nghip ni a. Mc d s loi l nhiu nh vy nhng a s hoc b loi
b khi xu hng pht trin hoc ang trng thi th nghim.
Cho n nay, thc cht ch mi c ba loi c cng nhn l nhng cng
ngh c kim chng v c pht trin nhiu nht, l PWR, BWR v
PHWR. T phn s lng l ca cc loi cng ngh nh sau: L phn ng nc
p lc: 60% (Pressurired Water Reactor - PWR+VVER), k theo l L phn
ng nc si: 21% (Boiling Water Reactor - BWR), v cui cng l L nc
nng kiu CANDU: 7% (Pressurired Heavy Water Reactor - PHWR), phn cn
li l cc loi l khc.
Chng ta hy xem xt s b 3 loi l c pht trin nhiu nht, ph bin
nht hin nay l PWR, BWR v PHWR.
3. L nc nh p lc PWR - Pressurized Water Reactor
y l kiu l ph bin nht vi trn 230 l hin ang vn hnh trn khp
th gii. Thit k c bn ca loi l ny c ngun gc t cc l phn ng ht
nhn s dng trong cc tu ngm ht nhn. Chng s dng nc thng lm cht
ti nhit v lm chm. Thit k khc bit mang tnh in hnh ca loi l ny l
dng nc trong chu trnh lm ngui vng mt i qua tm l vi p sut rt cao
v chu trnh th hai c s dng l hi c sinh ra chy tuc bin.
Hnh 3. S cng ngh hai vng tun hon ca l PWR
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 7 -
Nc trong vng hot c th t ti nhit 325
0
C, khi nc cn phi
mc p sut 150 ln p sut kh quyn ngn chn vic lm si nc, p sut
c duy tr nh hi trong b iu p. Trong chu trnh vng I nc cng ng
vai tr ca cht lm chm nn nu nc tr thnh hi th s lm cho phn ng
phn hch b gim xung. Hiu ng phn hi m ny l mt trong nhng c
trng an ton ni ti ca loi l PWR. H thng dp l th cp thc hin vic b
sung thm bo vo vng s cp.
Vng th cp c duy tr p sut thp hn v nc s si trong cc b
trao i nhit ca thit b sinh hi. Hi nc lm quay tuc bin my pht sn
xut in, sau li c lm ngng t thnh nc vi nhit thp hn v qua
cc b trao i nhit quay tr li vng s cp.
Yu cu sch ca nc vng hai rt cao, do vy bo m cc ch tiu
kinh t, tt c hi nc sau khi sinh cng tuc bin u c ngng t v a
tr li chu trnh cng ngh. Do vy, vng hai ca nh my HN cng l mt chu
trnh kn, nc b sung l mt lng nh b hao ht do r thot.
Hnh 4. S thng l PWR
PWR l mt loi l nc nh vi nc nh va l cht ti nhit va l cht
lm chm ntron v c thng l chu p lc.
Thng l cu to t mt phn hnh tr vi cc ng vo/ra ca cht ti nhit
v y hnh elp. Bn trong thng l c ging l hnh tr dng b tr vng hot
v t chc dng chuyn ng ca cht ti nhit. Thng l chu p sut ln v
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 8 -
chu bc x cao c ch to rt phc tp. Mt trong v l tip xc vi nc
c ph mt lp thp khng g chng n mn v gim qu trnh gin v l
do tng tc ca dng nowtrn cao, chiu x mnh. bo m bn, thng l
c lm vi s mi hn t nht. Thng l c thit k lm vic trong mt
thi gian di t 40 n 60 nm. Cc thng s ca l PWR cng sut 1160 MWe
c trnh by trong bng 3.
Bng 3. Mt s thng s chnh ca loi l PWR - 1160 MWe
Thng s c bn ca l PWR
Cng sut nhit 3423 MWt
Cng sut in 1160 MWe
ng knh pha trong thng l 4,394 m
dy thng l 225 mm
Chiu cao thng l 12,9 m
Vt liu thng l ASME SA-508 GrB class 3
Trng lng thng l 402 t
ng knh vng hot 3,37 m
Chiu cao/di vng hot 3,66 m
giu nhin liu 2,1 - 4,1%
S b nhin liu 193
ng knh thanh nhin liu 9,5 mm
Chiu di thanh nhin liu 3,65 m
Tng chiu di b nhin liu 4,06 m
Vt liu ng thanh nhin liu Zircaloy-4
Trng lng nhin liu 89 t
Mt cng sut 105 KW/lt
S b/thanh iu khin 53 b
p sut trong l 157 Kg/cm
2

