Acetylene ...

there is no better fuel gas

for oxy- fuel gas processes
H C C H
The acetylene m olecule
com prises 2 carbon atom s
linked by a triple bond
and 2 sym m etrically arranged
hydrogen atom s
The high efficiency of acetylene is easy to
explain: The energy released during com -
bustion, the high am e tem perature, and the
am e propagation rate of the oxy-acetylene
am e are due to the favourable m olecular
structure of the acetylene. Even during
decom position of the acetylene m olecule
energy is being released, in contrast to other
hydrocarbons; this is the so-called energy of
form ation or form ation enthalpy. In the case of
acetylene 8,714 kJ/kg of utilisable energy are
released. M ore heat is added by the partial
com bustion of the oxygen in the gas stream . -
And since in oxy-fuel gas processes the rst
com bustion stage only, that is the prim ary
am e, is of practical im portance, the favoura-
ble com bustion properties of acetylene offer a
big advantage that is inherent in the product
itself.
2
Conversion data:
Properties: Acetylene is a colourless fuel gas w ith a slightly ethereal, sw eet odour.
C hem ical sym bol: C
2
H
2
M olar m ass: 26.04 g/m ol
Triple point: -80.8 C /1.28 bar
C ritical point: 35.18 C /61.91 bar
D ensity (at 15 C /1 bar): 1.1 kg/m
3
D ensity (at 0 C /1.013 bar): 1.175 kg/m
3
C om parison of density: 10 % lighter than air
Ignition tem perature: 335 C in air, 300 C in oxygen
Flam m abiltity lim its: in air 2.3 82 % by vol.
in oxygen 2.5 93 % by vol.
m
3
of gas m
3
of gas
kg
(1.013 bar, 0 C ) (1 bar, 15 C )
1 1.068 1.175
0.936 1 1.100
0.851 0.909 1
3
Contents
4 Flam e tem perature
5 Flam e cutting
6 Flam e propagation rate
7 Flam e-cleaning, gouging
8 Prim ary am e output
9 Flam e straightening
10 H eating rate
11 Flam e heating, am e hardening
12 N eutral am e setting
13 G as w elding, hard-facing
14 C orrect am e adjustm ent
15 Flam e spraying, am e-brazing
16 The soft air-acetylene am e
17 Lindo am m

acetylene torches
18 Tem perature of w orkpiece
19 C arbo am

process
20 Econom ics
21 Safety
22 O xygen requirem ents
23 Supply system s
4
Acetylene features all the signicant properties
which really matter in the various
oxy-fuel gas processes
W henever rapid and concentrated heating and preheating of
the w orkpiece is essential, am e tem perature is an im portant
factor. B ecause the higher the tem perature, the faster the
transfer of heat from the am e into the w orkpiece.
0 1 : 6 1 : 5 1 : 4 1 : 3 1 : 2 1 : 1
3 2 0 0
2 6 0 0
2 7 0 0
2 8 0 0
2 9 0 0
3 0 0 0
3 1 0 0
2500 2700 2900 3100
Acetylene
M ixture w ith ethene
M ixture w ith
m ethyl acetylene
Ethene
M ethane
Propene
Propane
F
l
a
m
e

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Fuel gas/oxygen ratio in m
3
/m
3
Temperature distribution
within an acetylene-
oxygen ame
Temperature in C

5
Flame cutting
Flam e cutting, w hether by hand or by m achine, is one of the
m ain elds of application for the highly effective oxy-acetylene
am e. Flam e cutting is a labour intensive process. 80 to 90%
of total costs are costs for labour and equipm ent. So in this
respect, the high am e efficiency of the acetylene gas pays off
extrem ely w ell: rapid pre-heating for starting or cutting holes.
O ptim al cutting speed even w ith rusty, scaled or prim ered
sheet. C utting quality leaves nothing to be desired. Sharp cut
edges, sm ooth cut surfaces, and easily rem ovable scale are
guaranteed. R egardless of the type of cut, and even w ith
extrem e bevel cuts.
The latest types of am e cutting m achines and technically
advanced tips contribute to high cost-effectiveness in am e
cutting w ith acetylene.
Different types of welding seam shapes
produced by oxy-fuel gas ame cutting
Flame cutting by industrial robot
Flame cutting in routine manufacturing
Simultaneous ame cutting
with multiple torches
Flame cutting involving computer-supported
cost control, based on cutting parameters determined
on-line
Acetylene provides the highest ame temperature
and propagation rate
Acetylene is also the fuel gas w ith the highest am e propaga-
tion rate. After all, therm al efficiency is the better the faster the
hot com bustion products m eet the w orkpiece. This require-
m ent is particularly im portant w hen heating m etallic m aterials
of high therm al conductivity like steel, copper or alum inium .
0 1:6 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:1
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
6
Acetylene
M ixture
w ith Ethene
M ixture w ith
m ethyl acetylene
Ethene
M ethane
Propene
Propane
F
l
a
m
e

