masjid final.

qxp

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`SGQO `dEG `N`G

QG bCG G
:dCJ
Y he dGY .O

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AGQBG uJh ,dDdG QaCG Y dhDe Z e BG TGQ H e SDe

.SDdG AGQBG Y uJ CG IQhdH dh dDdG AGQBG Y dG Gg a IOQGdG

masjid final.qxp

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Page 9

e BG TGQ H fi SDe dSQ

zcG{ efH
e HUCG e QGJh ,HdG WdG a adG dG ad zcG{ efH e BG TGQ H e SDe WCG
e % 0^8 e bCG dG hQj ,adG fEG a IOjdH VdG jQJ d j jdG ,dG EG PEG ;LGJ
.ddG GQGUEG dLEG
Jbe c Rhd fa ,Jjq H gGdG bGdG dTEG d dG e kegG SDdG dhCG bh
ASCH S ,dG PEH ,HdG dG CH SDdG K Jh ,IYGdG LCG dEG fJ e d ,LGMh
YEG e dG qdG b e efdG a cQdG Y dG bEG e dCdGh HdG dY a IjL
dH jEGh SM H e BG TGQ H e SDe IYO hYGdG q dG ADg q d a ,bfG Y
.HdG adG dG he ed dHh
eCG Ou Jh ,hQdG c a GOk hQh d GgR
k Jh ,K H jW J SZ SDdG q J ,jL c c eh
.GHEG d gaGf J ,IYGh HY aK f a
.Gk Sh kAH fGdCH fdG d
q GOJh QJ CG e d H ,gQK JDJ CG SGd H h
,JYGHEGh JGQH K jJh YGHEG gGdG UCG N Sd Gk L dCJ d TGQ H e SDeh
.IOjdG f Je a qeCG GcQd gH NCGh

SDdG Y
FQ Ff e BG TGQ H e dG dG MU e jc IQOH e BG TGQ H e SDe fG
eCG c a SCJ Y dG MU YCG bh ,HO cM AGQRdG e FQ IdG HdG GQeEG dhO
YOh gH SDdG g Jh .2007 je/QjCG a OQCG - dG dG a ddG ObG idG
.(QhO GQe 10) gQO Qe 37 Qb d mbh H b a ,S
u e jc
e ,HdG WdG a HdG LCG J dEG ,SDu e d OGQCG c ,e EG TGQ H e SDe Jh
,bGdG e Ie eGe M QHGh ,dG jJ LGd e Lh aCH XJh adG eG
.Je LGJ dG jq dG e ed

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AG`gEG
...K Sh Y dG U dG SQ :hCG ddG eh S dEG ...HCGh eCG dEG ...s n dhh LhRh ...JGNCGh fGNEGh Wh JJSCG Lh ....MCG d dG Hh dG MCG dG SdG H VQCGh ...dG QdG bCG dG dEGh dG Gg gCG

11

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Page 13

jG hL
40 .............................. QdG bCG Fa 15 ................................................ edG
41 .... jdG jdG qt dG a QdG bCG dG 16 .................................................. N
43 ....................SEG a gCG KdG LdG 17 ............................................dG b
bCG dGh GdG dG H bdG fGL 17 ..........................................dG e
46 ................................................QdG
18 ............................................ dG T
46 ............ QdG HWh jdG AH :khCG
20 ..............QdG bCG dG SGQO :J
46 ............ eSEG UdG a jdG AH
48 .... bCGh dG a QdG HdGh AdG T
53 ........................jdG BGdG a dG :kfK
54 .................................... AGSEG MQ :kdK

MCGh gdG :hCG QdG

25 .................................... edG gdG -1

57 ....................IdG a jdG L :k HGQ 25 ....................................SEG a dG

26 ............................ QdG bCG dG
59 ..................................IdGh dG :eN
k

60 .... a dG QH dG VQCGh GG VQCG :k SOS 26 .......................................... dG :khCG

28 ..........................................dG :kfK

jQdG :fdG QdG 32 ................................ MdGh bdG :kdK

34 ............ FH JGh bCG dG T :k HGQ
67 .......................... SdG IdGh hCG fdG
69 ...... ddG Mh ..YGdGh ..SdG dG 34 ............................................ MCG -2

H Mh dGh IdG Y Se f S dSQ 34 .................................... adG IdG

71 ................................................ FGSEG 37 .................... (dG) QdG bCG J
75 ........................ OdG IOYh SdGh HdG 40 .......... iNCG LdG e bdGh FdG -3

13

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118 ..........................................HjCG dhdG 76 .............................................. ffdG

121 .... jdG U UdG dG H a HjCG dG 76 .............. dGh IdG Y dGh ehdG
124 ...................................... cdG dG 81 ..............................................fdG
126 ........................................fdG dG 83 ........................ GdGh AGSEG ..hCG dG
128 .... YCG eSEG dG QhOh fjdG MG `HQh bCG dEG Sh Y dG U dG NO :khCG
131 ................................fOQCG edGh dG 85 .................................................. GdG
131 ....................................fdG MG 86 .. bCG a Sh Y dG U dG IU :kfK
133 ..............fdG MG Y a edG 87 .................................. GdG e :kdK
88 ....SdG H d Sh Y dG U dG N
dG Z Y bCG :ddG QdG 90 ...................... TGdG dGh dG dG
97 ..........................................eCG dG
137 .................................................. J
97 ................IdG b AHh Ghe H dGY
137 ........................................ SdGh OdG
100 ....................JdLh adG IdG b
140 ............................ bCG EG dH GPe
102 ................................dG H a G
144 ........................fdG dG a OdG IY
102 ............ dG edG AHh dGY H ddG
145 .......... beh KdG HdG a OdG IY
104 ........................ jeCG Y jah HdG
147 .................................. bCGh iQdG
105 .................. WdGh SdG dG Ge
fG`` dGh jO`` dG U dG a M dG H
149 .............................................. SdG 105 ......IdG J a QdG bCG a edG gCG
150 .............................................. JdG 105 ..........................adG IdG b eJ
153 .................................... LGdGh QOdG 106.................................. dG eG eJ
107 ............................................ QKBG gCG
108 .................................... dG MG
111 ...................... bCG a dG jJ
112..........................................fdG dhdG

14

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Page 15

MdG MdG dG H

ee
HQ AT e Aeh H eh VQCGh GhdG Ae a kcQe k W Gk c Gk M ddG Q d dG
Y dGh IdGh ,VdG Hh VQ GPEGh ,Vj M fS Yh Lh d j c AT e
igGh qH qSG eh LCG HUCGh dBG Yh e fS dd IGdG MdG dG OdG
,H qeCG .. jdG j dEG pjr H
hCG Gk f hCG kL j e a ,Sq dG bGe , hS Z CG vjhS cCG AGS ,jOCG e jO a
eDdG j Y ,QdG e Y dG fjdG eY e g Sq dG ceCG gh ,e
Gg qCG EG .jO q CG Y kjZ Gk eCG d dH gh ,jdH J dG Sq dG J ah ,qSH
hCG T IOY hCG ,f dG IOd kse j e a ,SdG ceCG g J Y keJ j
hCG jdG Gg a q SdG e Yk f j q e T hCG q e KOd GQk cJ j e eh ,a qM hQ
.GP
a q dG dh ,q Lh q Y dG IOd MdG eDdG dEG q o jn FQ Sq e ceCG KK SEG ah
- Sh Y dG U e SdGh jdG BGdG dP Y j
q c vdY kjO QYH - SEG dM
QX e X dG qeCH AL qjdH WJQGh ,Mh dG IOd KdG ceCG g J g
.SGQOh dEG dG j q e eCG JGP u H gh ,qSh Y dG U e q dG
,IQdG jdG a dG dGh ,eq dG e a GdG dG :KdG Sq dG ceCG g
a ddG g c ,AdG q ebCG QYG Y SEG q dH c JJ ,Spr n dG H a bCG dGh
.jdG dG dG a ddG g c ,dSdG qdY QYG Yh ,bCGh GdG rjn G
qLh q Y tHQ qjR dG VQCG J gP a j e hCG e qa ,VQCG a cdG GdH nr cP GPEGh
eCG H qJh IQdG ALQCG dEG d Js J fEGh a a cH J d H ,fS d uH cdH
15

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eh SdG e L dGh ,dd a dJ dG QH dG VQCG ,Sq dG VQCG fEG .k L

Lo dG VQn nC G IQq O fEG b EG tf h ,jdG SdG H fEG ,AdG HGHh
q GdG eh AfCG
a jdG SdG Mh e a qLh q Y dG M Y J GH gh ,cd k e AL jd
,J dh ,fc d ddHh ,VQn nC G e dG dEG e q J fEGh a a d ca ,jdG
,f bdG ah ,J dh fc c ,dCGh QdGh bd AL jd Mk e GhdG Y Sh
.dGh hdGh RdG e
qJ dJh fS qHQ qCG kaT j dG ..QdG bCG dG cQdG VQCG g IQq Oh
.|
} a ,a f kec veJ veY kUh UH

:qN
Iq Y npb e J qJ dG dG GQhdGh GVdG e S CGH b c , 2003 dG e
e cQdG OdG J fch ,ffEG T Yh ,dG M hOh ceCG Iq Y ah ,qTh g
bCG Y IQhO dhCG c dah GQhO IY fCG b GNCGh INEGh dG e q W Ye
dG ,dG GQhdG e OY dMh Hh ,2006 Y fdG bCG Y IQhOh ,2003 Y dhCG
.SdG h WdG dG MdG e QdG bCG dG b gh vegh Gk c Yk Ve dhJ
qH j kGDS jVG e c e QJ dG SCG cCG MCG c ,dG GQhdG J Nh
Y d dEG LdG j dG LGdG q geh eEG Qb Uh S q Y IOq e Y dG
e c a HLEG fc q dh .QdG bCG dG Ve a vY Sh Ieh q e IOq e
.QdG bCG dG SGQd SSCG idG a SQGd Hh q e Le OLh H MCG
bCG dG SGQO Oe gCG J a q j c J Mj GNCGh INEG e dG c
jGdG e QdG bCG dG SGQO a Zj d vY kNeh vSSCG k Le d QdG
CGH b ch ,eEG Qb a IOQGdG edGh Oq GdG a bqdG eh Gv L Hh S Y SCH
IdG J e CGHh ,2003 dG e QdG bCG dG SGQO a Zj d H Oq Ge H
qLh q Y dG se CG H UN ,q dGh dG Y kAH AT qJ hCG jL eCG X c jJh H
HCG Y WH qLh q Y dG ecCG ddHh ,SdG H SGQO M a dG SGQO HJCG CH s Y
16

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.q dTEG H sMh QeCG H Y XCGh YdG H q d qZ e fl jQJ QOeh Iqe

ddH Zj e d Gk eh
keh
n
q v SSCG k Le d dG Gg d BG M b bdG qCG jCGQh
.dG Gg a c SdG H SGQO M qnK eh QdG bCG dG SGQO e a vY

dG qb
dG b gh ,dG H jdG dG jb NCG iMEG a SSC
k G j dG Gg
dG bY ejCG a qJ dG q WdG Y IdG dG q dG SGQOh aeh QdG bCG
QdG a nbh a .jOcCG hCG dG SdG AdG dEG Y jdG Y Gk H H gJh bCH
:dGDS e kHe QdG Y HLC ?QdG bCG dG qJ g :dM dG e vjCG ndCSh
QdG bCG dG
t J c Ea ..g bJ CG q j HLEG q dh ..(f) q bCG Y hCG (dH)
bCG g jCG J g M H ?jQJ J g ?QdG bCG J g ?dP Y dO a ,ka
a ,M m b d qGE { :HdG MC b M Sh Y dG U hdG OdG Uh ?g eh
dG M j fCG q j k L Gfc GNCGh INEG e GAd g fc ch z?fjEG M
Y d dG Gg JCj Gdh .dG Y faj Gfj d fCG dP H Gaa ,QdG bCG
ah QdG bCG dG SGQd vY kNe a dG MdG e QdG bCG dG
.eCG g jQJ a QhOh M

dG q e
ShCG SGQO e kUCG Yk a q J CG j QdG bCG dG SGQO qCG Y cCdG g RdG e
Y j d dG Gg a cdG q GC qEG .qjQdG dG QOe a q UDdGh IOqdG SqdG VQCd
SqdG VQCG SGQO qGC dP ,khCG SGQOh gjH qS dG QdG bCG dG OhM e ShCG
q d ,ddG Mh eSEGh HdG ddG a Jh J CGH eq g q jOcCG SGQO BG H Lj
d cQdG VQCGh SqdG VQCG gH HJ qjOcCG SGQH QdG bCG dG J
.BG dEG dG dH J
dG ,dG a jQdG dG q gCG e qH ge H LhGd j b dG Gg e q EG
17

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Page 18

SGQO dEG J b dG bGdG H OLh qCG EG .dG Gd qdG qVQCd SSCG qj CG j

H LhGdG dEG H Oq DJh dH J b ,KCG dG eh dGh jdG c ,iNCG qe
FSH dG Gg a dG j CG j e gh .qdG gdG e dG TCGh fCG g
.IjL SG
jdGh jdG BGdG CG ,q UCG eSEG QOdG dEG dH f q CG SGQO dG PEH CGSh
dEG aVEH dP .sedG jn dG H QOdG g gJ dG HGhdG d dhe a ,jdG
AdG AGQBG cS c .jdG jdG Id aVEH ,VdG e AGLCG VJ
q dG iNCG QKBG
MGh H dG hdGh dOCG a dG Y AH H Y H qLfh FdG H a NQDdGh
.AGQBG g e

dG T
QdG bCG dG CG ,FdG dG Ve jH AdG q j CG dG Gg jGH a LGdG e
bCG dG SGQO e SGQH CGf snK eh ,SCd eCG AHCG e dG Y ee j dG
.dG e bdGh ,jQdGh ,gdG gh ,ebCGh KdG QdG
bCG dG ge SGQH qj e hCG QdG :Qhe KK dEG dG Gg J qJ bh
fMhQ geh ,dG MCG J fGe eY ge dEG J g gdGh .eMCGh QdG
bCG dG e J g qedG gdGh .dGh GdG :jn dG e bdGh FdG J
dG eq dG q dG MCG H SQf K eh .FH JGh Th q aGLh Th Jh dG
bCG dG Fa a SQa fMhdG gdG eCGh .ken nM bCG Jh IdG a e H
GdG dG :rjNC
n H bCG bY gH SQfh ,jdG qjdG qdGh
q jdG BGdG a QdG
Ia d dPh ,GdH GdG dGh bCG dG HGhQ Y GdH g cfh ,dG dGh
AGSEG MQh jdG BGdG a dGh
,fGdG AdG M e bdG g fGL SQfh ,FH
n
.cQdG VQCGh GdG VQCG geh IdGh dGh IdGh
dG H e dG dG jQdG e a g fh ,jQdG Qe :fdG QdG SQf K
dH e jQJ jfh jb IY ddG g N SQfh .dG dEG FH e QdG bCG
18

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Page 19

e Feh ,bCH dGh IdG Y Se fS bYh ,hCG fdG dCe e QdG bCG
fEGh SGQdG g a f d fCG Y .jdG e gZh dG hdGh ,GdGh AGSEG MH
QNd IYGe dWEG hOh QNH dG QdG bCG dG jQJ jb a S
.QdG bCG dG SGQd SSCG Nc dG Gg Ia e SdG
e QdG bCG dH dG Z bH J jb a f ddG QdG SGQO Yh
W d S a dPh ,bCH bYh iQdGh OdG g cdH fh
,qjpn n dGh jdG MdG
q
WdG dGh SdG ddG cQ H g ejCG a V dG GdG Mh dG
.jQdG cM W a ddHh ,Gh bdG W d LGh dG UCG ja .dG
e a NdG a AdH Zj d SSC
k G Lq e dG Gg qCG Y iNCG Ie cCdG Qj gh
dG Gg a dd
q k qLe dh ,kAGHG H q dG hCG SdG H hCG QdG bCG dG SGQO
QGe CGj CG MCG en u d ddG Q dG PEH Ie
s s e a IOdG qGC QdG S ddh ,AGdGh
.jdG Ld dN
dG Gg j CG qLh q Y ddG kFS ,G dG Gg a QdG
k
.MGdG MQCG j MQh uneh H rep cCGh sYp CGh spe sJ qdG
.`` `` `eGB dG

Y he dG Y

19

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Page 20

J
QdG bCG dG SGQO
??QdG bCG dG SGQO J GPe
SGQO QdG bCG d qC H AdG j eY gd QOj dG GDdG g Gg c HQ
H gh - j a ?Gk e QdG bCG dhnGnC ?SGQO bCd gh :Ca ..H UN
MG SGQO QNH J QdG bCG dG SGQO gh ?a J SGQO - VQCG e
?g ejCG a IdG dG SGQdG e a g CG ?dG Y j dG fdG
U qW H oJ CG j GRk c g qGC dEG VQCG c a dG f d jGdG a j
Y j Gk c k dY g qCG iS RdG d qJ idh ,QdG bCG d dG jQdG
dH J ee SGQO dP Y jh ,QdG bCG dG dCe a Jh SGQO
.H J dG VQCGh QdG bCG dG e kbfG c
?bCG dG SGQO g e
bCG dH UdG gdG e Ye SQj CG d j qdG dG Gg j CG a Zj e qEG
.ffEGh AdG IM a QdG bCG dG QhO W a JH a dG a q J dGh ..QdG
VQCH j c q jOcCG q ae Mh q Y e e a g QdG bCG dG SGQOh
VQCG Y J g SdG Hh ,SdG H SGQO M gh ,q Lh q Y dG gOq M dG Sq dG
SdG OhdG Y OhM a j Gk c k bEG oJh QdG bCG dH J dG Sq dG
SdG H SGQO M e GkAL QYH QdG bCG dG SGQO qEa ddHh .dG ahdG
h jdG dG e X dG dG dH J dG dG SGQdG e Yk a d
S n pb e Vho SS OhH IOe dG dG SGQdG qCG dP ,g ejCG M GJ
.(1)jdG dG e a fjdG GfG
a Y j g ejCG a AdG Hh H ,IYtdGh qSdG e dG qGC gh ,qeg qe f cCJ a ZQCG SdH gh ( 1)
e qeCG ,dG H oj qY keJ e d jQdG OhdG qGC UCa ,dG a VGh N Ggh .(jQdG a) SH HGfG
.AT a jQdG a OhM e dh fjdG UG HGfG OhM Oe e cCG a (jQdG) H dG soj

20

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Page 21

Qhe KK dEG H dG SGQdG J CG j ,QdG bCG dH j e SGQO id

eCG ,QhdG g MCH j QdG bCG dG M Qhj e ch ...Y MGh Qeh ,FQ jf
:a KdG jdG QhdG
MdGh bdG e aeh QdG bCG dG Oe H jh :gdG Qe - hCG
ddG FdG FGLCG H dGh dG MCG eh ,H dG eSEG gdGh aGdGh
gH bYh ,dGh GdG :jn dH bYh gZh dG edGh IdG b e dG
.jdG gdG e dP Zh a dG QH dG VQCGh Sq dG VQCG
IOdG a qjh ,SQGq dGh AdG H kegGh kH gcCG QdG Gg qdh :jQdG Qe - dG
.dGh IdG Y dG H H e Iah SEG b e Ia dEG J
Z idh ..khCG SEG a QdG bCG dG b hj dG gh :FdG Qe - ddG
a SdG C ..bCd SdG VdG QdG Gg V Nj h ,gH dG bYh ,dG
OdG If a g Y f e qeCG ,e GkAL J fC dhCG LQdH jQdG qe dG f
g a dG Hh H bdGh ...qjY qfjEG Mf e QdG bCG d iQdGh
.MdG
Ggh ..Gk MGh Gk MGh jQJh QdG bCG dG AGLCG ae a MdG q dG QdG eq CGh
bGdG (kjJ) nr ne FdG e AL q CG ad fEG M ..jdG KdG QhdH j dG QdG
dG H bY d c GPEG eh jQJh n n Lp h n be J CG d q H QdG bCG dG NGO
,g QNG Lf fCG dP ,dG Gg a e d j d QdG Ggh (MdG H) ke JY a
N a MCG PSCGh ,TZ Tg e .O e QdG Gg Z b MdG e k W GOk Y CG c
.gZh

21

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hCG QdG
g`dG

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Page 25

edG gdG - 1

SEG a p dG
Vjh
q ,IOdG e fCG CG ,(2)qLdG b c a sn noj Ve qc gh ,OdG Ve :kd p dG
Gk p r ne VQC
o G n d np oLh{ :dG c e MGh Zh QdG GhQ dG jdG dG jdG a OQh e
dGh Gd dG
dG VdG Y fEGh ,Id Ve q CG Y d g dG qCG EG (3)z.GQk nWh
q
e Qf e SQ QcdG H b ubn SGQO dEG IQTEG QJ gh .kqeJ dG GdG a J
:FQ eGY KK dEG j SEG a dG AH e qGC dEG dN UJ
q dGh ,jde
VQCG
VGh OhM
d pb
.d Gk e H b ebCG ne jh (4)Gk e q j fEa e q CG a qaJ GPEG KdG eGdG g
dG EG dP e jo h ,Sq e Z SEG a f AdG EG M ,jdG Gg e ek J JGnC h
:edG NBG npa M dH f ge er M jM a Sh Y dG U dG SQ sH dG as dG
f YG fC f dG e eM Y jdG GH sa (5)z.Gk M Gk M j aCG On SCG H ufCc{
dG H fQeh dG O eM M iNCG QKBGh jOMCG jC
k G j h ,edG NBG a e AdG
.UdG e dP Zh Gk M Gk M

.176-175 :U ,6 : ,dG d fG (2)

.90 :U ,1 : ,QdG U (3)
See The Significance of Islamicjerusalem In Islam: Quranic and Hadith Perspectives, p: 178. (4)
.302 :U ,1 : ,QdG U (5)

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Page 26

gdG :hCG QdG

QdG bCG dG
qedGh AdGh MdG id dH gG e SdG je nd e LCG ddG a lje nrnJ d HQ
j d dh .jhdG fjdG AHCG e dG JCG id pIdG psugC EG dP eh ,gZh qdGh
q M dEG Uh q eh gG e QdG bCG dG H n pMn H WEG Y jdG g NGO be
eCG Ggh .edG qe Y dG dG g jQJ e Ic U H UG dG qjedG YGdG
e Gg dh ,gdG jb e GhS S a e fS IdG qQ eqc VQCG bCG VQCa ,kjZ d
.GhdG Y dEG dG f d
,QdG bCG dG e a l N lrNn nMU QdG bCG dH gG Gg CG EG
ea .(6)keeh kAH bCG dG e kUCG OdH dG e dG ae Y dEG iOq CG e gh
CG j e a ,jCG g a dG gPCG a QeCG J ,(QdG bCG dG) f
qdG hP AdG dP g QdG bCG qGC qj NBG Hh ,gdG qdG hP AdG dP g bCG
.GPh Gg e ShCG dG QdG bCG e qdh .AGOdG qUUdG

dG - khCG
T H SdH jdG IdG NGO bGdG IQdG
MdG ec g QdG bCG dG
s
g CH dG e ,(jdG SdG dG) SH (kC N) jCG g a e aj dG gh ,e
.J dG PEH kM qS c Yk T U Z dG
.(qUUdGh ,qgdG) :qdG c dG Gg a Nj dHh
QHBGh dGh
o WdGh jQdGh p dGh HCG e Ye e QdG bCG dG jh
q
:WEG Y gCGh ,jQJ nen (200) GM N a MCG PSCG CG gs Y
dEG dH dH dG be a Jh ,gdG dG hP ftdG dG gh :as dG IdG q b e Y INEG e dG e hdH e GQhOh M IqH AdG qa ,GS IY e MdG e Ye f dG g d (6)
GAGYd dG e dG HSG a kS qKDj CGH fCG UNh ,eSEG qeCG AHCG id dG Gg J Y dG LCG e qdG
.dG dG bCG d dG e dG ae Y H dPh ,QdG bCG dG qH J dGR eh ,KM dG

26

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FdG dG jh QdG NGO e c g QdG bCG dG

http://www.ouraqsa.com/?action=aqsa :fbCG be :QdG

k f SG GH n u Sh
o ,kb QdG dEG k Fe Sh a J fCG CG ,QdG bCG dG
.QdG bCG dG a AdG qe vdM oJh ,dG NGO J dG as dG Id
jCG g a SdG e Y j dG dG gh (AdG Jh dG H) :p rp dG edG GH q jh ,t OCG J g (r p dG en dG) Jh ..(QdG bCG dG) SG (kN)
qdG ojh ,(p dG) Mf CG QdG bCG dG e HdG MdG a j fC SG
.eEG IU eh ,jCG g a QdG bCG dG a LdG Id FdG
a oHh ,bdG HdG dG a QdG bCG dG qVQCG J bGdG :fGhdG qdG dEG dG dM
q dG dG gh ,Yk Oe dP H oSGh VQCG jd SSC
k G d SSCG
.d SEG
k Ne SSCG a d eCG dG a oHh ,rp dG edG J keJ jh :jdG bCG
bCG dG OhM QN J fc dG jq eCG QdG e QdG bCG d (v e)
.HdG dG e QdG
.QdG bCG dG qVQCG J GdG FM Y bGdG :GodG e 27

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gdG :hCG QdG

.QdG bCG M IdG QHBGh dG TCG :rpjb S .QdG bCG M IdG IdG SQGdG TCG gh :qaTCG SQdG j dG qGC EG ,gZh PBeh QHBGh jQeh pb e YdG
q IdG ddG e dP Zh .dH Y jd

dG - kfK
:KK q gCG ,ASCG IY QdG bCG d
fS dGh Is dG qQ g SG GH QdG bCG dG s S dGh :(bCG dG) } :ahdG jBG a dPh ,dG BGdG a dJh
.]1:AGSEG[ |
cP H AL jdG jBG a (bCG dG) cP qCG M GPEGh ..(HCG) J (bCG) ch
dG Y d f HCG H bCG dG J g OdG qCG ran n nd (GdG dG)
hCG (nfq dG Y HCG) dG qGC H cj M eCG Gg a iNCG AGQBG dG AY dh ..GdG
g v L hj c jdG jBG a VhCG dG EG bCG dh ,AGQBG e dP Zh (fdG Y HCG)
Gg a jdG jBG gX Y OHd kYGO iQCG h ,GdG d dH bCd fdG dG J
.eCG
e kH (dG dG) CG (q dG dG) dJh fS j d GPd :FS Cj b gh
gh ...KG e cCG H fQdH MJ dG H dG fQdG EG M ,(HCG) H (bCG)
oH b j dh) Sh Y dG U dG SQ e g SEG a kdK Gk e g CG cf CG q H
KdG LdG H fQdG Y k VGh dG j gh ,(q qe fC jdG jBG g hf
n bh
dG a HCG dG qeCG ,jdG dG dG Hh ,GdG dG g VQCG ca ,jdG
H nrUh dh ,KdG LdG g Z SEG a UN fe d NBG e H dh QdG bCG
H UGdG JYb J nM ,VCG he Z se jd sn nd jdG Y KdG LdG bGe
bCG dG Hh H ad dH Gv L Ib jdG dG dGh GdG dG
.Y H eCG d j e gh ,QdG
28

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SG CG a ,dG Gd idG IdG J Oeh ,d NBG SG g :(Ss n o dG dG) SSCG Ie j SG Gg Ea ,(edG) gh SSCG Je j eq dG e a (GdG dG)
aQ gW e a ddh .ddG aQh dG g jdGh .(qSdG) gh QdG dG Gd
.dJh fS IdG Q Y Gv L Ic LQH ddG
Y db dG e H a cP dG fdG eEG dG MQh ,Gk c AGdG SG Gg cPh
:QdG bCG d JQjR
p `` ` `jc e ko of po dG nLp

`JCG b Ss dG dG dEG

p ``dG iS pp dG H eh

`k ` H`` Yp ``psfi a `` r nnb

(7)

jdG U UdG d FGf a ,q dG id Gk SCG eO gCG e c dG YdG cP c

:dG MG qHEG IdG JHCG a dJ dG MQ
`
r ` ` s`nf dG
t p dd

`` dG odG jCG ``j

S
r s dG pdG e n J

l ` `eX dEG AL

``sfOn GoC an T Y `fGC h

rn ` u oW LdG tc

(8) r

fBGdG dG Y J CG b Y naQn e c dG SG g SG Ggh :(Spr n dG H) :j c dG a cP dG Sh Y dG U dG SQ jOMCG e ah ,dG ahdG

sGnC mpdne p rH p nfGnC rYn AGSEG jM a M H MCG eEG GhQ e kn e dP eh ,(Spr n dG H)
n aM j ,dG hOh QdG na HC
o G ,qHGO gh pGodH opJGoC { :nnb nsSn hn prnYn sdG sUn psdG nSo Qn
a rpHnj dG pdH sHGdG oHa - Spn dG nH - oJCG M H Qn a o`o` rpca nar W e Y
(9).jdG NBG dEG z...LN K cQ a qa NO K AfCG
o
o r
o
o
H) c e Oda ddHh ,(SdG H) c dEG IFY a (a) c a dG Mp
MdG a qfCG IdG :Hc a fdG IdG N HdG dG Y dG dJ dG MQ fdG eEG Y dG jg f (7)
.95 :U ,qSdG
.151 :bQh ,NCG JEG MU f (8)
.480 :U ,10 : ,M H MCG e (9)

29

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gdG :hCG QdG

M dG SdG H e hCG jdG dh ,QdG bCG dG g jdG jdG a (SdG

,qfDe J CG q H d dG SdG H b d dch ,fDe (jdG) c C ,SdG je
dG g SdG H qGC g OdG qGC ITe Y ,cdH (SdG H) dEG IQTEG fc q a
.QdG bCG
HGh FdG ihQ a :QdG bCd dGh IdG Y S fS AH jM dEG fG dc
Y dG qU OhGO H nS qGnC :nsn Shn prnnY sdG sn U psdG p o SnQ rnY hmrnY p rH psdG prnY rnY S a Le
CSh ,onpJhCa onoM opOj koM qLh qY dG CS :nKnK k pN qLh qY ndG CS SpdG H H sd qSh
MCG JCj CG dG AH e a M q Lh q Y dG CSh ,n pJhCa ppH e mMC j keo q Lh q Y dG
e OhGO H S a sd :Le HG jGhQ ah .teCG orJnndhn p c nN e nLoj CG a IdG GpE oonnj
lMCG ndG Gg JCj qCGh H e MC j koeh onoM Oj koM :kKK dG CS SdG H AH
a KG eCG{ :Sh Y dG qU dG a ,et GC o rJn dh c HfP e N EG a IdG EG jj
(10)z.ddG pYCG b j CG LQCGh pYCG
n
n
dGh IdG Y S fS C ,jdG dh (dG) Y g dG CG jdG e VGdGh
IOLe fc SdG jeh ,QdG bCG dG AH OYCG fEGh ,gAH p oj dh SdG je p rnH d
e AdG qSj fC ,dG Y OhGO fS b M H ,ke dG Y S fS j CG b
e fC ,SdG jH J dG SdG H e (SdG H) H j CG qj h ,jGdG
.dP dEG eh idGh dGh ZQdG VQCG a C ,J bEG dGh ,ic bEG
nj orbo { :nb p pHUCn G Pp rYn oe a MCG ihQ a ,jC
k G dP j ddG MCG eEG jM CG c
ndGE p nho rjn l js Qu Po
n nd nC n r jn rGnC o sn nan ,p Spr n rdG pr n pH
n r nYn :n nb ?nfo eo rC nJ n jr GnC Ap nn rdpH
n n r Hn n p o Hr G pGE p ,psdG n So Qn
H) gh kHS coP e dEG FY a (dG dP) IQTEG SEG Mh (11)z.noMho njhn pp r n rdG npdPn
.he g c (AjEG) c IdG J a dGh IdG Y dG jCG SdG SG q CG c ,(SdG
.kec SdG je Y jC
k G o H e WGoC h ,k jb c SG Gg qGC dGh
q
Q dG Y de Yh
q q Sbh nY ie Y t j tch ,QdG dG Gd ASCG n TCG g
.dCG dhCG n cs dh ..ddG
.206 :U ,Le HG Sh ,112 :U ,1 : ,FdG S (10)
.99 :U ,13 : ,M H MCG e (11)

30

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(SdG H) J Y Me
.GMCG e a AdG H fdG a NG a (SdG H) J q GC dEG dG e g H
d Ie q c ah ,GMCG IY a Ge IY o SG bh dG g dEG J b me KK a
:gh ,KdG fdG g e kqe k e

QdG bCG dG = SdG H ` ` CG

d adGh ,SdG H QdG bCG dG J Y jdG Y kHS dP d fcP bh
dGh IdG Y q dG CG fLd qSh Y dG U dG jOMCG Y dG g qW d fCG
Y q dG jOMCG AGSG H dEG eCG e Ggh ,QdG bCG dG Y dd IH SG
dG jOMCG L cd q V g dGh ,kHS M c (SdG H)`H UdG dGh IdG
b eCG Gg ch ,QdG bCG dG Y fCG Y qdOC SdG H a dG Y q dG cP
SdG H SGQd dhdG JDd bQh a SGQdG N e QdG g Jc s bn h ,kHS SH
q SpQOo
IdG Y dG jOMCG (L a) dh (IH) g b dh ,2005 Y IdG dG a
.dG feCGh bd kjq J dPh ,dGh

SdG je = SdG H ` `
feR a ahdG SdG je Y dG c dG jQdG c a SG Gg j IOdG a
Oq Jh sJ SdG QS CG Me e (jdG IdG) SG dG Y j e hCG ,IQdG
jdG gh
q
.Ge IY jQdG rYp qJh
dG jGH a SGh f Y (IQq dG jd JQTEG QYH) IOLe J d dG gh
ke dP eh ,IdG J a SdG je cP dG eSEG jQCdGh HdG e hj c eSEG
dh (AjEG) SG M dGh ,SdG a Y dG VQ S HCG H jhe qS f hCq Gh qjdG IdG
(SdG H) J X H eh eCdG SdG dG eR a (SdG) SG X H ,SdG
.gH eh dG hdG Ia a IH SG Gg fGh ,kM f jd

Sq dG jdH dG aGdG bEG dG = SdG H -

q G FY eh ,kjM (SdG H) d dG Gg a dG CGH bh
g GSG jdG ALC
31

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gdG :hCG QdG

SH gcP dG Spn dG jdG T eEG Sq dG jdH e e Y dd dG

e OhM GhOq j CG qW H GdhM jdG KdG MdG eh ,jc dh ,c( SdG)
kH dP a GQk e dN .O b bh ,jdG dN QcdG CGh dG Y QcdG CG SdG H
Gg a Gk c j d dG Gg a H q dh (12) Mapping Islamicjerusalem GH Gk eh kjW
.ddG Q dG PEH QNd kW VdG
dG Y QcdG PSCG (k bEG fc CG) SdG H d dG GH qgG q e CG c
Hc a dP q Sh SdG H bEG d e
q jH 2005 Y SGhCG a N dGh , jdG
H jJ) GH c a HdG dG dEG H a LJ dG ,Introducing Islamicjerusalem
SDe Y iNCG Ie QUh YW YCGh ,2006 Y IgdG a HdG dG QGO Y QU ,(SdG
.2008 Y eO a ad a
(SdG H) H OdG dEG S SGQdG g a fEa ,jdG QdG id N j dh
.dG PEH dP dEG LdG M a dG CG jdG CG dG cCG AGS

MdGh bdG - kdK

Gk c a HdG dG Jh (jQe) g J mg e QdG bCG dG qj
JQH dG CGjh ,aq dG IdG MS jf a dG J K ,ddGh SdG dG Y
QdG bCG dG jQJ eCGh .jdG IdGh dG QN IgdG e JH jQdG
L b (hQb OGh) L OGh dG e :rnjOGH e fEa ,dG dEG dG e SdG jdGh
.U L npb QhL eh HHdG OGh dG eh ,(QdG) jdG
vdM q J dGh ,IQdG
s SdG je e bdG HdG jhGdG a QdG bCG dG j
= fhdG) k fhO 144 dGM Me Jh ,jdG IdG Me SS dGM qjh ,(jdG IdG)
.He e dCG 144 CG (He e 1000
dG Gg a qSe SGQOh be vdM gh ,SdG H bEG e Y dd QdG dG g Islamicjerusalem J (12)
jQJ SGQO a idG gC eSEGh HdG ddG dEG jh jOcCG dG Gg Qj CH eCfh ,IdG dG a jOHCG eL a
.jdG jdG qdGh jdG BGdG :FdG eSEG QOdG ah GdH eSEG IdG a dG g

32

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a bGdG aq dG IdG g a f YCGh ,f (Moria) jQe g dG a qj gh

