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Note The Nominal is Best (default) S/N ratio is good for analyzing or identifying scaling factors,
which are factors in which the mean and standard deviation vary proportionally. Scaling
factors can be used to adjust the mean on target without affecting S/N ratios.
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h To select a signal-to-noise ratio
1 In the Analyze Taguchi Design dialog box, click Options.
2 Under Signal-to-Noise Ratio, choose the S/N ratio that best fits the goals of the
design. Choose from one of the following:
I Larger is better
I Nominal is best
I Nominal is best
I Smaller is better
3 Click OK.
Analyzing dynamic designs
Dynamic response experiments are used to improve the functional relationship between
input signal and output response, in other words, to optimize tunability. The output
response should be directly proportional to the input signal. The ideal functional
relationship between input signal and output response is a line through the origin.
In some cases, you may wish to choose a reference point, other than the origin, through
which the line should pass. For example, your results may be generated far from zero,
by specifying a reference point in the range of results you can enhance the sensitivity of
the analysis. Or, you can choose to fit the line with no fixed reference point. In this case,
the intercept will be fitted to the data.
h To specify a reference point for the response
1 In the Analyze Taguchi Design dialog box, click Options.
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2 In Response reference value, enter a numeric value corresponding to the desired
output (response) value.
3 In Signal reference value, enter a signal factor level corresponding to the response
reference value. Click OK.
h To fit a line with no fixed reference point
1 In the Analyze Taguchi Design dialog box, click Options.
2 Select Fit lines with no fixed reference point. Click OK.
e Example of a static Taguchi design
Suppose you are an engineer and need to evaluate the factors that affect the seal
strength of plastic bags used to ship your product. You have identified three
controllable factors (Temperature, Pressure, and Thickness) and two noise conditions
(Noise 1 and Noise 2) that may affect seal strength. You want to ensure that seal
strength meets specifications. If the seal is too weak, it may break, contaminating the
product and resulting in returns. If the seal is too strong, customers may have difficulty
opening the bag. The target specification is 18.
1 Open the worksheet SEAL.MTW. The design and response data have been saved for
you.
2 Choose Stat DOE Taguchi Analyze Taguchi Design.
3 In Response data are in, enter Noise1 Noise2.
4 Click Graphs. Under Generate plots of main effects and selected interactions for,
check Standard deviations. Click OK.
5 Click Tables. Under Display response tables for, check Standard deviations. Click
OK in each dialog box.
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Session
window
output
Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios
Nominal is best (10*Log(Ybar**2/s**2))
Level Temperature Pressure Thickness
1 29.4219 21.9191 28.2568
2 27.0652 30.2117 29.0690
3 25.7842 30.1406 24.9455
Delta 3.6378 8.2926 4.1235
Rank 3 1 2
Response Table for Means
Level Temperature Pressure Thickness
1 17.6500 17.5833 17.6833
2 18.3333 17.7000 17.1500
3 16.3833 17.0833 17.5333
Delta 1.9500 0.6167 0.5333
Rank 1 2 3
Response Table for Standard Deviations
Level Temperature Pressure Thickness
1 0.91924 1.53206 0.96638
2 0.94281 0.75425 0.68354
3 1.01352 0.58926 1.22565
Delta 0.09428 0.94281 0.54212
Rank 3 1 2
Graph
window
output
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Interpreting the results
The response tables show the average of the selected characteristic for each level of the
factors. The response tables include ranks based on Delta statistics, which compare the
relative magnitude of effects. The Delta statistic is the highest average for each factor
minus the lowest average for each factor. Ranks are assigned based on Delta values; rank
1 is assigned to the highest Delta value, rank 2 to the second highest Delta value, and so
on. The main effects plot provide a graph of the averages in the response table.
Look at the response tables and main effects plots for the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios to
see which factors have the greatest effect on S/N ratio, which in this example is
nominal-is-best.
In this example, the factor with the biggest impact on the S/N ratio is Pressure (Delta =
8.29, Rank = 1). If you look at the response tables and main effects plot for S/N ratio,
you can see that Pressure 36 and Pressure 40 have almost the same average S/N ratio
(30.2117 and 30.1406).