Cht ti nhit H
2
O
Cht lm chm ntron H
2
O
Thng lng cht ti nhit qua l 60.10
3
t/h
Nhit cht ti nhit vo/ra l 289/325
0
C
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 9 -
l PWR, khi cc ng bo v v h thng iu khin c b tr pha
trn vng hot. iu ny cho php cc thanh iu khin c th t ri vo vng
hot dp l khi cn thit.
Cc l PWR c cc b nhin liu vi s lng thanh nhin liu trong mi
b t 200-300 tu thuc cu hnh ca b nhin liu (15 x 15, 16 x 16, 17 x 17,
v.v.), cc b nhin liu c sp trong thng l chu p lc theo chiu thng
ng. Tng s b nhin liu vo khong 150-250 v tng trng lng khong
80-100 tn uranium.
Cc b nhin liu ca l PWR cng nh ca l BWR trong trng phi
thit k ca cc nc phng Ty c dng hnh hp vung, cn trong cc l do
Nga thit k c dng hnh hp lc gic u, trong b tr mng vung hay
tam gic. Cc thanh nhin liu c dng hnh ng bn trong xp cc vin nhin
liu UO
2
c ng knh 8 mm v chiu cao 10 mm. Gia v bc v vin nhin
liu l rnh kh He, pha trn c l xo nn gi v khong trng cha kh phng x
thot ra trong phn ng ht nhn. Cc thanh nhin liu hp li thnh cc b nhin
liu. Cc b nhin liu np vo l c th c hoc khng c v hp bc ngoi ty
tng l. Cc hp ny c c l to dng chy ngang c tc dng dn u
trng nhit vng hot.













Hnh 5. Cc b nhin liu ca l PWR theo trng phi Phng Ty v Nga
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 10
-
Nh my HN vi l PWR c s cng ngh hai vng. Trong s cng
ngh ny nht thit phi c thit b sinh hi l thnh phn phn chia hai vng. C
th ni thit b sinh hi thuc vng mt hay thuc vng hai u ng.



Hnh 6. Thit b sinh hi kiu ng (phng Ty) v kiu ngang (Nga)
Trong thit b sinh hi, truyn c nhit t vng mt sang vng hai
cn phi c chnh lch nhit gia nc vng mt (khng c si) v nc
si thuc vng hai. trnh si nc trong vng mt, p sut ca n phi ln,
thng l cao hn nhiu so vi p sut vng hai. Do vy, tnh kinh t nhit ca
nh my hai vng bao gi cng thp hn nh my mt vng c p sut trong l
nh nhau.
Thit b sinh hi l mt thnh phn cn thit trong nh my HN vi l
PWR. N cch ly s lan truyn cht phng x t vng mt sang vng hai, gip
cho vic vn hnh nh my c thun tin hn. Nhng mt khc, thit b sinh
hi l mt khu yu trong nh my HN vi l PWR. Trong thit b ny, c
hng ngn ng trao i nhit, nhiu hng hc thng hay xy ra vi cc ng ny
nh tc nghn, t gy, thng do n mn v c xt gy r nc c phng x t
vng mt sang vng hai. khc phc nhng hng hc ny, thng i hi phi
mt thi gian, tn km v phi dng nh my, gy nh hng n kinh t.
Thong nhn ngi ta c cm gic nh my HN hai vng cn vn u t
nhiu hn nhiu so vi nh my mt vng. Nhng do yu cu m bo an ton
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 11
-
phng x, phi x l (trao i ion) ton b lu lng nc ngng t (sau tuc
bin) lm cho ch s quan trng nh gi cng sut t mi KW ca nh my
mt vng hu nh xp x vi nh my hai vng.
4. L nc si BWR - Boiling Water Reactor
V mc ph bin cng nh cc hng cung cp, cc nc s dng... th
l nc si BWR ch ng sau l nc p lc PWR. Nguyn l thit k v hot
ng cn bn ca cc l nc si l s dng chu trnh trc tip. Nc trong vng
hot l phn ng c lm si nh phn ng phn hch v sinh ra hi nc trc
tip chy tuc bin my pht. Nc trong thng l bao gm hai phn: nc v hi
nc, do vic s dng chu trnh trc tip th hin s khc bit vi cc cng
ngh khc nhng c tnh c bn sau:
o Khng c my sinh hi (chu trnh trc tip).
o Gim c p lc trong l trong khi vn t c hiu sut cao.
o Phn lu chuyn ca cc vt cht phng x rng hn.