.QdG bCG d dH dG be
jJ a QdG bCG d SQGdGh AdG H kaN g qCG cf CG e g H h
,SpdG H IU Y IQY g c jQe g qCG Y j
q AdG H qCG a ,f IdG
CG) c aq dG IdG MS dG Y J dG dG g IdG CG Y j
q hNBG gh
.(a QdG bCG dG e dG dG
GM gOHCGh gdG dG J j dG AdG a g IdG CG Y j kdK jk CGQ f c
AdG AGQBG e dG AGSG H CGdG Gg dEG eCG vT fCGh .je dGM r pp H Gk e 18 - 13
jGhQ e dG H dG jGhdG e dGh ,Fah IdG Y jM a gh g
,qdG Ad e fCG a QMCG d JQSGh QdG bCG dG dG H Y NO
VGYG j dh ,dG g SGQO Y kM e JCS c IdG N AdG j CG JQTEG fa
ddHh ,kM e JCS c k e dGh OdG b L H H IdG be H dG Y Y
Hh c IQTEG aGh Y dJ dG VQ dG H Y CG VaGh jQe g c g IdG fc d
g dG) c jQe g C QdG bCG dG QN Y qe d IdG N qdG
CG c !...dH e Ggh !QdG bCG dG VQCG c g (CGdG Gg Y AH f IdG
e J gdG dG J IOLdG IdGh ,IOe HSQ jU W e J jQe g
dG IdG N e IdG a e a j M ,H ojCGQh oa
r c IMGh jU W
IdG L a J dGh (GhQCG IQe) q J dG IQdG NGO J dG jdG dGh bJ
g e GkAL IdG J ddHh ,Id dH f a dG gh ,e U AL J hCG
.dG c dh gYCG a j jQe
(aq dG IdG MS) dG J dG MdG ec g IdG CG gh fdG CGd dH eCGh
qCG c ,H Y H Ije e HSQ W IY e J jC
k G dG g qCG dTEG a
dG J bGdG IdG) e YCG AdG JG Y e jQe g AGLCG bH dJG
.H (gdG
Y j e dG CG f d Uhh as dG IdG M AdG d FGSG idh
33

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gdG :hCG QdG

M Y j dG dG a dP iSh .a gdG qdG J bGdG AdG fCG SSCG Y IdG

PEG d snjh .dG PEH Y AdG Oq Qh dG H Y fG dG Yr n o dGh as dG IdG
.QdG bCG dG a gdG qdG J ITe J dG g IdG qGC

FH JGh QdG bCG dG T -

k HGQ
Y AJ CG MC j d M ,YCG a dH kHS Ho b j d dG Gg qCa dG a
AL fCG a dG qE a FH JG qeCGh ,He h e g dG gh QdG bCG dG T
Q dG Sh ,JdG qeCG pb dEG k qe d Cqg b qLh q Y dG Cch ,eq dG e JH vW
dEG j d fCG Xh GdH HdGh bdG dG QS JG a M b c eCG Ggh ,ddG
g QcdG CG gh GdG IJSCG MCG Lh M ,dH eCG Gg H j d JCG ch ,MCG
dH e c a LNCGh ,GQcdG LQO r d MhWCG a dH eCG Gg H b (13)hWdG
.GdG dH bCG bY Y jdG Y dP dEG IQTEG Sh ,jfEG
AH a adGh dG e d e d H ,qgCG b dG dP Y qj NBG eCG KEG c dP e LCGh
Y OBG jCG aqdG d UCG AdG Uh AGSH g .O CG KCG M ,QdG bCG dG
e gh !!..MGh aq dG dGh bCG dG T CG dGh IdG Y gGHEG jCG H eh dG
.dG PEH QdG bCG dGh GdG dG H bdG Y jdG Y dG H a q S

MCG - 2

as dG IdG
QdG bCG dG e f YCG a J dG e Z W IU g as dG IdG
YJQG jh ,Gk e 18h Gk e 13 dGM H gOHCG hGJ W IU gh ,dH dG b be a
:GH H Y LdG LQO f bh ,H Hf a WdG dG eL a vdM Ve hWdG g QcdG SdG CG (13)
e IFL Y f QdG bCG dG AH QJ :GH H Y IGQcdG LQO f c ,aqdG IdG b AH J a IjL jf
dH) GQcdGh (HdG dH) Ld dSQ e wch ,iNCG HCG IY dh ,SdG H SGQO a dG Ad eSEG dG
.vSgh vjKCG QdG bCG dG AH GQqJ M H e cCG d qCG c ,Hc a YW qJ (jEG

34

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dM QGO bh ,kjJ jdG dGM

H dG Z ddG dG
eh ,AGdG a IFW fEG Fb a ,c
,dG Y dG N QW fEG Fb
..dP Zh ,GQk f d EG F b eh
q CG a d qjOY IU fCG dGh
FGSEG H AfCG pb fc fCG EG Ie
EG bh ,dGh IdG Y dG b
(dhdG dG :QdG) aqdG IdG
ba e Y dGh IdG Y dG
a dh jC
k G W jJ gh (GhQCG IQe) q J IU IQe ah ,GdGh AGSEG d Ad
.dG dEG d IgX gh ,IdG a as dG IdG qb oH bh .IOd bQN Ie q CG
,AdG e dG gcP ,as dG IdG M Ic Yr n No h N dG dG cMh
nYr n o dG g a ,(jQdGh dG :bCG dG) Hc a ehdG Y PSCG CG Lh
:ehdG .CG L dG jPcCGh
.q dG QU e fCG
.AH fLe SdG H IU J
q
.QdG Iq S
.qIdG J e J c VQCG e
.dG qc e qe IU
.Sh Y dG U e dG SQ b Ve Y
.FdG HUCG KCG Yh
.IdG UCG e j dG AdG
.qdG QfCG e f Y fCG
.SdG H IU J e bGdG jdGh HdG dG
35

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gdG :hCG QdG

.VQCG H J eh ,fOCG dG TY
.c VQCG ShCGh ,fdG Sh IdG
.dG a OSCG dG fe d
qjCG d dh ,bCG dG e ALh W IU fCG GqHh ,IdH dG Gg AdG fCG bh
.UN
q Ie
HdG e dG gCG eCG{ : a IQjdG c / ihdG e a J HG SEG T qH a
dG b KCG g qCG e a q dG H cj eh ,IdG qj Gfj a MEH d HdGh
z.dG b Ve fCG j e e cCGh ,c qa ,dP Zh ,eY KCGh Sh Y dG U
a IOQGdG jOMCG c V cP a ,J HG eEG J ,dG MQ jq RdG q b HG eEG eq CG
dGh ,ie c a IdG a jM ch{ :(dG QdG) Hc a a , Hqch IdG a
a AT aQCGh ,jFGdG OGS d d Lhj
q jdG ,jQhdG
q jCG rnY e Ve c a dG
qjdG qeCG g H dG HCG ,edG a dG c dG a gh ,OdG pb fc fCG IdG
.zGdG dG dG
AdG e ek b qCG H b{ :a (SdG FGd fCG J) c MU g H dG Y eq CGh
dP qch ,dG hZ Y hj fCGh ,IdH j e e qCGh ,dH aYn j j
z.MCG VCGh V
IOQGdG jOMCH bdG a gdG SdG H Fa a c e dG Qq H bh{ :ehdG jh
,VdGh hdG f M dG RhJ bh ,dG jOMCH r oj YCG Fa a fCG H e
V dEG IQTEG fOCG j h ,jOMCG J Oj dGh z.cP j e Uo
q dG c e NCGh
.a N dG dG e fCch fhhjh H ,ghh
cdH SdG Hh bCG dG Fa e j SdG H IU eCG Y SdG Jh
f
q dG jOMCG e dG dGh dG c a Sh Y dG U dG SQ Y Kh ,dGh
e d d VQCGh bCG dG H qJ dG FdG qHh ,cdGh dG e dJ dG M e Y
a k Zp dh ,q dGh dH HK bCG dG ca .eSEG dG a aQ deh Y fe
.hdGh VdG Y e dG
36

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eSEG QOdG a UCG d dh ,qFGSEG e UCG IdG g a b e c qCG eCG UNh

eCG Gg Y cdG eh .(14)Sh Y dG U dG jM e dG hCG jdG BGdG AGS q SSCG
a IdG J dCe UNh ,jCG g a dG H Yr n o dG g d c QfG H EG
J c eCG Gd k Yh ,VdG Gg a jW b IY QdG g Jc e KMh !AGdG
.qLh q Y dH fjEG a Nq DJ h q J aGN LC SGMh
n H oAdG qn oa dG Y kfMCG aGdG
s
HGZ jJ h qe a dG f CG RdGh ,fh fh qd kY d N dJh fS dGh
.dG EG cfh qfh q f CG KGMCG d hCG dG

(n dG) QdG bCG J

Gg !?..jdG SdG n dG g dCG :bCG dG Y qe GDS jdG gPCG a j
AdG CLj eY UN ..QdG bCG dH q dGh SQGdG e c id v e j GDdG
QcdG bCG dG qCG ae dG g a khCq G LGdGh ,dG g RGL Y YdG dG qCH
bCG dG g qj SdG e UCG dG AGOdG qp dG GP p dG edG g d jdG BGdG a
SG (kC N) BG q j e c J dG QdG bCG dG e fEGh ,SCG c QdG
Y noJ CG qj (n ndG) ch !!..gZh as dG IdG qb eT ,(jdG SdG n ndG)
jdGh qe EG SEG a nn nM h ,n ndG MCG Y J h ken nM d fC QdG bCG dG
!!..a
dGh GdG dG hCG QdG bCG jJ a d g (n ndG) J CH dG eh
a ,qe qa MCG Y j JGP a (n nM) d qC fEGh ,b e qdG hCG jdG dG
FGdG hCG dG CG) dG dG Rj h ,dG rb Rj h ,n n dG a dG Rj :dG S
MCG gh .n ndH qdG qdG MCG e dP Z dEG ,MU Y Md EG (FdG IdG
ddG g a fC ken nM bCG J IQhV AYOG qj h QdG bCG dG a qe Z
h g se Z eCG Ggh ,AdG gcP dG n dG MCG Y J CG j bCG q CG Yq J
.qj
gCGh nYr nodG g qgCG H GkQe dDdG b nM ,(jQdGh dG :bCG dG) c Y qH e VdG Gg (14)
.GkN dJ dG Ga . dG H e Lh jL e dG g a dG IOYEG qj CG e kH AqLCG AdG e Y OQh dG OhOdG

37

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gdG :hCG QdG

JdG H Yh a QjO a SdG qeY Y n ndH QdG bCG dG J YT bh

Y j ga ,dG dEG q eGh cdG dGh NCdG HjCG dG e dP ch ,jUdG
Xf) n u So le QdG J a oSG d M (jdG SdG n ndG) SG bCG dG
gh (jdG SdG n n dG) u So e fEGh jdGh e en Mn j d g en n n dH OdGh (r en n n dG
gGHEG dG gh (jdG gGHEG dG) u So eh ,SdG je a QdG bCG dG
.dG je a
MCG Qj h JYOh ddG fY AY Qc e H H M FT dG g qCG SDdG eh
fCG dG gCG Y dG C U Z dG a .QdG bCG M Y jdG gn N
ken M qadG VCGh ,AdG cCG JH Ggh jdG n Mh e n M gh en M EG dG Y Lj
.V dP a dO dh FdG b (h) OGh gh kdK
Yk T qj h ,jdG n Mh e n M :en dG Y EG n dG SG WEG qj fCG cCJ j gh
dG d dh ,dG a gGHEG dG Y h QdG bCG dG Y n dG SG WEG
NCG JEG a WdG jdG T dP cPh . gZ e qM hCG qS hCG c e UCG q CG a
M dG MQ J HG SEG T SEH VdG Gg a J eh .(15)(n dG d j h) :a
EG dG e dP H h dG HH h ek n Mn q j e SdG H dh{ :ihdG e a b
QL Y n M :fdGh ,dJ dG as T e n M gh dG JH n M g : gMCG ,ceCG KK
AdG QL Y n M Gg qEa ,jH a jH QK dEG Y e Sh Y dG U dG M gh AdG
gh ,zh{ :ddGh ,Sh Y dG U dG Y e U jOMCG ah ,MCGh adGh dc
adG Y n M Ggh ,dG a dh dG a MCG GhQ jM a n phQo Gg qEa ,FdH Om Gh
e eCGh .H NCj a a hdG jdG q V MCGh ,AdG cCG Y keM dh ,jdG qU OY
dh ,nJfh n rU dG q M e n dG qEa dG AY e MCG Y ken M a KdG ceCG g iS
(16)z.KdG ceCG g Y LQN pJfh me U dG j
k
nr o u
e MCG cj d QdG bCG dG Y dG j dG (M) d qGC dEG q f CG j c
. 16 :bQh ,NCG EG (15)
. 13 :U ,27/14 : ,ihdG (16)

38

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Page 39

dG Yh dG jdG eh cQdG jdG QH eEG e jndG qdG NQq DdGh AdG

.gZh HdG
ge Y dG dEG dG hCG dG dG iJ dG a g ejCG a dG g a dGh
edG MdG Y (jdG SdG ndG) d WEG qCG dP ,fc h f QdG bCG dG
jJ q J dG QdG bCG dG Y ek J j (n dG) Gg qCH MJ QdG bCG d
bCG dG qGC j ZCG a dG QUh !!..dG edG Me g IU Me Oe dEG
S EG M ,dG g a jdG dG GcQj CG dG Yh !..NBG AT (SdG ndG)h AT
d dG gPCG a fch QdG bCG qge a a dG Gg e OSG qddG MG
c (IdG q b)h ,a dG edG H hjh (bCG dG) :KK ceCG dEG QdG bCG
!dG QdG bCG dG Me bH dG a g dG (dG L MS)h ,ahe g
, QdG bCG dG MS L Y qedG MdG MCG ddG FGSEG fdG a Jh
Y d n Sse fe gQYH IdG qbh dG edH FGSEG qffdG j H
.(bCG dG) a g dG edG CG SSCG
eeCG NBG Mh ,e gMCG M bH c QdG bCH kbe GQCG dG dG Y qdOCGh
edG FQ NO b cP qfCG rdGoC c IVe AKCG M a ,hCG eq CG .RdG TT Y
PEG ,2000 Y bCG VfG jGH a QdG bCG dG dEG hQT FQCG HdG FGSEG
:b z?FGH NOh{ :b ,zf{ :b z?bCG dEG hQT NO vM g{ :QdG MCG e GDS fCLa
,zedG Nj dh MdG NO fC ,dH { :a ,z?OqdG Y SGO fCG J g{ :b ,zdH{
v L hjh .z??dG J c fc PEG n a !!..bCG dG Nj d g PEG{ :k e FdG a
jJ a Gk c qKGC b (SdG n dG) Z k T QYH Qn dG bCG dG d FdG a CG
!..AT a j dh k ae c bCG CG qa bCd hQT FQCG bG KOM IQd
MS MG Gb bG eY ,2007 Y RdG Y eeCG KM a fdG dG qeCGh
hM dG ,FGSEG WdG SH kKe FdG IjdG Ib aSa ,QdG bCG dG
dG L MS bG H ,bCG dG J d WdG Gb{
q :j H GPEa WGdG q j CG
SH dG j c e BG jd v L hj XCGh z.bCG dG NGO dEG MGh q WT Nj dh
a J dG (SdG n dG) d Y GOk YG dG Hh MdG H VH q j c PEG ,WdG
.dG g IQN Y cDf Gdh .(bCG dG) d Y a
39

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gdG :hCG QdG

iNCG LdG e bdGh FdG - 3

QdG bCG Fa
J ZCGh ,SdG VQCGh SdG jeh QdG bCG dG a Y AdG e dG q J
bdG id GQdG H RhH dEG iOq CG e Ggh ,dG MG H e Ia a keY npco dG
vM f q fEG q SdG g qGC SQGdG gq Jh dG id SdG Hh bCG dG q Sb J
a UCG UdG a dG H kJh L me eCG Ggh ,dG hdG Ia H a
MdG e qW Ye dG Gg a c bh .jdG dG jdGh jdG BGdG CG ,SEG
H fCG dGh SEG a SdG H q Sb UCJ a Gv L dG KdG dG eh ,KdG
e dG H OGL PSCG Cd (fEG cMh MdG Uf H SdG H fe) c SQGdG
.eCG Gg a S
q qd JAGH fCGh k jQJh f
v dCdG UCH Y dG Ggh ,H dG je
qSSCG d g f fEGh ,dG jGH a orqH c kJ eCG SGQO Ve a g dh
.QdG dG Gg a SdG a Zj d kNe J Ie
n
aTh QdG bCG dG cH Y J YCGh HCG q j |
} fBGdG dG EG
d SJh
q q Yh W dGh ,e h cdG J UCG g fCG Y qj (dM) cdG rcP M ,dG
c (BGdG X a) Hc a b dh ,jdG jBG g a zG{Oh jJ hO dM e EG
.(17)jBG g J Y dG Gg a d
dG e dG M dH VJ Y ,qY H dG e J cdG qCG Y AdG eh
eCG a SJ
q H ,dH pj d dG ,jdG dG Y .CG e e dEG qV Hh ,QdG bCG
a jdG eq b dG (SdG H cH FGhO jf) dG Y j a sc n ddG o cdG q Y M
Y c VQCG d FGhdc QdG bCG M J cdG q CH Jh ,(SdG H jJ) c
aY e Ggh .(18)e HbG c OGOJh bCG Y fHG c qJ a cdG LQO a dH NG
kf JM H S cP a ,Meh k FGO IOdH MCa ddGh OqdGh Ogq dGh AdG bCG Y
e j s bn ch ,S dG H a HCG c{ :b S HCG SG jQ SEG gCG e LQ Y
.2212 :U ,4 : ,BGdG X a fG (17)
.47 -41 :U ,SdG H jJ fG (18)

40

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Uh a rn dG ddG jg dEG SGh ,kd jHdH QYEG Y qj e Gg a (19)zjqdG

:Sq dG dG a
nFM H e{ :QdG bCG dH d N a b S HCG H jhe CG cYn HG cj - 1
(20)z.VQCG FS e dJ dG dEG MGnC dG Gg
q n
eH AdG J L Y SCG CG EG fdG Gqd e Y H e{ :j adG pr H ch - 2
J h sdG grJo qfC{ :a z?SdG H ddG j nd{ :Ie Sh ,zSpdG H
(21)z.H dG

jdG qjdG sdG

o a QdG bCG dG
Y dG U dG SQ jM a Gk c SdG H VQCGh SdGh QdG bCG dG coP
bCGh SdG CG Ys j jdG qdGh bdG e dG qGC dEG g dG f CG dG eh ,Sh
GYGj dh ,a AGSEG IQS a bdG Z Jf Y EG Ghj d SEG a gCG q CG d j d
NCG j fCG Mf CG Gv L q dG a ,dP dEG aVEH .SdG VQCG Y KJ dG jBG bH
dG Gg a d c c Adh ,Sh Y dG U dG jM a f hO Mh BGdH
jOMCG e Lh Sh Y dG U dG jOMCG a n
r qeh f GPEGh .vdM a SdG j
dG
q hCG Sq dG VQCG H kfhe a Y J hCG ah QdG bCG dG Y J dG
g H vjce GkAL QYH bCd ddG g a J fEG dGh .f Sq dG VQCG J M
.bh SdG VQCd f cdG
bCG dGh SdG VQCG gCG cCJ a jdG dG jdG QhO gJ j dd
.416 :U ,1 : ,Gh SdG jQH G fCG (19)
fEG bh ,32 :U (eSEG IdG a bCG fe) GH LdG LQd MhWCG a dG MdG Y MdG ddG g f (20)
,1 : ,(jQJ hO) hH a HdG GdG AMEG QGO W ,GQH QOdG Y JJh jJ ,dG eO jQJ Hc a cY HG Y f
kY cY H eO je jQJ c a IQdG g LCG d c ,IQdG g e MdG f dG dG LCG d SCd dh ,445 :U
.dG e W a a fCH
.431 :U ,1 : ,dGh SdG jQH dG fCG(21)

41

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gdG :hCG QdG

eSEG QOdG e edG a Gk N ve vY kC N gdG Gg q j H ,GdH QdG

bCG IQH q j b - bdG H id MCG H a GOk e j HQ - kNh SSCG
.SEG a feh QdG
a Y J dG jdG jdG jOMCG e IU Ye jj H f dG Gg ah
MdGY H S dG CG H b qe H fCq Gh ,dGh Sq dG VQCGh QdG bCG dG
dG jdG a SdG H) Hc a 2003 Y qUh Lq Nh jOMG g L dG bdG
vY kjJ Ls Nn h jOMCG g ZCG L dG QdG a g PSCG CG a dch ,(jdG
g dEGh ,(dGh bCG dG FH fCG JEG) SG c a 2004 Y gQUCGh ,k q W
:YVe a jdG qjdG jOMCG e PdG
?khq CG VQCG a np Vho mpe qGnC ,dG SQ j :ob{ :b fCG Y dG VQ qQnP HCG Y eh QdG ihQ z.jdG ...n S no Hn Qr CG :b ?H c c :ob .bCG dG :b ?q CG q K :ob :b .GdG dG :b
dGE p EG oMu dG t on J { :b Sh Y dG U dG CG Y dG VQ Ijgo HCG Y QdG ihQh z.bCG pneh ` Sh Y sdG sUn ` Ss dG eh ,p GndG dG :Le nKK
gh J IhZ a Sh Y dG U dG JCG{ :b Y dG VQ de H pY Y QdG ihQh Uoc a NCj lJoe K ,SdG H a K ,Je :YdG nnj H vS rOoYG :a ,OGnC e qb a
,r nNn On EG dG e H j a K ,kNS a QjO Fe LdG njo M dG VSG K ,dG
z.kdCG Y KG jZ c J ,jZ fK J fJCa ,hQa ,UCG H Hh H J lfg K
:oj Sh Y dG U dG SQ S fCG Y dG VQ nSn uCG eDdG CG Y OhGO HCG ihQh Lh hCG ,Ns CJ eh fP e s n nJ e d n p oZ GdG dG dEG bCG dG e mIYo hCG mq pH s gn GnC en {
z.sdG d
Sh Y dG U dG SQ
o S :b Y dG VQ hY H dG Y Y jC
k G OhGO HCG ihQ c z.gCG Qo GTp VQCG a njh ,gGHEG n nLoe o oen dCG p VQCG p gCG Qo p a ,mIg n H lIg S{ :j
qGnC { :Sh Y dG U dG SQ Y Y dG VQ hY H dG Y Y S a Le HG ihQh q Lh q Y dG CS :nKnK k Np q Lh q Y dG CS SpdG H H s d Sh Y dG U OhGO H S
M qLh q Y dG CSh ,npJhCa H e MC j kroe qLh q Y dG CSh ,npJhCa on oM oOp j k M
z.teCG rJn dh p c n N e nLp oj CG a IdG GE p oo n nj l MCG nJCj CG dG AH e a
42

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Page 43

Sh Y dG U dG SQ S :b Y dG VQ rjs dG H dG Y Y oe a MCG ihQh k Mo dCa :ddG d J CG Lf fh KG YCG ,kKK dG CS dG Y OhGO H S qGE { :j

prH e N LQ tjGnC dCSh ,jEG YCa H e MC j koe odCSh ,qjGE p dG YCa on oM oOp oj
b qLh q Y odG j CG Lf a ,teCG Jdh j e N e N dG Gg a IdG EG jj
z.jEG YCG
{ :Sh Y dG U dG SQ b :b Y dG VQ eeCG HCG Y jC
k G eo a MCG ihQh M AGhrC e HUCG e h o n ndN ne gt j jgb ghd
q jgX dG Y qeGoC e l FW GJ
z.SdG H cCGh SdG H{ :b z?g jCGh dG SQ j{:Gdb {dc gh dG o eCG nJCj
H AdH p oHG EG ,dG SQ j{ :b{ :b Y dG VQ HUCG P Y oe a MCG ihQh z.Mho jn h dG dP ndGE ho jn jQP d Cj CG a ,SdG H Y{ :b{?feCJ jCG
a GPEG{ :Sh Y dG U dG SQ b :b HGnC Y Is bo H jhe Y S a edG ihQh z.YdG J M ndn N ne gq j jQe qeCG e FW GJ ,a N a dG gCG
z?fo eCJ jCG ,dG SQ j{ :b{ :b u L Y HGnC Y M H r nH Y S a jC
k G edG ihQh z.dG f H nfh z.g g{ :b
dG a IdG{ :Sh Y dG U dG nb Y dG VQ AGOQdG HCG Y fGdG ihQh ,zIU FH SdG H a IdGh ,IU dCH e a IdGh ,IU dCG FH GdG
.f qU a NCG jdG Ggh

SEG a qgCG KdG LG

H GdG dG g SEG a VQCG Lh Y dG SbCG H LdG qgCG qCG hdG e
FS Cj b gh .SprndG H QdG bCG dGh ,IQq dG jdG a dG dGh ,eqdG
Gke hCG a je fj nd npa ,SEG a gCG cCGh SbCG KdG LdG g QYG S Y
?dG S Y GkMGh
:U a QdG eEG cP dG jdG jdG dEG f gh
43

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gdG :hCG QdG

Sh Y dG U dG Y Y dG VQ Ijg HCG Y S Y gdG Y S KM q Y KM

eh ,Sh Y dG U SdG eh ,GdG dG :Le KK dEG EG Mu dG t on J { :b
.(22)zbCG
Ld e JJ a OQhh ,dGh dG c a e jGhQh W Iq H hQo jdG Gg
Gg VH U GP d jdG a IQcdG LdG JJ a jGhdG NG dCe qCG EG ,KdG
.dG
JH g IMGh JH a KdG LdG Sh Y dG U dG SQ L vL j jdG Gg ah
Y qdG b
r g Mq dG q T e OdG qCG jdG jdG L e VGdGh ,IQjdG CG ,zMdG T{
VGdG qGC EG .vdM gcd e dG Gg a e GOLGh Ic AGQBG Adh ,UdG Lh
.KdG ceCG g Y IOdG H dG b g
LdG HQ qch jdG jdG Gg T a d CGQ ( 1422 / `g 258 `J) fdG eEdh
Le fd gZ Y jq eh LdG g a jdG Gg ah{ :j M ,q dG HGH KdG
JCGh (23)zidG Y Su GoC ddGh ,ddG eCG b c fdGh ,tMp dEGh SdG b hCq G qCh ,AfCG
LdG g H bdG qGC dEG g IQTEG QJ fCG EG ,qY H ndG Gg a fdG eEG e
KdG fGdG J ,f Lh e ,KdG LdG g EG M ,iNCG m Gf a jC
k G J CG j
a d dG bdG GfCG J j qfEG M ,dG fEd dG bdG a FdG
.ek Y dG e bYh ,qSh Y dG U dG e bYh ,dJh fS dG e bY dEG JM
k a JM a dG Y j dG QOdG J a M jC
k G k qL k VGh qJ edG gh
dG jdG q dGh ,dG Y q Lh q Y dG c g dG jdG BGdG gh ,dG S Y k jJh
gh ,QOdG e H eh ,LEGh ,dG em MH jJ h a h Sh Y dG U dG SQ c g
.qSh Y dG U SdG hO e dG GOLG
dG bY qJ a ,bdG e KdG GfCG g e hCG fdG qJ edG e qCG iQCG gh
,VQCG a dG o n M qfEG M ,GdG dH dG J S Gg j HQh ,dJh fS Hq Q e
.223 :U ,1 : ,QdG U (22)
.84 :U ,3 : ,QdG U T QdG a (23)

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j Oj dG IjdGh gdH j Nj e c j H dJh fS ddG o nY J ah

as dG dG M GdG a UN eCG Gg jh .(24)dG Sq dG dG Gg NO e c Y
.gh fS ddG nY dN e j dG
bY gh ,dG AdG IM a fdG fdG qj fEa ,jdG dG geh jdG qeCGh
.jFGR h jdG J dG dGh fCdG S g Gg q dh ,Sh Y dG U dG e
dh ,AL jdG e bdG gh ,ddG fdG qjo fEa bCG geh SdG H eq CGh
Gd FGdG qeh H dG jQdGh dG Yh dG Gg AGH gQhj T q CG QT q S Gg
J Ggh .LCG q e Y ffEG HdG Oq J dG g QeCG g qGC h UN ,dEG FfGh dG
OJ dG bdG H SEG OGfG ieh SEG a KdG Sq dG ceCG g OLh Ia Y
.Wh dG T
,bCGh GdG :jdG a HQ eq g b GdH HdG fdG IQY a dG j e d
,tpeh qeCG g pb hq CG qGC fdG cj M ,(pdG) dCe gh ,dG dG Y e HpH
jndG jd sMe HGQ e fdG Lh e aCG g hj c Ggh ,ddG eCG pb g fdG H
Gkja kYf g qCG qj Ggh ,a GdG j dG (pdG) H jndG HQ M ,dG
Oj e Ggh ,LdG e gZ Y H GOsj GdH jdG jdG jg H HdG e ke
qgCG Y - jdG dG dG CG - ddG dG hO GdH jdG H bdG W a d
.qYdG UdG dH AL c cCdGh dH bCG dG Y ah

bCG dG K eh jdG dG dG GhQGR H J f dGh ,GdG dG GhQGR e hdG f QdG Gg (24)

ceCG g GhQGR e jdG e gDhGLEG J He N e eCG Gg Y GS S e dG dG f EG .kjCG QdG
j eCG Gg eh .e hO a Ghfh GVe IY a Ie e cCG MW qJ bh ,SG Gg dEG nn UrhCG dG e SdG
dG bj f e dG S Y dP a ,dG jQdG qeSEG QOdG a gf dG gGdG H EG qdG qdOCH HM
Lh qjDj e ,zdG p rH GdG dG dEG fh ,ndG rH (bCG CG) dEG f ndG qGE { :db a SdG H Y jdG AKCG
.gMW dG dG

45

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gdG :hCG QdG

bdG fGL
QdG bCG dGh GdG dG H

QdG HWh jn dG AH :khCG

eSEG UdG a jn dG AH
jT f jM a OQh dGh ,FH b a c jdG H Yf a jdG hCq G HGdG qGE
:b M U a QdG GhQ
Y dG VQ Qu P HCG Y HCG Y qdG gGHEG Kq M YCG Kq M HCG Kq M Mp H Y Kq M{
dG s oK{ :b z?q CG s K{ :b z.GdG dG{ :b z?hCq G Vho e q CG ,dG n SQ j{ :b{ :b
nd VQC
o Gh u
n an Io dG n r cn Qn Or CG M{ : b q K ,z HQCG{ : b z? H c c{ : b z. bCG
(25)z.e
,bdG d jGdG f j qfGE M ,jn dG H bdG SGQO Je qgCG e t n oj jdG Gg
Y IdG jGH e CGH fEGh ,FH e a GC J d jn dG H bdG qCH j e ,f AdG CG
fdH j NBG ev g kGDS j e Ggh.Ak GHG VQCG Lh Y Ho je hCq G fc qfGC dP ,VQCG
.jn dG jd hCq G
HQCG) d gh dG dG a FdG dG iMEG dEG IOdG j ,GDdG Gg Y HLEdh
fEG Yh jQdG cM e fQdH Gk b q oj jdG AH H bdG CG J dG g .(keY
M a j e qGC j Ggh .jAqdG H bdG d Gk f Gk MGh j b fdG qC H Mj e ,keY
.d hCq G n fdG j CG khCG Y bCd hCG fdG
,GdG d hCq G fdG q T M NQq DdGh AdG H kaN g qCG cqdH jdG e
bh .kHS sH c dG a pedG nUGnC h nGdG ndG gQYH dG fH g dH g OdGh
/ `g 832 `J) SdG jq dG q Jh (648 / `g 250 `J) bQRCc dG g Y NQu DdG e jdG q J
:q dG g a Ad AGQBG Iq Y ze QNCG{ Hc a bQRCG f ,dG S a .gZh ( 1429
.422 :U ,4 : QdG U (25)

46

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Y OBG c hCs G fdG qCG cP NBG dGh ,FdG c d hCs G fdG CG cP AGQBG g H
f c OBG H T c d hCs G fdG qCH cP jNBG AdG H qCG c .(26)dGh IdG
qCG g LQCG CGs dG sEG dG a bh CGs dG Gg aQ fdG sGC qEG (27)e H gh Y fdG
IdG Y gGHEG g hCG fdG sEG b e jC
k G gh ,dGh
s IdG
s Y OBG c hCs G fdG
.dGh
H LQCG CGdG qEa GdH OBG H Th FdGh dG
s Y OBGh FdG dCe a dG Yh
dGh IUG Y OBG g ,as dG dG g H OdGh ,GdG d hCs G fdG sCG g AGQBG g
GdG o dGh ,VQCG Y dG hCG c dGh IdG Y fCG dP .OBG H T hCG FdG dh
dG AH hCG dG j CG g kY QeCG LQCG qEa ddHh ,jC
k G VQCG Lh Y me hCG c
.f hCG Y dO q GC dEG J OBG H T UH qe H gh jGhQ CGh UN ,hCG
d IH hCG Gfj CG j FdG CH FdG CGdG b dG e Ea ,FdG UH qeCGh
SQ cP e M QdG dG g AdG a kH Fd CG hdG e fCG dP VQCG Y adG
a dG oIoH j CG nSa
n .(28)GdGh AGSEG MQ Y jdG jdG a Sh Y dG U dG
qdOCG q CG GfG dEG IQTEG QJ fEa dG Yh .FdG g AdG a dG IoH H dG g VQCG
NCG g g ddG Ea ddh ,dP Y CGdG Gg J oJ q SSCG eSEG QOdG a q f
Y d hCG fdG g GO e dGh IdG Y OBG EG j g dG SGh .dG ddH
c jdG AH H IdG
n pb QYG Y QdG bCG d hCG fdG jC
k G g fEa LQCG
Y gGHEGh dGh IdG Y OBG H hCG fdG dCe a fQdG dCe a Sh ,kHS fcP
.QdG bCd hCG AdG Y (jQdG Qe) fdG QdG a jdG Y kM dGh IdG
IdG Y OBG AH W M GDS j b fEG M ,VdG Gg a Td iNCG f J gh
a e Z c dGh ,dG e CG hdG a ,QdG bCG d K eh ,d dGh
fQe U AH Oe c ,kHS NQDdG e Zh bQRCG f ch vjQJ he g c jGdG
H dGh IdG Y OBG EG dG j PEG a ,k e j fCG EG ,QdG bCG dH
.14-11 :U ,1 : ,e QNCG (26)
.487 :U ,6 : QdG a fG (27)
. 629 - 628 :U , 2 : ,QdG U fG (28)

47

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Page 48

gdG :hCG QdG

g a OQh e H ,bCG H kUCG bCG H fEG db e eh ?YJG Y c bCG dG

?ke Oe dh SGh VQCG g ,kHS SGQdG
dG e M Qf SQ QcdG Y kHS f e dEG f hdG DhdG Gg Y HLEd
cP d NBG ld le dP Y OGojh ,mpbh Om hMh m VQCG Y IQY g o da ,SEG a
jQJ SGQO H j M ,QdG bCG dG AH jQJ M d mSGQO a hWdG g QcdG
jdG Ggh ,(29)ze AGLCG a kAH j Aa UCG a dG{ :keY SEG a LdG TC
.AdH g dG V
n jo h e
e CG iQCG dP Y AHh ,kHS fcP c k e j CG QhdG e d PEG SEG a da
Y OBG AH W Y VGh Ia j Ggh ,OhM jJ UCG a g QdG bCG dG AH
bCG dG OhM jJ c AdG Gg W CG CG ,QdG bCG d dGh IdG
.TCG e dP Z hCG dG hCG IQdH AGS QdG
,jdG H bdG W Vd VdG Gg a Gv L eq g iNCG mSGQO dEG IQTEG QJ gh
AH bY T jJ a Gv L qeg dG Jg e wch .AdG JGh ,AdG T :f a gh
LSG dG ddG Z NBG dO q CG g j CG j CG :H ,bCG dGh GdG dG
H Sg bY q CG Lj gh ?ke AdG T a Gk MGh fdG c qKDj qCGh ?MGh fdG CG Y
.2005 Y gf dG Gg a hWdG g Qcd Gv L qbh eg SGQO dEG S gh ?dG

bCGh dG a QdG HdGh AdG T

J 2005 Y jOcCG SdG H SGQO e a Iq e k SGQO hWdG g QcdG CG f
T ddG H dG qCG VdG Gg iah ,bCG AH JGh QdG bCGh dG AH H
GC J g dGh ,dGh IdG Y gGHEG Y gH dG UCG dG dG Y d q dG
T fc jdHh ,ddG T Y j bdG dP a T c a ,Ie hCG dG oH CG e
IQY fc fCG CG ,ddG T e bCGh ,S hH fch ,dG g c dG q e dh e
.e T T Y (IQe
q e) j AT Y
The Architectural Development of Al-Aqsa mosque in the Early Islamic Period, P. 271. (29)

48

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:U a QdG hj M ,eCG Gg Vj jT f jM dEG g fh