p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

i
n

m
/
s
e
c
.
Fuel gas/oxygen ratio in m
3
/m
3
Flame-cleaning
Flam e-cleaning w ith acetylene is used w herever clean
sheet m etal surfaces are required for further processing.
R ust, m ill scale and other scale are efficiently rem oved by
low -cost am e-cleaning. Flam e-cleaned surfaces ensure
excellent adhesion of paint nishes and coatings. Thereby,
also corrosion-resistance is im proved. Flam e-cleaning pro-
cedures are also used for therm al treatm ent of concrete
and natural stone surfaces. In particular for cleaning and
preparatory treatm ent of concrete carriagew ay surfaces.
Also old paint and coatings, oil contam ination, and abrad-
ed rubber can be rem oved in an environm entally friendly
w ay. The concrete thus exposed gives optim al adhesion
for synthetic resin coatings.
Gouging
G ouging is used to rem ove w eld defects or to prepare
w elds for root runs. Proper guidance of the torch tip gives
a perfect w eld channel.
Flame-cleaning of a steel surface
Flame-cleaning of concrete
Gouging of the root for reverse side welding
Gouging a welding defect in shipbuilding
7
8
The primary ame output in oxy-fuel gas processes
The resultant referred to as the prim ary am e output (related
to unit volum e) is the product of the am e propagation rate
and the heat evolved in the prim ary com bustion stage in the
am e cone. This alone provides the heating capacity.
And, since in oxy-fuel gas processes the prim ary com bustion
stage only, i.e. the prim ary am e, is of practical im portance,
the favourable com bustion properties of the acetylene am e
offer a big advantage w hich is sim ply inherent in the product
itself.
The caloric value of a fuel gas is not the decisive factor. This
value includes also the heat output released in the secondary
com bustion stage in the stream er am e, w hich cannot be
utilised in oxy-fuel gas processes.
0 1:6 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:1
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
Acetylene
M ixture w ith
ethene
M ixture w ith
m ethyl acetylene
Ethene
M ethane
Propene
Propane
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

a
m
e

o
u
t
p
u
t

i
n

k
J
/
c
m
2
.
s
e
c
.
Fuel gas/oxygen ratio in m
3
/m
3
Heat released
by complete combustion
(caloroc value)
Utilisable heat
in oxy-fuel gas
processes
Not utilisable
Heat is dissipated
P
r
i
m
a
r
y

a
m
e
S
t
r
e
a
m
e
r

a
m
e
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

a
m
e

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
9
Flame
straightening
In am e straightening the high efficiency of
acetylene is of particular value. The high
am e tem perature com bined w ith the high
com bustion velocity of the oxy-acetylene
am e ensures rapid and precise positioning
of the straightening points. D ue to the vari-
able oxy-acetylene am e and easily inter-
changeable torch tips, any desired heat out-
put can be set, enabling optim al and eco-
nom ical treatm ent of the w orkpiece.
Shaping a girder for shipbuilding
by ame straightening
Flame straightening
in large-diameter pipe production
Flame straightening in mechanised
production of box girders
Flame straightening in shipbuilding
The heating rate of the oxy-acetylene ame
ensures concentrated heat input
There is a direct relationship betw een ow velocity and am e
propagation rate. The higher the am e propagation rate, the
higher the ow velocity can be set. The higher the ow veloci-
ty, the higher the gas volum e burned per unit of tim e on the
area of the w orkpiece to be heated. The m ore gas is burned,
the higher the concentration of heat released.
10
Locally dened ame heating to forging temperature
by oxy-acetylene torches arranged on both sides.
11
Flame heating
Flam e heating m eans local heating preparatory to hot form ing,
e.g. bending of pipes, necking of distributors, dishing of
vessel bottom s, or for pre- and reheating in w elding and am e
cutting. B oth, norm al w elding torches and specially developed
high-output oxy-acetylene torches are used for these heating
procedures. The use of high-output heating torches is re-
com m ended in particular w hen large quantities of heat are to
be applied to the w orkpiece w ith the highest speed and con-
centration possible.
Flame hardening
Flam e hardening of ferrous m etal w orkpieces is used to
im prove resistance against w ear. Particularly in the case of
com ponents for driving assem blies like gear w heels or ball
racew ays service life is increased substantially. In the process
hardened layers are produced by locally heating and quench-
ing de ned surface areas w ithout any adverse effects on the
core m aterial. For am e hardening m ainly m echanised
m ethods are used in job and batch production. H ere also the
w orkpiece surface layers are heated so rapidly by the high-
output oxy-acetylene am e that a sharply de ned zone of heat
concentration is form ed dow n to the desired depth w ithout
heat penetrating into the low er layers. B y im m ediate sub-
sequent quenching w ith w ater the heat is rem oved from the
w orkpiece. The inherent com pressive stress form s the hard-
ened structure. B ecause the m aterial below the resultant
hardened layer is not involved in the structural transform ation
processes, accuracy of shape and the m echanical properties
of the w orkpiece rem ain unchanged.