Hnh 7. S cng ngh mt vng tun hon vi l nc si - BWR
BWR cng l mt loi l vi nc nh va l cht ti nhit va l cht lm
chm v c thng l chu p lc. Tuy nhin, khc vi l PWR, trong l BWR c
s si th tch ngay trong l.
Thng l BWR c hnh thc gn ging nh l PWR nhng c cc thng
s khc hn. Vng hot l BWR tng t nh l PWR khng ng nht v c
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 12
-
tp hp t cc b nhin liu t st nhau trong gi vng hot. So vi l PWR
cng cng sut, kch thc vng hot ca l BWR ln hn.

Hnh 8. Thng l nc si - BWR
Bng 5. Mt s thng s chnh ca loi l BWR - 1100 MWe
Thng s BWR
Cng sut nhit 3293 MWt
Cng sut in 1100 MWe
ng knh pha trong thng l 6,375 m
dy thng l 157 mm
Chiu cao thng l 23,0 m
Vt liu thng l ASME SA-533 GrB class 1
Trng lng thng l 793 t
ng knh vng hot 4,75 m
Chiu cao/di vng hot 3,71 m
giu nhin liu 2,2%
S b nhin liu 764
ng knh thanh nhin liu 13 mm
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 13
-
Chiu di thanh nhin liu 3,71 m
Tng chiu di b nhin liu 4,46 m
Vt liu ng thanh nhin liu Zircaloy-2
Trng lng nhin liu 142 t
Mt cng sut 50 KW/lt
S b/thanh iu khin 185 thanh
p sut trong l 71 Kg/cm
2

Cht ti nhit H
2
O
Cht lm chm ntron H
2
O
Thng lng cht ti nhit qua l 48.10
3
t/h
Nhit cht ti nhit vo/ra l 216/286
0
C



Hnh 9. Cc b nhin liu v thanh iu khin ca l BWR
Cc thanh nhin liu ca l BWR v hnh thc cng ging nh cc thanh
nhin liu ca l PWR, ch khc l chng c ng knh to hn v v bc dy
hn. Cc b nhin liu ca l BWR c bc trong hp kn hon ton, khng
c l loi tr cc dng chy ngang.
Do c th ca s cng ngh khc vi l PWR, cc h thng iu khin
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 14
-
v bo v ca l BWR c b tr phn di ca l v trong thnh phn ca h
thng iu khin c s dng cc bm thay i lu lng nc tun hon qua
vng hot iu chnh cng sut l. ng c ca cc thanh iu khin v bo
v nm ngoi v thng l v lun c nng lng d tr thng lc trng trng
v a cc thanh ny vo vng hot khi b mt in cp.
u im c bn ca nh my HN vi l BWR l c s cng ngh mt
vng, nh vy cu trc n gin v tnh kinh t cao v cc thng s ca hi nc
trc khi vo tuc bin v trong l gn nh bng nhau (ch hn km nhau
phn tiu hao trn ng ng). Nhc im c bn ca nh my vi l BWR l
tt c thit b phi lm vic trong iu kin c phng x, do vy, vic vn hnh
phc tp hn v lng cht thi phng x cng nhiu hn.
5. L nc nng PHWR
Phn ln cc l PHWR (Pressurized Heavy-Water-moderated Reactor) c
cu hnh tiu chun nh nhau. L c 380 knh cng tc nm ngang c sp xp
trong mng hnh vung. Thit b iu khin, thit b dp l v cc thit b o
trong vng hot u nm trong ng c b tr thng ng hay nm ngang (xen
k gia cc knh nhin liu). Mi trng lm vic l nc nng c p sut thp,
nhit thp.
Hnh 10. Cc b nhin liu v knh ngang ca l PHWR
Vng hot c bao bc trong mt b kn bng thp, hnh tr, nm ngang,
gi l b calandria. n lt mnh, b calandria li nm trong mt khoang b
tng kn cha y nc nh. Mi knh cng tc l mt ng lng, ng ngoi gi l
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 15
-
ng calandria lm bng zircaloy. ng trong gi l ng chu p, cha 12 b nhin
liu v nc nng ti nhit, ng ny lm bng hp kim zirconi-niobi. Cc knh
cng tc nm ngang song song vi trc v xuyn qua b calandria.
Khong khng gia ng chu p v ng calandria trong mi knh cng tc
l kh CO
2
. Cht ti nhit l nc nng chy trong knh nhin liu (knh chu p)
ti nhit sinh ra t phn ng ht nhn v my sinh hi. Nc nng trong b
calandria c s dng lm chm ntron nhanh sinh ra t phn ng phn
hch. Cht lm chm l nc nng tun hon lin tc qua b calandria v my
trao i nhit gii phng nhit sinh ra trong cht lm chm khi l lm vic.
Cc c cu trn u vo v u ra bo m cho vic phn b nhit ca cht ti
nhit trong b calandria c ng u, p sut trn b mt ca nc nng ln
hn p sut kh quyn mt t.