VQ FY Y IhY Y ehQ H jj Kq M RM H jL Kq M jj Kq M hY H H Kq M{
dH or neC mqgH mY ojM neb qCG d ,FY j{ :d b qSh Y dG qU dG qGC ,Y dG
SSCG H a vHZ kHHh vbT kHH :HH d oLh VQCH obr dCGh ,e np NGoC e a oNOnC a po `na
eg M HdG HG Th zjj{ :b .eg Y Y dG VQ HdG HG M dG da z.gGHEG
jCG{ :d a :jL b .HEG SCc kIQM ;gGHEG SSCG jCGQ bh ,p dG e a NOCGh Hh
e Qa{ :jL b z.g g{ :a e dEG QTCa ,p dG e Na z.BG onjQGoC { :b z?Ve
(30)z.gf hCG QPCG S dG
a b LCG Y dJ dG VQ HQCG hTGdG AdGh Sh Y dG U dG SQ aJ a
Y dG VQ QKBG e ch ,eDd Gk eCG f YCa ,HdG H dG Y dG HdG eq dG e
SSCG Y gAH OYCGh ,dG H a ,dH H c dGh IdG Y q dG CGQ H b fCG
d UCG YGdG aQ b c dGh IdG Y gGHEG qCG hdGh) dGh IdG Y gGHEG
H Uhh fc c dH JSbh dG GWCG J J IdG g ah ,HH d Lh (GdG
.(e jQJ) Hc a dG MQ bQRCG j Y bH S bh ,ddG Q dG
eq dG e q MG K ,dH dG eQh edG e Lg b c dG Sj H dG CG Y
Y dEG dG SQCa ,dG e Gk c qKC J b dG fch ,Y dG VQ HdG H dG Y bh
Oq Q qj CH Ghe HG dG Y eCa ,eCG Y dCjh HdG HG a H j eO a Ghe H dG
.dG dEG GR e dG dG gh ,Sh Y dG U dG SQ jCG Y c e dEG dG T
Ea .ddG dG Z Y UCG a c dG T qCG pM VJ a GvL qg sJ dG jdGh
dG GWCG bQRCG cP bh ,e T dEG q e e S dG T qE a q e Al L dG a n pNOGoC
Y OQh c gGHEG SSCG Y c dG Y dG VQ HdG HG Y e jb jGhQ e OQh e Y AH
dG e YGdG aQ b c dGh IdG Y gGHEG CG kHS fcP c g hdGh .(31)QdG
Y gGHEG AH Y b dG SSCG g J CG H UCG YGdG Ea ddHh ,jdG BGdG H
CG f Ggh .jQdG Qe a jdG Y kM S c j dh YGdG aQ fC dGh IdG
.300 :U ,1: ,QdG U (30)
.64 :U ,1 : ,e QNCG fG (31)

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Page 50

gdG :hCG QdG

VCGh GWCG g SGQO e hjh ,d hCG UCG Ad kHe qUCG Y c d gGHEG AdG
:hWdG SQ dG ddG dG e kjb c hCG FH Y UCG dG T CG

bQRCG jGhQ a OQh e SSCG Y dhCG aqdG d jJ e

U ,hCG OdG ,SOdG dG - SdG H SGQO e :QdG
17 :U ,2005

:ddG dG M ,kHS fcP c edG QdG bCG H fqcj qdG Gg qGC dEG f gh

kec QdG bCG qfl

kec QdG bCG eh qUCG gOhH asdG dG e H HdG

(18:U ,2005 U ,hCG OdG ,SOdG dG ,SdG H SGQO e :QdG

LPdG jg e j
g qCG bCGh d
EG ,AdG a e m f e k HJ
e n HCG dEG gP hWdG CG
dG H a dP
Y a H Y H
) dG a ec HJ dP
c dPh ,( d H O HCG
:kdJ j
50

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kec QdG bCGh UCG gOhH asdG dG ns e HJ

OHCd dG hO
U ,hCG OdG ,SOdG dG ,SdG H SGQO e :QdG
19 :U ,2005

kba g EG M ,GWCGh Om HCG HJ dh jGhRh mn pf HJ g HdG Gg qEa dG Hh

EGh MGh dG q CG j jdG cG Gg q CG EG ,bCGh as dG dG VCG GWCG H Gk c
:j PEG f K T Y hWdG cj e gh ,dG VCG GWG NG
ze{ d aCG dG a LQdG VCG H IQdG SdG jGhdG L HJ - 1
.d SdG d SdG jGhdG L e bCG dG
H Y H bCG dG ze{ e a HdG VCG J ,dP Y AHh - 2
.d SdG d udG VCG a J dG f QGdH
ze{`pd SdG dG Hj bCG dG ze{`d SdG dG Ea ,g e - 3
.(32)dG
vdM KCG Sg dO OLh WH j fEG M ,dG cG Gg gCG Y cCdG j gh
jd w KCG w Yp lGpe Ggh ,Gv L HQe Ia a oH fCG bCG Y hCG MGh dG fH qCG Vj
fc dG IdGh bCG dG jh AdG a GdG dG dhCG M kHS QcdG jdG dG
SCGh QdG bCG dH MCG M gZh jOdG GAYOG e dG j Ggh .H
d (YdG dG f g e jd dH g dG) bCG CG hj OdG CG S ,FH
.6 :U ,(SdG H SGQO e a) ,fBGdG QKBG a bCG dG (32)

51

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gdG :hCG QdG

Oj bCG AH CG Y x KCG m dO OLh CG T h ,dGh IdG Y S b kbWEG GOk Le j

.qddG OdG NQDdG H GAYOG e dG j dGh IdG Y S e bCG Ia dEG
ffEG OLG OH CG dEG Mh SSCG Y J ddG g a AdG c GPEG e Y g FS Cj bh
M GAYO dG j ddG g a fC ,N t Lp eCG Ggh ,dGh IdG Y OBG e H
.IdG e M H bCd dG Y OBG AH UdG dG Gg U
- MdG a H VGdG NG e - jdG H AdG T a HdG Gg q CH ucD f gh
IdG Y OBG d m MHh v dEG Gk eCG c LQCG Y g Th AdG eCG qCG Y VGh dO q j
qJ dG Gq dG J ,VQCG Lh Y H hCG S ,ebCG id j CG MCG Qj PEG .dGh
dG a gUp M e MdG a Gv L r nJheh v f jH e a SdG jGhdG He e
.dEG eCH qJ jdG Gg j CG EG ,bCG dG MH k fQe
,QNH kHS fcP c QdG bCG dG AH JG SGQO ,eCG Gg e tdG jj q eh
jC
k G j k Y bH eCG Gg SGQO idh ,q e LQH dh bdG dG dEG v W j bCa
JDdG N jC
k G hWdG cCG e gh ,as dG dG dEG W H kjJ j bCG dG CG
dEG dP H QWh
q ,2003 Y IdG dG a dGh ,SdG H Y edG dhdG jOdG
:dG Gg a vL dP hjh .(33)jOcCG de
asdG dG JH QdG bCG d dG G
H SGQO e :QdG
OdG ,SOdG dG SdG
28 :U ,2005 U ,hCG

.13 -12 :U ,fBGdG QKBG a bCG dG fG (33)

52

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Page 53

jOMCG a Me j iNCG f aVEG j qfCG iQCG ,qdG dG GH IOTEG Ve ah

YSEGh Lg hb Ia a dG Y Sh Y dG U dG b M ,Sh Y dG U dG
dEG QTCGh{ :dGh IdG Y YSEGh gGHEG j Y dG AH sK dG dEG dG Y
c fEGh kje j d dG ba oH dG VQCG T CG Y qj e ,(34)zdM e Y Je mn cn CG
Ea ddHh ,g a o dG QdG bCG dG aGL Y j e gh ,IU J Y IQY
a MdG H id k e j CG LQCGh ,kHe j d EG k He j b jC
k G AdG VQCG T
.f hCG gcCd k SJh kt J cCG H dG g SGQO aGZdG e
Ia a a j d AdG EG M ,jGdG e jdG H Kh bY g CG f S e
dG He ApdG ch H ,dJh fS dG e MHh ,f dG j Y LQCG Y H ,HQe
dG SQ cP c as dG dG H oH bCG CG sJ AdG JG dCe CG c .MdG NG e
dh ,dG CG ,hCG dEG v W j H Ho ,bCG CG ,fdG dG C ,Sh Y dG U
g U Y VGh dO j e ,hCG dEG j CG qUCG e c fdG dG CG QYG Y ,dG
.bOh jdG H IjdGh jdG jQdG FdG bdG

jdG BGdG a nn dG :kfK

:AGSEG IQS a dhCG jBG Y jdG BGdG a jdG L MdG e dG j e kdZ
.]1 :AGSEG[ |
}
a dJ dG j M .Sq dG fdG H HQ jdG BGdG a iNCG jBG dEG g Qj fCG EG
j jC
} :jdG BGdG
k G jdG jBG g ah ,]1-3 :dG[ |
c HG eEG cj M .dG g a jdG AGQB dG Y UN jdG H HdG Me
e mMGh qc a dG H KK qe g FCG H bh { :jBG d J a ( 1372 /`g 774 `J)
dG H dG SdG H gh jdGh dG e hCa .QdG FGdG UCG dG dhCG e kS
n oe vf
,GY H Se Y dG c dG AS QW gh S QW fdGh ,dG Y je HG Y a
H (35)z.Sh Y dG U Gk e a SQCG dG gh eBG c NO e dG eCG dG gh e ddGh
.659 :U ,2 : ,QdG U (34)
.452 :U ,4 : ,dG BGdG J (35)

53

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gdG :hCG QdG

jBG a nn dH OdG CG ( 1273 / `g 671 `J) WdGh ( 922 / `g 310 `J) dG eeEG CGQ c
.(36)SdG H VQCG ahdG cGdG g g dhCG
VQCG M g LQCG Y dG CG j jBG S EG M ,c HG eEG CGQ f a g LGdGh
Ggh .edG e CG ,eCG dGh AS QW cH jdGh dG cP fn nb jBG CGh UN ,cdG dh
.jdGh dH gQT Gkf SdG d IQTEc jdGh dG cP LQCG Y jBG CG j
SdG ceCG H kL kHQ eE p G poj M ,jBd dG c HG J dEG IQTEG g QJh
eh SdG H Y g cdG dh ,AS QW g f h .jdG BGdG a IQcdG dG
dG VQCH jBG a CGH nnn dG EG M h ,eNp h nn dG AH a Se fc fEG M ,edG
,GdG dG a j dG e VQCH c jBG a NCG nn dGh ,SdG H gh ,bCG a j
JJ OdG c d fEG M ,qegh VGh dO jdG jBG a KdG ceCG g JJ a iQCGh
hCG (dGh IdG Y gGHEG QYG Y) khCG e fd AfCG M vjQJ kJJ KdG ceCG
Sh Y dG U e Id
q IQTEG Y J edG d IQTEG CG VaG d a ,AS Q oW ke
AGSEG IQS a jdG HH k T eCG c dG GH jdG BGdG gcP s a .c HG cP c
Vj HQ gh .jdG e kjb AS QW j eq dG e dEG SdG H a (dEG - e) :H
ceCG cP S d dG e je dEG HGdG Gg jh ,ka jdGh rVQC
n G qSb W
.jdG dG GHh Ak GHG KdG

AGSEG MQ :kdK
bCG dGh GdG dG H HdGh bdG J a kMVh jBG cCG e ,kHS fcP c
} :AGSEG IQS e dhCG jBG
.]1 :AGSEG[ |
jdG nnHQ bh .bCGh ,GdG :jd kHQ jdG BGdG a jBG VhCG oJ jBG g
dh .GdGh AGSEG KOM g J ,gCG a jZ jQJ KOM Y jdG N Gv L L jH
.jdG H HdH bYh cQdG MdG g dO Y g cdG RdG e
.99 :U ,20 : ,BGdG MC edG dch ,633 :U 12 : ,BGdG jhCJ a dG eL (36)

54

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j ,dG S a ,jBG g J Y jdG H HdG Y Gk c jdG oc nKJ a

:c HG eEG
.dG Y dG gGHEG d e AfCG e ,AjEH dG SdG H gh (bCG dG dEG)
,s dG FdGh YCG eEG fCG Y dP qa .gQGOh qe a seCa ,c g d Gp oL Gdh
.(37)LCG Yh Y eSh dG GU
,(BGdG X a) Hc a GdGh AGSEG d gCG Mh HGdG Gg M b S J dc
:j M
FY H HJ ,dG dG e IQe MQ bCG dG dEG GdG dG e MdGh
` Sh Y dG U ` dG JN e dEG ,dG Y YSEGh gGHEG d e idG MdG
SdG KGQh YEG dG MdG H jQCG fCch .k L MdG fjd SdG ceCG H HJh
MQ a .k L H dSQ JQGh ,Sq dG g Y dSQ TGh ,b SdG Sq d NCG
cCG fe Jh ;dGh edG e ShCG kbaBGh GOk eBG Jh ;dGh edG OhM e HCG dEG eJ
.(38)dhCG Id Y J dG jdG fdG e
J QdG bCG dG a k L AfCG LG gCG Y fL e dG eEG qcQ a
gGHEG jdG rsd IQTEG g JGQTEG Fd eh .qjeQ h Sh Y dG U dG SQ eeEG
OLh qGC dEG g IQTEG QJh .(dG CG) hCG dG AH GOYCG jndG dGh IdG Y YSEGh
H bdG M H a ic gCG d dGh IdG Y YSEGh dG gGHEG e x c
U dG Sd IOdG YCG c Ea ,GdG dG AH OYCG e hCG fc e Zda .jdG
dG CG H c fEG Gg CG iQCGh .GdG dG a QdG bCG dG a Sh Y dG
dG fEG bY GfCG a (k L AfCG j dGh) ffEG fdG qj QdG bCG
.kHS fcP c dG
UdG d g q j eh ,GdGh AGSEG d Y jC
k G jdG dG jdG c nKq J bh
.5 :U ,3 ,dG BGdG J (37)
.2212 :U ,4 : ,BGdG X a (38)

55

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gdG :hCG QdG

jdG c e c a IQcdG jGhdG e jdG CGh UN ,AGSEd IOu dG jGhdG H adGh

jdG jOMCG e W Ye g CG EG .keY V g ,GdGh AGSEH qJ dGh ,FdGh
.dG Gg a KJ dG dG
,dG MQ (`g 261 `J) e eEG jM ,GdGh AGSEG KOM dhJ dG dG jOMCG a
:b M U a GhQ dG
dG U dG SQ qCG de H fCG Y fdG HK Ks M nS H Os M nKs M ha H rTn nKq M
b ,aW e Y aM j dG hOh QdG a jW HCG qHGO gh ,GdH opJGoC { :b Sh Y
a sa n dG orNO K b ,AfCG H Hj dG ndH oHa b ,SdG nH ornJGnC M orca
U jL a ,dG Na ,d e AfEGh N e AfEH dG Y jL fAa ,LN K cQ
.(39)jdG .. zAdG dEG H Y K .IdG NG{ :Sh Y dG
jdG jdG c a Ljh .jdG jdG H kHGQ fc MdG CG a jU jdG Ggh
UJ M dG jGhdG H adG a Nf d g dh ,AGSEG M jGhdG e dG
L a VJ dGh ,jdG H HdG a dG jcdG dG Y cd dPh ,MdG
cJ qe jGhQ g EG M ,GdG b a NdG hO ,UN MdG g a J dG jGhdG
.AGSEG hO GdG
Hc a AGSEG MQ Y (`g1332 `J) SdG jdG L dG ddG qj iNCG Mf eh
:j M ,AGSEG MQ a dG fqHdG GQTEG e k T J a cjh ,(GdGh AGSEG)
c ,AfCG Lc ,Ic nMp SdG d Sh Y dG U dG e ah :AdG H b
dP jJh ,dEG S dG nbh AfCG n b fh ,H JUh
n ,d gZh FdGh ,dZ hCG
IdG o
q ah a IdG dEG MdG q T W ddh ,SCGQ AH hCG q T c ,eb AH dG
.(40)IU FH Z Y a
,Sh Y dG U dG OLH WJQG M e jdG H HGdG g dG Gg Y bj e
.82 :U ,1: ,e U (39)
.368 - 367 :U ,GdGh AGSEG (40)

56

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Page 57

dG U dG QM EG Fb j b gh .jd HQ a AGSEG Md eg iNCG dO gh

q J dG g CG iQCG fCG EG ,H HGdG Y kdO q j SdG f c jdG a Sh Y
EG) ec fqHQ zJ{h renCH J eSEG IdG M AGSEG MQ C H HGdG dEG IQTEG
a d NO h ,dGh dGh QNG fqHQ MQ a .(YCG dG dh dP f CG d qU
jdG dEG Idc dP dh .gQNG h d sN h Sh Y dG U dG SQ a qj a
adG fL e ZdH vjH kJ Sh Y dG U dG SQ d N dG (dG S Y)
,J h Sh Y dG U dG IOGQEG Y LQN fc AGSEG MQ CG Hh .Y Z dG dEG
GgCG MCG LQCG Y fc GdH dG J a a JUh QdG bCG dG a OLh Ea
GdG ndh ,SdG H dEG AGSEd kUCG LM g c d EGh ,fqHdG MdG J e FdG
dEG AGSEG MQ Y kUCG jdG BGdG a dG EG H .AGSEG dEG LdG hO es dG e e ITe
QdG bCG dG dEG Sh Y dG U dG IQjR CG Y dO d QdG bCG dG
.MdG GgCG gCG MCG fc
dG H HQ f d QdG bCG dG QNG a ic dO SG j ddh
jdG jBa .dG g a ic e c ddG g a bCG EG H ,dG GhdGh GdG
jHh jdG H Ie Kh bY Y AdG Jh ,qeg GQTEG J c jdG jdGh
.vM Ija

IdG a jdG L :k HGQ

dG H HGdG VSh ,dG H JdG jOMCGh jGhdG H bS dG Gg a
.IdG a k e o o nL M e bCGh GdG
H MCG eEG GhQ dG jdG g jdG H bdG Y VGh dO J dG jOMCG MCGh
:j M oe a (`g 241 `J) M
U dG SQ c{ :b SY HG Y ge Y YCG Y fGY HCG nKs M Oq M H j nKs M
qK ,Gk T Y S jdG dEG Lg eHh ,jj H dGh SdG H f H qj Sh Y dG
.(41)z.dG dEG np Uo
.310 :U ,3 : ,M H MCG e (41)

57

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gdG :hCG QdG

e a H j Sh Y dG U dG SQ c dG JGh jdG Uh jdG jdG Gg

H J H j Sh Y dG U dG SQ c a .IQdG
q jdG a dG J b es dG
H Hh H dG j c fCG CG ,as dG dG N fc g JU CG Mf dh ,SdG
bCG dG :k e jdG dEG j fCG d c IdG g a T ch ,op dG M SdG
.GdG dGh
bCG dG Hh H dG Sh Y dG U dG SQ Vh S M GDS Rj b gh
hCG jdG BGdG e q Lh VGhh cCG dO q CG OjEG e JCG d dG ah .JU N QdG
PEG ,jdG BGdG a eG Gg M J OjEG j fCG EG ,Gk jJ dP S j jdG jdG
.]144 :IdG[ |
} :dJ dG j
,AdG a Sh Y dG U dG Lh qJ gh ,dG jd FdG dG VJ jBG g
hCG dG jJ S ,JU a k e jdG Sh Y dG U dG SQ L g g q j eh
Y dG U dG SQ Lh qJ S Y dG EG M .AdG a dGh IdG Y Lh qJ
aVEH ,Gk HCG Y kb dO h ,jdG H dG e dG a bdG dP a AdG a Sh
.dG Gg Ve QN fCG dEG
AKCG JU a k e jdG j c Sh Y dG U dG SQ q CG g g qedG da PEG
U dG SQ Ig a M fCG AdG Mj CG dG dG eh ,IdG b edG e a OLh
dP a QdG e dG JG C ,QK QZ a gh jdG j q SG IQdG jdG dEG Sh Y dG
.GdG dH f bdG a j c (SdG H dEG CG) bdG
.jdG jdG H IdG bd JGP u H L IQTEG g QdG a j dG VdG Gg
q H g Sh Y dG U dG SQ IM a Id gJG f jdG c Ea ,keYh
dG qeCG .gd nr oJ dh H UN eGc fc jdG JH Ida .H Kh HGQ JGP
dG CG dP ,bCGh GdG :jdG e J d IdG g a j fEa jdG dG
a IdG gJG L fc jdG Ie dh .GdG K bCG :jdG JH HMQ a GsU
dG a (fdG p dG) dGh (dhCG p dG) bCG JH IdG CG ,f bdGh f dG
.HdG M H MCG eEG jGhQ a vL X c f
58

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IdGh dG :eN
k
:e a M H MCG eEG ihQ
H j Y L BG de S H S nKs M{ :b rSEG HG Y HCG Ks M{ :b j nKs M
:b zSh Y dG U dG hR S CG Y NCG H q eCG HG M q GoC eq CG Y NCG S
s J e d o dG n Z s Mp hCG Ir o H bCG dG e s gCG e{ :j qSh Y dG U dG n SQ S{
(42)z.IH e sgCG M SdG H dEG jdG dP Y M CG pca{ :b ,zfP e
n
t r n
cQCG qgCG MCG a jdG jdG H Gv L qg HGd fJ a Gv L ja jT jM Gg
jdG jdG Gg N e dG Sh Y dG U dG SQ qj M .dG gh CG ,SEG
e Yhh ,QdG bCG dG MQ e ,GMEG CG ,IdG hCG dG YCG e Y hCq G GhCGj CG Y
.HfP IH dP j
dO d IdGh dG a jdG H HdG EG M ,fdG e dG j jdG jdG Ggh
GhCGj CG Y dG t a .dG a Iq e QOb e c Y Va gh ,SEG cQCG NBG da ,eq g
dG IQjR hj CH e d ITe Z Ia j QdG bCG dG e eq dG MdG g
Gg a dG Gg Y dG fEGh ,k Va d Gg Ea dHh .dG a IMGh Ie dh QdG bCG
Mf gh .gCG Y jdGh dG Gg cJ ie dEG VGh IQTEG j e ,Gv L m Y jdG jdG
SEG cQCG e cQ a SEG a GdH k VGh c QdG bCGh GdG jdG L CG
.dGh IdG gh :k UN GOdGh
fh SEG jO a fEG NO H SEG a GOdG a hCG dG LGdG g Ida
jh ,kjJ MdG AH e JM a ej H H dH dG eGoC e hCG gh .ITe IOdH
} :f`S dG `j M `dG BG`dG a k`VGh dP `Me
c Sh Y dG U dG SQ IYO jGH a df IQdG g .]4-1 :eqdG[ |
.(43)dG MQ cQdG eEG cj
SQ Y NBG a f dG EG M ,dG id dG GOdG NBGh SEG cQCG NBG fEa dG eCG
.(44)QcQdG MdG q U dG cj c Id SdG dG a jdHh Sh Y dG U dG
.260 :U ,18 : ,dG ,M H MCG eEG (42)
.193 :U ,1 : ,BGdG Y a gdG (43)
.404 :U ,dG MdG (44)

59

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gdG :hCG QdG

.jdG jdG H k eL fc dG qCG QYH IdG a jdG H HGdG Me j

ddG EG M .qeg dO j Ggh ,kHS QcdG jdG X a dG a HGdG Me j c
Ieh ,IdH eSEG IYdG jGH a Ie dG gPCG a k e jdG HQ a l VGhh lIc
.dH jC
k G eSEG IYdG jf a iNCG
H HGdH d zGk cJ{ c dG dCe a jdG H HGdG cP CG h j d dHh
Y dG U SdG e Ic e j CG jh .Sh Y dG U dG IM jf a jdG
dGh SdG H a gh ,ddG IdH Sh Y dG U JM jf a dG cd Sh
.QdG bCG dG CG ,SEG a ddG

a dG QH dG VQCGh GdG VQCG :SOS

k
Y q Jh es dG e a GdG dH J dG GdG dG GdG VQCH g f
c N a a dG QH dG VQCG qeCG ,jQdG a S OY e OhdG ahe SGh Me
dG jce Y hdG d UdG g a Vf dh ,e j
u dG UNh A dG H
c a dG QH dG VQCG jJ a cj jdG L CG VGdG e fCG EG ,YVeh
VQCG fCG Y a dG QH dG VQCG e dG Gg a j eh ,IOdG a dG J ST
AL dG a g SdG VQCG CG d Yh s noe mH UN a jdG dN QcdG ijh .SGh
.(45)a dG QH dG VQCG e
dG SdG H bEG e jb Md J fEa jdG H Y AH SdG VQCG OhM qeCG
Gg OhM hJh ,gZh (47)dG dG a HGh (46)SdG eGb Hc AdG e MGh Z Os M
:ddG jG a bEG

Mapping Islamicjerusalem, p.265 - 268. (45)

.173 :U ,dbCG ae a SdG MCG (46)

.123 :U ,QeCG de a QHCG de (47)

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AdG e gZh dGh SdG b Y AH SdG H VQCG OhM

Mapping Islamicjerusalem, p.210. :QdG

j ddG a bCGh ,cdGh SdG e H eSEG QOdG a kba g CG Vj CGdG Gg

H gCGh dG ce j fCG CG ,aGL je l Sh g SdGh .kjJ dG Jg Sh a
Qe g bCG c GPEG e ad SGQO j jcdG gh .iNCG NGO gGMEG OLh H a
,GdG VQCH bYh GdG dG e fQdH Vh a j ddHh , CG ddG a cdGh SdG
.gQeh edG ce QYH

dH kKh kWJQG Je a dG QH dG VQCG a cdG CG g g j dG hCG UCG

} :AG``SEG IQ`S a jdG BGdG Vj c dPh ,f QdG bCG
dG CG cDJ jBG g EG jdG dG Y .O jh .]1 :AGSEG[ |
.(48)cdG ce g bCG
.42 :U ,SdG H jJ (48)

61

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gdG :hCG QdG

dG ,dG MQ b S e e KdG S ,jdG H dEG j f dG g

cdG qEG H ,VQCG g a jcdG dG g bCG CG dEG j |
} dG Gg EG j
OLh :NBG H ,gQe h S h cdG g UCG ka g bCG CG CG .(49)dM e dEG Y J
.a dG QH dG VQCG cH S g bCG
g jBG gh ,jdG BGdG a iNCG VGe HQCG a IOe VQCH cdG jdG BGdG j
q
:ddG
]71 :AfCG[ |

]137 :GYCG[ |

}-1
}-2

]18 :CS[ |
]81 :AfCG[ |

}-3
}-4

SH dh ,]71 :AfCG[ |
} `H IOdG VQCG g j jdG BGdG CG g Mfh
.jdG BGdG a ke Oj d (cQdG VQCG) d qCG Me Gv L qdG eh .(cQdG VQCG)
c dPh ,f as dG dG dEG cdG d VCG jdG BGdG qCG Me j ,HdG a
kVGh kdO qj Gg qCG iQCGh .]96 :GY BG[ |
} :jdG jBG a vL j
QJ cH Qe a ,Qeh a dG QH dG VQCG cH S dH g QdG bCG CG Y
OLh Y dG H
q - f VQCG d cdG fc dh .dM dG VQCG cH a J dG gh ,Y
d S c fCG CG ,(cQdG VQCG) d Y WCG b jdG BGdG d - eY hCG bCG
.as dG dG a dG g c ,f VQCG dEG cdG
,UCG CG e cCG CG dG VQCG fcCG AGS ,bCG M dG VQCd YGoC cdG CG j Ggh
dG U dG SQ EG M ,GdG VQCG Y j eCG Ggh .QdG bCG dG OLh H
dGh IdG Y gGHEG CG f f bdG ah ,(50)jdG z.e s M gGHEG EG{ :b Sh Y
a dPh .dG M dG GdG VQCG u noj CG bh ,dG AH j CG b |
} d oj
VQCG eM qCG Y dP q a .]37 :gGHEG[ |
} :jdG jBG
.2212 :U ,4 : ,BGdG X a fG (49)
.560 - 556 :U ,1 : ,e U fG (50)

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QdG bCG dG CG c ,eM S gh (g dG CG) f GdG dH We GdG

.a dG QH dG VQCG cH S g
VQCG) d qGC Mf CG j fEa ,jdG BGdH bYh SdG VQCH q j a eq CG
|
} :``dG `jB G a IMGh Ie jdG BGdG a k a OQh (S dG
g Lj h .f VQCG dEG SdG J VCG g jdG BGdG CG Me j gh ,]21 :IFdG[
.f VQCd ae g SdG C SdG VQCG Sbh QdG bCG dG H bY q CG
dG dG Vh e SdG VQCd dH QdG bCG dG Vh fQe j gh
jdG M e jd dH Sh Y dG U dG jM EG M .jdG d dH jdG
Y dG U dG SQ b a ,dH jdG eM Hj CG hO dh dG dG AH H AL
.(51)zjdG q MCG fEGh ,e M gGHEG EG{ :e eEG jhj dG jdG a Sh
CG c jdG dG dG OLh H AL jdG eM CG j jdG Gg EG Fb j b
Y gGHEG b eq e da ,bO Z AYOG Gg CH Oq QCGh ,dG eM H AL e eM
dP qa ,]37 :gGHEG[ |
} :dG AH j CG b db dH dGh IdG
b keq e c g q e H OLd f AL edG d dGh IdG Y jJ CG Y
qj dh n Lp hGoC da ,IQdG jdG a e Z eCG Ggh .f dGh IdG Y gGHEG
dG hO VQCG GP a ddH eM fa ,JGH jdG eM K eh ,Gk e H ek n Mn fYEG
.keGch kjJ dG OGR OLh Y hCG jdG dG dG OLd
dG hO f VQCd ae SdG VQCG Sr a ,QdG bCG d dH eCG Gch
VQCG fc a ,Sr dG H d bY fCG cCdH j Ggh ,eY hCG dG OLh dEG
VQCG a RHCG IOdG e QYH dh ,Sq dG VQCG a f SbCG g bCG fEa JGH Sq e
t on J { :Sh Y dG U dG SQ jM dP Y O c ,jqdG SSCG Xh QYHh Sq dG
(52)
z.bCG dGh ,Sh Y dG U SdG eh ,GdG dG :Le KK dEG EG o Mu dG
.556 :U ,1 : ,e U (51)
.223 :U ,1 : ,QdG U fG (52)

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gdG :hCG QdG

jC
k G H ,bCGh GdG jdG H a d Gk jL kHGQ g q f CG j ,FdG g X ah
dG VQCH e MGh c bYh ,bCGh ,dGh ,GdG :jdG KdG LdG H bd kT
:ddG dH J jh ,dM
jdG dG dG eCGh ,edG g UCG gh dG dG VQCG eM Qe g GdG dG
H j QdG bCG dG H .JGH eq e fC dG dG VQCG eM Qe d fEa
bdG ah ,cdG g UCG gh a dG QH dG VQCG cH Qe g QdG bCa :jdG
dH Jj GH a ,JGH Se fC SdG VQCG Sb Qe bCG dG q j f
.(53)SdG Mf e dG dH Jjh ,cdG Mf e GdG
QYH cdG M e GdG dH QdG bCG dG JQG g dG Gg a f gCGh
da :e c zT{ Ge gCG a M Jj jdG CG nMo da .dG Gg Ve
gh ,cdG Ie a QdG bCG dG e f dH Jj edG gh SSCG Jeh GdG
dG CG Me e .SCG c AGSEG IQS a Y jdG BGdG f e qj c cCdH JGe gCG
.jdG fBGdG dG e j c f a cQe fCH jC
k G J (dG CG) f dG
ee H bdG ge M g SSCG GDS j M ,Md Gk jL ke j eCG Ggh
bdG g ge eh ?SEG a edG jg H e bY g EG dG j g ,cdGh edG
.dG PEH dG a dG e jd Mf SCG g ?Ffh JO eh
mS V Me j ,jdH IQJh dH kIQJ ,Ic HGhQ g CG VGdG e fEa ,GkPEG
a dGh dG e jd MdG j e ,IdG J a M dG GMCGh GdG e jW
bCG h ,GdG :dG jdG H KdG HGdG Gg c LCG e dG SCGh GgCG
.QdG

Geographical Dimensions of Islamicjerusalem, p: 79 - 90 :kjCG fG

(53)

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dG QdG
`jQ`dG

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Page 67

SdG IdGh hC
q G dG
SQGO gP dEG QOJ dG SCG hCG g GDdG Gg z..QdG bCG dG H e hCq G ne{
jdG dEG IOdG Y p nj GDdG Gg Y HLEdh ...jQdG MdG e QdG bCG dG
:nnb z?khs GnC p VQr nC G pa nVp ho mp r ne t GnC ,psdG nSo Qn nj{ :ob{ :b fCG Y dG VQ QP HCG Y hdG jdG
z...knSn no nHQr GnC { :nnb z?n o nrnH nnc rcn { :orbo z.r
n bCG o p r n rdG{ :nnb z?w GnC soK{:orbo :nnb z.oGn nrdG o p r n rdG{
z.jdG
,QdG bCG dG AH bJ dEG VGh IQTEG j jdG jdG Gg CH SCG b c
a NQu DdGh AdG NG kHS fcP bh ,keY HQCH VQCG a GdG dG Vh H jdHh
:GbCG HQCG Y QdG bCG d hCG dG dCe
.VQCG Y dG OLh b dPh ,FdG - 1
.dGh IdG Y OBG fS - 2
.dGh IdG Y OBG H T - 3
.dGh IdG Y gGHEG fS - 4
Y OBG qGC Lq Qh (Th OBGh FdG) KdG GbCG H fQdG a dG H a
q b ch
gGHEGh dGh IdG Y OBG fuS H fQdG dCe a BG f dh ,H LQCG g dG
a qeg c hf ,dG g dh .QdG bCGh as dG dG AH a dGh IdG Y
hCa ,jdGh dG J jdG Gg a VQCG a VdG ch ,(nVp h)o c gCG ,jdG jdG
AH OdG j CG Rjh ,GdG dG g dJ d e fCG QJh Gk e VQCG a u S e
VQCG Lh Y Ld hCG AdG j jC
k G dG Gg ah ,VQCG a de jJ CG ,hCq G
.de jJh QdG bCG dG AH JCj keY HQCH Hh ,GdG d
CG f ,dGh IdG Y (gGHEG)h (OBG) H GdG dG AH a g dG H Yh
67

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

jdG BGdG CH dP Y GqdSG hCG fdG g dGh IdG Y gGHEG EG FdG CGdG UCG
:dGh IdG Y OBG dh dGh IdG Y gGHEG j Y dG AH b jdG BGdG a cP
Y gGHEG CG hdGh . ] 127 :IdG[ |
}
bCG dG NO dGh IdG Y gGHEG CG vjQJ hdGh ,a a j c dG
.SdG (OU e) ddG dH a dGh a Uh QdG
GdG d dG Y gGHEG AH CG Y qJ | } c CH NBG dG UCG Y OQ dh
dGh I``dG Y gGHEG `` d Y dJ dG b dP Y `ddGh ,SCJ AH dh eJ AH c
} :edG e a U gh dG Y YSEGh Lg IdG J e`Y
e GdG dG H dG Y gGHEG CG hdGh ,] 37 :gGHEG[ |
j da (dG dG H) g QdG dG Gg CG cP fCG eh !!..c eY dG Y YSEG
AH Ea ddHh !!..d FHh dG Y gGHEG b GdG dG e fCG kahe c dG CG
dG H e hCG g dG Y OBG CH dG Ljh ,jC
k G dG Y gGHEG b j bCG
.jC
k G AfCG hCGh dG hCG fC QdG bCG dGh GdG
H e hCG CH dG jd sLj ,qSgh fGY qdOCG e kHS fcP d aVEH ,S q eh
hCG dGh IdG Y OBG fS c ek Y HQCH GdG dG AH H QdG bCG dG
QdG bCG d dG Y OBG AHh ,Z hCG dGh IdG Y gGHEG dh AfCGh dG
QdG bCG dG AH CG dGh !!..k fhO 144 - 142 gh vdM ahdG Ohd jJ AH c
H M c SdG H M e Sh ..VdG bh dEG bdG dP e g c H OhMh
!!!...Sh Y dG U jdG qf eh GdG
dG Y e OhM jHh dJ dG eCH QdG bCG dG dGh IdG Y OBG H
OdG a dP H a fG QdG bCG dG QNCG CG EG ,eDdG H e gJh ,fS
jKCG hCG KGJ hCG jQJ QOe q CG cJ dh ,IdG J a jQCdG Gf dG Y OBG H e IFdG
eb dG e Ye hCG jQdG S d M CG dEG ,dG dG n p dG a ZdG IdG J
e dPh ,FGhCG dG H e qSdG gh ,jQdG a dhCG Id WSGh QdG dG Gd
.Y BG S e cCG
68

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,dM eh SdG je a SGh UCG We e Lg dG dG H e g qSdGh

We e GS jdG fdG H IdG a Jh (SdG VQCG) SH VQCG J aYh
(Sj) fc IdG J a a a dG gCGh ,(c VQCG) SH u Sh dG dG
gh (T) e IdG J a eg iNCG e gh ,Sd f SG GH YO dG SdG gh
.jGdG e dG H UG dG a e e gZh ,dG dG gh (hM)h ,dG Hf
jdG Y YaOh MU Y Y dG (OU e) dG IdG J a SdG e TCG eh
gZh GdGh e e IQhdG dG e dG e ddG GhdG Lh a bh M ,SdG
QKBG a cPh ,dGh IdG Y gGHEG gAL M jdG SdG j dG Gg ch ,gUh
dGh IdG Y gGHEG CG cCG e fEa qU d Gg EG f fh ,dG fCG JGQdG jQdG
.QYEG OLh ,(OU e) Y a QdG bCG a U
H CGQ a gQS a bH GJ e Sq dG jdG a SdG QKBG jH CG cdH jdG eh
,SdG QdG jGhR NCG a dG S Y SdG IQdG H J M ,MdGh SQGdG
,dG (MdG H) Ie jf f uJ dGh ,QdG bCG QS e bdG HdG jhGdG gh
.ec SdG je a ffEG QKBG bCG dG g Jh
dh ,dP e bCG dh fehQ jdG dG g EG j jKCGh NQDdG H CG Y
IdG IQdG e fQe dTCGh IQdG g MCG fQe Y UN CGdG Gg dNCG b fLCG
je e dG OH a e e dGh ,fehdG jQdG HCG e dG a J dG fehdG
IQM q CG JM a vT QCG dh ,gZh djEG a ehQ je QKBGh ,OQCG a q Y je QKBGh TL
qCG iQCG fEa ddh ..GdH QdG bCG e jhGdG g a IQdG cJh jJ a J fehQ
TdGh d e VdG Gg CH k Y ..Y eh fehdG IdG e bCG J b IQdG g
.QKBG a dG j Y j dG dGh acG M a CGdG jJ jh

ddG Mh ..YGdGh ..SdG dG

ah ,dGh d SdG LG Hq EG q V dG SdG hd SdG Vq J IdG g ah
H Xh ,dGh IdG Y SEG fqS H dGh IdG Y j fqS X IdG g
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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