Rapid locally dened ame heating for hot forming

Heating in necking procedure in pipe-line construction
Flame hardening a shaft
Special torch for ame hardening
12
Neutral ame setting and its advantages
O nly acetylene has the necessary am e tem perature and
am e output at neutral am e setting for m elting and w elding
steel. A neutral am e setting is essential especially w hen w eld-
ing steel in order to avoid undesirable reactions in the m olten
pool. The oxy-acetylene am e is neutralw hen the acetylene/
oxygen ratio is 1:1. The am e is term ed reducingw hen there
is a surplus of acetylene and oxidisingw hen there is excess
oxygen.
Composition in per cent of ame gases at ame cone
depending on mix ratio
Flame setting
reducing - neutral - oxidising
1 : 2 1 : 1
1 0 0
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
O
O
2
OH
H
H
2
O
CO
2
CO
H
2
C
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n

i
n

%
Acetylen/oxygen ratio in m
3
/m
3
reducing
neutral
oxidising
1 : 0 . 6 7
13
Gas welding
In oxy-fuel gas m etal w orking gas
w elding is certainly one of the m ajor
processes. The big advantage of
acetylene lies in the reducing effect
of the w elding am e w hich is easy to
adjust and w ell to control. G as w eld-
ing w ork w ith acetylene is characteri-
sed by good gap bridging capabili-
ties. There is no or very little seam
preparation required. Its problem -
free application is particularly useful
in out-of-position w elding. In pipeline
construction, for instance, w here
other w elding m ethods are usually
out of the question or not econom i-
cal, the oxy-acetylene am e is the
w elders tried and true friend. C om -
bustion of acetylene w ith oxygen is
characterised by a sharply de ned
am e cone.
Hard-facing
For preventive reduction of w ear on
tools and m achinery com ponents
surfacing w ith high-strength m etal
alloys by w elding is a tried and prov-
en m ethod. The process is know n
as hard-facing (hard-surfacing) and
can be applied for facing w ith fer-
rous, low -iron and non-ferrous m ate-
rials.
Rightward welding
Gas welding work on heat
exchanger
Valves for automobile engines
hard-faced by the oxy-acetylene
process
Gas welding work in large Diesel
engine construction
14
Correct ame adjustment
Another advantage is the am e adjustability as such. Thanks
to the sharply de ned prim ary cone it is easy to adjust the
oxy-acetylene am e by observing its appearance. The appro-
priate optim um m ixture ratio can easily and exactly be set by
eye judgem ent. C om plex and expensive m easuring instru-
m ents can be dispensed w ith. The operator w ill appreciate
this advantage because the quality of his w ork depends large-
ly on the correct m ixture. And a constantly correct setting w ill
also save gas.
Most suitable ame setting for welding
1 4
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
Acetylene
Mixture with
ethene
Mixture with
methyl
acetylene
Ethene Methane Propene Propane
O
x
i
d
i
s
i
n
g