Hnh 11. S cng ngh ca l nc nng PHWR
H thng cht lm chm ntron c lp hon ton vi h thng ti nhit l
phn ng. H thng ny bao gm hai bm v hai my trao i nhit v ni vi:
- H thng lm sch nc nng;
- H thng kh trn b mt nc nng;
- H thng cht lng gy nhim c dp phn ng ht nhn;
- H thng ly mu;
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 16
-
- H thng cung cp nc nng.
B cha nc nng gip cho cht lm chm duy tr mc cn thit, b
cho s co dn do giao ng nhit gy ra v b r thot trong qu trnh lm vic.
Nc nng trong b calandria cn c chc nng nh mt b lm mt trong
trng hp s c mt cht ti nhit m h thng lm mt vng hot b hng.
Nhng vt liu trong b calandria v h thng lm chm ntron c tip xc vi
nc nng l thp khng g hay cc hp kim zirconi. Nhng vt liu ny thch
hp vi mi trng nhit thp v c axt nh. Trong l PHWR vic dn
u cng sut t c bng cch cho nhin liu chy khc nhau theo tng vng,
kt hp vi s dng cc thanh iu chnh.
Cc l PHWR s dng nhin liu chun. Mi b nhin liu l tp hp ca
37 thanh nhin liu c v bc lm bng hp kim zircaloy, bn trong cha cc
vin UO
2
thin nhin.
Vt liu vng hot v cht lm chm ntron l nc nng lm cho l
PHWR tit kim ntron ti a v s dng trit nhin liu. Khi nhin liu chy
v hm lng U-235 gim, plutoni sinh ra s cung cp mt lng phn ng b
sung v gp khong mt na sn lng nhit.
c im thay nhin liu khi l lm vic loi b nhu cu phi c
phn ng d ln, tc l s thanh b ca h thng iu khin gim. Mt khc s
phn b cng sut trong vng hot ng u hn.
6. Cc th h l phn ng ht nhn
Bt u t nhng nm 2000 tr li y, cc NMHN c phn loi thnh
cc th h :
o Th h I: Cc l phn ng nguyn mu (prototypes),
o Th h II: Cc NMHN xy dng v ang vn hnh,
o Th h III v III+ : Cc l phn ng tin tin,
o Th h l phn ng tip theo - th h IV .
Cc th h III, III+ v IV k tha cc u im v khc phc cc nhc
im ca cc th h trc.

Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 17
-
Hnh 12. Cc th h l phn ng ht nhn
Th h I
Cc l phn ng thng mi nguyn mu (prototype) vn hnh vo nhng
nm 1950 - 1960. L phn ng thng mi u tin trn th gii vi cng sut 5
MW c a vo vn hnh nm 1954 ti Lin X c. Sau , ti Anh, l phn
ng Calder Hall c a vo vn hnh vo nm 1956 vi cng sut ban u l
50 MW. Nh my HN thng mi u tin ti M l Shippingport vn hnh
vo nm 1957, vi cng sut 60 MW. Nhiu l phn ng th h I ch l n chic,
nh l Fermi I M, ch khng i din cho mt kiu thit k no c. Trong khi
vi th h II cc l c khuynh hng xy dng hng lot, mc d c thit k
ring bit nhng p dng cng mt nguyn l thit k.
Th h II
Cc l th h II l mt s thit k c pht trin t cc l phn ng th h
I. c nhiu thay i ng k trong thit k v k c c mt s kiu hon ton
mi so vi th h trc. Cc l phn ng c xy dng vo u nhng nm
1970 v 1980 v hin ti vn ang c vn hnh thng mi. Cc l phn ng
nc nh M, Php, cc l CANDU Canada l nhng v d v cc l th h
II.
Th h III
Cc l th h th III l cc thit k ci tin (advanced-design), bao gm:
- Cc l nc si ci tin (ABWR) do GE thit k v c xy dng ti
Nht Bn;
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 18
-
- Cc l ci tin h System 80+ do CE (Combustion Engineering) nay
thuc Westinghouse thit k;
- Cc l PWR ci tin (APWR), do Westinghouse, MHI thit k;
- Cc l WWER-1000: AES-91, AES-92 ca Nga thit k;
- Cc l c thit k th ng nh AP600 ca Westinghouse.
- Cc l EPR (Evolutionary Pressurized / European Pressurized Reactor)
l mt thit k tin ha kt hp gia cc thit k v kinh nghim vn
hnh cc l N4 ca Framatome v KONVOI ca Siemens, c.
Mt s thit k c pht trin M v c C quan php quy Hoa
K (US-NRC) cp php vo nhng nm 1990. Cc l ABWR v APWR /ang
c xy dng v vn hnh nhiu nc khc nhau. Mt s thit k khc cng
ang trong giai on xin cp chng nhn thit k ca NRC nh US EPR.
Cc ci tin quan trng so vi th h II bao gm:
- Hon thin cng ngh v nhin liu;
- a vo cc h thng an ton th ng;
- Cc thit k c tiu chun ha;
Th h III+
Cc thit k th h III+ ni chung l m rng khi nim thit k ca th h
III trong a vo cc c tnh an ton th ng ci tin (advanced passive
safety). Cc thit k ny c th duy tr trng thi an ton m khng cn s dng
cc thnh phn iu khin ch ng no. Chng c th c pht trin
nhng giai on khc nhau vo nhng nm 1990 v hin ti bt u c cp
php xy dng. Cc l phn ng c th c vn hnh vo nhng nm 2010. Cc
thit k th h III+ bao gm:
- Cc l Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR);
- L AP1000 da trn thit k AP600 ca Westinghouse;
- L Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) da
trn thit k ABWR;
- L APR-1400 Thit k PWR ci tin pht trin t cc l KNGR
(Korean Next Generation Reactor) da trn c s thit k h
System 80+ ca M.
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 19
-
- L WWER-1200: AES-2006 ca Nga thit k.
Th h IV
Cc l th h IV l cc thit k c xc lp bi GIF (Generation IV
International Forum), theo sng kin ca DOE v 10 quc gia thnh vin khc.
Tt c cc l phn ng th h IV hin cn ang giai on thit k khi nim
hoc thc nghim v hy vng s c xem xt khai thc vo nhng nm 2030.
Nm 2002, GIF a ra lch trnh (Roadmap) cho 6 thit k th h IV gm 3
loi l ntrn nhit v 3 loi l ntrn nhanh.
c trng an ton qua cc th h
Mt s c trng v an ton ca cc th h cng ngh l nu trong bng 6.
Bng 6. Mt s yu cu v pht trin cc th h cng ngh l
Th
h
l

c trng thit k
Xc sut ph
hu vng
hot, nm
-1

Xc sut
thot x ra
MT, nm
-1


V d loi l

I
Cc HT an ton ch ng +
To nh bo v
> 10
-4
> 10
-5
Phn ln cc
loi l ang hot
ng

II
Cc HT an ton ch ng ci
tin : t by corium & Qun
l s c + To nh bo v
<10
-4
- 10
-6
<10
-6
- 10
-7
Sizewell, N4,
Convoy,
System80+,
AES-91,

III

Cc HT an ton ch ng v
th ng: t by corium &
Qun l s c + To nh bo
v
<10
-6
- 10
-7
Hu nh
khng th
xy ra
EPR, ABWR,
AP-1000,
ESBWR, SIR,
AES-92

IV
Hon ton thit k mi: Hu
nh khng c kh nng nng
chy vng hot ("NLHN khng
c thm ho"
Nh hn mc c th
tin on
MHTR, PIUS,
ISIS, PRIS,
SAFR, PBMR

Nhng l th h III v III+ c cc c tnh sau:
o Tiu chun ho thit k cho mi loi rt ngn qu trnh cp php, gim
chi phi ph u t v gim thi gian xy dng.
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 20
-
o Thit k n gin hn v vng chc hn lm chng d vn hnh v n
nh trong h thng c nhiu dao ng.
o H s sn sng hot ng cao hn v tui th di hn - mc in hnh l
60 nm.
o Xc sut tai nn nng chy vng hot gim.
o Tc ng ti mi trng mc ti thiu.
o su chy cao hn v t gim nhin liu s dng v lng thi pht
sinh.
o S dng cht hp th c th chy c nhm tng thi gian s dng nhin
liu.
Khc bit ln nht so vi cc thit k hin thi l nhiu nh my ht nhn
th h mi tch hp c c im an ton th ng hoc ni ti, khng i hi
s kim sot ch ng ca con ngi hay s can thip ca nhn vin vn hnh
trnh tai nn khi c trc trc.
7. Mt s thit k l phn ng ci tin (advanced)
7.1 L nc si ci tin - Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR)