Y Sj fS e Id GfG CG dEG dG Y j e dG jOH HL GWSG jdG FGSEG

.]99 :Sj[ |
} jdG BGdG f
q e M e a dGh IdG
SdG HCG dG N e Sjh c VQCG dEG J CGH IjL Fb X fhBG J ah
SH ahe OdG d gCH GefGh OdG GNO jdG (H) Fb gh , jEG H eh
.(a)
dEG a We bc SdG jdG N M a a SdG OLdG V EG eh
dM eh SdG CG EG ,dG a UNh IdG J a c Pf d c jdG ,e a YGdG S
.YGd dGdG dG OLh e JGP T H J fc dG VGQCG e
j e CG Y jKCG MdG e dG fh ,IdG d QDJ jQJ QKBGh dOCG IY n Lp ho bh
AdG e a AdG Hd fYdG Id Lj b g hQb OGh a OLdGh (Ya QW)
d jW a eCG Ggh ,dG a fYdG QKBd HdG jKCG dOCG H OLhh ,fYdG
Gg CG jCG g a FGSEG QKBG S YJ PEG ,eCG Gg Y cCdG IOjd bdG dGh
QOdG a dHCGh (dHGnC o
o f) fq jh dhCG jOdG Id Lj b Y IQY g dG
.dG Y OhGO AHCG MCG SG JGQdG
H e Ia CG ,IdG J a jdH QdG bCG dG GMCG jQdG QOdG d cJ h
dG Y SEG HCG b eh dG Y j EG dG j fCG EG , SCGh dG Y j
b GOk Le c bCGh ,qf fC ,Gn Yh a qUh LQCG Y QdG bCG dG GQGR
eCG Gg CG g qcD f CG jh ,a qUh dG GQGR fEG j da ddh ,q Lh q Y d Gk e
BGdG jdHh ,SSCG eSEG QOdG C .QdG bCG dG a Od M CG j
dJ dG b c e g SCGh jh SEGh gGHEG CGh ,e k L AfCG CG cDj ,jdG
} :`` dG BG``dG a
}, ]140 :IdG[ |
jOLdG OdG qGC dEG dG j dP dEG aVEHh .]65 :GY BG[ |
e jdG dG Mh ,LQCG Y FHC h dGh IdG Y d qbYp H qj vdM
.jdG BGdG cCJ Y kAH U a Gv L
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SdG VQCG gCG efGh H Fb e LQdG UdG NOh SdG jd YGdG Hh

,dGh IdG Y dG gGHEG fjO Y adG FdG NO dG T bH eh e
d fG GfG Ea ddHh ,JOYh dG gCG S a kVGh j t nn dG GfG CGHh
.jv nYh v fjEG JJ IOYE LM a SdG VQCG JHh ,cCdH QdG bCG dG
H H bdG MdGh dG Y a MdG H e a YGdG e b V eh
je S e jdG dG Xh ,fYdG dG V iNCG L e jdGh L e FGSEG
IdGh dGh IdH GhJ e dGh fdGh SdG e Sq dG VQCGh SdG
T JGdG dG qCG EG ,YGd ndG JGe e SdG VQCG e SGh We Ga ,IjdG
d Y dG Hc a dJh fS dG Y b jdG g ADgh ,dG a j CGH dG
jQdG a Y ahe iNCG J d qGC c ,]22 :IFdG[ |
} :FGSEG H
QhO JCj gh .GdG dG Y jdG GfG q TCG Y Gfc dG ADgh ,(ddG dG) gh
FGSEG H ebh Sh Y Se fS ,SdG VQCG d FGhCG jQd fHdG L dG
.dG

FGSEG H M
o h ,dG Y Se fu S dSQ
JYO Mh dGh IdG Y Se fS dSQ M j dG e dG CG dG
Se fuS CG dG jh !!!..a dG e d Yd Ik YO hdG a ,jdG eSEG
a Ya IYO a eCG Y NG jdG BGdG jBG GhCGb GPEa ,jdGh Yd SQCG dG Y
jdG BGdG J PEG qfGE h .]47 :W [ |
} :dG Y Se W
g c GY M fEGh ,a dG Y SH jEd JYO M d Yah Se H jdG J
CH j e jdG BGdG a f d dc .dG Y Se e gdH d dGh ,(FGSEG H)
Se b Y Kq dG jBG e VGdG fEGh ,dG IOd FGSEG H IYd SQGoC dG Y Se
..dJ dG Z IY e Gfj d h IdG J a v a e Gfc FGSEG H CG L dG Y
Se dSQ e VGdGh ,Y jOdG W fc e dh ..dG EG dEG fCG j Gfc qfGE H
:ddG jBG CGbG ..e e Ld dEG SQGoC fCG dG Y
71

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

]105 :GYCG[ |

}
]17 :AGdG [ |

}
}
]134 :GYCG [

IYd MdG dG c d fCG dGh ..NBG AT IYdG g CG Y VGh ddGh ...VGh jBG
e e hdH dEG dJ dG MhCG nd ,a SEd jdGh YGdG IYO g dG Y Se
dP Y dGdG jBG e gZh .]52 :AGdG[ |
} :jdG jBG a c
c O`` dG CG CG ,`` e e k L G`` LN ``FGSEG H N eYh .W IQSh NdG IQS a
``jBG CG``bG ?jCG dEG dh ..``e e bdG dP a VQCG a ``E G gCG H FG`` SEG H GNEG
.]21 :IFdG[ |
} :jdG
FGSEG H b eh ,dG Y Se b a GMCG JJ eh ,jBG g c N e ,PEG
,]22 :IFdG[|
} SdG VQCG NO aQh dP H
VQCG dEG JObh ,e e FGSEG H GNEG c dG Y Se dSd FdG dG qCG d qj
VQCG jJ :NBG H CG ..fe Gqjh e gLod hQdG dG a c dG SdG
...jQdG dG e Sq dG
e JSh dGh IdG Y Se fS b SQf eYh ,vL X BG dGh ,VGh dG
H Y S d jh ,dG a dG QeCG d J dG dG Gg S a FGSEG H
g jC
k G d s jh ,gjJh SdG VQCG NO aQ H ek Y HQC VQCG a dH FGSEG
a SdG VQCG dEG (bdG dP a eDdG) FGSEG H NOCG dG NBG dG e bSh b
bCG dG jJ ddHh (bdG dP a jadG dG) ddG Fb dd db
UGh ,dG GMCG fG a ,AT c e H dG Sh ,dJ dG jd JOYEGh QdG
!!.Ss dG VQCG Y aGj jdG dG eDe eCG Qc UCGh ,dG Qn c eCG eDe
,SdG VQCG jJ j L e X M keY HQCG VQCG a FGSEG H J ,kah
VQCG Njh (zTj{ fCH IGQdG cJ) FfCG MCG dP H gOd ,dJ dG H fGYh
d jW Y dG Y Se jCG LhN c M ,SdG VQCd FGSEG H eh .SdG
72

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a AdG H N Y ,AS AGU g d e LQCG Ea ddHh ,Ad LGdG MCG dG

.bdG OQCG fL e SdG VQCG GNd OQCG bT dEG GfGh ,dP
Y Y Yo dG (fQdG J FSQ) SH UdG jQdG a Y e a jQdG e dP dO eCGh
TY jdG) (JNEG) HGdG aeCGh ddG aeCG fYdG e wc dOJ FSQ gh ,1887
UNh ,iNGC M f e c e h fOCG dG AG eCG Hh , M f e (. 1360 ` 1410 H a
M d c dG e qGC fcP b ch ,SdG VQCG a GTY jdG IHdG (dG)
SdG VQCG fH AdG Gg fG e YSh ,YGd kY gAh j Gfc fCG EG ,SGh JGP
.gZ dEG
SG Y jo Fb CG j e Ya dEG SdG dGh e dSQ FSdG g iMCG a cjh
Y dH Jh ,eCG Ik Oq e SdG VQCG NGO dEG AGdG e J NCG (Y CG) (N)
,GdG Y J jGhdG g CG k jb j Gfc MdG H q CG cdH jdG eh .jdG W
Y q J GQdG g CG UCG Ea ddh ,GdG Yk dGh j dh ,SdG Y k dGh c LdG dh
.OQCG f gQY Y qJ (Y) ch ,FGSEG H Y ec
d QNG CG H f SdG dEG LdH geCj f a d dG AGQh dG dGj K eh
BGd jb H IOLe fCG c ,jdG BGdG a IdG IQS a IOLe dG
q gh ,ke (dW)
Oo hGO bh ,dLh dW ce bhh ,IGQdG a (hT) SH (dW) J e ,IGQdG a jdG
Y OhGO fS dEGh eDdG FGSEG H dEG eCG BG ddHh ,dG e ndL dG Y
(OhGO e) g bCGh ,SdGh QdG bCG dG jd eDdH fG e YS dG dG
QdG NGO a je dG Y jo dh ,(GS) jb a dG jKCG cj c gce c dG
bCG dG Y NOh ,IjdG (GS Y) GS a dG f OLh dP a dGh ,dG hdG
.LQCG Y n Yh a Uh QdG
Y OhGO fS AGT M qe b cJh FGSEG e UCG Ioe T jGhQ dEG f gh
gh ,GQk H a jh j c (fQCG) SG Sj LQ e QdG bCG dG VQC dG
e jGhdG g CG vL hj fEGh ,dG eSEG QKBG a h bGdG a UCG d Opnj d jGhdG
CG H UN ..bO d jGhdG gh !dH SdG e bCG VQCG GhTG OdG Cch eCG hd
73

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

k VGh hj M ,as dG dH fQeh QdG bCG dG AH n p d jKCG SGQdG e fRGf

Y j d bCG VQCG CG vjQJ hdG CG Y kIhY ,IdG J a dH GOk Le c bCG CG
d MCG qJ jQdG q j dh ,jQJ GW (IOdG H iS AH CG Y j d CG) S AH CG
.M gT jQdGh ,dG
fG M ,a keY S GOh ,SdG VQCG a FGSEG d Ie hC dG dG b Ggh
QdG bCG dG AH OL dG ,dG Y S fS dEG dG Y OhGO fS H eCG
Y dG U dG SQ Y FdG eEG jGhQ e kHS fcP e dP ah ,QYEGh jJ AH iNCG Ie
dG nC S) :kKnK kNp q Lh q Y dG n CS p Sn dG
n H H s d Sh Y dG U OhGO H S CG :sSh
qLh q Y ndG CSh ,npJhoC an H e MC j koe qLh q Y ndG CSh ,npJhoC an on oM oOp oj k oM qLh q Y
.(et CG o rJn ndhn c pn p N pe Ln p j CG a IdG GE p o o n jn MCG o n pJCj CG dG AH e a M
fq a ,jC
k G dG Y S IH
q eDj fCH k Y ,dEG f OdG Yq j dG g AdG Ggh
iQdGh OdG IY Y jdG Y cCG dJ dG PEH S eCa M c Yh !(S dG)
.QdG bCG dG a
dG eV e dGh IdG Y S fS Ia QKBG e KCG q CG f GPd) :FS Cj bh
dG
jKCG H CG UNh Se IY a Gk c KCG b c GDdG Ggh (?..dG q M J
u
IdG Y S fuS Ia QKBG e KCG Lj jKCG dG M fCH fNCG SdG H a
fCG Sh Y dG U dG SQ cCG bh f gh c (54)!SdG hCG bCG e e a dGh
!!..jGdG a Ie c J d !!...bCG dG AH Os L
} :dJ db gh ,jdG BGdG a jc jBG a d VGh eCG Gg CG iQCGh
|
.]38 - 35 :U[

T a J Fe UGJ JDe N dP e a cCJ Ie NBG fch ,Ie e cCG e cCdG hMCGh dG g Y CSCG c (54)
ffEG dGh QKBG Y bh ,jOHCG eL /e BG e a SdG H SGQO ce H hdH IdG dG a ,2008 SQe
jC Lj KCG CG OLh Y ,SH hQfCG .O gh ,JGQdG QKBG Y a dG IJSCG MCG d cCG M ,e jh eL a
.QdG bCG dG M dG dG a jOdG dG Ia hCG dGh IdG Y S

74

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?(j ) b GP
gh VdG bdG a dG SGQO IYCG MCG kFGO cj c c jdG BGdG e g jQdG EG
j o dG Gg CG Y j Gg oneo |
} dJ dG bh ,af YSEG MCG .O VdG PSCG
.Jah H vFf dG Y e AfG j e Ggh ,noe H dG Y S dG f H e MC
dG Gg a JYO fch H e MC j loe d j CG YO b c dGh IdG Y fEG
..dGh IdG Y e a H e MC j dG e dGh IdG Y j dh eY k eo
CG KCG jQdG CG iQCG fEG ...?e Gk KCG ij CG hCG ?e ij CG hCG ?e j CG H e MC j g
f fCG dP Y ddGh ,gANG h VQCG e dGh IdG Y e QKBG AfG c JYO e
kANG j dh ,cCdH W jH ANG Gg Jh ,dGh IdG Y e Y qj KCG CG dG
KJ e jdG BGdG cP e c gP jCGh ?dG Gg c gP jCa ,dG j b c k Le
!?KCG Y d f d dGh ,jQGdG e IOq hUh bY Lp h jQeh
(S e) CH GYsOGh dG AY e fCG GMGQCG QKBGh jQdG AY e fdG H EG
BGdG C ,CGdG Gg ek J aj dG dh !IQSCG fCG CG ..OLh d d dN e Oe fc
jdG BGdG jJ qj CG j h ,dLh dGh IdG Y S e Y Y J b jdG
fch ,IOLe fc H ..ADg Yq j c IOLe J d dGh IdG Y S e q CH AYOG hCG
?Gg c gP jCa ...dGh IdG Y rc ke jdG J dh ,Wb ddG de YCG
qY dG c e dG jBG g d q a dG a jdG BGdG e fCG H jQdG qCG dG jCGQ EG
jdG IYdG g H dh ,e d j hCG rc kre gj CG dG Y H e MC j a ,q Lh
.YCGh qYCG dJ dGh ,ffEG ddG e dG e NG dGh IdG Y e qedG nodG

OdG IOYh ,SdGh HdG

,SdG H VQCG e dM eh SdG a Od dG dG fG dG Y S fS IaHh
,dG GSG ddHh ,dG Y Sh OhGO e Y GhHGh ,Vhh AH j OdG GC a
bh H geq Oh ,zHf{ T UYh ,dG a (FGSEG e) :b dEG dhO fa
GS U a g eCGh .zSdG{ TQhCG UYh dG a (GPj e)h ,jQTBG b
75

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

bCG MCGh geq Oh (n

M ,FGSEG e GN H IjY
s f Nn nf) HdG dG Y fG
q
Ic OdG HOCGh ,GdG dEG jdHh ,SdG VQCG QN dEG OdG Sh ,SdG qeOh QdG
.dG Gg a oc BG jjCG H dG IGQdG a e Gk c EG M ,dG Gg a
a ,dG Y gPfh JS GHh ,HdG Ib eJ e GJ CG SdG d eh
dG OGYCG e fQdH b OGYCG a dH GhOYh ,SdG dEG IOdH Od dH SQdG (TQb)
Ss dG dG GH jFdG OdG CG QOdG J cDJ gh ,JGQdG QOdG cJ c HH dEG LN
UCG Ea ,dG jQdGh KCG ddG Z X a fCG iQCG fCG EG ,(fdG dG) dG j dG
QdG bCG dG g fEa qe AT AH GhOYCG EG hCG AT AH Ghj d HQ jFdG CG Y j
a Gfc OdG qCG QYG Y SCk H a iQCG h keY qLQCG e gh ,dG J a OLh ebC dPh
OdGh iQdG bH UdG dG a eCG Gg be qSh ,VQCG eDe GdGR e IdG J
.QdG bCH

qffdG
dH SdG UGh ,SdG Yh Y Pf Hh dG GZ CG cCG QSEG d eh
dG Y gPf H GdhM fdG CG FGSEG jQdG QOdG H cP M ,ffdG
g qU ie f fCG EG ,a KhCG IOH dG GdhMh ,QdG bCG dG Y CG Sq dG
Gfc IdG J a FGSEG H EG PEG ,U oJ eCG qCG Y ,ek Y q FGSEG e fEG PEG QNCG
,dP H EG GSG fb Y p j a ,gOa ZH dSdG n nM dGj Gfch ,juMe dGj
.KhCG IY ffdG c H

dGh IdG Y dGh ..ehdG

H Jh J CG ffdG dhdG d a ,dG a
k jW j d keY ffdG OLdG CG EG
UCGh ,SdG jdG Yh dG Y Gha ,Gk c ehdG j dh ,fhdG QSEG Iah
,fehdG jQWGeEG jYQ e Ye Oe ,IdG J a dc UCG SdG Sh OdG
dEG IOLdG gQKBG qgCG eh ,Ic QKBG SdG a ehd ch .GOk he vJGP k M ehdG gYCGh
.jdG IdG a dG IQM a dG dEG OLdG dG (hOQdG) QT SdG a dG
76

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,HGVGh GQdG je fCH ehdG H aa ,dG HW SdG cG fehdG dG ah

k SGh k M QMCGh fsHs dG n p YoC a ..dGh dG H hGJ e Gk c fc a ehdG SS CG EG
fGS a e jO S Y IQY c fEGh v SS j d dG Gg CG EG ,OdG dG OGaCG H
.a MCG Y IdGh QdG bCG dG
dG (ShOhg) g jdG ddG IgO e GkT kcM H a SdG Y Gqa dP a ehdG OGRh
dh OdG H Hk e j d fCG EG ,OdG dEG Hk t J jOdG YGh ,fehQ CGh Oj CG e n pdho fCG YCG
.jOj qCG e j CG dG jOj KEG a gY UCG qCG dEG Gkf H Gaj dh e kjb j
,jCG g dEG Gk gXh GOk Le H Gj e Ic Ic GQk KBG jdG SdG a bCG Gg ShOhgh
EG ,kC N (OhGO b) BG OdG q j dGh ,SdG a IdG dG AH b fCG IQdG
s QKBG gCG eh
SdG a dG H Y BG dEG IOLe GJ e dG gh .(ShOhg b) g dG SG qCG
(ja) H gYCGh q gCGh .FGq YCG MCG SG Y e H c q S GHCG KK dEG bh
s .jdG
.IQdG
s SdG IH a H YCG oj M ,gdG YJQH BG dEG OLdG
(SdG H) AH H b M ,QdG bCG dG jJ SdG a QKBGh daCG gCG eh
dG g g C ,QdG bCG dG f fEa g (SdG H) f eYh .FH IOYEGh
Y GhUCGh ,FH Gaj d OdG CG EG .dG jQdG QOdG ah jCG J a Y QdG
.H d GYG GaQh ,a Jq e n poH b ge CG
OdG H e H X M ,dG M v jO QfG b IdG J a SdG a VdG CG hjh
e ,LhRh GY gh .qLh q Y dG gUG jdG (GY BG) H gh ,dGh dG Y GH jdG
g e fh .dG Y jcR dG NCG hRh ,NCGh ,dG Y je IdG gHG e c K
.dGh IdG WCG LCG Yh Y Yh ,j :jdG dG ,ddG HG jdG IdG
a f dG FGQBG MCG a (55)aY HCG jdG U PSCG CG e jdG aNG uSCG CG g qMCGh
n u Yo fC - kfGY - n u So qfCGh ,dGh IdG Y j f g dGh IdG Y GY qGC Y
w nd h H T a f a CGdG Ggh ,dGh IdG Y hQgh Se HCG f g fCGh !..kjW
IOQGdG GMCG H J a Ic AGQBG dh jdG BGdG a IQe SGQO IY dh ,SdG H a IYdG MCG aY HCG U CG (55)
hCG e Y SCG Y J FYh FGZ a f Lh a e dG CG EG ,jdG fBGdG jBG H Jh jdG BGdG a
.dO CG Y J jhCJh VGaG Oe g fEGh ,e dOCG

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

IdG Y j H IdG EG K ,khCG Gg .eCG Gg Y dO CG j dG fBGdG dG d c

PSCG CG Y Od ac IdG gh ,Y q dCG RhJ dGh IdG Y je Hh dGh
IdG Y d dP Y f
q dG e MC dG W Y f
q M jdG BGdG EG M ,VdG
J a QYCG CH TG Oq e Y eCG Gg dEG Jf f CG j h ,Z MC dh ,dGh
dCG e cC q j CG j c IdG J a fEG Y W CG Y jd dO PEG ,jW fc IdG
VGaG Oe g fEGh ,WEG Y dO hO d jJh fBGdG dG d w ndh c T Ggh ,Y
dh FGSEG H e dU LQ dG Y GY CG iQCG fEa ddh .Y hCG q f dO CG Y J
Y dP OQh bCG Y hCG MGU dH Ks M b jdG BGdG d EGh ,dGh IdG Y j g
dG Y GY fe dEG d jh .LJ hO Gg j CG dh ,Sh Y dG U dG SQ
j CG b FGSEG H e eDe H NBG H c CG FYh g jdG BGdG a sSG dG Jeh
ic Ie e j CG kaT j c .kaT FY g j q e Ggh ,dEG GSG fb Y
..dGh IdG Y Y dG q f g ddG a
dG Gg Y JZh GY BG Y J dG (GY BG) IQS a jdG jBG a XdG EG
FGSEG H dEG BG dG VdG e LhRh GY QDj c dG qdG ie VH j ,gdG SdG
L e dG IdGh ,L e adG IdG jCG a SCG QdG bCG dG Vhh
dG d ,d ``H a ``e fGVQh dG S Y GY LhR IdG Qf CG e c M ,iNCG
e Ggh ,]35 :GY BG [ |
} ,SdG
OLdGh QhdG Y QOb LQ dEG Lj IYdGh jdG C ,je IdG g fCG IOh HGSG j
!!..IdG J a OdG iPCG MGh SdG dG a
kIe MQ e dJ dG NCG dG dG g (je) IdG J a .eCG dJ d d
dGh IdG Y jcR LhR dN MQ eh ,dGh IdG Y Y dG fS g jd
KK OLh ej dHh ,dG Y j fS gh QdH GdG AfCG e NBG d dJ dG PCG
Y qO EG Ggh .LCG dGh IdG Y Yh jh jcR g ,FGSEG H a IMGh aO AfCG
AfCG KK QX qdh .jCG J a dSdG UCG OdG dEG Uh dG fG Y qj fEa AT
cP c ddG Y a
s b qLh q Y dG c dG eCG d NCG QGfEG HH c a IdG J a
.GSG a dEG fdG Y j CG b d NCG QGfEG g dP a ,jdG BGdG
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GPEa ...gQSGh INCG UdG UbG a Gp jo dh ,eG Gg a Ga OdG qCG k VGh GHh
YCG dGh) JjGhQ H ca ,fCG g GhcP c dG Y jh jcR dG sf j H
Y jcR Ghfh ,jOj bGd a e W Y eq bh dG Y j SCGQ Gb fCG (qH
IdG Y Y dG f b Gdha dP Y GhOGRh ,jdG SCGQ e e QdH dGh IdG
.jdG BGdG cDj c dEG dG aa cQGJ dJ dG MQ CG EG ,kU dGh
cd c e qCG ,dGh IdG Y Y UNh KdG AfCG IS SGQO e VGdGh
dG QdG bCG dG Yh Y dG aW JCj CG b jdG IOq dG dEG JOYEGh OdG
.jMh fGS Y dhDdG g Gfc
dEG QdG bCG dG GdM
q OdG CG iQdG id v dM OLdG (fEG) jdG dG cjh
H :dG a e) :kFU Lgh YdG Oj NCGh a dG gJCa ,AGdGh d S
.(46 : 19 bd ) (Ud IQe L fCGh ,Id kfe Yj
g J dG jdH NCG dG Y Y q CG vdM jjCG H OLdG jdG dG a AL c
k We db jdG dG cj PEG ,M H AfCG bh OdG aCG H H e Sq dG jdG
...L c e Y jh fhUjh ,jQdH DhGYCG H j eR AS) :SdG
.(44 - 43 : 19 bd) (M Y Gk M a cj h
ATCG a CG j f jdG CG EG ,fEGh IGQdG jH q J eSEG QOdG qCG eh
IdG Y Y fS U EG a ,va J IAdG g EG PEG ,jQdG cDj e Ggh ,U
bCG dG MQ ah SdG a J HGVGh GQdG QOGH CGH M 33 Y dGh
Z dH GTCa ,JeJh JQJ jJ dhjh ,ehdG jW j OdG GC a .QdG
ahdG IQdG eb eY 70 Y gTCGh gcCG c de TL
k dEG SQCG dG fehdG dhdG
TCG ch ,fehdG dG V IQdG GhOb jdG jdG OdG g qHdGh .(qHdG IQdG) SH
QOdGh YSdG J dG (Ie L) ce- ddG OdG QdG M - IQdG g Qe
AGU a Ie L e a QGdG
q IUe q J M ,KM dG QdG q TCG fc fEG jOdG
YL QfG H Geb fEG J OdG QOe) gNBG Y Gpbo h ,dG dG b HdG dG
.(kdH dP hj gh
79

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

F dG IO H ehdG bh
UCG dG) J f eh dG
IUH ( H a GQk WGeGE
jeh QdG bCG dG
j dG G M SGh ,S dG
QdG bCG dG GhqeOh
gcJh j dG d e Lh
OdG fS GLCG CG H kHGN
b M ,O dG a ghOq Th
Y Gk M a Gcj d fEG
hCG e C Gk KCG Goj dh ,M
jdG GcJh ,jdG a H
ddG LdG dh .ZQa kHGN
a j dG BG dG cP dG
g a SdG QGR IdG IQS
dG a OLe J fehdG QWGeEd UCG J
(udDdG jJ) d a fjdG
K Y 100 a dG JeCGh IdG
} :jdG jBG CGbG .iNCG Ie ehdG gq Y CG H H

dG (rjn Yo ) fEG dG gCG e dG bh ,AdG H N Y dPh .]259 :IdG[ |

jdG L N SdG b jb a aO b fEG bh ,(dG HG jYo OdG dbh) jdG BGdG cP
J dEG j Gj eCG Ggh ,dG dEG he eh e dh ,(qjQdG) jb g ITe
.YCG dJ dGh ,qeCG AY e Jh
jdG VQCG GKM ehdG CG jQdG QOdG cP M 135 Y M dc ZQa jdG Hh
GLNCG fCG EG ,(dHc jEG) gqS IjL je (jQg QGWGeEG e eCH) a GebCGh ,GdH
.IdG EG a AT AGN k VQCG kcheh ke Hh ,jdG e QdG bCG dG OhM
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fdG
YCG M ,Y FKK dGH dG Y dG H jdG ddG a M veg kHfG CG EG
c dG OdG Y fGdG fjdG bYG (fg) dG teCGh (b) fehdG QWGeEG
Y dG jCG M Y fGdG fjdG q M e hCG NQDdG H j dG (dH) gj
fGdG HCG n jo ddH gh ,ddG e dG s Yh ,jdG d q MCGh ,dG q gdCH a ,dG
.jdG
d ,Y Y SCk GQ fehdG dG rb q J M fGdG fjdG bYG eq CGh dG YCG EG eh
a fdG jQWGeEG dEG fehdG jQWGeEG fGh ,dhd SdG fjdG g fGdG
Y IdG g fdG jQWGeEG Hh ,dG a Sq dG fehdG jQWGeEGh ,dG
.SdG jdG
SdG UCG M , W h SdG jdG f a c J jQdG dG
q Gg Y f bh
e dG H dG jQdG gGdGh HCG e dG fg qeCGh b Hh ,fGf je
a Uo dG dG a fg dG r H dG (edG) c WEG Y gCG eh ,BG dEG GOk Le
.fGdG QOdG M dG
dG c (fg jdG J UCa jdG Je dEG dP H aQo dG) dG nnH c
.ahdG IdG QKBG e gZh ,SdG a (BG jW) j e QKBGh ,d H a
M ,edG e kIa jdG QN OdG poa ,IdG J a u To GnC Y c Od AGdG Ea dP eh
hO g c kche H fEa QdG bCG dG eCG ,qe SQ Ad jdG IQjH kM d So
(HOe) c a dG dEG IOLdG fdG FdG (HOe) jN Y qJ e dPh ,AH q CG
ITe Nh ,AH q GC a dh Qa QdG bCG e CG a Mjo M ,TdG fOQCG dH
a c QdG bCG CG CG ,hQb OGh a jdG L SCG dG bGdG fdG c AH j
Oe b CG ,Od 565 h 560 eY H gRfEG J jdG gh .c jdG QN kfe oj ejCG
.IdG Y a SdG J fCG Qf CG j fEa ddHh ,b GH dGh IdG Y dG

81

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

(dDdG jJ) jdG OhM QN kZQa bCG e jh ,OQCH HOe jN

n d QdG bCG dG NOh ,Sh Y dG U e jdG qS p oH M dc eCG Hh

.dJ dG PEH eOdG YVdG a kM JCS c GdGh AGSEG
Y jdG SdG jd SdG MG g IdG J a KM dG SdG GMCG qgCG MCG qCG EG
SdG e GSGJ OdG EG PEG ,eq dG e a jdG jdG dG Ia AKCG dP M b h .614
NO Y gfYCGh ,fdG V jdG HM a SdG e GfhJh ,fdG IdG ed Gk J
Qu DdG eh ,jQdG QKBGh dG e jdG gcP kIc He OdGh SdG a JQa ,SdG
We a JGge cPh Sd SdG MG j T dG (SJGS) fGdG SdG
e k`dCG `` S e ``` cCG qCG ,`` Zh g `` cP ,gZ a h ,a h ,HdG H d Iq Y dEG LoJ
} :dJ dG j dP ah ,edH `jdG bMCGh ,SdG j Y Gob jdG ``gCG
. ]4-1 hdG[ |
82

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U H fG M H QdG HJh ,624 Y SdG Y jT H fdG b dHh

OdG Y (bg) s Mh ,vFf OdG e GhOa ,627 Y iNCG Ie SdG M dEG JOY Y f
hCG adG uj c dG (AjEG) bEG a GdHh e k jb OLdG hCG dNO M hCG jdG a dG
edG c jH qfdG qgGh .IdG J a (dHc jEG) SdG je a J dG jdG
,as dG IdG Y k UNh ,jd ve UCG VQCG Ea ,QdG bCG dG qeCGh ,gZh
e ,MdG H CG cf CG g q jh .n npb as dG IdG fc jdG OdG e ek fG dPh
IAdG tJ dCe a GNGh Y Y hdG IQS IAf dCe GSQO ,GT M e PSCG
IAdG q J cCdH gh) dG e CGa YVdG dEG aG SGQdG J dh ,fBGdG
M e VdG PSCG b M ,jQdG edGh GMCG s ndh GQu dG OjEG dhMh (fBGdG
EG H !..GP h Gg a CN fEG bCG fCGh ,zBGdG a jQdG a g fEa C N g c EGh{ :GT
jW H a dG Gg a jdG fBGdG IAdG dCe SQO b ch ,jdG BGdG e jQdG
GMCG Hh jdG jBG g a jdG BGdG c H k Y kHJ ka Lhh ,cd e
,jdG BGdG cP c qJ SdG Y hdG QfG qGE ve bCG CG SCGh ..IdG J a jQdG
.dJ fPEH ke dG Gg f j
q dJ ndG qdh
Y e IjdG ddG g J QdG bCG dG JQs Oo h SdG VQCGh SdG H Ggh
dG Qf JCG M ,Ie hCG ehdG NO e Y FS AgR ddG HGdGh MGh QGSG
.Gk c k J Sh Y dG U e fS cCG JdG e dJ

GdGh AGSEG ....hCG dG

SdGh dG S j Y SdG VQCG d eSEG a hCG j CG H fS dG AT
gqSh QGfCG hCG Sh Y dG U dG SQ a ,Sh Y dG U e JdG dG SQ ,LCG
j CG dG AT H ,jv OY k a Sh Y dG U d a j dh ,ddG jdG g cQCG AVCG dG
.GdGh AGSEG MQ g ,cQe Y IdN IH
gCG Xh ,e gCG c e Sh Y dG U dG SQ e fY dG dG e Y GS a
Y gh ,a n Pp hCG c H h nb Pn Dj d eR Sh Y dG U dG SQ Y JCG CG Hh ,FdG
83

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Page 84

`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

PCj qLh q Y dH GPEG ,dW HCG t Yh ,GVdGh dG Y jN IdG qeGoC a nau J dG dG

.GdGh AGSEG d a rnSG dG AdG n Sn dEG dG VQCG e d Sh Y dG U d
,QdG bCG dG SGQO a q j e e NCS fEGh ,GdGh AGSEG KOM g Of dh
:dG PEH e
s f ah
j d H ,(AGSEG IQS) SH nu So ec IQS AGSEG Md OaCG qLh q Y dG qCG k jGH Mf
GdG MQ qCG e ZdH .dG IQS a jc jBG H EG jdG BGdG e GdG MQ f
a a a AGSEG qeCGh ,o dG GhdG Y fc fC ,AGSEG MQ e cCGh qgCG dG SH
!!..a ec dCG dGM adh ,VQCG
AGSEG MQ fc ddHh ..je Y J qLh q Y dG je CG f CG j g e fCG EG
Y dG U jdG H J GdG Ma ,GdG MQ e VCGh cCG qLh q Y dG Ge a
!!...AL seCH qa AGSEG MQ qeCGh ,Sh
,Sh Y dG U e dG SQ dEG AfCG L e jGd J HH fc AGSEG MQ EG
qeCG fch qgCG H a qeCG g dEG J dG SSCG edG fc ddHh ,SEG qeCG kq e
!!..c eCd INCG dSdG eM JdG
,AdG a j dh ,c VQCG ce fCG e ,e a j d dG Y d jGdG J qGC rMp h
SEG a LdG qKoK a jd qdG g dG Gg qC ,QdG bCG dG a c dh
,ffEG fdG uJ SdGh ,dG fdG uJ jdGh ,dEG fdG uJ qa .kHS gfcP dG
,qdG dG Gg a JdG seGoC h Sh Y dG U e q d jGdG J qj CG QLCG c g eh
a .Ss dG dG Ggh eCG g H Hj e ibCG g dG Gg dh ,QdG bCG dG a
AGSEG d e HGQ Ghcj M bCG Ghcj EG e qfCG njCGd dG dEG BG f fCG
H dh ,GdH dG Gg dEG AGSEG c GPdh HGdG Gg M q j e Gk c q dh ,GdGh
jC
k G g qfC H ,a e Oq e fC d Ss e dG Ga ..d ec IQdG sJ fcP
.HdG AfCG Lh eCG L e jGdG a eq CG g J CG q Lh q Y dG QNG dG dG
NBG H a Sp
n QOo qfC eCG Gg a jf dh ,H dG bY Mh AGSEG e dEG dH Gg
SGQO CG) dG Gg a vFe q j e qCG EG ,dJ fPEH kne f
r dG j
q CG Yh ke
s
84

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?AfCH a JU fc jCGh ?bCd dG Y dG NO c jCG e :e qe QeCG (AGSEG

?GdG jCG eh
e kZQa dG c a Uh QdG bCG dG QGR eY dGh IdG Y dG CG f
IQY g e a j c) :FS Aj b gh ,70 Y QdG bCd ehdG g H AdG
d fC ,jd ke j d IdG J a QdG bCG da ,H GdGh (??jf e Y
cj dh ,jGH a OdG e ddG SQdG dG J c fEGh ,fdG dG J kUCG j
.gKdq hCG QdG bCG dG e GLg dP H OdG GhVG jdG SdG CG jQdG