c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s

i
n

%

Oxidising components in oxy-fuel gas ame at normal setting

15
Flame spraying
Flam e spraying is used for surface coating of m etallic and
non-m etallic m aterials. The spray m aterial, w ire or pow der, is
m elted by the oxy-acetylene am e and sprayed onto the pre-
treated w orkpiece by com pressed air or another gas. The
high am e tem perature of the oxy-acetylene am e perm its to
spray also high-m elting point m aterials, like m olybdenum .
Flam e-sprayed coatings have dem onstrated their excellent
properties in all elds of engineering. For instance, as a w ear-
resistant coating, or for up-grading m achinery com ponents, or
for applying anticorrosion coatings of zinc, alum inium , copper
or C rN i steel.
Flame-brazing
Flam e-brazing, like gas w elding, belongs to the group of ther-
m al joining processes. B y brazing, how ever, it is possible to
join m aterials of quite different types, w hich w ould cause pro-
blem s in w elding. Also in the case of thin and heat-sensitive
w orkpieces brazing has proved to be an excellent m ethod for
producing high-strength, reliable and leak-proof joints. In
general, both, the oxy-acetylene am e as w ell as the air-
acetylene am e are used for brazing.
Flame-spraying of a shaft
Flame-brazing in auto-
mobile construction using
the ux method
Automatic fusing of CrNi
BoSi alloy sprayed on rope
pulley by means of the
powder ame-spraying
process
Flame-brazing of copper
piping
16
The soft air-acetylene ame
The soft air-acetylene am e features a m ore gentle action
com pared w ith the oxy-acetylene am e. This is im portant
w hen a am e using pure oxygen is too hot for the w orkpiece
or for the solder. H ere again, acetylene is superior to other
oxy-fuel gas m ixtures as its am e intensity is still 2,325 C and
its am e propagation rate 150 cm /sec. W ith the air-acetylene
m ixture a favourable ratio of 1:9.6 is obtained.
For air infeed m ainly tw o torch system s are being used: the
air-suction torch (w orking according to the B unsen principle)
and the com pressed-air-acetylene torch in w hich the acety-
lene is aspirated by the com pressed air.
1 : 4 1 : 2 8 1 : 2 4 1 : 2 0 1 : 1 6 1 : 1 2 1 : 8
2 4 0 0
1 8 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 2 0 0
1 : 4 1 : 2 8 1 : 2 4 1 : 2 0 1 : 1 6 1 : 1 2 1 : 8
1 . 6
0
0 . 8
1 . 2
0 . 4
Acetylene
M ixture w ith
ethene
M ixture w ith
m ethyl acetylene
Ethene
M ethane
Propene
Propane
F
l
a
m
e

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Fuel gas/air ratio in m
3
/m
3
Acetylene
M ixture w ith
ethene
M ixture w ith
m ethyl acetylene
Ethene
M ethane
Propene
Propane
F
l
a
m
e

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

i
n

m
/
s
e
c
.
Fuel gas/air ratio in m
3
/m
3
17
The use of purpose-designed
Lindoamm

acetylene torches
offers many advantages:
G optim um heat input into w orkpiece
because the torch is adapted to the job
G econom ical gas consum ption by adjust-
ing the torch to the job
G possibility of m echanisation
Compressed-air-acetylene torch with
pilot ames, ame output adjustable on
both sides
Compressed-air-acetylene torch for
ame-brazing a heat exchanger
Flame-brazing on rotating brazing
device
The use of Lindoamm

special torches

18
Temperature of workpiece
The air-acetylene am e w orks gently, but nevertheless is
intensive and econom ical. O f course, it is no alternative to the
oxy-acetylene am e, but a very useful addition to the great
variety of processes available in production plants and w ork-
shops.
Acetylene air ame
Temperature of workpiece depending on heating-up time
and type of ame
300
0
600
900
1200
4 3 2 1
W
o
r
k
p
i
e
c
e

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

T

i
n

C
Heating-up time t in C
Acetylene/
Oxygen
Acetylene/
Compressed air
Acetylene/
Suction air
H eat input
W orkpiece
Top side
B ottom
side