Here, the response table and main effects plots for mean both show that the factor with
the greatest effect on the mean is Temperature (Delta = 1.95, Rank = 1). The response
table and main effects plots for standard deviation both show that the factor with the
greatest effect on the standard deviation is Pressure (Delta = 0.94, Rank = 1). Next, you
may want to use Predict Results to see how different factor settings affect S/N ratios and
response characteristicssee Example of predicting results on page 24-38.
e Example of a dynamic Taguchi design
Suppose you are an engineer trying to increase the robustness of a measurement
system. A measurement system is dynamic because as the input signal changes, the
output response changes. A measurement system ideally should have a 1:1
correspondence between the value being measured (signal factor) and the measured
response (system output). Similarly, zero should serve as the fixed reference point (all
lines should be fit through the origin) because an input signal of zero should result in a
measurement of zero.
You have identified two components of your measurement system that will serve as the
control factors: Sensing and Reporting. The signal factor is the actual value of the item
being measured and the output response is the measurement. You have also selected
two noise conditions.
1 Open the worksheet MEASURE.MTW. The design and response data have been saved
for you.
2 Choose Stat DOE Taguchi Analyze Taguchi Design.
3 In Response data are in, enter Noise1 and Noise2.
4 Click Graphs. Under Generate plots of main effects and selected interactions for,
check Standard deviations.
5 Check Display scatter plots with fitted lines. Click OK.
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6 Click Tables. Under Display response tables for, check Standard deviations.
7 Click OK in each dialog box.
Session
window
output
Response Table for Signal to Noise Ratios
Dynamic Response
Level Sensing Reporting
1 20.3270 18.3400
2 14.2224 16.2095
Delta 6.1047 2.1305
Rank 1 2
Response Table for Slopes
Level Sensing Reporting
1 1.52738 1.03293
2 1.48734 1.98179
Delta 0.04004 0.94886
Rank 2 1
Response Table for Standard Deviations
Level Sensing Reporting
1 0.165537 0.141439
2 0.287448 0.311545
Delta 0.121911 0.170106
Rank 2 1
Graph
window
output
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Interpreting results
The response tables show the average of the selected characteristic for each level of the
factors. The response tables include ranks based on Delta statistics, which compare the
relative magnitude of effects. The Delta statistic is the highest average minus the lowest
average for each factor. Ranks are assigned based on Delta values; rank 1 is assigned to
the highest Delta value, rank 2 to the second highest Delta value, and so on. The main
effects plot provide a graph of the averages in the response table.
Because you are trying to improve the quality of a measurement system, you want to
maximize the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. If you examine the response table and main
effects plot for S/N ratio, you can see that the Sensing (Delta = 6.1047, Rank = 1)
component has a greater effect on S/N ratio than Reporting (Delta=2.1305, Rank = 2).
Here, the response table and main effects plots for slopes both show that Reporting
(Delta = 0.94886, Rank = 1) has a much greater effect on slope than Sensing (Delta =
0.04004, Rank = 2). Thus, it is likely that Reporting can be used as a scaling factor to
adjust the mean on target after minimizing sensitivity to noise.
The response table and main effects plot show that Reporting (Delta=0.1701, Rank=1)
has a greater effect on standard deviation than sensing (Delta=0.1219,Rank=2).
Based on these results, you might first want to maximize S/N ratio using the low level of
the Sensing factor and then adjust the slope on to the target of 1 using the Reporting
factor.
Predicting Results
Use Predict Results after you have run a Taguchi experiment and examined the response
tables and main effects plots to determine which factor settings should achieve a robust
product design. Predict Results allows you to predict S/N ratios and response
characteristics for selected factor settings.
For example, you might choose the best settings for the factors that have the greatest
effect on the S/N, and then wish to predict the S/N and mean response for several
combinations of other factors. Predict Results would provide the expected responses for
those settings. You should choose the results that comes closest to the desired mean
without significantly reducing the S/N ratio. You should then perform a follow-up
experiment using the selected levels, to determine how well the prediction matches the
observed result.