GodG rHQh bCd Sh Y dG U dG NO :khCG

c Sh Y dG U dG SQ CG d j Ss dG jdG a gJG Y If AdEG Oe qEG
e dEG J dG dG fC ,HdG dG AGLCG MCG e QdG bCG dG NO b k M
me e c QdG bCd dGh IdG Y dG NO qGC c AdG GbCG LQCG dh ,edG
Ch ,Ss dG jdG LGJ fCh ,es dG e e Qu d ceCG bCG fC ,HdG HdG jhGdG a e
,ke GodG bd e hCG HGHq a Lj h Y Om Gh Y IQY g bCd bdG HdG dG
e jdG jdG H j ddHh ,hdGh dH c AGSEG CG eDf c fC Gv L qg Ggh
a j ,Zh ,(56)J a c HG cP V jM dP ah ,dP Zh HH e dG NO
cP c V jdG Ggh ,zdGh dG a J H e dG NOh{ :Sh Y dG U dG
.V hCG dG ddG Z e M dG dG dG hj eCG dh ,(57)fdCG dG
Ggh ,jdG GodG FM j gh ,YCG dGh HdG HdG dG e dG NO c a PEG
GodG dG Y dG a HQ dG jdG FdG Gg g c M ,LdG Gg Y NBG cCJ
.Y Lq J CG H
,Go dH JGoC K...{:b Sh Y dG U dG SQ CG de H fCG Y U a e eEG ihQ
:b .SpdG nH orJGnC M orca :b ,nar W e K n aM oj
n p dG nhOh Qp dG na qHGO gh
jL fAa oLN K cQ a orsa dG NO K :b .AfCG H Hj dG dH o rHa
.15 :U ,3 : ,dG BGdG J (56)
.69U :S e U Hh jJh jOMCG cPh GdGh AGSEG(57)

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Page 86

`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

K ,nIn rp dG nNG :Sh Y dG U rjL a ndG oNa d e Am fEGh N e Am fEH dG Y

z..AdG dEG H nn Yn
a GodG Sh Y dG U dG H HQ AfCH UN qe M g qGC Y qj jdG Gg
f fEa ,GodG FM e a H GPEG dh ,dG J e jdH f fh ,dG J
p
Fd kUe
QdG bCG dG a v dM OLdG (Go dG e) qe a OLe M Ve
dG a IOLe qjjM M jCG g a ifh .jdH dG g Gg j Ha ,Qf h ,GodG
jdG jdG a IQcdG dG SdG qj
jjM M dG a q dh ,(IQdG fG)
qdh ,dG dP a Vho ,fdG dG e
M Y j qfGE M ,dG J e f
QGdG a vdM Veh ,dG a c fehQ
ie J ,HGe b GodG d HdG
J ie CG heh ,bCG dG q VQCG
e
c QdG bCG dG e VQCG
k
(GH ILS jJ) GdG e NGO fdG dG
j d fC ,Sh Y dG U q dG QGR eY
jEG je GH eY jdG Y dG Gd H b ehdG c dG dG QS EG AH q CG g
.135 Y dHc
dG f h ,Y FO c gh ,jdG GodG HQ e g ka dG Gg j b PEG
.dG J e Y j
q q f dO OhQh d jdH GH

bCG a Sh Y dG U dG IU :kfK
CG aY CG H UN ,gPCG EG QOj GDS ...(?bCG NGO dG Y q dG qU jCG)
gh !!...k fhO 144 dGM MH dG L g fEGh .e dEG dG dG eG g d bCG
IdG Y q dG b GdH FGSEG H AfCG b fc dG a ...as dG IdG dEG f CG H
dG IU EG PEG ,QdG bCG a dG Y q dG b g J CG LQCG a ddHh ,dGh

86

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Page 87

g IOq e f dEG j a Ja bCG NGO IdG fc GPEa .bCG JH fc e a

Y q dGh ,FGSEG H AfCG UNh HdG AfCG b gQYHh dG b gQYH IdG
gh .as dG IdG JH QdG bCG NGO gJG j PEa ,dH b Y c dG
IdG CG qLj qfCH kej fNCG dG hWdG g .O CG eh GdG MdG H dNCG fLCG
qCG Y f a QZ h .es dG e JH vW j QdG bCG C dPh ,dG JH q J
k FGO fc a IdG CG j Gg dh ,es dG e JH UCG a oH QdG bCG dG
JH LQCG Y fc fCG Lhh FGSEG H AfCG pb eCG
o M b kHS
o ch .dG JH
bCG dG NGO qj c dG S Y dGh IdG Y S CG j Ggh ,IdG
.as dG dG JH dh IdG JH QdG
dEG J GdG dG a dh ,GdG dG dEG J e QN qJ eY fCG ,dP eh
bCG dG e Ggh ,dG g as dG dG a ,as dG dG gh ,a IOe f
Ie q CG d d BG IdG g CG Y iNCG Ie cDhGC h g OYCG dh .as dG IdGh QdG
EG dG a d J dh ,dG pb o nJ d a ,dG f Lh e qjOdG QdG Y gqJ
hCG af CG LGdGh .dG j g e Gk N kej H eCG g dG HCG dG dG j e a icdG
.qLh q Y dG gYCG e QH EG gQb e
q f
QdG bCG dG dEG dH fEa ,HdG HdG dG e NO b dG Y qdG GO eh
jhGdG e IdG eCG U b c HQ dG Y fCH dG f IdG dEG gJGh e tJh
Y IQY dGh IdG Y N GdG AfCG IU J Ggh ,(58)JGP dNO JH ,HdG HdG
LSG qc Gg CG Y iNCG Ie cCd OYCGh .YCG dJ dGh ..asdG IdG M FGhOh M
.NGh ,OLd n se eCG a ddh ,jdG BGdG e hCG qdG e S hCG dO CG d d Y

GdG e :kdK
dh ,jdH GdG e Y qdj dGh IdG Y qdG Y HK e Qe qCG j d
AdG H gh .H dG dGh ,f asdG IdG :f M Qhj AdG H dG
.IdG J a n pdG fc dG IdG Y GkH j fC e fCG EG ,GodG FM be g NBG kfe cP
.kjCG f CGdG Gg ij gh ,GH Lf .O dG QdG bCG dG NGO kej d cCG dG Gg (58)

87

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

dH dG f eYh
g as dG IdG EG f CG j
Q dG bCG a c eC G LQCG
dP !!..AdG dEG GdG e d
f YCG (kHS SCG c) q n oJ fCG
,QdG bCG dG a qaGL
e A dG dGE bCG a d d Hh
dP dGE VCG , dG AG LGC b H
b a J M , dG n b e
(dDdG jJ) GdG b
a CG ,Q dG bCG dG
.GdG AGHG e d gq Dd Se bdG Ggh ,QdG dEG kb Fe SdG
e j CG LQCG (GdG b) SH ahdG dG vdM a LJ dG dG EG b AdG Hh
d Lj h ...Y H Gqdd gGh jGhQ dEG Fb SGh ,Y kHK dO dG Gg dh ,GdG
IdG X g Gd ceCG LQCG Ea Yh .aCG dEG Hq j hCG dP qj Y dO q CG M
g H ,qdG hCG BGdG e Y dO qC ,d se a - iNCG Ie - eCG qCG Y ,as dG
.dG SH

qeg f
GDS Gg ?LGe eh bCG a JU e qSh Y dG U dG SQ d qj d GPd
eRCGh QGhOCG a dGh dG eCG GMCG dEG dBG eh jQdG GMCG J eY fCG dGh ..Lh
bCG qj CG UCa ,L Y dP e dG qCG ka J (edG Gg a GdHh) e
.YH e H a q j a ..dG id IMGh kIMh c QdG

SdG H d Sh Y dG U dG N
es CG EG e dG Y dG CG Mj q H Sh Y dG U e dG Id SQGdG EG
,dG dEG :SEG a gCG M e ddG dG dEG bdG H JG M es dG e fL
88

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Y dSQ q gCG e ch .gh g dEG SdG Sj Ga ,QdG bCG dG b UNh

bn g c M ,SdG je dEG fEGh ,dG dEG d dEG SQCG dGh ,bg dEG dGh IdG
dG U q dG SQ AL PEG g g Hh ,SdG Y f Y dJ d T IQjR a dEG Uh b
.(59)U a QdG eEG cj c Sh Y
q L M dPh ,ghCG h jdG d dG GdG qgCG iMCH dGh IdG Y dG b c
IdG Y H dG g Y gf dG qcdh ,g dEG dG FW dhCG d JDe L
SQ rb c JDe IhZ S CG GhcP jdG NQu DdG e dG e aNG g uSCG CG tMCGh .dGh
,bGdG QDdG EG MCG cj d eCG Gg qEG M ,(ORCG Y H QdG) Sh Y dG U q dG
,SCd IdG IdG c a LCG d vT fCG c dGh IdG Y d S q CH j dh
cCG a KQdG fch (q U EG) dG Gg e JDe dEG bCG fc WCG GP IhZ q CG dEG aVEH
H OfG dG KOdG f GPa ,Sh Y dG U dG UCG IN e 15 UCG e 14 a pbo M
?gZ fh FdG IhdG S bGdG
VQCG dEG ,dG dEG GQk a fG M es dG e a dGh IdG Y d eCG SG EG e
dEG fGh ..ddG dG g dEG dG f d jj dG Y fCch ,QdG bCG dG
QdG jhj dGh ,Gv L q dG jdG Gg cj BG gfcP dG J IhZ a dGh IdG Y
a gh J IhZ a Sh Y dG U dG JCG{ :b Y dG VQ de H Y Y U a
z.jdG ..,SdG H a K ,Je :YdG j H vS OYG :a ,OGnC e b
a c dG Y da ,GMCG J jGH g jdG jdG Gg a dEG dG d jf e
ghCG ,YdG eY e vS g qCG Y dG VQ de H Y dG Hd cP gh .J
SdG d dG Y dG rcP qCG kHS aY bh .SpdG H a K ...dGh IdG Y Je
.jdG hCG ,YCG dGh ,dG H b g GQCGh ,dG hCG jdG hCG QdG bCG dG H j
UCG dG Gg dEG dUhh IhdG g e dG dG Y dG gh ..kVGh UCG eCa PEG
cj jQdG a Ie hCG g fch ,SdG H (a) cP fCG jdG jdG Gg a MdGh !kVGh
Gv L L dO j Ggh .J IhZ a dPh ,bJ e SdG H a Sh Y dG U dG a
.Ss dG dG g a JH dGh IdG Y JGN Y
.6-4:U ,1 : ,QdG U (59)

89

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

IdG Y Jah YS HbG M J e OY EG a ,Sh Y dG U dG SQ Uh

L q L b c a aJ dG Ve a dGh IdG Y dG q CG d adG qGE H .dGh
Uj fCch ,(eSCG nr nH Ghp fCG) :OOu j dG TGa Y gh GJh .dG dEG Y dG VQ jR H eSCG
HCG a e QH HdG e MCG j d e Ggh .SdG VQCG dEG dG L PfEH dG Y
QZCGh dG dEG QS CG H OYh ...Sq dG VQCG dEG dG fCG M adG dJ EG a ...jdG H
.(60)IOdG AfCG dGJh We H Y
QhO d j d eSCG r H EG M ,eCG Gg a kbK dH Sh Y dG U dG SQ f ch
cY HG cP M ,Sh dG fCG fEG H ,a eOdG d vY dG J a dG
da ,Gk MGh Gk N VQCG e Mf a eSCG IQZEGh bn pg Y Sh Y dG U dG SQ H b) fCG
.(61)(VQCG Y GhQZCG CG MU H ADg dH e :hdG
L N IOq dG hM AfG Y dG a N jdG H HCG qCG cP bGdG qGC dGh
j CG Y
s c Sh Y dG U dG SQ CG GYGh) :N a a Gk N kfYEG d YCGh
qEa deh gCH dG dEG dG HCG qLhCG CG Y RY fEGh CG ,dEG dG a dG dEG q g
Y qWG Sh Y dG U d N g CG Y qj qT Ggh (62)(Je b dH fCfCG dG SQ
.Y dG VQ jdG H HCG

TGdGdGh ..dG dG
H OY dG ,eSCG L sa ,Ss dG VQCG dEG f qLh M adG jq dG H HCG dJ EG e
fG EG e dh .Y dG VQ jq dG Y a dG a YCG e ,SEG Y IOdG a dG GC H CG
hQdG eCG dJh .dP AKCG a aJh ,dG d TdG Y dG VQ jq dG qS M IOdG hM
JdG dG nIOb GdG H IYo HCG sdh CG a e hCG c M ,Y dJ dG VQ dG H Y
SEG Gd GdH bdG e MdG H QKCG eCG Ggh ,ddG H dN e k H d
JGSEG dGh dG) :LJ mGH fc dGh ,QdG g JH UG GQcdG MhWCG a SGQdG g a SdG (60)
.(dG QOd jf SGQO ,SdG H f Sh Y dG U e d
.63 :U ,8 : ,eO jQJ (61)
.5 :U ,dG a (62)

90

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Y H d c dP CG Yq j H ia ,Sh Y dG U dG SQ HU a JeJG Gojh

deh ce OLd f c eCG qCG ij NBG dGh .Y dG VQ dN Hh dG H
Z fEG Y j e qbCGh Vae c Ggh ...Y dG VQ ddG H dNh dG H Y H T
.dNh Y H aJ aN FH AYOG j M UN ,e Zh Y
edG Y Y dG VQ eCG eCG IY HCG IQe c dG Vh VGdG dG eCG fEGh
VQ ddG H dN CG hda ..SdG d GOk GSG c dP ch ..MdG OdG S e fH
dG VGeh ceCGh Je d dPh ,QdG a QeCd jdG dGh d ke c Y dJ dG
sHdG H dG Ggh ,ddGh dd kqe a Y dG VQ IY HCG eCGh .e Sj
SdG dG Vh dGh ,Y dJ dG VQ hQdG Mp g Jh (63)!..eO a a s J dG
SdG je oJ CG aCGh WCG a ,e e qdh ,SdG bdG ah SdG dG a
ddG jdG oJ CG QLCG a ,dG We gh .kHM k rSp QdG bCG geh jdG
a c c ijo ke J d ,QdGh dG Y H H SEG a ddG dGh SEG a
.YdG J J a qj kau e vS ka edG e
L bhCG ,Id 15 Y a Ss dG n jdG EG Uh q d fEa ,IYo HCG e dH c e Ggh
:fh
t ,Zh (NCG JEG) c MU cP kHc gCG dEG SQCG H ,Lj dh ,gUMh
MdG MdG dG H
,SdHh dH eBGh idG JG e Y S ,fSh AjEG gCG bQH dEG GdG H IY HCG e)
j dG qCGh ,a jQ JBG YdG qGC h ,dG SQ e dG EG dEG CG IOT dEG cYf qfEa :H eCG
Ghq bCa ,ornHCG EGh ,kfGNEG d ch ,jQGQPh dGeCGh cDheO Y rneo nM ,dH JT Ea ,QdG a e
r d e d vM s TCG g H dEG or Sp ,ornHCG fCG EGh ,hZU fCGh j Y jdG AGOCH d
.(64)(jQGQP SCGh Je bCG M ,Gk HCG odG nAT EG Y LQCG K ,jdG d cCGh IdG
,MGh bh a jdG KG NOh ,ed bdG dG Y Mf Y dNh Mf Y Y dG VQ IY HCG c eO a N (63)
eCG NG j dP C ,kHM hCG kU oa eO QYG Y GFdG Na ,IY L e dN NOh kS NO IY HCG qCG EG
oa b eO oJ CG Y UG K eh ,jdG a HQdG eCGh (dG dM a) AdG hCG (dG dM a) Fd dH dG
.bGd dG a a UJ Y qe eCG Ggh ,kU
.99 :bQh ,NCG EG (64)

91

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

CG nALQ AdG M QdG a GK dh ,a YdG qO M SdG iQf dEG dG Uh EG a

,QdG e hn UdG jdG gCG J M ,cCGh qTCG c dG nL qdh ,Y dG Lj
CG gh ,b e dG e j d kWT GWTG bQH CG EG ,jdG Jh dG j GSQCGh
kae a fLd dG Gg a qbO dh .e Je a SdG dEG H dG N JCj
.fjdG a aQh d GkQXEGh ,dG Sf a SsdG jdG dH ADg e bO
dG H Y QSGh ,jdG gCG e eCG Y c H j hQdG dG dEG eCG eCG SQCa
QTCGh ,geh SdG jdG nY QXEGh dEG dH H QTCa ,dP a GdG HdG
.hdG Y Y f r opH dG CG EG ,hdG H NBG dG
e a ,bCG dEG Y dG VQ dG H Y Ie M e b
ndG
k
u UCG cjh
,(jdG BGdG b) j IQS IAGb Ie cdG Oj fch ,eZh g MGh L Y c fCG cj
dO h n dG
u UCG H cP e Ggh ..k cGQ eZh k Te Y c SdG je EG Uh GPEG M
gP H SdG Y ITe u j dh L SCGQ Y jdG dEG QS fCG cP e eh .qU Y bO
dEG L e QS fEG j e eh ,SdG dEG QS eh ,dG dG g gh ,HdG dEG khCG
Ia Y NCJ jGhQ k L fC ,qUCG QNGh jGhdG g J va dG eh ,ITe SdG
SdG je EG Uhh jdG e QS fCG g q j e dh ,dG e Y dG VQ dG H Y
.IdG J a (AjEG) q J fc dG
jd HdG MdG a bGdG dG L e Y TCGh jdG dEG Y dG VQ Uh EG e
dG N CG jdG gCG e Y k Y Gk J dG e qch qc M gQGSCG iCGQh SdG
.Uh
n jdG Y dG VQ dG H Y NO e M jQdG a jGhQ g CG dEG g Qjh
,(dG H) jCG g a j dG dG e c dG CG cJ jGhdG iMEG ,IQdG SdG
H) jC
k G dG (OdG H) e jdG NO fCG qJ iNCG jGhdGh ,(aj H) OdG q j e gh
.(Hf H)h (eO
jdGh (dG H Y MS) q J dG H eCG jdG QS NGO MS dG dEG LJh
.jC
k G jdGh jfEGh HdG dH MdG g H YJ dG g SG Gg CG cdH
92

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,njdG dG H Y dG Nd SSCG dG j CG j e H q CG dH f h
SdG jdG GHCG VCG g OdG H CG M a ,OdG H e dG L dEG bCG dG a
.cCdG LQO Y ae Z gh ,jQJ dH EG dH H LdG j a ddHh ,bYCG h
dG H edG d JQjRh jdG hQdG NO M ahdG dG jGhdG ocr nJh
a dGh .Hb Uh aa dG a IdH dG Y SfhU a QTCG dGh ,SfhU
edG c He dG H Y e dG a j dG f dG a fEG j e a ,N
fCG cj ne gh ,ke rno dG jdG e e eGdG NQDdG e CGQ gh ,HdG dG e
gh ,bdG dG e edG c b ,jdG IdG a (ZHdG S) dG q j e Ve a U
.GH Lf .O eh jC
k G NQDdG H CGQ
CG SfhU e W dG H Y CG coP M ,QdG bCG dG IQjR g gCG qCG EG
dG U dG SQ d Uh dG dG Gg ,cCG dG) :bh qc NO a ,bCG dG dEG Uj
IdG b a dN g Y IQY jCG J a SCG c QdG bCG c bh .(Sh Y
.gZh IdG J M V jGhQ IY bdG dP a bCG a a eh dNO ah ,as dG
e H ,HdG e d gh) ,QMCG c Y dJ dG VQ dG H Y CS bdG Gg ah
N DhH j CH c QTCa ,dG FdG dG a d f a e fCG M (HdG
.qdG eCG IdG a ,dG Mf e IdG N CG ,(eh Se b a) :IdG
dN b CGdG GH k c CG GH OdGh (jOdG
n r ndN) :bh CGdG Gg dG H Y aa
jOdG fjdG H dG e g qddG dGh NdG dG L C jOdG fjdG QKBG H
L c ,dG QU a f H) :Y b .dG gCG dH hQeCe c fh ,eSEGh
bGdG e NQDdG e MGh Z ihQ c (gQhU fLe b Sh Y dG U dG SQ
a d (bCG dG QU CG) d keJ LGdG dG QNG Ggh ,gZh dGh dGh
jGhdG gh ,dG dG edG be gh ,bCG a FdG IdG e S dG qdG qdG
.sbO a NQDdG H - iNCG Ie - NG Y Zh dG fCG e ,ndG
u c e c a IQce
Hh ,T dCG dGd j N e Y IQY Y dJ dG VQ dG H Y e ch
.Y dG VQ S HCG H jhe eR dEG
93

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

eCH kHc e gCG W NO q d fCG SdG a Y dG VQ dG H d dG bGdG eh

dG UdG WCGh ,jCG g dEG ahdG XdG (jdG IdG) d a ,d de YCGh
:ddG dG f g a OQh
MdG MdG dG H
fC kfeCG gYCG :eCG e AjEG gCG eDdG eCG dG H Y dG Y YCG e Gg)
n
oJ fCG .qe FSh jHh Sh ,frUh Fdh ,dGeCGh
o nroj h ,n r oJ h Fc
o
,e o MCG Qs j h ,jO Y gn rjo h ,dGeCG e AT e h ,U e h gpu Mn e h e
iNCG dG CG) FGdG gCG J c jdG Gj CG AjEG gCG Yh .OdG e e AjEH r nj h
Y eBG fEa e N a .(UdG CG) dGh hdG e GLr oj CG Yh ,(dG OH e

q MCG eh .jdG e AjEG gCG Y e e Yh ,eBG a e bCG eh ,eCe Gj M deh f

npH Yh ,fCG Y eBG fEa rUh
o n npH ojh hdG e deh H j CG AjEG gCG e
e oe Yh b e AT a ,a e b VQCG ngCG e H c eh ,eCe Gj M rUh
o
M AT e NDj fEa ,gCG dEG LQ AT eh ,hdG e QS AT eh ,jdG e AjEG gCG Y
dG G nYr CG GPEG eDdG qePh AdG qePh dSQ qePh dG o Y dG Gg a e Yh .gOo nM
n roj
.jdG e Y
pco h .S HCG H jheh Y H MdG Yh UdG H hYh ddG H dN dP Y T
.(IY N S p Mo h
g OLh GaQ jdG eh ,aQh IdG g jJ hM NQDdG H q CG cdH jdG eh
HdG ah .iQdG e (hJ) a Uf qGC QYG Y (65)Y Y .O CG jUdG e IdG
gCG Y jJ e a d INCdG QOdG H JOQhCG dG (jn o dG hdG) q j e CG KCG
dG id IdG fSC J CGh UN ,Y n Sn Y VdG CG e HSCG e gh ,edG
dG qe dEG kIe hCG e J d NQDdG e jNCdG Y OQh dG hdG fSC jJh
.88 :U ,dG e ,jf SGQO :jdG IdG (65)

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MCG a dP Y VJh MCG H a jQdG c Y jdG gCG qe sW fEGh ,jQdG

dP qCG Y .dP H SGh dG e kH s e CGQ KEG dEG S a VGdG e ch ,iNCG
.dG be a dG dG J dEG Yf fEGh H qgCG e uj
dG QUCG c ,jdG HGh HdG cP e e Uf IY Id OQh ,dP dEG aVEH
Se .O e ,dG AdG H dh ,1953 Y c T a qjn Yo IY SdG a cPKQCG
IdG f j CG Gfh .gMOh jGhdG g GSG ,gZh jdG dG Y .Oh (66)dG
CG GqHh SdG a cPKQCG dG rYn Oq G dG dG Ghqa c ,Zh HdG OQhCG b dG g
d cdG dG a dGh dG H e JCG e gh ,fdG dG jf dEG Ojh Qhe
q dG
.KdG
U UNh FbOh UH Id jdG dGY .O SGQO gCG Y cDf CG g jh
SCG e dG Wm SH a JCG bh .(SdG H jJ) Hc a dPh ,WhT bOh gfSCG
eCG Gg a jdG qSGh ,IdG a GOk QGh j d SdG je OdG S Y T q CG gh ,Td
Y QcdG PSCG hdG Qu DdG jC
k G H j e gh ,dG Zh dG QOe e qdOCG IH
,SdG H Od k UN kIY c dG H Y CG e HdG cP e UNh .(67)QhdG jdG
.Gk c a dGh dG j eCG Ggh
,SdG H S e OdG e dCe a jdGh QhdG e qc MW e dNCG jb bh dEG ch
qdh ,dG je gC dG H Y c dG IdG a dG Gd kHe NBG v f g CG XCG ch
SdG FKdG c a IQce IdG gh ,dG gCG IY a OLe Z dG CG dG H Lh
LCG dGh dG Hh .(68)dG M d jTGdG AdGh Sh Y dG U dG Y a
d dG dd dPh ,jnodG IdG a (AjEG e OdG OSG CG) dG Gg OLh b a e
Y IdG jQdG jGhdG dEG aVEH ,OdG a c dG WdG a HdG iNCG UdG e
dG f a e e cCG g CG iQCGh .k jCG dH J j dGh ,Od jnoY IY OLh
.SdG a (jO HCG) IH a IOLdG SdG eL a SQe gh ,jdG SdG H AY e g dG Se QcdG CG (66)
.Jerusalem in History, p:701 (67)
.494 :U ,ITGdG aGh dG d SdG FKdG Y (68)

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

hdG e H ,`g15 Y U b KdG g CG dG cj M ,Ic e a ke jQda f

SCG ddh .iNCG qdTEG H OLh dEG aVEH !`g16 Y c dG bdH dH AdG CG
Gg OLd aGe a cDj dG dG Se .O dNCG gh ,dG f dEG kae dG Gg j CG
dNCG fLCGh ,dEG ..gOaEG jh OdG j Y C UCG g Gg CG Y jn o dG IdG a dG
e gh SdG VdH GkKCJ dG .O CGQ a iQCGh ..f hCG Y dO CG dEG j fC CGdG Gg
c bCG hCG SdG a tJ M qCG Od f dG GH fCG g cDfh ,dG SGQdG a qj
,Z hCG SdG VdG hCG WdH KCdG hO bdGh dG g MdG a UCG dh ,dG sgj
.eCG Gg a SdG e Gg dh ,NBG Tf eCG Gdh
dG VQ dG H Y dEG kHc Gc SdG jdG gCG CG NQDdG H Y hQ ,kHS fcP ch
T) Hc a q dG HG eEG MTh H q gG jn o dG hdH n u S hdG e Ye ah Y dJ
dJ hQ Y H hNh qbO d dGh GOfEG e d n VsJ hdG gh ,(jnodG hdG
hdG g bO H ro dG dEG v T eCG fEGh ,eCG Gg a dG e a d iNCG Ieh .SEG
hdG Ia H INCe Ia a c gQX CGh UN ,YCG dJ dGh ,(jdG hdH) ahdG
.eCG e QNd kW g bd e e SGQOh aNh Ic SCG ddh .dG
Y dJ dG VQ HQ H H CG jQdG dG Gg a GvL dG bGdG e jQdG a coj c
qfEG M QYa ,qPDj CG dG H Y e a ,dG L a c Sh Y dG U dG SQ PDe
dG MQ a sPCa b ,Y Y sdCG a .Sh Y dG U dG SQ Iah H GPCG Y bJ b c
j H qPGC dG f ns dHh ,Sh Y dG U dG Sd qPDj c dG f dH QdG bCG
,MG h ae bqJ IMGh IMh KdG LdG CG dH dG d ,edG d cCG dG
kM dG e Hh ,AdH JU NG (dG SQ Gke CG TCG) dEG Y dG VQ H Uh qa
.GPCG JEG e dG GVQ Y j dh ,Sh Y dG U e jdG qS dEG
a c fEGh bCG a j d H GPCG CG e MdG H cP e kU d fEG f gh
,QdG bCG dG Y dG c IH dG g EG PEG ..Gv L n e Ga !!..dG g
GPCG j e jc Lh bh dEG b jh ,ec Fe e cCG g J dG adGh
.QdG bCG dG NGO a c H GPCG qCG dG fEGh !...Seh Yeh H
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eCG dG
a , SdG je e jb bYh HS aeh jW H Y dJ dG VQ S HCG H jhd c
S HCG H jhd GVdGh dG Y Y H dG RHh .jd dG dG GhT jdG MCG
VQ S HCG q L gh ,qeC J dG jeCG dhdG Y g jL Y CGH adG Y Y dG VQ
.q eCG H M H S HCG H jhe :g jheh ,HC Y dG
u nj CG jhe OGQCG adG Y S HCG H jhd Y dJ dG VQ Y H dG RJ eY
NCa ,(eO) jeCG adG UY dEG f bdG a bCGh ,VQCG a dG SbCG MCH jh
SG j f hCG uH S HCG H jhe b c ,cd kWh H kq J SdG je a d dG
.Ie hC (a) SG dG Gg M c ,d fdG LdG Y JQU fch ,SdG gh (AjEG)
VQ dG H Y H dG dG edG AH jH aN Ia jGH a a Y dG VQ OGRh
hdG fe a dG edG AH eCG Y dJ dG VQ dG H Y qGC kHS eq b a .Y dG
.xe dC feR a j ch ,dG e oa QdG bCG dG a p dG JH dG
IOYEH jhe a ,HNCG pb H dG HUCGh AGgH CGH b dG c jhe eR AL q a
dG Gg Hh ,xe BG KK dGd sj feR a QUh ,IQdG e a ,ShCG g Y FH
a dG Gd Uhh T fOQhh .IdG J GW QdG bCG dG a OLdG MdG AdG g
H a dM Y dG Hh .IdG J a Lv M gQGR eY Sd (dcQCG) HhQhCG dMq dG Uh
a ,GdGh dG M e jeCG AdG RHCG q j dG ,Ghe H dG Y adG dJ CG dEG
J JGRfEG RHCG fch ,dG GdGh dG a dG dG GdG H GC H dG g c
ndGh dG a jBG q n oJ dG ,adG IdG q b AH a .ffEG r an Y H U YCGh LC
.dGh JEGh YhdG a e J CG jdG Y

IdG qb AHh ,Ghe H dG Y

jJ JGRfEG e a ,SEGh HhdG dCe Y IjdG JZ Ghe H dG Y Y Yo
.IdG eSEG HdG OdG Sh jhGhdG
97

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Page 98

`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

j ,FHh QdG bCG dG a AdG Y e H AdH eCG dG Y CG coP bh

p GQk XEG
IdG b AH AdG ch ,SEG a dG Gg qgC kfJh , nYh dG Gg qSd
.b H JCS c qc QdG bCG dG b fCG QYG Y ,as dG
c b eH SdG aG H Ghe H dG Y CG kf dG jdG e cP bh Gg
SEG Ib RoJ LCGh YCG b J f Y YCGh dq Y a ,YJQGh FH nYh edG
,QdG bCG dG b dd NGh ,Y Jh HCGh fdG b gJh , nYh
Id IdG a dG H fCG dG dP Y IOQGdG QKBG SGQO e q j M ,as dG IdG
:gCG GQYG
.dG a f YCG fCGh QdG bCG dG e dG Ve J as dG IdG CG LQCG fCG QYG Y aq dG Id k Jh k jJ as dG IdG b j CG dG Y OGQCG jJ j ddHh ,Y FdGh hdG dG gh ,dGh IdG Y dG Gd ceCG
.GdGh AGSEG KOd Gk Jh GQk cJ QdG GH
bCG d k b dG g J CG (SGh f Y ahe Z dG gh) dG Y OGQCG c Me ec H J CG (Jbh
q gZ Y) jeCG dhdG Y QudG e c M ,c QdG
p dG edG g bCG CG SdG H j Oc eH UNh ,AdH QdG bCG dG
bCG d k b dG g J CG OGQCa .(bCG a MdG AdG g ch) jhe Os L dG
Gk eQ dG UCa ,IdG J a j GC H b c Ld dG AH CH k Y ,kec QdG
.QdG bCG d k bh Gk eQ dG J CG OGQCG Ggh ,d
e Ja fc H ,UN
v Gk e d nroJ d fCG ka FH h as dG IdG b T e jh
j VCG q e H gDhH qJ ddHh ,QdG bCG dG AGLCG e AL Oe fCG jGdG
Y .p dG JH q eh ,dG Hs e hCG e IOdG a J PEG,SEG a IOY LdG AH Y
.kM d qS c dG JG d dG NGO a jQe IY AH a ,MdG g j d fCG
qpd kLPf d IU b d GebCG dG AH eCG q d Ghe H dG Y CG NQu DdG H cPh
GHG) :bh gQn GR fG a ,IdG dG J VCG Sh ,QdG e k V Y MCG dh ,IdG
as dG IdG qd dG J qa ,(VCG e Gp fCGh kV Y KH g e cCG k b
98

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fEGh ..vjQJ IscDe Z jGhdG g CG cdH jdG eh .H dH poHh gOGYEGh fdG YVCH
b b IdG dG J AH S f CG j dEG dG Y dh ,dG Ye QOe e of
b j CG j kKe k T Ea nJ d EGh dG g dh (dG qb) gh ,as dG IdG
jQdG a oj dh ,kY dG b AH d EGh ..ddG H qdG AH Y eCG q SG M M
fc M ,VGZCG Id o SG FH H dG b CG Y .dG hCG dG Ghe H dG Y Y
,dG dEG dM Y Hh iNCG VGZC oSG K ,IdG b AH Y GTEd FdG dG
g J TM e SdG tj (dG Y H ddG H AL dG dG) dG Y H S ch
OLdGh ,hdG MdG H AH AdG Gg e eGJ c ,SdG Qhj c eY (dG b) dG
.M eR a ZGoC fCG EG VdG bh M
dG e QdG bCG dG Me GSh
q jeCG CG hWdG g .O e MdG H cPh
dP a YGh ,dH QdG bCG dG Sh a dG b J H QeCG IY ddG
dG Sh a dH g dG bh .MdG J e dG OhM a jMh jKCG J Y
CGh UN ,eCG Gg a e JCG fEa hWdG .O Y J e SGQO Hh .dH QdG bCG
Y ,XdG H dT jdHh QdG bCG d ddG dG a J jdG dG
.QdG bCG dG VQCG W bH
gCG e Se Y TCG b a AdG CG NQDdG cj M ,as dG IdG b dEG Ofh
dGh qdG dG Y hDdG c LdG Ggh ,H gCG e (dG IM H ALQ) :g a
Y dGe e SdG gCG e (S H jj) g fdG SdGh ,ah AdG hQ Y CG ,Ad qdG
a dG MGdG Y khDe LdG Gg ch ,(dP H SCa vfGf c fEG bh) Ghe H dG
ch ,a a dG hQ Y hDdG g dG IM H ALQ j CG hZ h .dG a IQdG Sg
Qjh .AdH eSEG dGh hd ddG dG MGdG RGHEG a KCG cCG adG eSEG bhd
b j dh) dG Y H ddG adG Y dh c AdG Y dG hDdGh dG CG dEG jC
k G g
,Y edH e GN a fGoC GS S Ie dG AdG Gg a dG SGh ,(H N UCG
.kjJ `g 72 Y a dG a AdG fG M
dG eCa ,dG Y fGoC dG dG e QjO dCG Fe H IOjR b jdG e j gh
99

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

dEG dG Gg oj CG Ghe H dG Y eCa ,Y f gGNCj CG aa ,rSd

FYEH
n
.bdG dP e gdH dG CCa ,dG GHCG H Jh dG Y oJh gP FS
Ie fc fCG M bhCG a coP dG CG QYG Y dG g Y NQDdG H Vjh
NQDdG H qC H dP Y f dh ..INCdG QdG a dPh ,gdH dh OSCG UUdG GdCH
I qe fc feR a IdG b CG GhcP WdGh SdG dhdG jCG a SdG GhQGR e dMq dGh
j Ggh .gZh SdG jdG Th ,HQ Y HG eh ,(gdH Ie CG) gdG dH
a ,jeCG eR a jGdG e gdH Ie fc dG CH FdG NQu DdG dEG gP e U
ShCGh ZCGh ibCG fc fEG H ,gH AL dG hdG L e H ZCG fc jeCG dhdG qGC dG
,Z q bCGh k M e UCG fc gH e AL dG hdG Lh ,BG M jQdG aY eSEG dhO
dG jQdG a IMdG dG dhdG fc jeCG dhdG EG M .fdG dhdG dEG SdG dhdG e
..IMGh eM Jh IMGh dhO a kHZ dfCG dEG kbT dG e c eSEG ddG OH L
e jeCG dhdG e keq J cCG fc dG SdG dhdG M ,WEG Y dJ dhO q C aj d Ggh
dch ,gj e dfCG hN H p dGh MdG a kfCT e q bCG fc fCG EG ,adGh dG MdG
.he g c dG dG e c Y IdG e J d dG fdG dhdG

JdL h as dG IdG b Ge
JH MdG GdG e dG Y j GdH jeCG IdG a AdG CG cdH jdG eh
e je AYE bGdG VQCG Y eSEG IdG GOeh jEG J Y J dG fMhdG
..AdG Gd dGh dH fG
dG qe asdG IdG a
I YGC ) eG e f K Y oH bh
fqcj Ggh ,ahdG dG J (Ic
|
} :jdG jBH
a GH jeCG qGC c ,]17 :bdG IQS[
IQhe jQe KK e HdG fdG
SEG a SdG KdG ceCH qcJ
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GhdH fqcJ IQhe jQe S j dG e ddG fdG dch ,(SdGh jdGh e)