Hnh 13. S nguyn l nh my HN dng l nc si ci tin
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 21
-
Hin ti c 4 l dang vn hnh ti Nht (Kashiwazaki-Kariwa -6 & 7,
Hamaoka-5 v Shika- 2), 7 l trong k hoch ti Nht, 2 l ang c xy dng
ti i Loan. L nc si ci tin thuc loi:
o Cng ngh gc ca GE, tip thu bi Hitachi & Toshiba
o L th h III u tin c vn hnh thng mi
o c cp php ti M, Nht Bn, i Loan
o Cng sut 1380 MWe - 1500 MWe
o Thi gian xy dng c rt ngn
Cc c trng thit k:
- Thit k mt vng, i lu cng bc vi cng sut 1,300 Mwe;
- Thit k kt hp cc c tnh thit k ca l BWR chu u, Nht Bn v
M;
- S dng cc bm ti tun hon trong l (gim thiu cc im vo thng
l);
- Cc h thng an ton s ha, cc h thng logic v iu khin s ha da
trn cc b vi x l (microprocessor-based);
- Thit k cng bao gm cc nng cao v an ton nh bo v chng li s
qu p ca v nh l phn ng (RCV), h thng tch nc c lp v th
ng, ba ng c diesel khn cp .v.v..

Hnh 14.Thng l nc si ci tin ABWR
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 22
-
7.2 L nc p lc ci tin AP600 v AP1000 ca Westinghouse
AP600:
- Thit k l PWR 600 MW mang c tnh th ng tin tin (Advanced
Passive) kt hp cc h thng an ton th ng v thit k h thng
c n gin ha.
- Cc h thng th ng s dng c ch i lu t nhin trong cc tnh
hung s c m khng cn cc bm, khng cn cc ng c diesel hay
cc h thng h tr khc.
AP1000:
- Thit k AP1000 l phin bn ln hn ca AP600 vi cng sut 1100
MWe.
- Thit k tng t nh AP600 nhng s dng thng l (reactor vessel)
cao hn ph hp vi thit k b nhin liu di hn v cc thit b
sinh hi, bnh iu p ln hn
- Cc h thng an ton th ng ca AP1000 c n gin ha thit k
so vi cc l cng cng sut khc, n s dng t hn khong 50% cc
van, 35% t hn cc bm, 70% t hn cc cp truyn dn, lm gim thi
gian xy dng v lp t i rt nhiu.
- Hin ti AP1000 l thit k th h III+ duy nht c cp php ti M
v Trung Quc s l nc u tin xy dng cc NMHN l AP1000.
Hnh 15. Thit k nh l AP1000
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 23
-
7.3 L nc p lc ci tin tiu chun chu u EPR
- C tn gi ti chu u l European Pressurized Water Reactor v xin
cp php M vi tn gi Evolutionary Power Reactor vi cng
sut 1,600 Mwe v thit k ci tin.
- Cc c tnh thit k bao gm bn h thng an ton k thut vi nng
lc 100% mi h.
- V nh l s dng tng kp (double-walled containment), v by
vng hot ( core catcher) giam gi v lm ngui cc vt liu vng
hot trong tnh hung tai nn gy hng thng l phn ng.
- L EPR u tin c xy dng ti a im Olkiluoto, Phn Lan v
a im Flammanville, Php.










-
-
-
-
-


Hnh 16. B tr NMHN dng l EPR
Nh nhin
liu
Nh ph tr
ht nhn
Nh diesel
1+2
Nh vn
phng
Nh i vo
Nh in C.I.
Nh tua bin
Nh bo v
2+3
Nh diesel
3+4
Nh bo v 1
To nh l
Nh bo v
4
Nh thi
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 24
-
8. Cc loi l VVER ca Nga
Trong nm 2008, Nga ang vn hnh 31 t my vi tng cng sut l
23.200 MW, sn lng HN nm 2007 ca Nga l 158,3 t kWh. Hin nay, Nga
c th cung cp loi l VVER vi cc di cng sut khc nhau, c th:
o Loi ln 1.000 1.200 MW l l AES-91. AES-92 v AES-2006.
o Loi trung bnh 300-700 MW l VVER-300, VVER-640.
o Loi nh di 300 MW l VVER-150.
8.1 Cc th h l VVER c
V-230 l th h u tin ca l VVER-440, c pht trin trong khong
thi gian 1956-1970, do vy khng c g phi ngc nhin l c nhiu phn phi
ci tin cho thch hp vi cc tiu chun hin i. Cc h thng an ton c d
gp i. Tai nn thit k c bn ln nht l v ng ti nhit c ng knh 100
mm cng vi mt in hon ton.
V-213 cng c cng sut l 444 MW nh V-230, loi ny c pht trin
vo nhng nm 1970-1976, h thng an ton c d gp ba v c thit k
i ph vi t ng ti nhit c ng knh 500 mm vi mt in hon ton. V-
213 c h thng trit bt kh (V-230 ch c h thng van x).
VVER-1000 c cng sut l 1.000 MW c pht trin trong nhng nm
1970-1980, c thit k i ph vi s c xy ra cng mt lc v ng ng
knh ln, ng t theo thit k c bn v mt in hon ton.
Sau tai nn trc-n-bn, mt s ci tin c thc hin nng cao an
ton cho cc l VVER-1000 nh:
o Thay i th tc khi ng l vi vic tng cng s dng phn di
cc thanh;
o Chuyn sang thay 1/3 nhin liu v s dng cc thanh hp th chy dn
trong nhin liu mi;
o Hon thin vic cung cp axt bor khi s c;
o D phng vic x hydro khi thng l v cc my sinh hi;
o Tho nc khi nhnh ch U trong phn lnh ca vng mt.

Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 25
-
8.2 Cc th h VVER ci tin
VVER-88 l d n c bt u sau tai nn Trc-n-bn nng cp cc
nh my sp xy v cc nh my mi khi cng. ng thi vic nng cp cng
c tin hnh cho cc t l ang hot ng. VVER-88 c trin khai cho cc
t l 500 MWe v 1000 MWe. Cc hon thin an ton bao gm:
o Thi nhit d lin tc theo nguyn l th ng (bng my trao i nhit
bng khng kh bn ngoi nh l) i ph vi mt in ko di (24
gi);
o Kim sot o c hydr sinh ra trong nh l;
o Lc khng kh thot ra khi nh l;
o Thm cc h thng lm ngui vng hot, c bit l cc thng tch
nc c nn di p sut, dng cho cc iu kin khn cp.
VVER-91 cng sut 1000 MWe l loi l th h th 3, da trn c s thit
k ca VVER-88, kt hp cc h thng an ton ch ng v th ng, s dng
cc thit b iu khin ca phng Ty. Nga cung cp cho Trung Quc 2 l
loi ny.

Hnh 17. Thng l VVER-1000 loi AES-91
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 26
-

VVER-92 cng sut 1000 MWe l loi l th h th 3+, l th h VVER
mi hon ton, c trin khai vo cui nhng nm 1990 vi mc tiu nng cao
tnh kinh t v hon thin trit an ton. L phn ng V-392 (AES-92), l thnh
cng ln ca cc th h l VVER ca Nga. n mua 2 l V-392 ca Nga.
L V-392 c nhiu u im v an ton nh: S dng h thng an ton th
ng kt hp vi h thng an ton ch ng. t by corium nhm gim thiu
hu qu khi c s c nng chy vng hot. Xc sut nng chy vng hot ca l
V-392 rt thp: 5,6. 10
-8
. Cng ngh in ht nhn ca Nga s dng l hi nm
ngang (thit b mu trng trong hnh 18).

Hnh 18. H cung cp hi ca NMHN vi l VVER

Cc thanh nhin liu ca l VVER ca Nga c thit k hnh lc gic (ca
phng ty thit k hnh vung). Thanh nhin liu c thit k chun cho tt c
cc loi l VVER.

Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 27
-

Hnh 19. Thanh nhin liu ca l VVER
Bng 7. Mt s c trng ca cc l th h 3+:
Thng s L V-392
ca Nga
L AP-1000
ca Hoa K
L EPR
ca Php&c
Cng st, MWe 1000 1000 1650
S lng l hi 4 2 4
Tui th t/k, nm 60 60 60
H thng m
bo an ton
- H an ton th
ng
- t by corium
gim hu qu khi
c s c nng
chy vng hot
- H an ton th
ng

- H an ton ch
ng
- H thng hm
cha sn phm
nng chy khi c
s c nng chy
vng hot
Xc sut nng
chy vng hot

5,6. 10
-8


5,94. 10
-8


4.10
-7



AES-2006 cng sut 1200 MWe l loi l th h mi nht ca Nga, n kt
hp ti u cc h thng an ton ch ng v an ton th ng trn c s kinh
nghim ca AES-91 v AES-92. Loi l ny ang xy dng ti Novovoronezh
ca Nga.
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 28
-