If there are minimal interactions among the factors or if the interactions have been
correctly accounted for by the predictions, the observed results should be close to the
prediction, and you will have succeeded in producing a robust product. On the other
hand, if there is substantial disagreement between the prediction and the observed
results, then there may be unaccounted for interactions or unforeseen noise effects. This
would indicate that further investigation is necessary.
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You can specify the terms in the model used to predict results. For example, you may
decide not to include a factor in the prediction because the response table and main
effects plot indicate that the factor does not have much of an effect on the response.
You can also decide whether or not to include selected interactions in the model.
Interactions included in the model will affect the predicted results.
Data
In order to predict results, you need to have
I created and stored the design using Create Taguchi Design (page 24-4) or created a
design from data already in the worksheet with Define Custom Taguchi Design (page
24-17) and
I analyzed it using Analyzing Taguchi Designs on page 24-23
h To predict results
1 Choose Stat DOE Taguchi Predict Results.
2 Choose to predict one or more of the following:
I mean (static design) or slope (dynamic design)
I signal-to-noise ratio
I standard deviations
I natural log of standard deviation
Static Design Dynamic Design
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3 Click Terms.
4 Move the factors that you do not want to include in the model from Selected Terms
to Available Terms using the arrow buttons, then click OK.
I to move the terms one at a time, highlight a term, then click or
I to move all of the term, click on or
You can also move a term by double-clicking it.
5 Click Levels.
6 Do one of the following
I To specify factor levels that are already stored in a worksheet column
Choose Select variables stored in worksheet.
Under Levels, click in the first row and enter column containing the new levels
of the first factor. Then, use the Z key to move down the column and enter the
remaining factor level columns. Click OK.
I To select levels from a list of the existing factor levels
Choose Select levels from a list.
Under Levels, click in the first row and choose the factor level from the
drop-down list. Then, use the Z key to move down the column and choose the
remaining factor levels. Click OK.
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Options
Predict results dialog box
I store the predicted values in the worksheet (default)
Terms subdialog box
I choose terms to include in the prediction model
Levels subdialog box
I enter the new factor levels in coded or uncoded units
e Example of predicting results
We will now predict results for the seal strength experiment introduced on page 24-31.
You had identified three controllable factors that you thought would influence seal
strength: Temperature, Pressure, and Thickness. Because you first want to maximize the
signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, you chose factor settings that increase S/N ratios:
Temperature 60, Pressure 36, and Thickness 1.25.
1 Open the worksheet SEAL2.MTW. The design and response information have been
saved for you.
2 Choose Stat DOE Taguchi Predict Results.
3 Click Levels.
4 Under Method of specifying new factor levels, choose Select levels from a list.
5 Under Levels, click in the first row and choose the factor level according to the table
below. Then, use the Z key to move down the column and choose the remaining
factor levels according to the table below.
6 Click OK in each dialog box.
Session
window
output
Predicted values
S/N Ratio Mean StDev Log(StDev)
33.8551 17.5889 0.439978 -1.03172
Factor Levels
Temperature 60
Pressure 36
Thickness 1.25
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Interpreting results
The predicted results for the chosen factor settings are: S/N ratio of 33.8551, mean of
17.5889, and standard deviation of 0.439978. Next, you might run an experiment
using these factor settings to test the accuracy of the model.
References
[1] G.S. Peace (1993). Taguchi Methods. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
[2] J.H. Lochner and J.E. Matar (1990). Designing for Quality. ASQC Quality Press.
[3] W. Y. Fowlkes and C.M. Creveling (1995). Engineering Methods for Robust Product
Design. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
[4] S.H. Park (1996). Robust Design and Analysis for Quality Engineering. Chapman &
Hall.
[5] M.S. Phadke (1989). Quality Engineering Using Robust Design. Prentice-Hall.
Note The predicted values for the standard deviation and log of the standard deviation use
different models of the data.
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