!!!..dG VQCH dch ,dG
g IYCG sU a eeCG J dG IYCG OY CG Mj as dG IdG b dEG NGdG CG c
QdG bCG dG CGh UN ,dG SEG cQCHh ,d
q dG GdH qcj Ggh !!..N
AGSEG d AdG e Sh Y dG U dG SQ f eY dG GdG SG VQCG hCG g
.Va H GdGh
jGhR Ea as dG IdG o b H nor J dG eSEG jeCG Fron dG aNdG dEG dHh
coP dG hQdGh QdG J (AdG a IdG fdG IYCG U CG) NGdG dG a IYCG
eh ,gQKh dG cH qcj e ,gZh dGh dGh RdGh edGh jdc ,jdG BGdG a
J fCG gh ,L Ie a as dG IdG b a aNdG GMdG CH jC
k G f CG dG
e AGS ,IdG b a jeCG aNR IMh CG LJ dG a fCG EG ,He dhCG gd
.YhdGh GHEG a jZ eCG Ggh !!..iNCG aNR IMh CG J ,IYCG J e CG AdG
IdG M Ga ,dG AdG Gg a edG e Gj CG GdhM H dH IodG pj dh
fe
q eNQ IU IYCG IdG IYCG g Hh ,HQCG dH qcJ (Ic IYCG) eGe HQCG
e ddG dG a kHS gfcP dG dG jQdG CG c .dG o TCH fqcJ ,GOk Y 12 gOY
g kcqT 52 gOY HT as dG IdG b a Lj dch ,dG SCG jCH jC
k G scJ dG
dG hjh dH d Ad dG J dG ddG e dP Z gh .dG a HSCG OY
e gZh dG g AH CG j c dG Ggh ,Jh dG qdG AH a jdG QGSCG g
OdG fjEG J a dG e Yk GHEG c fEGh ,iNCG eCG d Gk J j d eSEG HCG
LQO d dSQ s b b c hWdG g .O CG CG dEG g IQTEG QJh .gJh JYh dG
dG d IjL jf) nfn rYn H Hf je a WdG dG eL e LdG
IdG d s dG AdG Sg SSCG e dG dEG a QTCGh ,(IdG d SdG dGh
LdG jh ,2002 Y fjH a ofh HdG dH MhWCG g oW bh ,JdLh aq dG
.VdG Gg a IOGSd dG Gg dEG

101

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Page 102

`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

dG fH a dG
dG Y g dG fH CG Y veSEGh vdY hdG LEG dN ne g CG f CG dG e
g dG fH EG Gdb GT M e PSCG e FdG MdGh NQDdG H EG M ,Ghe H
KCG dG a OQh M ,WEG Y bO Z eCG Ggh .Ghe H dG Y dh dG Y H ddG
72 S fc AdG JEG S CG as dG IdG d LQdG dG Y dG UCG Fon dG
a adG dJ b c PEG ,d k N jCG J a c b Ghe H dG Y qCG eh ,Id
,dG fH g dG Y H ddG j CG MG k b j dHh ,`g 86 - `g65 H e Iq dG IdG
.jW IH dG AH e GdG H CG 86 Y c adG dJ EG M
hda ,AdG Y dGh IdG b fH b H dG H X CGdG Gg CG hj dh
qdG dG g a ,dG AH Y TdG GTEH ddG HG qc b c Ghe H dG Y CG
dG Y dG HCG e eCH AdG Y TCG fEG M ,FH eCG dG g fCG j dPh ,AdG Y
.Ghe HG

dG edG AHh ..dG Y H ddG

c dG Y H ddG Ea SCG c
I dG b A H Y dG dG
H dG Y dGh M A KGC as dG
UY eO dEG LQ AdG s J a .Ghe
AH e fdG Md GOk GSG ,adG
AH Me gh ,QdG bCG dG
Ggh (dG edG) q j dG qdG
ek J eCG SG CG H dH M e
dG Y aN AfG H Ghe H dG d
(dDdG jJ) (fGhdG dG) bdG jdG
j Y Y d J dG VQ H dG H
iNCG Ie SdG dEG ddG Y q dh Ghe H dG Y dG ahCG PEG ,dG Sj H dG
AH dP jGH fch ,dG edG AH a ,QdG bCG dG a AdG JEG Y GTEd
102

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Page 103

(dDdG jJ) dG bCG e

dEG dG e IdG HdG jdG

,Q dG bCG dG a dG
bdG AdG q gCG bCG IY gh
q o dG) SH v d M j e gh
d UCG a oH dG (fGh dG
K ,dG edG ba d jJ
O eh c dP H SG
Q dG bCG dG GhOC
dG a j dG qeCG , J LCGh
QHBG dEG dq J a HdG H dG
.kHS fcP dG Go dG e e EG ,dG d

bCG dG QN HdG dG a q J dG jeCG QdG AH jC

k G AdG Gg e eGJh
MH Je HGH
q hOe q e dEG ojh ,dH dG edG J j Ne d ch ,QdG
,1999 Y Id n pao bh ,VdG bh dEG GOk Le dG Gg GR eh ,QdG bCG dG
.(IQdG fG) (jdG bCG qoe) q jh
dG HG j Y AdG q a ,dG edG AH AKCG aJ Ghe H dG Y qGC jQdG cjh
j SdG a c MGh ,kbGhQ Y N Y IQY feR a edG Gg ch ,dG Y H ddG
ddG M V j c M CG j Ggh ,dT Y Sh j Y Sh (e S) L
.IQdG a j c

jCG dG ed qe qe
jSc Vh c jeCG
bdG jdG c :QdG)
(dG gGHG Qcd

103

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Page 104

`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

jeCG Y jah HdG

a jQdG c bCG e Hc t n oj dG ,HdG Qu DdG jeCG Y GhaGh GsT jdG cCG e
Gk c HdG Mh .IH SdG dhdG GhUfh jeCG dhdG V Gbh jdG IdG e fCG EG ,SEG
dG VQ S HCG H jhe Y UNh jeCG Y GAGaGh jPcCG NG M jeCG dhdG Y
e dG H GQk fCG d J dG Gg a HdG jGhQ CH k Y .Ghe H dG Y Yh Y
dG QXEG a QDdG Gg c dG dG jGhdG Y Gk c GhYG jdG ,dG bdG
.SdGh bCG a dG UCG Gd fCG Y
adH dG NCG a Y dJ dG VQ S HCG H jhe a a HdG J dP eh
e Y QfCG OHEG dP e b jhe CG cP M ,dG dEG UY f H SdG a d
h Y dG VQ jhe Y Vae AYOG Ggh .GdG dG B jJ fc dG IQdG jdGh edG
bCG fc bCd QNG ch QdG dG Gg Sd GQk XEG jhe e dP c fEGh ,Y dO
e eO M q e cH ceCG aCG ddH gh ,jCG J a (eO) UdG dEG KdG LdG
.jdG OdG
SdG QfCG j CG OGQCG `g 65 Y dG qdJ eY Ghe H dG Y CG HdG YOq G dc
d as dG IdG b AH eCa ,Y dG VQ HdG H dGY M edG e Y gojh
c a LQ j CG kAGHG oj M ,e Z dG Ggh !...dG a edG e e zkjH{
c edG e Z e dEG qMh dG b jJ dhH ah TQh M Y np Yo dG
s Yn dG a ,SEG Y IjdG JZh egG M e d j dG Y jQJh .b e gHCG n a
eSEG dhdG YGb ASQEG a a MCG j h ,IdG qeSEG OdG Sh ,dhdG jhGhO
EG K .fc IMh eq CG d M eCG Ggh ,ek Y dEG SEG H L Vh ,GWCG eGdG
j RdG V CG H g a ,jdGh H e cCG kegG j d SdG a Ghe H dG Y Y
dG Y Ea dch .HdG Y OQ cCG dGR eh fc IQjdG gh ,qpd kLEG dG ja AGOCH GQk a
SQ e SH eCa f Y ddG SG H eh ,adG dG J a AdH eCG Ghe H
eCG c M hO FdG GeCG e dP Y fCGh ,eJh IQdG jdG a Sh Y dG U dG
.b e HCG
104

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Page 105

Yh (jQdG FbdG e b Z OY a e aNG Y) jeCd VGdG dG jQdG Gg

f SGQO IQhV jjh HdG Y H Oq j dG Y H ddGh Ghe H dG Y SCGQ
dEG Y CG AGQh QGfG Y LGdG eh ,f Lh e j dG IOdG IAGb Y Qu DdG Th
Gf jdG ,dG e NQu DdG H f CG SDjh .jQdG FM u dh jQdG GMCG GNG M
.c ANCG e jQdG c IAGb Y QdG a .f Y hCG J hO jdG g
dG a QdG bCG dG jQJ a UdG gCG SGQO jf dEG Uh b f g dEG
.dG PEH dGh WdGh SdG dG a bCG jQJ SGQO dJ dG PEH dP H s d eCG

WdGh SdG dG Ge
Sd WdG dGh fdGh dhCG SdG IdG a QdG bCG dG jQJ SQf eY
c q dh ,QdG bCG dG QYE jKCG SGQO g IdG g a bCd SGQO e CG f
Ia TCG fCH IdG g qJ PEG ,SEG hO VdG Gg hS fEa Gk e
ke
n
q dG Gg
.Ie e cCG a IdG HCG GfG H QdG bCG dG a edG a M

IdG J a QdG bCG a edG gCG

dG dP a H) SdG IdG a QdG bCG a M dG edG f CG j
,edGh IQdG a Gv L qeg Ue oJ H WdGh (NEGh fddG dG a M
c dG IdG b a dh dG edG e a sJ QdG bCG a edG e CG Mfh
e cCG fGh RdH Gk KCJ cCG c dG edG CG dP .dG edG eJ e gCG bCG eJ
JSSCGh ,HdG jdG gh ,fEG U e SSCG a j dG edG CG dEG Oj dP Sh ,Ie
dP dEG rVCp G ,dG dG Y SSC
k G J dG as dG IdG b SSCG e VCG ddH
.FH K a qKCG e ddG Me V J fc dGh ,IdG J a Me eV

as dG IdG b eJ
:ddc fc IdG J a d M dG edG gCG Ea ,as dG IdG qb eCG
105

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

e AT HUCG b ch MUEG h as dG IdG b eH eCG eCdG dG eR a - 1

SdG jQJ a Ie hC (SdG) SG M a
k dP H Vh .`g 216 Y a dPh ,GdG
.`g217 Y dPh ,edG dd icc
Hk GHCG d VCGh , Sh as dG IdG b NCG eH eCG dH QdG dG eR a - 2
.`g301 Y dPh ,gs e Ic N
GdR UNh dG HV dG bdG RdG KCG Y dG eJ s J WdG dG eR a - 3
eR a edG g CGHh ,(dG dh) f jeCG dG KCG Y S dG `g407 Y
.`g413 Y s Jh ,dG jO RGYE gdG eR a edG g d dG eCH cdG

dG edG eJ
,as dG IdG b eJ e cCG ek Y fc Y L dG edG Ea dG edG eCGh
IdG a dG edG a L dG edG gCG g f CG jh .kHS fcP dG SCd
:ddG dG a WdGh SdG
dH GM e ,dG edG gKCG Y q J Y VQCG Id a Vq J `g 130 Y a - 1
.`g 136 Y dG eJ dEG QdG L HCG SdG
a ,QdG L HCG eJ e s Jh `g 158 Y GdR H s J CG d e dG CG EG - 2
.`g 163 Y eH dG SdG dG
gdG WdG dG a `g425 Y NBG Y Gdd dG Vq J WdG IdG ah - 3
,L c e bhQCG HQCG a ,dG dEG M NGh `g 426 Y eH dG jO RGYE
.bhQCG S e j feR a dG edG UCa
bCG d SdG edG UJ a Gk c GVN MdGh NQDdG H CG cojh
T dEG dG edG M QNH b dG g dG SdG dG CG H ca ,QdG
IdG jGH a AL dG SdG jdG T dG QDdG Uh Mj dG Gg dh ,ddG
Y N Y j fCH feR a dG edG Uh PEG ,(dG dG eR H CG) kjJ WdG
106

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Page 107

a MCG PSCG CG cPh ,kbGhQ Y N e j c edG dP a qdG CG q j Ggh .kbGhQ

bhQCG N dG ed L dG CH J HGZ q TCG iNCG jGhQ (dG dhCG dO) Hc a N
jGhQ a OQh d pdeh bO Z jGhdG gh !bGhQ VCG dG jO RGYE gdG WdG dG CGh
dJ dGh bKdG jQdG QOdG e CG a OpnJ d fCG dEG aVEG ,dG ed Uh a SdG
.ed Gk J dG edG a jQCJ f
q dG jO RGYE gdG WdG d Ljh ,YCG

QKBG
q gCG
:ddG QKBG QdG bCG a WdGh SdG QKBG gCG e
,fdG SdG IdG a GM jdG jNEG AGeCG Qb e Ye gh :jNEG HdG - 1
bCG d bdG ddG jhGdG a SCG d Ue QdG bCG dG QN Jh
.QdG
.dG HGdG dG a oHh ,QdG bCG dG FGH bCG fCG coP :bdG FdG - 2
.`g 412 Y oH :bdG HdG FdG - 3
.dG HGdG dG a oH :HdG FdG - 4
.`g 340 Y oH :HdG FdG - 5
QdG bCG d bdG HdG jhGdG a UN aZ a j AH gh :Y e - 6
Y Jh dG J eNQ b Y IQY gh ,LQH dEG n rojh ,fGhdG qo d kUe
a coPh ,dG Y Y e e fc fEG b ,fY NCG gDhH d b vdM
GQk cJ d Ho fCG hjh .dG dEG jh bO Z jGhdG g e dh .Ic jGhQ
.QdG bCG a bh
q dG Y Y dG f Od
bCG dG Yh SdG je Y s e dG GdG UCG e Ia dEG f CG H gh
Ggh ,dG eCH cdG WdG dG M Ia gh ,dG MG b VQCG J Sh QdG
Ia Mh ,dG J Y Ghq e jdG dG ZCG e fCG dP ,(dG)`H jQdG c r n s d LdG
.keY HQCG Y af jW
107

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Page 108

`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

k gP Ia LdG Gg M jGH J d k ac dP ch ,fjdG fGf dG eCH cdG CG fch

dhO a Gv L qeg bGeh qe edG gCG d ch Ic jM gYCG a ,dGh e a edG gC
gVGh edG gCG Y QGfEG HS hOh ICa fG dG eCH cdG CG EG .e a WdG adG
J c dPh ,bYCG a Gv L K kfU iQdG uj CH ICa eCG fCG dP a ,OVG q TCG
!dH dGh dG Gcj CG iQdGh OdG e dG gCG eCG M Ia ah !e bYCG
OY CG d eh .c H dG VG HdHh dG gCG dEG MCGh iNCG Ie ICa fG dh
SdG je a iQdG e dG q a ,1000 Y fdG dCG NO eY iQdG Y fGh
!gNBG Y edG c H eCa dG eCH cdG IFK QK edG J d q a .edG d GQk fG
Ie edG c AH IOYEH dG d Sh dEG MCa OY K ,iNCG Ie dG gCG VGh
.o NCG b en qEG bh ,kZp ob M Gg Hh ,iNCG
n n an e SdG VQCGh SdG je a dGh iQdGh OdG e e pj d SQdG g
IQhdH k fQe jW Ia J d dh ,Y dJ dG VQ dG H Y Y a VQCG g dG
dP H dh dG fdG HQhCG HdG CG MdG dh .SdG VQCG g a Gv L jdG jQdG
KOM UNh dG eCH cdG M Ia q SG dG eCH cdG e ek Y fK e cCG H ehQ a TYh
M ..H AYOG Gg Y Oq dGh ,SdG a iQdG GhVG dG CH Yq d edG c g
H j CG j NCdG Ggh ,keY fK e cCG H EG edG c J Fb HhQhC J d
KOdG J e JG HhQhCG CG c M e dh !..ek Y fK NCJ QNCa ,QNCG Uh NCJ
.dG dG CGd keY fK H jQP

dG MG
AgR fPBe a GPCG Vh ..SdG YV ,Y fc e fh ,JcGP eCG e a YV eR a
q b M ,dG GY eSEG eq CG b Y L dG dG MG g dP c !!!...Y Fe
.Jq Y d OYCGh gQb aQ e eCG d dG
SdG dEG dG aL J a QhO gCG d dG qFdG dG qCG f CG d qdG eh
GC d AGf WCGh dG e dEG FSQ QhH SQCG dGh ,kHS fcP dG fdG (HQhCG) HdG c
108

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Page 109

dG AH Y SEG QjO Y d dG fYEG a AL q eh .SEG QjO dEG dG MdG

j) IHG dG G Yp RCGh G gPG{ :QU SCG ( dh) Y OQh c S dG MG dhCG dG
kd J IGQdG J c fEa ,fC gp eGh ,QdG jCG e SdG OdG GuNh ,(dG
.zkYh
,kYh k d J VQCG SdG VQCa !QdG dG Gg a dG ObG dG Mjh
UJ fc IdG J a HhQhCG CG hdG eh .dG g a SSCG H IGQdG KCJ Mj c
g dEG gd OdG e BG J a KCG cCG d c e ,VGeCGh YdGh dGh dG a
H n sJ e CGh UN !MdG dG g j d EG v SSCG kag c SCG c ObG da ,dG
Y s e b c edG c g Y WdG dG eCH cdG GbEG dCe e IdG J a HhQhCG qM
Y eh dG Ggh IdG g Fbh dG NQDdG e dG f bh Gg .keY fK e cCG
IAGb jh ,HdG e d Id Le Hch ,dG IdG a QU SCG (dh) dG S
.Y fdG HQhCG HdG d edG dG
J fch ,JJ h a J ALg jHH M dG hdG M e M hCG fc
ddh .H q e dG dG ac AGSG dEG iOCG e ,jW a HhQhCG ALQCG c a QedGh GdG
Oc ic bh g fch ,dG OH dEG J CG b VfCG a LdG VQCG a dG S
OL e J fc dG dhCG sdG dG PfEG dEG GYQS ce CG d ,eMCG Y J
.qL H se se
fch ,dHh LdG jCG dEG WdG jCG e J IdG J a fc a SdG Y eCG
a eCG d U b INCG IdG a LdG ch , ADgh ADg H n r n eo h U a VhCG
H Y dG dG S dG jdG GYCG a QdG bCG dG Y GaMh SdG
.dG MG S dG NCG dG a EG ,SdG
WdG CG EG ,gq U LdG ha ,VfCG VQCG dEG d HhQhCG Y dG dG fG
dGh dG H LdG Gbq sa ,dG e SdG H GLgh LdG GaZ e a
eq Jh ,iNCG Ie WdG jCH SdG S a ,dG eCG WS h jg dEG iOq CG e
,eq Jh gCG e hj dG WdG qeJ d HdG MdG Y dG e dG aL
109

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

GhQGSa ,ddG MdG e SdG H VQCG EG GUh CG dEG dG a JGH qfhQdG gs eCGh
SdG fc kHS fcP ch .dG e Geq J K edGh dG e dG jW Gbh SdG je M
YGdG rbn s e dG dhdG J ,fdG Id WdG dhdG M J gd
q bh b IdG J a
.WdG n p dG e Y H e dG a Gfc WdG CG heh ,dG Y GdGh FdG
SdG dEG dG Uh Y ah ,(dhdG QaG) g Wa eCG IdG J a jdG SdG Y ch
a dG YJ dG MdG AfCG fch .1099 / `g492 Y U e T a aOLh OfJ IOH
dEG Ges J dG ,edG UNh NGdG dG J ,Yk J jjCG a MdG dG bJh ,e c

s nnJ e ch .jd kWh Y Yk aO dG e BG NO CG H Gk jT GQk M SdG GhUMh

GYGj CG j dG CG GqX jdG SdG qeYh AdGh
Ogq dGh AdG e e jdG SdH
n
.jdG g Sb

SGQ K ,dhdG QaG a J dG ,OhGO b a GOk Le jdG a WdG adG ce ch

QOZ M ,d qJ e gh ,TM e JQOH d Gj CG He jdG qj CG Y Gv S dG
(69)KCG HG QDdG YO e Ggh .dG ge LGJ jdG kcQJ ,a Y dEG HL dG
k
qj CG Y eR e dG Hh e a WdG H M e Z kbJG CG Y j
q CG dEG
dG a fdG Ghq U jdG LdG e WdG dhdG Gqj CG He SdG je dG
dEG j eCG Ggh .kHS fcP c Ss dG jdG M a WdG aj Gfch TdG dhCG
H dG Y dG ITe dP H cj KCG HG qCGh UN ,V hCG qU KE Hh J
.(70)ITe SdG H dMG H dGh WdG
:IdG J a M e d jhd NQu DdG e K g fh
qe jdG MSh QGT N gh g GafGh{ :(QU bSCG FQ) QdG dh j hCG dG Y dG H AGYCG e GaOU e L Gbh ,gPNh YhQO jHh aS
c a YdG ShDhdG Sq Jh ,e c a dG HGdG fG d .J fhOh ddG
e cCG dG c ...ddG L Y EG Nn BG dEG e e QdG Y fG QqJ H Mf
.19 :U ,9 : ,jQdG a edG (69)
.21 :U ,9 : :jQdG a edG (70)

110

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Page 111

,gj d g Hhg CG EG ...(bCG dG H j) dG MS dEG CdG b SdG

a .g hO dd IdG OGYCG dEG dG dG e Hh ...QdG Y OfJ J M
OdG H Wh ...dG H kIe JGP VQCG fch ,e c a jdG dG ATCG fG
GHoPh dG iCGe Y ADg np Sh
o ...IdG b Y bdG AdG Y kH jdG N
dWCGh JLhRh Sn oC G HQCG Y Gb M ,RdG GbGh neRo a dG qJh ,ZCc
(71)z.hSCe H g M Je e e nap bo hCG jdG g npbo h ,gpSGoC Lh
n
SdG
cQh ,T e H d dG j Qf IV dG e geh{ :KCG HG jh n
jj e bCG dH fdG bh ...dG a j Yk SCG IdG a fdG dh ,odG
WhCG Qa e gOgq Rh gOq Yh FYh dG FCG e Ic YL e ,kdCG S Y
jb c Rh dG e kjb HQCGh kqf IdG Y e GhNCGh .jdG VdG dH QhLh
jOdG e GhNCGh ,edH kWQ HQCG fRh a e GQk q J GhNCGh ,gQO FSh BG KK
Y j e G Zh ,k j b jYh k q f gdG eh ,I f k j b Nh F e Q dG
(72)z.AMEG
dG Mh !!!...QdGh d ke UCG dG (dhdG QY) a qJ e g Ggh ..HdG g g
.cdG fh

bCG a dG jJ
qdG eJh Jf Y qJ dG QdG bCG dG fe a jH dG b
a QdG bCG dG Uh (gGdG fGO) ShdG dG Qu DdG cPh .Sq dG dG Gg e
gZ dEG aVEH ,jC
k G IdG J a SdG QGR dG (jQOEG jdG) Qu DdG cP c ,IdG J
:UdG NCf eh ,QGhdGh NQDdG e
cP c (Ss dG SbCG c) n u So c dEG aq dG IdG b jH dG b .NGdG FfCG a jhdG fh ,ba gdH ve c U f Jh ,gGdG fGO
.437-435 :U ,1 : ,dG hdG jQJ (71)
.19 :U ,9 : ,jQdG a edG (72)

111

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

KK dEG H Geb a dG e dG eq CG bh ,Je L bh ,c L b :bCG

.dG Y dhDdG SdG d kfe poJ
dEG jJ J a fGhdG qdG dEG dHh Hd SCG e JYCG K Jh ,d SEG
.(S SEG) q Sh ,a dG
a c dG H dP dEG a VE H .QdG bCG d ddG MdG
NQu DdG GjJ M) dG b c :kdM q dG dG aVEH (H N Yh
.HdG HdG dG e dG ed kUe JCG H (AdG qoe)
fRH fj Gfch Ic k pb as dG IdG e Gb b Gfc dG CG jQdG cj c
jd dH g qZh IdG Y GTCGh ce H AL M ,HhQhCG e eOdG d kgP
,ek Y J HGb d k f dG GH QdG bCG dG H bh !..Y dhDdG gdG e
,rfRn jdG Qf OdG dG N ,HjCG jdG U UdG dG d dH dJ dG PCG M
.LCG dG MQ ,S BG H fR dG dG N

p rfs dG dhdG
s
SdG H jJ CG f dH qch JMh SdG dG jJ b SQf eY
dhO SCs G dG ,rfs dG dG e GC H c fEGh ,HjCG dG AHCH hCG HjCG jdG H CGj d jdG
jdG U j CG b eh dG d dhdG g eGh .GdG T UdG e a rfRn BG
rfn dG) jdG jg Y KJ dG dG SCGh LCG e MGh gh ,dG dJ dG MQ HjCG
e jdG Y QhH f dGh ,dG MQ eT HC (dhdG QNCG a VhdG) c g (MdGh
fCGh ,gZh JdG OdGh MdGY VdG VdGh OGT HG VdG e ,IdG J a q dG
.gT CGh gT jQdGh ,a jQdG e IdG NC JAGH
112

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SGh ,fRn jdG OY dG dH sdG ,S BG H fRn dG e jdG jGH fch

e MCGh efGh dH J dG fc Y ah .fdG dhdG oJ dEGh (fRn ) g dG
.YbEG e JGQL LGe a qeCG AGYCG e dJh IQeEG uJ kfMCG dG H fch ,dG
geh dGh qeCH J ah hMh ThY :dG VH IdG J a eCG Vh TCG eh
.e h cdG Sh j QdG bCG
a dh .IMs e e fc ,SdG n dGh hdG r bn s e b fc dG dG OH e dG Yh
H qV dG WdG dhdG M J fch ,eSEG qeCG L Y keJ de f bdG
AGeCG c dG ,OGH a dG Y e (N) d a ktJ qeCG qWdG OGRh .b e SdG
M J eSEG eCG L Y vFf ke kfc e fc a ddHh .vSG d HJ dG OH
.vjnY Mh ,vYLGh ,vjObGh ,vSS de ,NBG N
CG) dG dG e T J IU dhO a dG epR fRn jdG OY qdJ IdG g ah
.QdG bCG dG jJ Y dG dG dG g e CGHh ,(dGh GdG e
e g c gJ a q SGh dJ dG MQ fRn jdG OY SQ dG jdG JGSEG fch
:MGe K dEG J ,HjCG jdG Uh fRn jdG Qf H
,dG MJ - 1
,gMJh dG dEG e q V - 2
,va gjJh a NO - 3
Me ,dhCG MdG fc dG g a Me UCG qCG Y ,gGhL JGSG g KCGh
Gg e sJ dG fR jdG Qf H eh ,M Ia c jdG OY e SG dG gh ,dG MJ
.e dEG j CG b M S e jW Iah Gk c Gk L eCG
jJh OdG MJ) :gh k aq c Jcq d dG dG YEH J rfRn jdG OY Y N fch
IhGV H HQM jdG ,eqM ASH qeCG gL dH dEG SG dG eCG (SdG H
Y AGeCG ADg e eM bh a eY H a a c dH jdG OY dOH SGTh
.gNBG
113

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

g Jh .dG Qj CG ag cCd q H e j d ,dG AGeCG e HM fL dEGh

ddh .d HQe Y YH Y dG dCd Ua FGYC j H jQhdG fRGdG
cCG egh Ie e cCG fMh dG b Lgh dH H dG MQ jdG OY dG QS
dG gh ,dG OH T a dG (gdG) IQeEG a WEG Y gNCGh gbCG c ,Ie e
L e ,dG a dG GQeEG ibCG t oJ fc IQeEG gh .cJ L a (aQhCG) dG q oJ dG
gh ,dG VQCG dNO e dG Y idG jQdG GQfG hCG dG a gdG a e
dG Gg ch ,k jQP ka Ga fCG EG Ge IY IQeEG g LSG GdhMh .IH LhCG dG eCG
dG MQ fR jdG OY fe qKh ,eqM Y dG dG Z TCG dG IQGdG g dG
.HCG jQu dG SG MdG eSEG dG a oj c a ddHh ,dG b a
AGeCG MC HdG (L) b Uj gh oSG M dG F dG LY q dG CG EG
,L b eM NGO dEG QGdG hMh b M ,eN MCG jn Y dG MQ OSG ch ,dG
.dJ dG MQ fRn jdG Qf OdG dG e bGh
,Y dG dGoC fCG EG
q
ocr nJ eYh .jdG Qf OdG dH sdG ,S BG p H fRn H Oe gh jdG Qf OdG dG
kIbh
q k Mh kHOCGh kY dG LQ YCG e kLQ cJ fEa dJ dG MQ (fR jdG Qf) SG
a Gj e dG MQ ch ,jdG OY dG dG OSG H Iq Z M Y dG SG a .kTh
gdGh dG e eCG AGYCG b a LdG Gg NOCG bh ,Iq Th Ibq EG dP OGR a ,HT GY
.dG AdG
WdG a M H CGHh ,(H a a dG) L b Y YLQ g dG MQ a e hCG ch
GLj CG feEH CG q dG s X CG dG MQ M jGH a OGdG TCG e ch .MdG
fa ,dG MQ HCG Y c e q TCH Y gOq a dEG LQ jdG Qf CG EG ,ebG Gdha ,gdG
.gdG MG IOYE dG hdG NBG J
H bEG e kHe dG dEG ,dG ah (M) UNh dG a M J H jdG Qf fGh
f qLa .qjgL d Gk f a NGO dH GUG Y Y jM
c fCG EG ,SdG
k
a T e Hd UH dG a dG qgCG iMEG q J fc dG ,eO :dG IVM dEG
dh ,Ie e cCG dG jdG g MG dhj dH gQhH dG ch .dG OhdGh
114

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eO QGSCG eCG IQMe q JQG dG fdG dG dG a UN ,Y Ghq JQGh k jQP ka Ga

dG MQ jdG Qd dG a dG jdG g fch .gV Y adG a fqS SG eCGh
HG e LGhH (fCG jdG e) geCG JgH k fKh ,SdG b H khCG a fcQCG q K CG H
.JN jdG Y
dP a d ch ,dG AGeCG e rdGh
u VhdG Y dG QN jJ H j jdG Qf c
e M ,cCa cCG dG b d a e Gg dh .Ie e cCG dG AeO M a W bGe
jdG Qd eCG SG Ggh .dG a eSEG dGh dGh dG a Y s Sh ,eM H
SdG jJ N e dhCG MdG fG ddHh ,Ue hCG Re hO GdG Th dG a fR
UCG a eCG c dG e dEG f qLa ,fdG MdG dEG dG MQ OdG dG fGh .jdG
qac dG dG AHCG Ea ddHh ,dG e e J fc WdG dhdG EG PEG ,dG e
.LCG Idh gY GW WdG WdG dG Gg iS aj Gfc
,GNG U fc IdG J GW VQCG J a fcQCG qK dG WdG dG W CG c
d kac Gg ch .e e GOk s e k SG WdG dG AHh dG Y AGQRdG IS e UN
SdG adG IVM dEG JOYEGh e Nd SdG Ud tbJ dM a jdG Qf OdG dG
.MGdG qeCG Lh
Qf N GcQOCG jdG ,dG f e d - dH SCG NG e - f jdHh
QdG dG Nt d SdG UdG AL gh ...e dEG UdG Y Hh H dG GC Hh ,jdG
- kV je
N c dG VdG WdG dG jRh (QhT) jRdG SG eY e a
k
e dEG L
k jdG Qf SQCa .dH GfSG jdG dG a eN Y jdG Qf OdG dH
a d Lh e Na ,dG MQ (jCG H Sj jdG U) NCG HGh (cT jdG SCG) IOH
!jdG Qf Y H d dG SGQ CG d e QhT jRdG CG EG .dG MdG bhCGh ,k We
cCG fR jdG Qf CG EG .dGhCG jdG QH j CG H e a LdG Gg Y eCG NG Ggh
e dG Lg eY JGDdG UdG fch ,jW q CH e a edG dG OLh J Y
jQSEG QM ch ,edG dG e jdG U NCG HG cT jdG SCG SQCa .jQSEG e
gh ,WdG adG Yh (QhT) dG jRh Y dG dG S TCG dG IQGdG ceh
.kY jdG U QX jGH fch ,e a kdY (jdG U) SG aQ dG KOdG
115

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

a LGh ,jQSEG QM a Sh OL e jd e e GL b Gfc dG CG dP

c c qJh ,dG GMCG H qO dG CG EG .iNCG dG GQeEG e SdG e TL
jdG U IOH d QSCG dG e M ah dG dG Y fGh ,NBd ja
OdG gCG YG dG QhT jRdG be VCGh ,e a edG dG be iq b dG eCG ,HjCG
jdG SCG SCGQ Yh ,edG dG ReQ ZG dhe dG X b dG q dG fch .k FN
dG cQH Y dG H d SdG UdG jdG Uh jdG SCG YCG e ,dH Gkc ,cT
QhT e kH Gk jRh cT jdG SCG q a ,QdG e QSh GMCG Le QhH cQ dG ,VdG WdG
a jdG Qd kFfh Vd GkjRh jdG U J Jh ,dG MQ jdG SCG aJ a jT Hh .dG
JDe a ASH e a ic a g j dh ,ek J e a jdG Qf M J Y a ,e
U ca ,dG SGe QhH hM dG ,(WdG dhdG a dG UdG MCG gh) adG
.dG ONEG J e YSh ,edG dGh GbGh fGYCG Qa ,bh eCG jdG
N EG nj dh ,e a jdG U H eh cT jdG SCG n H fR jdG Qd eCG K GHh
e MJh WdG dG
EG .SdG dhdG L e
SCd jQdH J eCG CG
M e kHS gfcP dG
n pbh e Vh U N
a . a W dG dG
Q f SG a VEG J jG dG
a dG dGE fR jdG
dG SG H dG IU
.VdG WdG

(dG gGHEG Qcd bdG jdG c QdG) bGMEG b fR jdG Qf e

.bGMEG b IQU NBG gh

fR jdG Qo f eCG K eh
H H jCG j dG n U
dG H dPh ,VdG
SdG d Lh Y
116

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(udDdG jJ) eO a fR jdG Qf OdG dG b

MJ Jh ,WdG dhdG VfG dHh ,aJ CG d e dG VdG Y hO kM qJ e gh ,OGH a

,(dGh e S) H SdG G oSe fR jdG Qn f OQhh ,vSGh va dGh e
.jdG N e fdG MdG q J GHh
M qH CGa , jdG N e INCGh SdG Md OGYEH CGH CG fR jdG Qf d eh
e SEG a Lj d dG L dG jH Gk e M a U b ch .Ybh dG
b dJ dG MQ Jah fa ,af dG Qn bn sdh ...QdG bCG d dG jd GOk GSG
jdG IdH jQdG SQe a BG dEG heh a OLe bh ,eO a n paOo h .dG M uj CG
.eH eCG dG b dG dEG (jdG S) jf Y J gh ,eO e
117

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

HjCG dhdG
dG sJh ,Oc hCG fG eCG CG - dG UNh - hdG sX ,fR jdG Qf IaH
dG AGeCG NG Gk J eCG OGRh ,SdG VQCG a gOLh oj dG MQ Oc CG H AGdG
ddG ,fR jdG Qf N e Y UdG q e J ,dG MQ jdG Qf aN Y fdG
.Y u bn dEG j dG U c dG MdG HG gh ,YSEG
dG IOb H b CG H UN ,gh g J dGh efG QOGH CGHh ,SdG fGh
,e a jdG H Ghj CG dEG SEG e Y jQdH iOCG e .dG fOH QdG
gh ,iNCG Ie gMH CGHh dG dEG QhH SCa ,fR jdG Qf AGeCG aCc GP b U c dG
.jW GS SdG H jJ Ns CG e
U UdG dH sdG ,jCG H Sj sdG dG ,dG MQ gh jdG U UdG dG
H QaG IOjRh t dG H e (jdGh fdG U) SH jQCdG HdG a sj ch ,jdG
jdGh dG a fR jdG Qf SCG Gk c j HjCG jdG U SCG ch .dG Hh
e c e EG ,H a QhJ dG hdG VN Yh dG AeO M dEG j a ,HdGh
d a .fR jdG Qf IaH fG eCG CG GqXh dG Y GLN jdG AGeCG H M dEG QGVG
IaH oa dG IdG s Sh ,dG jdG U UCG GHh .iNCG Ie dG MJ OYCG CG dG MQ
.SdG H jJ dEG iNCG Ie ke ,M dG OdG UCGh ,OdG dG
,dG jOH CG ,d IQhdG WdG e GC a ,Y N dJ dG MQ UdG dG GC H g eh
VdG e hdG edH gcP IT ahe bh dP a dh ,NBG H kM dG j GC Hh
,(edG dG) Hc a JdG OdGh ,(SdG SdGh fdG QOGdG) Hc a OGT HG
.SCG c S e L Y NCG dG eT HC (dhdG QNCG a VhdG) c dch
MGdG c e SdG Uj CG H ,v fhM Hk SCG HdG JGSEG a j dG ch
.a a gjh dG jh GOGeEGh UdG W d ac dG e dM e c a
dG gH Y o r njh cT a j ic be dEG dG Qj CG RdG e c Gdh
H ,WEG Y dG a U IQeEG ibCG IdG J a uJ fc dG Sd IQhdG WdG dEG
118

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e) q J fc dG IMdG gh ,GQeEG J H IMdG dG g dG a SdG fc