Hnh 20. H thng thit b chnh ca AES-2006

Hnh 21. AES-2006 ti Novovoronezh


Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 29
-
Bng 8. Cc thng s thit k c bn ca loi VVER-1000

c tnh chung ca l
Cng sut nhit 3000-3300 MWth
Cng sut in 1000-1200 MWe
p sut vng mt 15,7 MPa
Mt nng lng trung bnh 118,9-76,6 kW/l
su chy trung bnh 46-55 MW.ngy/tn UO
2

giu nhin liu cao nht 3,3 4,4 %
Chu k o nhin liu(nhin liu 3 nm
trong l)
6700-8000 gi hiu qu
p sut hi u ra bnh sinh hi 7,35 MPa
Lung hi sinh ra 5880-6400 tn/gi
Nhit nc cp u vo bnh sinh hi 220
0
C
Thi gian hot ng 50-60 nm
Xc sut nng chy vng hot l khi s c 10
- 6
10
- 7
1/ nm.l
c tnh chung ca vng hot
S b thanh nhin liu 163 253
S b thanh nhin liu c cha thanh iu
khin
121
S thanh nhin liu trong 1 b thanh nhin
liu
311
S thanh hp th trong 1 b 18 24
Bc t cc thanh nhin liu 12,75 mm
ng knh ngoi ca thanh nhin liu 9,1 mm
S knh o ntron 54
S knh o nhit 54 ( kt hp vi thanh o n)
T s nhit tuyn tnh cc i 400-448
Tng hp th ca cc thanh iu khin 11,5 %
H s phn ng nhit ca nhin liu - 1,9.10 -5/1/ C
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 30
-
H s phn ng nhit ca cht ti nhit 0 n - 70.10-5 1/ C
c trng c bn ca l
Hiu nhit ca cht ti nhit gia u ra
v u vo vng hot
34
0
C
p sut vng 1 17,6 Mpa
Nhit cht ti nhit khi ra khi l 330
0
C
Chiu di v l 11700 mm
ng knh bn trong v l ni t vng
hot
4135 5400 mm
Vt liu v l Thp 15X2MFA-A
Thi gian s dng v l 60 nm
c tnh ca bnh sinh hi
Dng bnh sinh hi Dng ng
Nhit cht ti nhit u ra bnh sinh hi 296
0
C
Lu lng hi 1600 tn/gi
m ca hi sinh ra ti u ra bnh sinh hi 0,25
ng knh ngoi 5000 mm
Chiu di ngoi 13100 mm
Vt liu v bnh sinh hi Thp 10GH2MFA
Vt liu ca ng gp (phn c gn vi cc
ng trao i nhit)
Thp khng g 08X18H10T
p sut trong bnh sinh hi 12,5 MPa

9. Kt lun
Hin nay, Vit Nam quyt nh thc hin chng trnh pht trin HN
v chn Rosatom ca CH Lin bang Nga l i tc xy dng D n in ht
nhn Ninh Thun 1 dng cng ngh VVER. Trong nhng nm qua, cng ngh
VVER c nhng bc tin vt tri v thit k, m bo an ton cao, c
quc t tha nhn. Tuy nhin, nhng ni dung c th ca nhng bc tin vt
tri v thit k nhin liu, thit k vng hot, thit k thng l, thit k cc h
thng cng ngh o ht nhn, thit k h iu khin v cc h thng m bo an
Cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Bo co thng 4-2011 - 31
-
tonu cn l n s i vi Vit Nam. Hn na, bn thn s khc bit, s tin
b gia cc th h l VVER nh V-91, V-92 hay AES-2006 cng cn c lm
r.
i vi D n in ht nhn Ninh Thun 2, Th tng Chnh ph cng
tuyn b Nht Bn s l i tc xy dng. Cng ngh HN ca Nht Bn thc
cht l cng ngh du nhp t Hoa K. Cng ngh l PWR ca Hoa K v ca
phng Ty c nhng tng thit k khc bit nht nh so vi cng ngh
VVER ca Nga. Vn t ra i vi D n in ht nhn Ninh Thun 2 cng
nh nhng d n tip theo l phi ch ng nm bt cng ngh, lm r s khc
bit tng thit k cng ngh gia 2 trng phi: phng ng v phng Ty.
Do , vn nghin cu, phn tch, nh gi v so snh cc h thng
cng ngh phn (o) ht nhn ca l nc p lc VVER so vi l PWR phng
Ty nhm mc tiu h tr v mt khoa hc, cng ngh v m bo an ton cho
vic trin khai thc hin D n in ht nhn Ninh Thun, ng thi xy dng
nng lc quc gia tng bc tip thu, hp th v lm ch cng ngh c
chuyn giao l rt cn thit./.





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