N SQ Jh ,cd kfe d jq W IH e jdG ( qM) e QNG J dd .(SdG
eCG (fjQ) LhR j c dG jW M jdG U Lg dG GQSh .bH cdG
VQdG CG EG ,jdG U a a bdG H - dP e - QTCG dG ,sdG dG FdG ,HGW
sNh g QNG dG cdG e a dG dEG QSh ,OGQCG e jdG d q a ,jCGd IjT fc
.ke d
eCG g U e k Uf k Uh ,dG jQJ a dG QdG iMEG qM be oJh
QGah a dG QfG a .SdG dEG Qd L HH dG cdG g fc M ,IddG
d M eCGh ibCH d SdG dEG NBG dG RfGh ,HhQhCG dEG H fG ,dG
,qc MdGh Hf dEG qM H QS a ...Yk J jdG U jW a dG Sh .c dG a
jgdG UNh ,dG e JY ec d LGh fh edG je a K eh ,Y dEG f gHh
dG L e dEG Ua ,SdG dEG H fG M IdG cG EG eh .e neh HQdGh jdG
dG aGOh ,QdG Y j e q TCG Y SdG QM CGHh ,LQ T e Y edG a
,ek j 12 dGh QdG GOh .OdG e dCG a d LG bh ,OdGh dG j e q TCH gQhH
QOa ,e AL QfG a J e bMCGh ,bdG ddG jhGdG e QdG dG OL f CG dEG
aGa .dG W dEG jdG a dG edG Fbh (HCG) Iq dG d HdG cdG (dH)
icd aGdG ,jdG LQ T e jdGh HdG a dG j a jdG oah ,dG MQ dG
.dG eCG d dJ dG e Gk Nh IcJ d ,AdG H ij c ,dG GdGh AGSEG d
bCG q Wh ,as dG IdG b e a dG H dhCG dG IU dG MQ dG qUh
OYCGh ,QdG bCG a ceCG e gZh IdG bh dG edH dG KMCG e GRCGh
fR jdG Qf e ,dG eQ GSG qJ K ,MG e keY J dGM H ,AHh YhQ d
fdG u dG bMCG CG dEG Hh ,a a ,QdG bCG dG dEG ,M a pUo dG
. 21/8/1969 a (ghQ je jO)
dG edG Ge jd jQCdG jKCG HdG gdG IdG d bdG dG QKBG eh
Ggh .gs dG AdH dG edG Ge a dG dEG IOLdG ,QdG bCG dG IQYh
119

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

(udDdG jJ) dG edG Ge a UdG d jQdG dG

:f
t
Y g dG bCG dG IQYh ,Ss dG GdG Gg jH eCG ,MdG MdG dG H)
eY ,jdGh fdG U UdG dG dG HCG jCG H Sj dhh dG Y ,SDu e idG
,dG g n T (73)Yn GjEG dG Cj gh ,FNh fKh K S QT a jj Y dG a
.(MdGh IdG e M GLEGh
M ,Ss dG jdGh dG a dG MQ dG qJCG EG eh
e YS HhQhCG CG EG ,c SdG VQCG e dG ALEH CGH
SQEG qJh ,WSCGh TdH a a ehdG gOL q eCG
jdG a e K e IY gOb dG ddG dG dG
.AcdGh IdH jQdG d j dG GfEG e SCG b OQjQ
IdG JSGe HJ K eh ,OQjQ e dG hM HJh
,NQDdG e Zh KCG HG Y He j dGh edH sKdG
jdG VhdG g H sbho dG (edG U) bJ qJ CG dEG
bh ,f bdG a QdGh dOdG FSdG e jdG dGh
SGQO a dH IdG g gGHEG feGQ IPSCG MdG SQO
e dG bh a jdG SCdh ,]15 :MCG IQS[ |
} jdG jBG e IPNCe (YGjEG) dG g (73)
.kbWEG dG e J (YGPEG) ch (dG g T YGPEG dG Cj gh ) hdG a dG g f a Gkc GQCG CN a AdG
qdGh qdG qCH eCG AHCG cJ qOhCG gh .Y hdG f MGh WN f S c CdG CG hjh ,(YGjEG) gh VGh dG qCG dEG aVEG
.jdG Gg eCG bG dd ,Sh Y dG U dSQ bh Lh Y dG b EG Td Vse CGQ ch ,dG nW e e f c e

120

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dG d eh ,IOGSd dEG LdG jh SdG H SGQO a LdG LQO d eq b qb

dG b pe aO c dG jdG J a aOo h ,feCG qJCG CG H eO a dJ dG MQ aJ CG
.eCG dG e jbh ,dG dEG he bh ,jdG Qf OdG

jdG U UdG dG H a HjCG dG

Iah H M c dG QeCG qdJ Y JOb H dG qO jdG U UdG dG Iah H
jH j a UNh ,keY VhCG Oq J a KCG cCG eCG dd ch ,jdG Qf OdG dG
qS dG (jCG H H HCG H jdG S OdG dG H e edG dG) n j Y dPh ,SdG
!iNCG Ie dG dEG SdG
If f dG ,Y sdG dG jCG UNh ,Ie Ia e kVGh c SdG jJ qCG hjh
dG CG UN fK gcj a SdG e GqJ e GPEG dG CG Yh ,dM e VhCG dEG eY
jL v T gYCG IH a .jdG U UdG dG Iah H iNCG Ie eq CG a
q j CGH
kaN dPh ,dG MQ HjCG jdG U gGbh
q gqT dG SdG je QGSCG jH b M ,Gv L
dGh dG e dG dG Gg bh .jdG GMG d a QGSCG H dG j CG e
H hcj Gfc fC ,jQdG oco a GQk ce Gg GR eh Y qdG dG Y NQu DdGh edG e
.dJ dG MQ jdG U QGSCG
CG jdG U dG jCG s j MCG j a ..dG c ah Gk N dG a eCG c f ah
CG iQCG fEa ddh .dG jCH ehe
n bQh J CG M H ..iNCG Ie dMG S SdG
ka VQCG g qMCG qfGC Y QdG bCGh SdG a dG QKBG d J dG ,Y qdG dG
V n p Yn h Veh fe Y b ch .jd M bh a U H b b ,JM Y Ceh
cf fEGh ,Y dG d dG Qu of fCH g k Y .IQGOEG a g dPh ,d MdG feEG
GhOY CG H SdG je e dG GNEG Y dP H YCG dG g H b dG dG Gg CH
gh ,dhdGh eCG UCG dG dG d Jf Y LdG Gg f CG j Gd ,iNCG Ie gMGh
AdG jQUh SQGdG e qTh a H M gbCG Yh qMCG c SdG a QKBG d J dG LdG
.dG PEH kM qS c HjCG e e Z e cCG VdGh gdGh
121

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

qMG M dP ch .SCG c edG dG n j Y Jah H Y qdG dG SM U kah

Y dCG e fdG jQja dH SGh OY dh .e edG dG LNCa ,eO dG
dP Jh ,SdG qj CG He Y MG dG Y VYh ,(T gh) SdG eN
j CG Y ,fhj h SdG LH dG j (aj Ige) SH aYo Ige LH
Y IgdG Ie fch .hdG gQS j h dG gj h ,dG H bCG dG
.SdG Y ke jQja dG `u ` oJh iNCG Ie SdG dG NO M ,dH c e gh !GS
dG CG cj jQdG EG M ,`g 626 Y dP ch ,Ydc Y bhh dG dG dG Gg GQh
fEG) :bh jQja d eCG o jn a ,dCG e NO Y GPCG aQ H bCG fuPDe eCG edG
SdG H d k a cCG QdG jdG j CG lYh (dG Y s JCGh GPCG SCG CG OQCG
Iah H e M Ie YGfh aN e dM Y eCG H M c Y .JL AHCG H e edG
dG OH dGh OQCG MU Y dG dG HG OhGO UdG dG b M ,LdG Gg
QS jJ Y Y J dG Whd fh (aj) Ige Ia AfG H dPh `g 637 Y e
da RfEG Gg aCG CG d e dh .dG dG Gd Ggh dG Sa ,Jh jdG
Ie k e GSGh ,e MU (jCG jdG f ddG dG) V (YSEG ddG) dG Y e
iNCG Ie d jdG J J dP LHh ,jCG jdG f ddG dG Y dH iNCG
UdG dG bY ch .dG dG Gg V eSEG GdG a eQY IQK dEG iOq CG e ,`g638 Y
cP bCd ddG dG MG e IdG g ah .k FVh GOk u e eh Y NBG a Oq J CG OhGO
QdG bCG dG eM ofGh c dEG iNCG Ie jJ J as dG IdG b CG NQu DdG
Ib H jdG JL a dG M GebCGh QdG GHTh JMS a dG HY M
.SdG a dG dG MU MG
H e edG dG H jCG jdG f ddG dG b M ,`g 643 Y dEG dc eCG Hh
,e S ,jCG jdG f ddG dH sdG ,jdG f dG HCG jCG H OdG dG H HCG
a SdG H a dEG QSh dGh dG dgCG eh ddG e L
k Mh e gCH SGh
b adG fc CG H dG IRM dEG gOYCGh v Ff SdG Oq SGh dG e OWh dG dP
e SdG H GHh .dJ dG MQ HjCG jdG U UdG dG a H iNCG Ie n sV
.ddG fdG MG J Sh YV M dG pnpH jQdG dP
jdG e QDdG q S M YEGh jdG e dH dhJh fdG dG Gg NQu DdG cP bh
122

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jdG U d (MdG) dG H ,jCG jdG f ddG d f (dG) dG dG

UdG dG Iah H HjCG dG AHCG H Cf dG adG g qCG cdH jdG eh .HjCG
,e jq CG H dG H M ,NQu DdG e dG Zh J Qe fc dG MQ jdG U
ch ,H e ADg a e J q Mh vT jdG U UdG dG Lg dG KCG HG Qu Ddc
PEG ,eJ de dG MQ KCG HG a dNGoC e Ggh ,jdG Qf OdG dH jEG kfQe eJG d
bYh ,d j AVdG
q jQJh ,H e DhN Y e IjL dG MQ UdG dG nJ j
.iNCG QRh IQRGh QJ h ,jQdG U ujJ dGR e Y dG VQ fR jdG QH IdG
ahe Jah bh ,(Qq t dG IT) ahdG dG hR a ,jCG jdG f ddG dG dEG Ofh
.dG a dH qM dG FGdG bCG e fc dG ,e a IdG (IQdG) be a
`g648 Y JaHh .oan ,H Id dG (fGQJ) HG qdJ jCG jdG f ddG dG IaHh
a Gk qJ GdG cCG t n oJ Ia a M dG cdG dhdG gH e d ,HjCG dhdG Y fG
.SEG QX e SdG jQJ
:ddG ejCG dEG bH GJ dG QdG bCG dG a HjCG QKBG qgCG eh
kfe d dPh ,as dG IdG b MS a Y qdG dG ebCG dG :js dG dG - 1
.HdG dG a dG Y jQd
Ne jq j IVdG ejCG dEG Gf dR e GhdG Ggh ,dG edG ee a VdG GhdG - 2
.dG MQ Y qdG dG H bh ,dG edG
dh .QdG bCG dG QN gh ,dEG ODj I rdG Hh ,AVdG e CG ,I rdG - 3
dG gH ,QdG bCG dH ITe Je a ,SdG je Y de jC
k G
.Y qdG
OdG dGh ,MdG H gh ,jdG U UdG dG jCG a HGdG
q H ZEG - 4
.KdGh hOdGh
FH IOYEGh eJ qJ qfCG EG ,jb gh ,AdG qHjCG ddG H q oJ dG ,GdG b jJ - 5
.ddG H qHjCG IdG a
123

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

HGHq H e ,QdG bCG dG a gcd dG s j dG QKBG e dG g CG c

.dG QKBG e dP Zh QdG bCG dG

cdG dG
q b GQk gORG a Ss dG jdG gORG a ,SdG jd gdG dG q H cdG dG t n jo
WdGh dGh SQGdG fGh ,Gk c GQk gORG a dG cdG gORG c ,fqS OGORGh ,o f
bh e gYCGh SdG GqMCG b ddGh .Y H jdG ANdG OSh ,e c a dG
cdG dG CG c .cdG d Oj e ddG ejCG a gGf dG jdGh ,dG gLh
e fc ,aq dG IdG b a UNh ,QdG bCG dG ah jdG a AdGh aNdG a
.jC
k G Sq dG jdG Y q e e LCG
adG cdG a gORG ek Y 270 GM CG ,`g 922 Y dEG `g 648 Y e cdG dG q eG
,dG MQ dG jdG e MdG g Y ch sJ ne aCG eh .SdG jdG a fGdGh
a cdG dG dDdG UY bh .(dGh SdG jQJ a dG fCG) :dG Hc a dPh
900 Y M k a k S dG dP GMCG Uh fCG c ,qbH edG dP a SdG Uhh ,JbhCG gRCG
.jb TCG dG jCG, `g
JGRfEG MCGh aCG a ,bCG a JGRfEG qgCG cf CG H a ddGh SdG fcP GPEGh
:QdG bCG dG a
M ,as dG IdG bh dG ed dG MQ ddG hhb H e dG eJ dG QNdG ,QNdGh QKBG J gCG eh .bGdG cdG QNdG e dG dEG VCG
H e dGh jdG U d jQCdG HdG e ,NGdG e IdG b dEG adG
.f hhb H e d dG edG b NGO dG QNdG jC
k Gh ,hhb
AH dG a QKBG q gCG eh ,QdG bCG dG dEG jb TCG dG dG aVEG e gs Y M ,IjY UhCH aTCG SQdG Uho bh .jb Sh aTCG SQdG
.dG edGh as dG IdG b H QdG bCG dG a ddG IgdG dG jdG
124

masjid final.qxp

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k e eh ,QdG bCG dG Y eqMh ddG WS bhCG dG IdG bhCG

IdG qb Y jQCG b OQCG QZ a (jdG)h (LdG) :njb bhCG dG SH TCG
ddG oTG c .as dG IdG qpd bdG dG Y Je bdG Md GJ eh .as dG
dG ,jdG W dG jGS AHh ,JN cJ dG b ke eh ,SdG a aGe IH
.SdG a (jCG QGO SQe) q J SQe BG gh ,Hb aO
QdG bCG a JeJh ddG YCG q gCG J a GH Lf .O cP e g fh
,dG S e GkAL j hhb jdG S QdG dG Ga) :a ,dG edG UNh
,(NdH GQdG ujjh `qdG aNR a VGh eJ hhb H e ,UdG dG HG ojh
:a AL NGq dG e `q dG a OLe FGO f a dP qN bh ( 1327 - `g 728) S a dPh

UdG dG dG fe qjCG a cQdG q`dG g Oq L , MdG MdG dG H{

a dG e jOdGh QGdG gb ,QdG jq DdG ZdG HGdG gdG OdG
dG dG dG H fi ,jdGh fdG Uf ,dGh SEG S ,ddG
.zFSh jYh K S QT a MH dG q J ddG hhb QdG
dG qK ,M jdG Uf ,UdG dG qK ,T jdG S edG dG jGdG qj qK
dG a dG jdG dG VH b dG g dG Ggh ,jEG jdG S TCG
.kabhCG Y bhCGh kFQb dd qJQh ,IAGdG JH bh ,bCG
ddG GhdG SGbCG UEH Geb a .dG MGf e G`qeQ b HCG ADg d `fq EGh
ah .UUq dH `q dGh dG S Gch ,QdGh NGq dG e `q dG GUCGh jq dG adG
q GhOq Lh
M Ic qMUEG YCH ( 1516 - 1051) `g 922 - 906 QdG fb TCG b gY jf
LGdGh IYCG seQh ,GHCG gOo c . GQdG qH h UUdH qbh dG S J MCG
jdG e QDdG dP Y gT Nh ddG d cJ dG f dG g ddG dG qCG fh,
Y GH.O c fG (ddG dG c M dEG j feR a dG c a (1496) dG
.JeJh ddG YCG
:e cf QKBG e jdG BG dEG QdG bCG a jC
k G ddh
H H ,kAH JCGh LCG g dG Gg dh ,iNCG GHCG H gh) f qdG H - 1
.(hhb H e dG ddG
125

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

ddG H FH eCG ,WEG Y QdG bCG dG oSo LCG gh ,jb S - 2

Gg dEG UCG H H d ,fdG dG a jJ Jh ,jb TCG dG dG
.dG
,ddG e e IY jCG Y ddG H oH ,QdG bCG d HdG GhdG - 3
,dG dEG GJ eh Ss dG jdGh dG e a aH fG dG SQGdG - 4
.gcd dG sj dG QKBG e gZ dG gh - 5
bCG dGh SdG a ddG jCG a c H SJ
s fGdG cdG if fEa Ggh
TCG dG dG Iah H cdG dhdG J CGH dG dG Ia dEG dc Hh ,QdG
,`g 922 Y M IH edG H V dG IdG FGdG IdG J a fGh .`g 901 Y jb
GC H ddHh ,dG e e JGNCG e fdG S d k YGW JOb Je SdG qS eY
.fdG dG g SdG jdG a jL Y

fdG dG
dG a dhCG dG e fc Sda ,cdG dhdG hJ CG b SdG a fdG dG GC H
.dG dEG dUh Y fdG M dG
QdG e GfCG QH s J c ,SdG a dG AdG cM QGSH fdG dG s Jh
eh .dG S Y a jd dG QfG e ,jdG a IH gQfGh fdG dGh YLG
dG MQ ffdG S dG LhR (fchQ) bhCG dG (S UN) qJ :gTCG
.LdG AH e a UNh SdG a AdG a fdG RGdG fG c ,AGd
:fdG dG a WdGh GMCG TCG eh
dG UNh
bCG dG e qeQ dG ( 1651 - `g 969 ) ffdG `S `qdG - 1
q
e dG SdG QS gh Sq dG jdG QS AH jH dG MQ dG b c ,e qHdG
q d LQdG QGdG Y AdG dGREH dG MQ b c .dG Gfh ,BG dEG Gk gX GR
.dG Gf Gf dG QRCG fTdG dG H SGh aq dG IdG
126

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jdG Yh dG Y dGh
q 1817 - `g 1223 fqdG Oe dG
q n dG cCG dP H - 2
.dG MQ
1876 - `g 1293 fqdG dG Y d
q hdG dG Qhq dG fdG dhdG jf a c q K - 3
a SH d dGh Od SdG VQCGh jdG J (dG j c) aQ dG,
cP M ,as dG IdG qb a Y e QdG bCG a dG QKBG e CG c .a
jJ a GTG dEG W qdG Ya HdG dG a q N He Y YCG `e hCq G c fCG
IQS c dG g qdG Ggh ,(T e) :g KG e QNGh , WN e Pf
(gdG dG Y) QNG c ,dG qdH as dG IdG b M ,jdG BGdG b ,(j)
.dG `dGh GdG `dG a f IQdG HH b dG
:QdG bCG dG a fdG QKBG gCG eh
.gZh GhQCGh dG q bh dG q b eh ,fdG dG - 1
fc ceCG gh (IN) L hdGh ,as dG IdG MS a J dG fdG hdG - 2
.dGh SGQdGh IOd fCH Gjh a Gd Ogq dGh AdG d UN
oJ
k
dG Gg a gcd dG qj dG iNCG fdG QKBG e jdG dG a Lj c - 3
.dG
H) Hc a Gs T M e jdG PSCG CG e gdGh jdG aNG cDhGC CG Jj h
fdG qJGh ,g qjCG fdG dhdG VdG PSCG a Lg dG ,(bCG dGh SdG
Y sTh
n .k FV ejCG a H M bCG GgCG fCGh ,fjd SdG GqS jdG g fCH
QdG bCd qMh a jQdG d Y jdG ddG jCG e gNCGh SdG qH eb
.cdG MH IdG g q S Gq T PSCG EG M , Sdh
..idH EG YCG Y Hd H a ,IMGh qeCG khCG g dG CH qcf CG g keGd iQCGh
f a dG J dh ..Gk HCG edG dCe Y dG j d Gq T PSCG CG e cCe fCG e
.kJH bO Z (cdG MG)
bCGh SdG a SG QYEG Ia ,SdG a dG fdG QhO J hCG QfEG j
127

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

IdG jf a EG jdG SdG fe M e fdG dG a AT j dh ,fdG dG a

fdG dG jf a hdG e fC (fY aN) f CG kUCG qj fCG iQCG dG ,fdG
e UTCG IOH UNh qfdH ahdG (qbdGh OJG)h (IdG cJ) nL e UY qCG
dG e Y FN Y YCG f CG qj h ,ghqeOh fdG adG GVbq jdG g ,QJJCG
.fdG dhdG jf cGh dG ddG GdG GH dGh
bhh bCG dCe a dJ dG MQ fdG dG Y dG be d fCG a MCG j
jCG a QUh jdG dG jGH e bCG Vh SdG Yd fdG WCG Lh a eQdG
QdG bdG Gg hY qeCGh ,Yh c SdG a c eSEG ddG eH Jg QhOK dh ,OdG
M OGeG Y fdG dhdG qC !e Z a cJ qJ Yf Oe dEG (Gq T PSCG ij c)
g H HdG dG EG H ,dG qbdGh OJG L qdJ eY EG Gk HCG cJ Yf CG e q j d
dP e jh ,ac bCG a edG YCG jQCJ H qJ dG dG gh SdGh bCG a IFdG
adG e d Ggh ,dG jJ fdG IdG jf a bdGh OJG YL he cCdH
p fdG Wd qj h AT a fdG
.H
qdG ZQ EGm GO q CG hO e ddG e SdG (GqMG) fCH fd eJGh PSCG c qeCGh
Je gqSh fdG TdG GSG jdG g jdG S CG hdG e fEG M ,OhOe b a
TCG dG Iah H SdG gc KCG c H FGdG J
q H EG dP c eh ,dGh jdG
f dP c PEG .cdG dhdG fG M dG e FN a dG qO M ,dG MQ jb
.NBG d dh cdG dhdG a dG
,fdG `dhdG a QGfG jGH M Ahgh QGSG e Y g e Y jdG SdG a eCG H bh
eJG qCG qj ddHh .dhdG AfCG bH a KCG c SdG a dG cG a dH k`S `qKGC dG eCG
:jdG e a j qLh qY dGh ,bO Z fd GqT PSCG
.]8 :IFdG IQS[ |

YCG eSEG dG QhOh fjdG MG

jCG Y iNCG Ie MG J j CG bCG geh Sq dG jdG d dG AT ,Ggh
e dG (qdG) GdG IOH dPh , 1917 Y qe SdG jdG GNO jdG ,fjdG
128

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Sq dG jdG dNO Y Y n pc o P e dG
a ..Hd SSCG dH Gk cq e ,kjRZ ve
de OhGO b HGH eCG d N hCG N b
z.dG hdG fG BG{ :IdG
(fjdG MG Y) dG Gg qGC EG
eSEG dG) b f b dG a T
dG MQ (dG eCG) dG IOH (YCG
.dJ
SdG dG jf a dG eCG dG dho
JD dG Yo f dG ah ,1897 Y ,Y
cdG SCJ a QJ dGh ,hCG fdG
QNG qJh ,Od q eb Wh SCJh fdG
SdG a fjdG MG OL
EG a .YdG WdG Gd kfe d a
eCG dG qJh .ddG c e SdG VQCd J GeGDdG Lh M fdG Y Y dG a
.gZh fdGh HdG dG UCG qJh jfdGh YdG dG e dG qJh SdG a J
qJ c ,(eCG dG) H dG dP e o a ,keY 16 Rhj Y c eY dG ja iOq CGh
IeGDe CGH M SdG dEG OY EG eh .SEG a fdG jdG dG a jdG dG
.ddG fdG cd a J dEG hCG dG e ag dG ,d fjdG MG
RhJ vf IU xS a SdG e e dG eCG dG qdJ
YCG eSEG dG J dG dP a dYCG IQcH fch ,keY 25
,qac a a eSEG SdGh bCH dG hDdG Y d
Y fYEG .gcCGh SCJ jGH a dG H b dG YCG qgCG fch
b dG edG c M ,QdG bCG d SGh eJ Y AGLEG
YCG dEG J as dG IdG b fc dch .edG eGY H q J
qJ eSEG ddG a dL H 1923 Y edH dG GC a ,Ic fU
dCH bh ,IQdG dhDe H jq dG c qdJh ,bCG ed dG e YdG L dN
129

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

edG N bGh ,dG edG d edG ed bq dG dG Vhho SdG e d

dh .edG aGf Lh gaGf e gjJ q Jh ,c H dG HUCG dG dG edG b YJ
fCG ej SdG Qq bh , 1927 Y SdG a jT GdH dG La M edG fG EG e
!vFf dG edG e d 1923 Y qJ dG edG d
eCG dG CGa .Qfd Vk s e UCa iNCG Ie dG edG e Yq U RR hM HJh
AfGh 1938 Y edG Gg a dG AH ch ,RdG g H QdG bCd fdG edG H
M pJ d dG jdG HGY MQh dG eCG dG IOQe CGH IdG g ah , 1943 Y dG
dG UEG Y dG SCGQ Y j eCG dG c dG f bdG a .dJ dG MQ Jah
c ,IdG qbh dG edG SCGQ Yh a J dG dG fdGh Jh QdG bCG
a J CGH dG fdG HdGh fjdG GdG
q V bdG GQdG IOb Y j dG
OGSG jh
q jh fjdG dG Lh a jh v SS GQdG IOb Y j a .a
.Gv S ehdG Yd SCG
e dG j CG b 1920 Y dhCq G a ,Ie Ia e IOQdG Y CGH g e
d d VG dG fjdG dG Y dG dG J OY K ,jQS dEG a ,SdG
IQdG eb M ,QdG bCG dG b e GQdG Oj ch .dG e qdJh IOdH
aQ dG g ch ,fdG cdG AGYCG q dCG oj IdG J a ch . 1936 Y idG dG
.dG MQ e dG dEG GYOh Ie e cCG b jdG hM M ,d dG dG GQGb
fCG jh . 1974 Y d a aOo h dG MQ aJ CG dEG a e NGoC CG H M OL Y Hh
,zfjdG jQWGeEGh fdG hY
q e{ :GH ke fjdG dG iMEG f Jah H
AH e S 15 hCG GS 10 N FGSEG dhO J CG j c{ :fdG cdG AYR MCG Y bh
z.dG GY dEG j eCG Gg L dG eCG dh ,ebEG he
IAGH f dG QdG QY P`SCG IdG d GNQq CG jdG TCG e qCG f CG dG e gh
U e cCdG Y H Hc a jQJ qdTEG OLh dEG dG e (SdG jQJ a dG)
Hc
s
bCG dGh SdG je jQd ev g v KJ Hk c q n jo qfCG EG ,a IQcdG jQdG Oq GdG H
.IdG J a TY LdG C GdH fjdG MG Ia a QdG
130

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fOQCG edGh dG
fjdG d qe dG fdG hdG qfEG !!..e f e NBG hZh jL MG QOGH CGH gh
g a fGh , 1948 Y OdGh OdG OdG GqS M ,SqdG jdG M MCGh J aCG
FdG eh ,Th IH jQdG gcj kLQ d qj CG dG AT dG , SdG QGSCG dEG MG dG
edG jj Y SG dG , 1948 Y M a fOQCG dG cQCG e dG MQ (dG dGY)
.qfeEGh OQGdG qb ZH dG MQ jj Y eog dGh ,SdH jdG IdG a fc dG fdG
iSCG jdG HQdG L NCG qJ dG dG Y FdG e SG JG fRhQ Te gFb sbhh
g Ggh ,kL MGhQCG jMh jdG IdG e hdH OdG e AdGh WCGh Ad dGh M
.k FGO dG jQJ gcjh SSCG eSEG QOdG H eCJ dG dG NCG q b
HdG dG S H fOQCG OdG jCG Y SdG e bdG dG Y adG qJ dHh
eh Ss dG jdG q V q Jh .IdG dG ce a dG MQ dG QOdG Y FdG OSG Y
1976 - 1948 ,S 19 qSG dG fOQCG dG a GC d OQCG T dEG QdG bCG dG V
IdG qb a qgCG ,IdG J N QdG bCG dG a fOQCG eJ IY g ch ,
sdG SdH iNCG Ie Jch qd UUdG IdG H hq CG dG Y dG eCG eY asdG
a iNCG eJ AGLEG Jh ,gDhHh fhQ d OY bh .eCG dG a fc c q gP Od gs no dG
UHh QNCG e dG e - dG H - dP H QdG bCG dG M e gh ,dG edG
.ddG Q d dGh VdG IdG GW OqJ CG e jdG QNCG

fdG MG
d a JcGP eq CG n n an ..n p dGh dG TG bh a
kf eG qeCG CG J C H dG nPp CGh ..S dG Ya ..e dG e
hCG eG c c iNCG Ie Ss dG dG OGOS Gk jT
Ic IQGda ,UCGh bCGh q TCG IdG g dh .dG jCG
.LGQ dEG qfGE h d qfGE h ,U dGh
1967 bCG a MG OL
(dhdG dG :QdG)

131

eYH , 7/6/1967 j Sq dG jdG jdG NO

,JOb Qc MCGh ,ej FGSEG adG jRh jGO Te

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

jdG OdG NO eYh .HGQ SEG

G f c Q dG bCG dG e
of eh .(jjCH dG L) :jj
fh b H CG jdG YGPEG a Y
dG a (O dG Q e dG) Q a dG
dEG OdG (IOY)`H kfGjEG QdG bCG
Ss dG jdG MH kfGjEGh ,S dG
fEG H .GdH QdG bCG dGh
,as dG IdG qb a nYn aH Geb
,Yk SCG ADg jCG Y ke bCG Hh
H fdG MG Gb eb M
fOQCG eSEG bhCG IFGd dG
, eSEG dG IOq Q e ak N i NCG I e
(JQMQa jR) :NdG H kYh
J SC GfBG FGSEG jOCG jRh
1967 SdG a HGQ SEGh jGO Te
(dhdG dG :QdG)
jO dG U d H U N G H
.fq j c d MS d VQCH jJh edH HQdG IQM eJ qJ c ,Sq dG
fgEG TCG HC QdG bCG dG Vq J Sq dG jd fdG MG Ia Nh
bCG IQe a .IgdG VQCG Y jdG JQG dG dG QRdG c HCG d ,AGYGh
dG ce q J dG fdG IQdG ah ,dG bhQCG a Gk T 17 S 8/10/1990 jQH dhCG
jQH ddG bCG IQe a OdG JQGh ,AGT 3 QdG bCG a S 24/9/1996 jQH
.Sq dG IgdG VQCG Y AGT 5 d 29/9/2000
Y GhYGh dG jdG Lg a ,QdG bCG VQCG Y IMdG QRdG g q n oJ h
dGh ,as dG IdG qb Y (eOL CG) AGYG dG S Y e c ,Ie e cCG qdG
hdG e nop ch , 11/4/1982 j QdG bCG dG SGq M e gMCG jT sN
.fJh dG ed
132

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j hDdG jdG jL QdG bCG dG Y q e dG dDdG GMCG q gCG MCG q dh

jdG Qf e Y JCG dGh ,(ghQ je jO) dG dGSCG OdG JQG dG 29/8/1969
dG ,dJ dG MQ fR Oe
.dG edG a GOk Le c dG
b EG dG G g e n j dh
G J eh dG HGq H g I MGh
e SEG dG a IO L e
fG) Q dG bCG d H
AH Gk Nq D e q Jh .( H dG IQdG
a Vp hho UCG d He e
.dG edH fe
qj dG Y eCG b j h
a MG S j oJ dG
edG J (dG qj c) J jda ,Jh edH QdG bCG dG QGSCG e
dG QGSCG ec Jh QdG bCG dG Me ec J e c a J fEG H ,a dG
.kS dP dEG MEG SG EG VQCG Lh Y edH de d dhe a
bCH eSEG dG a ,a HGqdG ,fR jdG Qf e e H e
(dDdG jJ)

fdG MG Y a edG
bdG GMCG ZQ QdG bCG dG a - IjdG HU ZQ - edG q SG
edG g fch .SdG dG Y fdG MG S e dG dG GAG YGh
H jCHh ,IQJ jdG dGh dG Hh SdG je AHCG jCH qJ GjdGh dGh
.iNCG IQJ eSEGh HdG edG
:edG M e QdG bCG dG Y CGW dG GQdG gCG eh
,1969 Y KBG jdG QKBG e dG edG eJh QedG QKBG e QdG bCG dG eJ .fOQCG ed HdG bhCG IFGO j Y dP ch
133

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`jQ`dG :f``dG QdG

dG dG j Y NdG OdH Tr ah ngs n o dG Jc Jh as dG IdG qb eJ . 1995 Y dP qJh ,OQCG e W H

SDe e xc j Y dPh ,jQdG a Ie hC vSQ Id MaGh fGhdG qdG eJ a eSEG GdG dh ,NCG dG NGO (QdG CG jC
k G q Jh) dG CG je a bCG
TH e Yq J K . 1996 Y dP Jh ,SdG a fOQCG eSEG bhCG IFGOh ,SdG
.fGhdG qdG
jCG Y 1999 Y (jdG bCG) q j dGh ,MaGh dG edG J eCG q dG eJ .cJ e dG H jCG Y dG Gg Ta qJh ,kHS gfcP dG f dG
q Jh 2000 Y dP ch ,f dG dG H hdH q VQCG UEGh dG edG Ta .IdG HdG GQeEG dhO a bQdG IQeEG eCG SdG e H S .O dG f Y
e bdG HdG dG a VQCG J IQe fc dG bdG fGhdG HGdG
q aG jCG Y dPh (bdG MdG) q S AdG L jM MS AfEGh ,QdG bCG dG
.MCG dG H se IdG HdG GQeEG dhO f Y dG IAVEG q Jh ,f dG
dG OL aH EG qJ QdG bCG dG a dGh edG qgCG qCG if Ggh
dG d ejh c hqMj eDdG d ..jdG Y jBGh IY dP ah ,c LGh
.Sq dG dG jJ ,SCG jdGh
,SdG jdG MG Y jd eCG bj M ,Sq dG jdG jQJ SGQO a bf g dEG
b GQk NG SCG g a J dh .MG KGH e gjd dJ dG PEH OdG dG QfH
,dG Gd dG
IOdG a QNG LC ,dGh GMCG e dG cJ dh , Gk jT qJ
q
bCG a M e d Gse dEG j eCG dh .UdG jQdG dG IOdG Y f dh
dG d ,QdG bCG GMCG Y dGh d AGq d dG f dd .BG dEG dG J e
QhdG e NCG dG dEG d g bfh ,NBG e a dJ fPEH eCG Gg a SdG j
q dJ
.(dG Z Y bCG) Qe gh ,QdG bCG dG SGQd jdG

134

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ddG QdG
Y bCG
G Z

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:J
,jQdG Qe gh QdG bCG dG SGQO a fdG QdG Y jdG S e a fCG
,(dG Z Y bCG) Qe gh ,dG Gg a NCGh ddG QdG Y dG Gg a fh
SdG jeh QdG bCG dEG ddG ejCG a fGdGh jOdG QOdG If M q a
.JY a qgCGh
h ,a nJn Yh d nUh
r JGQdG QOdG Y dG g a f fCG dEG g dG Jj h
CG c eDf fEG H ,IdG hCG IdG g a aGf fCG g dG gCG IY Oe fcP j
jGdG eh dG jdG J dG qeCG gh ,fjdGh GQdG KQGh g JdG eSEG qeCG
e dh .]67 :GY BG[ |
} :dJ b bh ,jd
JCG If H eJ WMEG Y Gfj CG SGQOh QdG bCG dH q dG Md dG
Gg Y GdG d dG d Y Z W ee dPh ,dEG fGdGh jOdG fjdG
a JYh qY H Sq dG jdGh dG dEG OdG If Y jdH GC Sh .Sq dG dG
.QNH QdG bCG dG a JYh iQdG Y jdG f K ,Sq dG dG ah

SdGh OdG
,gf a VQCG Lh Y dG SbCG gQYH SdG jd KQGdG ddG fC
n G Oo dG j
H dGh IdG Y Se gCGH dG dhCG IdG CG QYH ,HCG dEG e UY fhjh
nnn f Loj gh .roe UY gJG NO M OhGO CG dH ,Uc SdG JH fc FGSEG
ha ,dGh IdG Y jh SEG H eh dG Y gGHEG fS dEG SdG dEG hCG
p ne Fdh SdG dNO Hh GdG e LhN H SqdG VQCG NO eY dG Y gGHEG CG
dG dP a) :da (gf a) dG Gg f IGQdG cP bh ,(OU e) hdG SdG

dG dG dEG e f e ,VQCG g YCG r n d :b Gk Y zgGHEG{ GHCG e q dG b

FadGh jRdGh dGh ehdGh jdGh dG VQCG gh ,G dG f
137

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dG Z Y bCG :ddG QdG

SdG cP Mfh .(21-18 :15 j dG) (SdGh TLdGh fdGh jQeCGh

Gg CG jC
k G MdGh !SqdG VQCG gh ,dG dH eYdG VGQCG NBG a dG Gg a MGU
dG Y SEG b n pdho dG) ,dG Y YSEG IOh Y IGQdG a jdG b ITe AL dG
Y YSEG hO e dG Y SEG AHCG Y dG Gg oj OdG Ea dP eh .(jW IH
!YdG YdG Gg Y j dG hCG dG g hCG OddG j CG - kL - VhdG CG e !dG
.Ic MdG g a IGQdG de CG VGdG eh
fCG eh ,YdG dP a Gk cr Pp VGQCG NBG fCG e SdG je VQCH jdG OdG bY GC J g e
gh) IGQdG J c a aJh (hM) S fEGh ,dG Y gGHEG j dh Od J d
k UCG
QOdG a Gv L INCe AL a OdG d UY Jh SdG NO eCGh .(dG dG je
.dG Y OhGO j Y fch ,b H e S c JGQdG
j Y SdG NO Ea ,jdG rp S a SdH (YdG YdH) OdG bY Y jdG c a
.kb EG SdG cP qj d dP Hh ,5 UEG ,fdG FU rp S a Y jdG JCG dG Y OhGO
Y j fS bY M dG NQu DdG e dG bJ dG dG CG f CG qdG eh
NQu DdG e dG SCd bJ dG dG hJh .bO Z ,IGQdG a SdG jH dG
AdG j Qf e k qS iCGQ fCG SdH dG Y j bY Y GSCGh IGQdG Y
k f dG
.(22-10 :28 jdG S fG) IGQdG cP c (Y) NCG e q a eY Y Jh J FdGh
dG Y j CG cJ IGQdG C ,SdG Y d jdG CG IGQdG a dG S e VGdG dh
(Sj) q J fc jCG J a SdGh (Rnd J b e jdG fch) jEG H VdG dP q S
dG Y gGHEG Ad Y J eY (TQhCG) IdG g a SdG q J IGQdGh ,Rd dh
g d IGQdG a IQcdG (jEG H) CG hj jC
k G qddG ejCG a OdG CG c ,OU e
c g (dG GQ) ch (dG H) jdG a (jEG H) c a .(dG GQ) je g fEGh SdG
H) jC
k G UCG SG e Ea ddh ,(dG H) J eGQBG dG a (GQ) ch ,UCG q eGQBG
dc ,(jEG H) J ddG dG e dG dG Gd UdG fdG WdG Ea ddh ,(dG
.(dG H eON) eGQBG dH j dG S Y (je) SG Ea
dHh ,Gv L kb EG dG Y OhGOh dG Y gGHEG H IGQdG a cJ OJ Sda PEG
138

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VQCG OdG NO e jW Ia H kJa SdG NO fCG cJ IGQdG Ea dG Y OhGO dEG

a fhq j dG jH OdG bY Ea ddHh ,hM j c fCG IGQdG cJ dP bh .SdG
dG Y gGHEG ae g (hM) hCG dG je C ,SdH bY e bCGh Gv L qjb JY
dG a OLdG Y dG OdG QGUEG d j
q e gh) SdG MG b dG Y OhGO e gh
a OdG Y (TQhCG) je NO JCjh .(dG c eh dG a iNCG e CG hO GdH
j dG ,dG Y (OhGO) j Y dPh .SdG VQCG dNO e INCe Ia a IGQdG
e e Y np ne Oq e fCH a aj H ,dG Y S HG h g JH
q OdG
H OdG bY b a DhdG e dG j dG Gg Ea dG ah .AfCG e dh OdG
ba PEG .v f d gf a g dG (S dG) g fH CG IGQdG YJ dG (dG) q j
GS 403 dGM H dP JCjh .jb SGQ dh ,keY Ke JGQJ Y kAH SdH OdG
:dP Hh ,SdG VQCG dNO e
jGH a (dG dG dG q j e) Sq dG dG AH CGH dG Y S CG cJ IGQdG CG
KKh K e ,S HQCG M b SdG e dG dG Y OhGO q GC cJh ,HGdG dG ah roe
dG AH dEG SdG NO e GdG e a ,(dG) hM a b Sh SdG a S
(ddG dG a q S c hCG dG S a) cJ IGQdG CG Y GPEGh .S KKh k S SdG
GPEGh ,e VQCG e FGSEG H hd fdGh FHQCG dG a c SdG dG AH AdG CG
:f H a ,keY HQCG fc SdG VQCG dNO b FGSEG H J Ie CG jC
k G Y
VQCG NO e GS 403 = (dG AH dEG OhGO M) 37 - 440 = (dG) 40 - (hdG e) 480
:ddG dG fG ,IGQdG jGhQ M SdG

4
dG S

33

GS 403

SdG NO

S 480 :ec Iq G
139

40
a NO

hG

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dG Z Y bCG :ddG QdG

OdG bY Y d mc H Gv L jW ,as dG IGQdG jGhQ Y Ak H ,IdG g CG a T h

e H dG Y Se hN c Y Mh ,VQCG a dG qeCG fc Y M SdH dG
GhNCJ fEa .kHS fcP c dG Y dSd eq dG SCG q gCG MCc Sq dG VQCG jd e
b a feh SdG b M fc jCa .Y FHQCG e cCG g jGhQ M SdG NO a
?Yj c OdG

?bCG dEG dH GPe

!(g) SG AT ch dh JY a OdG id Lj fCG d cf M hdG C Loj HQ
(
) :J jdG dHh (TGeg H) SG AH eDj g fEGh ,dG g aj h
dG Y dG jOMCG a jd hdG SG gh !(Spn dG H) :g adG dG g eh
!!..QdG bCG dG Ud
J d jfEG dG EG M ,jfEG dG e LdG jW Y AL a (g) c eCGh
dG dEG of dh ,(e) CG (Temple) dEG La v aM jdG (
) c LJ CG
C N gh !!..d (dG) c NO Ggh ,Temple c Y qJ e bCG fC (g) H HdG
d e c Y j fCG gCG dEG q fCG CG MCG gh ,edG ASGh SG a
.ddG Q dG PEH dP Y f dh dh ,d UCG QdG e k FGO edG f CG YVdG
(g) c cP CdG e if dh ,(g) c e cCG (e) c GSG dEG f fEa ddh
a UCG gh ,vY qUCGh UCG Y k FGO f fEGh ,eGSG fGh OS Gk J H dH
.QdG bCG dG SGQO Y S dG e x CG a MdG
jdH UN bGe IY g dG Gg Qeh . Temple c UCG jd ddG dG CGbG
:gZh 2006 Exodus beh Fact Index be eh ,d dG
The word Temple is derived not from the Hebrew but from the Latin word for place of worship,
templum. The name given in Scripture for the building was Beit Yahweh or "House of Yahweh"
(although this name was also often used for other temples, or metaphorically). Because of the
prohibition against pronouncing the holy name, the common Hebrew name for the Temple is
Beit ha-Mikdash or "The Holy House", and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this
name.

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J dG Templum JdG dG e fEGh jdG dG e oJ d (g) c EG) :LdG

SG Gg CG e) zj H{ q j c dG d SdG dG a SG Gg YCG bh ,IOdG e
,SdG SH dG Y VhdG dG Hh .(vjRe iNCG cg Y j IOdG a jC
k G c
j dG g a SdG a OLdG dGh ,zSdG H{ g jdG dH d FdG SG Ea
(j)h (dG H) hCG (j H) g OdG Y d UCG SG CG CG .LdG fG .(SG GH
H) J e kH (SdG H) SH OdG id dG q Sh ,gY hdG UdG OdG dEG g
.(g) c HdG d Y LJ dG (Temple) c UCG Y VH qdj dG Ggh,(j
e dG Y OhGO HCG e CG H d kH j CG OGQCG dG Y S fqS qCH OdG eDj
ejCG fG GPEGh) :dG Y OhGd db dG dG Kf IAd kW dG dP AH e j CG hO

S
r kH j a ,e ssKh U e j dG f e d knNn bCG ,FHBG e nbQh
.13-12-7 fdG FU (HCG dEG Tn r Y
o u KGoC fCGh
HQCG dG a) DhH GC H b dG qCG IGQdG cJh .dG H Hh dG Y S a
hCG dG (FGSEG Y S e e HGdG dG a e VQCG e FGSEG H hd fdGh
,ebCGh dGWCGh dG OHC kec kUJh Ic kaUhCG IGQdG cJh ,S S a AdG q SGh .1 6
.OdG id SbCG dG gh ,(SGbCG Sb) UNh
c dG Y S ebCG dG dG CG ca ,Jq e dG AH cP IGQdG CG MdG eh
cJ d dh ,1 3 fdG jCG QNCG S a dPh SdG fQCG QH a (jQe g CG) sjn o dG L a
.dG AH Y jdG M hCG dG S a dG dP
eEG e a jdG VGdG Sh Y dG U dG SQ jM dEG f CG j fCG Y
n sSn hn pr nYn sdG sUn ` OhGo On n Hr nn r nSo sGnC ` n sSn hn pr nYn sdG sUn ` psdGp So Qn r Yn hmr Yn p Hr psdG pr Yn r Yn :Fs dG
nsdG nnC Sn hn ,onpJhoC an on roM oOp
n oj k roM snLhn s Yn nsdG nnC Sn :kKnK kN snLhn s Yn nsdG nnC Sn p Spr n rdG nrnH nnH s nd `
l nMGnC onpJrC nj rGnC pp r n rdG Ap npH rpe nn an nMp snLhn s Yn nsdG nnC Sn hn ,onpJhoC an ppr nH rpe mnMnC p nrnj kroe snLhn s Yn
:f fEa g eh .(jC
k G Le HG GhQ) oteGoC orJn ndhn p r ncn ppn p Nn rpe onLp r oj rGnC ppa oIdG
s GE p oo n rnj
QdG bCG dG AH OYCG b dGh IdG Y OhGO H S fS CG a Gk HCG
q f
Ggh ,jdG Jfh
q QdG e Yh SJ Y H Hh ,jL e eJh jJ AH qTh
141

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dG Z Y bCG :ddG QdG

dG dG ge a a ADg Hh H dG qeCG ,Sh Y dG U f e AL fC a qf e

fCG bGdGh !!!??(YdG UdG OdG dEG d e) CG ?(e) g g ,dG Y S H
eDa f eCG .IdH M d aj h p n c fSq j jdG OdG e cCG dG Y S f
dG Y AH CG eDf fCG c .L Y M g Y QdG bCG H b dG Y fCH
q e Sh ,Y OhOe OdG b Ea Yh .AGHGh GSG AH ,jJh eJ AH c bCd
YdG dG dP e Y k T cJ d aq dG JGQJ CG jh ,e H qMCGh dhCr G f ,e
.dH c GPeh jCGh AdG Gg ge a dG Y Sh Y dG U dG SQ qdO fh ,d
ba QdG bCG dG Y aGj CG OGQCG dG MdG H CG qf CG g LGdG eh
(dG) H dG Y S EG FdG jCGQ kej GH Lf .O d cP a ,iNCG dTEG a SCd
e a H fEGh bCG VQCG a (dG) p rj d dh ,jC
k G QdG bCG Hh ,ka dG hCG
(dG dG) Hc a Gq T M e PSCG cj e dP e YCGh !Hf LQCG Y g ,NBG
Q``dG bCG dG j dh k` a dGh I``dG ``Y `` S `` H b (dG) EG j M
BGdG a QcdG g fEGh ,dGh IdG Y d m b Y IQY c (dG) EGh ,kUCG
:Lh IY e OhOe c jCGQ a AGQBG gh ,]44 :dG[ |
} jdG
dG M OdG YGe M dEG IQTEG a EGh ,YdG (dG) q b a Od Ije fEG :khCG
.(dG) h (dG) H
S CG fjEG Oq e qEa qdh ,qeSEGh dG Y S fS If
q Y kjq nJ a qC :kfKh
!WEG Y dG Z a oj (kg) hCG Gk e H fc j q f dG Y
Oda ,dG J a VGh eCa ,rJ e Ud kJh kjhCJ GbCG g a C :kdK
QdG bCG dG Y b Sh Y dG U dG SQh (SdG H) d a (dG) u j
dG Sa !dG NG EGh MGh OdG ddHh (SdG H) :dG Y S H dG
OdG qeCGh (QdG bCG dG) gh dG ge (SdG H) p H b Sh Y dG U
,(Gk c GY
v dj q Y dG J - gf a - dG OdG dEG d e) g vLe n NBG k e Gha
.f dG UCG e dG q dG NCf CG UCGh
hCG HH jRL L a H j b dG Y S qEG YdG (g)`dG Gg Y dG Rj h
142

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Le Y f a .dG Gg e NBG AT hCG H UN H hCG b Oe fEGh GS a OhGO je a

N g j CG q j h !e CG (SdG H) SG AT JY a OdGh ,OdG IY dEG
jdG qCGh UN ,k e vf H dG Y S H e q CG M a dG f H
.QdG bCG dG AH Oq L dGh IdG Y S CG M oj jdG dG
Y S AH IOYEG jdG jdG a cj d Sh Y dG U dG SQ CG VaG d Mh
bCG dG AH Oq L b j CG H fEG jC
k G b b d QdG bCG d dGh IdG
dG j CG k e dG e a .dGh IdG Y re nY SJ Y L H QdG
,AL jdG jQJ a dG YCG g H dG YCG e ke dGh IdG Y S dG
IdG Lh Y fdG dG dG a j dG SdG a M q e jh,k jc k e vf jh
KdGh QdG AH dEG dP e kH jh AHh QYEG jo h Ak GN dG Gg j K ,q VQCG
!...gZh
b a OdG YdG (f) jW Y SEG Y adG jj dG e dG q CG dP VJ
fCG Y dG H)
QdG bCG dG H dG Y S CG M f dEG C a (dG)
q
Yj dG (dG) Hh af dG QdG bCG dG H j hCG ,(eJ AH hCG AGHG AH
Od (kg) H jC
k Gh ,eJ AH QdG bCG dG H dG Y S EG a ,OdG
!QdG bCG dG e Z NBG e a
dG SGQdG N H dG MdG H SCd a bh Oa C N ddG jg EG
f fCch ,V e e Yk aO j CG hj IQdG H eCG CG dGh ,SdG VhCH
.IQdG e gh !OdG e dG Y H MCG d dG
n s n o pd GjJ f CG hfh aGf CG e ka ..Ib e e bf CG dG f Y
dG AfCG e q f dG Y S CG e e f CG a UCa ..(bCG)h (dG)
j d qjS L Y g Y QdG bCG d AH
k a g H e qE a ddHh ,ahdG
Od j Ggh !as dG JGQJ a OdG Uh dG dG e LCGh aCG cCdH g H ,b e
vM eDj e S a Oj a ...bd e CG d j h ..WEG Y bCG a M q CG
,q f fY a ,gY g e fe YCGh kfCT aQCG fY g e x f a OdG Oj ch ?JH
q
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dG Z Y bCG :ddG QdG

d Rj h ,e dh q e a ddHh !?Gk e eh Y jf a dG Y q JQG e Oq e gY gh

a !Y aW dEG j fCG e e hCG dG Oj e dG Y S CG Y AH bf CG
.e dh q e dG Y gGHEG qGC c ,e dh q e

p oa ..PEG
dG ZU
Y S H dG e) gh ,CGdG dCe dEG OJ OdG Hh H SSCG dGh da ,PEG
(?AGHG AH hCG eJ AH g bCd DhH g)h (?j jdG q CG dEGh ,dG
eq CGh .Ie hC QdG bCG dG AH Y jdG Y Y HLEG q J a fdG GDdG eq CG
AH dPh QdG bCG dG CG (SdG H) H dG Y S qCG HLEa ,hCG GDdG
eah Y Y Sb
k cCdH k V k a k Y AH ch ,dGh IdG Y jT dJ Y
YJCGh ,dJ dG IOd Gk e c fEGh ,dG Z IOd Gk e j d dh ,dGh IdG Y e
a eCG Y W dh ,dU e jC
k G Gfc dGh IdG Y IdG J a qdG
.JdG eCG H SGh ,GSG qH dJ dG ba Ghch Hb

fdG dG a OdG IY
HH dEG OdG Sh SdG GZ eY fNf
j Y fG b c hCG dG qCH OdG eDj
q
f
q Nf d IY SdG dG a edG dG e HdG dG ah) :IGQdG J c

bh dG e a MCGh TQhCG dEG TM ch SM Fb GOGQRf AL ,HH e

SQdG TQc j Y GhOY CG Gd e dh .9-8 :25 fdG dG (GTCG H Lh dG
e TQc j e Gg) :IGQdG J ,dG AH IOYEGh IOdH Od Sh ,HH Y fG dG
dG TQhCG a k H d HCG CG fUhCGh VQCG de L GhdG dEG dG fYCG :SdG
dEG gh ,FGSEG H dEG dG H jh TQhCG dEG ga T e e c n a ,GPH
.3-2 :1 GQY (e dG dh ,TQhCG a dG
IGQdH GQY S a jBG gh ,(TQhCG a dG dEG gh ,FGSEG H dEG dG) dG Mp
qJ e Y dO gh ,gMh FGSEG d k dEG dG L dG dG Gg jJ Y VGh dO ddG
144

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Sh dG b Y jdG Y H
dH f fjEG Mh dG Y
.dH g fjEGh
AH (JY M) OdG b bh
,dG e JOY H iNCG Ie dG
e cCG kAH GebCG IdG g a dh
bCG G Me ec oj d e P
(dhdG dG :QG
dG Ggh .dG Y S A H
a kLPf d jdG H dG gh ,fdG YEG FSh a jCG g a j dG g YdG
T Y oj CG j NCG dG CG QYG Y d Lhj
q dG gh ,SdG a HdG ddG jb
.f
b Y GaM f bdG ah ,AdG GH qc QdG bCG dG Me GT fCG Mfh
a b gCG gh (SGbCG Sb) Y GVa (jQe g Y) adG IdG VH gG
.dG
jdG dG JCd ,fdG dG AH H e Ia dEG dG Y jdG dG a jdG fG bh
Id dG g Y J dG g jQdG jOdG QOdG dh .f dG Y jh (fEG)
.ehdG jCG Y fdG

beh KdG HdG a OdG IY

jdG e MCGh f
q Nf egh ,hCG dG H dGh IdG Y S CH OdG eDj
qCH eDjh .eo r g q J bh ,fdG Id dG Gd OdG OY K ,(GPj) e eq Oh c Ss dG
Oq H qCH eDJ e Fa ,GdG a H a OdG j gh ,ddG Id oj CG q H dG
eo r g q d ddG Id jo CG j fCG j q e gZ gh ,dG dG S dG AH
ddG S dGh ,OhGO f e udG p e QX eY g Jh ,ddG Id gH obGMEGh
jh Gk gL AdG e S dG CH eDJ iNGoC ba g CG c ,Od eCG L jo h ,c
.iNCG Geh GbCG jd h ..dG gY
145

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dG Z Y bCG :ddG QdG

dG g Ym qe Z FY H f ddh ,KdG HdG a OdG IY e g Gg

a OdG jJh ,HGNh FGSEG QeO jf JY a Gg C dP ,dG AHh QdG bCG
OdG H (fYj dG) IQdGh dG bh bG c fCH eDj e dG dh ,VQCG
.OdG d udG dG dG QX bh bG SdGh
j dG (SGbCG Sb) gY gh ,b fhjh as dG IdG dEG JOH OdG j
dG ,AGdGh HdG b e fCG hj fCG as dG Id jJ Sh ,dG b a J CG
.YSEG dh ,dG Y SEG g HdG qGC a hj

(fCG g ,f) :b (gGHEG j) :d a gGHEG dG eG GMCG g Hh) :IGQdG J

m L Y k be r p UCG gh ,js Qe VQCG dEG gPGh t J dG Mh n HG SEG No :b
HG) fCG Y c dG Y SE cdG qGC dG Gg a Mfh .2-1 :22 jdG (Y ntdOCG
If Ea d dh !dP b GOk Le dG Y YSEG c (IGQdG H)
fCG e (qJ dG Mh
q
HG dG Y SEG j CG oj h ,qjYh IUb fc dG Y YSE as dG IGQdG
.dGh IdG aCG k L Y ..OLe (YSEG) dG HGh MdG gGHEG
:JBG QdG a a OdG id dG GAdGh IdG g be eCG
fehdG SdG cM ShOhg CG SSC
k G OdH UdG jQdG QOdG a v jQJ HdG e fEG
Y a d AGLCG H dEG VCGh ,dG OdG QOe J
q c Sq dG dG AH OYCG b
gh ,d kdK kAH q j (f dh fCG OdG Yj c) AdG Gg Ea ff ah .Gk jL kAH
dG eq b dG GdG FM Kh dG S Y eh jQdG FKdG e dG a IQce dG
IQK N Y OdGh dG H GdG FM e a d 1930 Y eCG Y e dG
AL e Y aGe cCdH j Ggh ,jdG Gg je Y OdG aGh bh (74) 1929 Y GdG
b dGh IdG Y je HG Y dG CG f
n h !Je dh Ge K dG AH e a
dHh !rU GdhM H ,H GeDj dh aQ OdG dh ,ddG Id d ShOhg AH H ka X
dPh ,IAc H sS d M keJ We jCG g dG dG a OdG IY CG d j
.28 :U ,1931 Y eCG Yh fjdG edG e Y OdG dhdG dG jJ :jdG GdG FM fG (74)

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,jQdG OdG QOe Yq J c SOhg j Y dG AH IOYEG H ka X b dG C WH

hj GdGR eh .dGh IdG Y dG dG QH h d ddG AdH Gaj d gh
.gGg Y JCj dG dG
H gH ,d beh SdG jeh QdG bCG dG a OdG IY e Gg
.dG
q dG Gg W e Sj H e
q

bCGh iQdG
fjdG gL gh AGdGh dG H SdG je a fGdG fjd dH eCG j
hCG edG c gCG v e dEG dH jo QdG bCG dG CG f ddh ,fGdG
d Y IOQGdG edG IAf U Y Gk gTh ,jdG dG e GQk cJ fc hj h ,dG c
jQdH DhGYCG H j eR AS) :ehdG jCG Y ka J dGh ,fEG a dG

a cj h ,a g jdG FHCG Y fejh ,L c e Y jh ,fhUjh

.44-43 :19 bd (Ud dG Ae eR aY e fC ,M Y Gk M
(IGQdG) jdG dH eDj a ,OdG Y QdG bCd Jf a Gk c iQdG j h
g OdG Hh H jgdG dG f dh ,a AL AT a OdG e iQdG j h ,g c
J gh .fdG Id edG NBG a OS fCGh kU pbo fCGh ,dH X dG CG hj fCG
a MG dhd dG dG fEG FGdG a ,dG fGdG FGdG H adG
fdG MG hUj (jeCG a OdG adH j e dG S Y eh) a
ADgh ,OdG Yq j c ddG Id dG AH H S fdG Id dG Ae CH eDj fC
.ShOhg j Y d ddG AdH GYG aQ a OdG H eDj
iQdG H Y g f dh ,dG iQdG FGW H Y ne eCG Gg qEa ,b ch
H Sq dG jdG a OdG OLdG YO q j jdG r
n no dG UN ,ddG ejCG a KdG
dGh .QdG bCG e oj CG j ddG dG CG Y e YH jda PEG .Ib
CH eDj ek Y dG iQdGh ,dhCG Id S dG hf CH eDj OdG CG H
.fdG Id S dhf
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dG Z Y bCG :ddG QdG

eGSG ,dG hdG Y a UNh ,iQdG NQDd jQCdG HdG t J e Mfh

dG c a Zh (fGO) ShdG gGdG a .bCG a ceCG H Ud jOdG ASCd
c) SH as dG IdG qb q j dG MG jCG SdG QjdG dEG d JMQ J
GdMh
q bCG GMG eY dG CG j c .d OdG SG gh (Ss dG SbCG
eh ,H jOj dG gh .(S SEG) d jh dG Gq S ,SEG dEG fGhdG dG
.gOOj Gj dG H CG dG
IQjRh dG N Y dG J gY SdG QjdG dEG dG MQ Ea iQdG dEG dHh
Me gCG CG EG ,HGfG gOhH a a Ieh Ic gh ,GMCG q CG a dh gQGR dG ceCG
(JY a) INCG MQ a dG N Y dG Me g SdG a fGdG dG MGe e
CG) Me 15 e jh ,SdG a OLdG (Via Dolorosa) (BG jW) j a dG f
MGdG JJh ,dG f INCG dG MQ e GQk cJ e Me c Jh .eY Y (e
:(fGdG IdG a) JBG dG Y j
dG e QdG bCG d Ue dG jn o dG SQdG MS a Jh :dG ce - 1
.HdG ddG
.dG Mh dG J Vhh dG S - 2
.dhCG Id dG bh e - 3
.dG Y je eC dG jDhQ e - 4
.dG e dG S M e - 5
.dG Ld fha jdG e e - 6
.fdG Id dG S e - 7
.TQhCG H e dG c e - 8
.ddG Id dG S e - 9
.dG He N e - 10
148

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.edH dG J e - 11
.(dG CG dG jh) dG e - 12
.dG e dGfEG H dG dG jJ e - 13
.edG c b J jh (SdG dG) adG e - 14
.dG eb be - 15

SdG fGdGh jOdG UdG a MdG H

dH iQdGh OdG bY Ue e veg ke QdG bCG dG a MdG H qj
fCG hj iQdG CG a JY bh ,Golden Gate (gdG dG) fq j a ,QdG bCG
hj jdG fEG S h FGW Hh ,SdG dEG AL eY dG dG e NO dG dG
dG e NS dG Gg CH gQhH eDj OdGh ,edG NBG a JOY Y qH e NS fCG
.QdG bCG dG dCe a vjY kHGQ dG Gg qj dHh .SdG dEG JCj eY dG
adG pc Ge M MT M ,dJ dG H q e H VdG Gg a jdG q of g dEG
.OGdGh adG jdG Qdh d dJ dG Cf .Y H SdG jeh QdG bCG dG a

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dG Z Y bCG :ddG QdG

:N
Y a ..fe e dG dG Gd e d J ,QdG bCG MQ a jS dL a Ggh
dG g j CG a hZ h ,c eCG Y J CG HGZ h ,SEG a Se e dK j CG
.jdG IdG J dG bdG KK a AL ffEd
q dGh MdG e dG Y q e fc dG QeCG e dG j CG LQCG SGQdG g N e
dG jj dG RdG g H Y eGoC b dG j CGh ,sJ b QdG bCG d
qN a VGSG Gg H f CG jh ,dGh dG Y VQCG bCa .QdG bCG
EG IgdG VQCGh QdG bCd dG GQdGh FdGh bdGh jdG jQdGh gdG
SGQdG J Je NCj CG H QdG bCG dG SGQO p j CG j QdG bCd SQGdG
.dG Gg N e jJ dhM dG
bCG dG SGQO Qhd e
q SGQOh J Y IQY g dG Gg a OQh e c qEG
SSCG dG CG EG ,dGh dGh dGh SGQdG e jd e dG Ea ddHh ,QdG
MdG j e gCG gh ,dG dCe g L dG Gg MGe N Y cCdG dhM dG
bCG a MdG EG g f h .SdG GMCGh WGdH KCdG MdG e dG bdG
ddG FGQh eh QdG bCG dG SGQO qEG H ,dGh dGh hdG qL j CG j QdG
Y q e dGh ,gdG dG Gd M M dEG khCG e J p dG SdG H SGQO M a
vM n MCG Yh SdG VQCG fe
n aY GPEGh ,n MCG vM bCG
n aY GPEa ,adGh dG
j SdG g CG cDhCG f bdG a dh ,Ibh SH dG Gg dEG Nd GdG dhCG gh
N CG e GOk e SGQO a j CG j ddG Mda .dG dG dH k We J CG
QdG bCG d SGQO N QeCG g e OdG e n j en h ,ja hCG SS hCG WY
UCa .N eCG Ggh ,SSCG QOdG e jd e a dG GfG e dG a fj SdG Hh
.YVeh Oq H IOq e q CG SGQO q J d J j dG CH K Y j CG MH c a
cCGh qYCGh TCG g H ,jQdG e aGNh GkQMCG d bCG qCG a nd H qJ SGQdG g EG
sLh H dEG qUh a qMh qMCG dG g, Sh Y dG U dG SQ cj CG kaT jh ,LCGh
.Sh Y dG U jdG MhQ e eQ NBG M H UhCGh H ,jJh d dG Lh TdG
150

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LCG OcCG H ,GdG GY dGh dG Mj dG GDdG g Gg ?f GPeh H GPe ..BGh

SdG dG Gg aQ AGQh gdG dG e oSh EG GdG e H CG a IVe H q J J d fCG
IQU qE a ,dGh dG g oa Y e q gCGh ,QhO Oq j CG j q e w ch ,QhO d w c :bCa ,Jq Yh
qeCGh njO aq d q J dG dG dEG Jh ,V Te
q dG gPCG a QdG bCG
,jCG g c eCG LJ SSCG Y j CG dEG j f Lh e c Ggh ..neh n jQJh
?LC J a J d EGh ,J CG J d aJ d Ea ..dG Lh Y bCG ae gh
.dG gOGQCG dG IdGh SEG LC dG g LC dG fEGh
q Y dG c dG dG dEG jdG S nfCH j Y fEa qJ c aYh bCG naY GPEa
Gg Nh ...Yh U dEG J dh ...Te IdGh ..jb jdGh ..cCG da ..eCG d qLh
.VQCG Y j bCG :QT j CH cPCG jdG
Y ddG dG J
n h ..Y SCGh ag OqJ CG feEH j QdG Gg N eh
Gg gCG GaYh Gg GS GPEG Gfc jdG qHjEG GNCGh INEG e Ye J ch .jdG
.Ic jQeh QaCG Y ofgPCG qJh GhQOH dG
YCG J CG dEG Jh J IYh jEGh jO g H ..jQdG e jMh b Oq e d fEG
Gv L kjb k e Sh ..eDd qLh q Y dG gOGQCG dG IdG HGHq GaGh ..dG Gg Gha ,qqY
.dG PEH bCG b a ..IdG Y jdG j fYeh ..dG PEH
]51 :AGSEG[ |
Gk fh kjOg vHQ e GuS K

Y he dG Y

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``LG````dGh QO``````dG
:HdG LGdGh QOdG
VdG dG Y AGdG HCG :J ,jQdG a edG ,fdG e H e dG HCG H Y ,KCG HG
.(1998 ,ddG dG ,dG dG QGO :hH - d)
,jdG QGO :IgdG - e) jdG MCG IMh cT e MCG :J ,dG , MCG eEG ,M HG
.(1995 ,dhCG dG
HdGh dGh dG jCG a dGh CGdG GjOh dG c dG hN HG jQJ ,MdGY ,hN HG
,HdG GdG AMEG QGO :hH - d) dG Ma cJ :J ,cCG dG hP e gUY eh
.(1999 ,dhCG dG
Y S HCG jdG e :J ,eO je jQJ ,adG dG Y H dG g H dG H Y ,cY HG
.(1995 ,dG QGO :hH - d) hdG eGY HG
.(1997 ,dhCG dG ,HdG GdG AMEG QGO :hH - d) dG BGdG J ,YSEG AGdG HCG ,c HG
.(2000 ,eSEG dG L :Rha - jd) Le HG S ,jj H e ,Le HG
.(1999 ,ddG dG ,HdG GdG AMEG QGO :hH - d) dG d ,Qe HG
.(2005 ,FdG QGO :IgdG - e) dG Y jdG e e :J ,Sh Y dG U dG IS ,g HG
:J ,MdGh jQdG dhdG QNCG a VhdG c ,YSEG H MdG Y jdG T ,eT HCG
.(2002 ,dhCG dG ,dG dG QGO :hH - d) jdG T gGHEG

153
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.(2004 ,dhCG dG ,jdG adG e :IgdG - e) Y Y .O :J ,e QNCG ,bQRCG

.(2000 ,eSEG dG L :Rha - jd) QdG U ,YSEG H e ,QdG
dG ,FdG QGO :hH - d) ITGdG adGh dG d SdG FKdG Ye ,e ,dG M
.(1985 ,edG
bCG SDe :SdG H - a) edG dKh jdG fK dG dhCG dO ,a MCG ,N
.(2001 ,fdG dG ,eSEG SdG QYE
OhGOh hdG S :LJ ,1107-1106 SdG QjdG a gGdG fGO ShdG dG MQ ,gGdG ,fGO
.(1992 ,dhCG dG ,LdG :Y - OQCG) Hg HCG
e :fO - fjH) IdG d SdG dGh dG d IjL jf ,a g ,hWdG
.(2002 ,IdG dG a eSEG dG
:hH - d) gGHEG dG HCG e :J ,BGdG Y a gdG , dG Y H e jdG QH ,cQdG
.(1972 ,fdG dG ,jdG dG
bCG dG Fa a NCG JEG c , Y H MCG jdG T H e jdG T ,WdG
.(HO ,GdGh ad LdG L ce e WdG Y IQU ,We)
,dG QGO :eO - jQS) Ke jQJ SGQO :bCG dGh SdG H ,M e e ,GT
.(1994 ,dhCG dG
,ad a SDe QGO :eO - jQS) ah SdG jQCJ a dG dG ,M e e ,GT
.(2006 ,dhCG dG
.(1999 ,ddG dG ,dG dG QGO :hH - d) BGdG jhCJ a dG eL ,dG
.(1986 ,fdG dG ,dfCG e :SdG - a) SdG jQJ a dG ,QY ,QdG
SdG H ce :Sf - Ub) dGh bCG dG FH fCG JEG ,a H g ,QdG
.(2004 ,dhCG dG ,KdG SGQd
:VjdG - jOdG) bdG Y OGDa e :J ,QdG U T QdG a , M HG eEG ,fdG
.(1997 ,dhCG dG ,dG QGO

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:Y - OQCG) HdG Oeh fJ HCG fY :J ,dGh SdG jQH dG fCG ,jdG e ,dG
.(1999 ,dhCG dG ,jfO e
:Y - OQCG) J SGQO :eSEG IdG a bCG dG fe ,L e MdG Y ,dG
.(1990 ,dG BG eL ,IQe Z Le dSQ
cdG :hH - d) daGc .O :J ,QeCG de a QHCG de , dG a HG ,dG
.(1986 ,d eSEG
.(2006 ,dhCG dG ,HdG dG QGO :IgdG - e) SdG H jJ , dGY ,jdG
e Y OdG 1930 d dhdG dG jJ :jdG GdG FM ,ddG dhh ,dGY ,jdG
,IdG dG a eSEG dG e :fO - fjH) 1931 Y eCG Yh fjdG edG
.(1999 ,dhCG dG
.(1997 ,HCd SdG ce :SdG - a) (fGhdG dG) bCG d bdG jdG ,gGHEG ,dG
dG a gdG QdG{ c jH ,RM MdG Y a :J ,GdGh AGSEG , jdG L ,SdG
.(2003 ,dhCG dG ,dG dG QGO :hH - d) QLCG jdG Qd zGdGh AGSEG Y
,KdG SGQd SdG H ce :Sf - Ub) jQdGh dG :bCG dG ,Y ,ehdG
.(2007 ,dhCG dG
.(1998 ,dG QGO :hH - d) L e bU :J ,BGdG MC edG ,WdG
.(hdGh edG dG ,1996 ,hdG QGO :IgdG - e) BGdG X a , S ,b
.(2003 ,dhCG dG ,jdG dG :hH - d) dG MdG , MdG U ,QcQdG
.(2000 ,eSEG dG L :Rha - jd) e U ,e ,G HG
dG ,jH :d - Gdg) JL . :J ,dbCG ae a SdG MCG , eGb H e ,SdG
.(1906 ,fdG
,QOdG :hH - d) dG M cCG :J ,SdG MdG a fCG IdG ,dG Y ,HdG
.(1990 ,dhCG dG

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SGQO ce :dG - a) fEG cMh MdG Uf H SdG H fe ,H OGL ,dG

.(2006 ,dhCG dG ,dG
.(2000 ,eSEG dG L :Rha - jd) FdG S ,S H Y H T H MCG ,FdG
.(f S hO ,dG QGO :hH - d) dG a ,Y H e dG Y HCG ,bGdG
dG QGO :hH - d) Y MCG QOdG Y e :J ,RdG c ,Y H e dG Y HCG ,bGdG
.(2004 ,dhCG dG ,dG
- d) QcR S :LJ ,QdG AGQh a IdG YCG ,dG hdG jQJ ,QU bSCG FQ ,dh
.(2003 ,dG QGO :hH

:jQhdGh dG
SGQO ce :fO - fjH) SdG H SGQO e ,fBGdG QKBG a bCG dG , g ,hWdG
.(2005 U ,hCG OdG ,SOdG dG ,eSEGh HdG SGQd e BG H SdG H
,TdG OdG :Rd - fjH) dG e ,j f SGQO :j dG I dG ,O S gGHGE Y , Y
.(1996/`g1417

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:jfEG LGdG
Al-Ratrout, Haithem, The Architectural Development of Al-aqsa mosque in the Early
Islamic Period. Sacred Architecture in the shape of Holy (UK - Dundee: Al-Maktoum
Institute Academic Press, 2004).
Duri, Abdul Aziz, Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period 7th - 11th centuries AD in K.J. Asali
(ed), Jerusalem in History. (UK - Essex: Scorpion Publishing Ltd, 1989).
El-Awaisi, Khalid, Mapping Islamicjerusalem, A Rediscovery of Geographical Boundaries.
(U.K. - Dundee: Al-Maktoum Institute Academic Press, 2007).
Ibrahim, Ramona, Islamicjerusalem as a Model of Conflict Resolution: A Case Study of the
Negotiations between Salah al-Din and Richard the Lionheart )1191-1192 CE) (UK - Dudee:
Unpublished PHD Thesis, Al-Maktoum Institute Aberdeen University, 2005).
Nor, Mohamad Roslan Mohamad, The Significance of Islamicjerusalem In Islam: Quranic
and Hadith Perspectives. (Uk - Dundee: Unpublished PHD Thesis, al-Maktoum Institute/
Aberdeen University, 2006).

:fhdEG QOdG
:(fbCG) be a IQe M ,bCG IYCG Y eO ,OhGO Lf ,GH
http://www.ouraqsa.com/?action=references&id=30
http://www.ouraqsa.com fbCG: be
http://www.foraqsa.com bCG LCG e GNCG:be

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