19
Linde Carboam

process
Use of Carboam

to apply a reproducible carbon coating to a

glass mould for manufacturing glass containers.
In aluminium bar extrusion the surface is coated with carbon
by means of an oxy-acetylene or air-acetylene ame providing
a separating and insulating layer.
20
Economics and quality when using acetylene
in oxy-fuel gas processes
In respect of actual w ork perform ance the use of acetylene
m eans high cutting speed, fast start-up and preheating, con-
centrated heat input and, therefore, signicant tim e saving.
And, regarding quality: sm ooth clean cut edges and surfaces,
no need for preparing w eld seam s, good gap bridging capabi-
lity, and, therefore, an excellent overall quality standard.
W hen considering the econom ics of a process it is not suffi-
cient to m erely look at the cost of fuel gas and oxygen.
The decisive factor, rather, is the cost of labour and equip-
m ent, w hich m ay add-up to 90% of total cost. Therefore, the
use of acetylene as a fuel gas provides the key to pro t by
optim um utilisation of its high inherent energy.
0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 2 0
1 0 0 0
0
2 0 0
6 0 0
3 0 1 0
4 0 0
8 0 0
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
C
u
t
t
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
t
t
in
g
t
ip
s
C
u
t
t
i
n
g
s
p
e
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
t
a
n
d
a
rd
tip
s
0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 2 0
5
0
2
3 0 1 0
4
1
3
C
u
t
t
i
n
g

s
p
e
e
d

i
n

m
m
/
m
i
n
.
Sheet thickness in mm
Acetylene
H eating oxygen
C utting oxygen
C ost of labour
and equpm ent
F
l
a
m
e

c
u
t
t
i
n
g

c
o
s
t
s

i
n

D
M
/
m
Sheet thickness in mm
21
Safety
Acetylene features a particular physical property of high value:
its density of 1.095 kg/m
3
(at 15 C /1 bar). This m eans that
acetylene is about 10 % lighter than air. If it should escape
inadvertently, it w ill go up and disappear in the atm osphere.
G ases heavier than air sink dow n and there is alw ays the risk
that they w ill form explosive m ixtures. The only fuel gas w hich
is lighter is m ethane. Therefore, these are the only fuel gases
w hich m ay be used for w ork below ground level or in con ned
spaces w ith little ventilation above, for instance in shipbuilding
or m ining.
Anything required in respect of special safety for acetylene
applications is already built intothe steel cylinder: the
porous m ass w hich stops any possible decom position of the
acetylene. The acetone or dim ethyl form am ide (D M F) con-
tained in the porous m ass acts as a solvent. It m ultiplies the
storage capacity m any tim es. O n the other hand, w hat is pre-
scribed for safe w ithdraw al applies to acetylene just as to
other fuel gases: the discharge points in distribution piping
m ust be equipped w ith ashback arrestors.
Acetylene
Air
10.000 x magnication
of the high-porosity
Linde M1 mass
(photographed
by scanning electron microscope)
Acetylene is approx. 10 % lighter than air
22
Oxygen requirements
m
3
m
3
m
3
m
3
kg kg kg kg
1 : 1.1 1 : 3.0 1 : 3.1 1 : 3.7
Flame cutting
Gouging
Flame spraying
Flame heating
Flame straightening
Flame-cleaning
Gas welding
Hard-facing
Gas powder welding
Gas pressure welding
Flame-brazing
Flame hardening
O xygen O xygen O xygen O xygen
Acetylene M ixture w ith
m ethyl
acetylene
Propene Propane
Total num ber of cylinders for heating w ork
Q uantity
fuel gas in kg; oxygen in m
3
M ixture ratio fuel gas/oxygen in m
3
/m
3
Versatility
This is another convincing point regarding cost-effectiveness.
W hen using acetylene only one type of fuel gas is needed for
all the oxy-fuel gas processes, w hether inside a plant or on
the building site. This is a high-perform ance fuel gas proved in
decades of practical use. W ith the low est num ber of cylinders
required. R eady for use at any tim e, even w ith varying produc-
tion jobs. An insurance for econom y and quality.
Examples for the oxygen/fuel gas ratios in a comparative
heating test
W ith any fuel gas oxygen is needed for ingnition. The propor-
tion of oxygen in uences the am e qualityin respect of tem -
perature, output and speed. Acetylene attains the absolutely
highest am e tem perature of 3,160 C at a m ixture ratio of
1:1.1 to 1:1.5. All other fuel gases need m ore oxygen (up to a
ratio of 1:4.5) to achieve m axim um perform ance. O f all fuel
gases the oxygen requirem ents of acetylene are the low est. A
feature that brings m ultiple bene ts. B ecause consequently
the total num ber of cylinders needed is low er than w ith other
fuel gases.
23
Acetylene cylinder supply systems
A single-cylinder set com bined w ith an oxy-
gen cylinder perm its using the oxy-fuel gas
process at nearly any tim e and anyw here. If
a single cylinder is not sufficient to supply
larger types of torches, several cylinders
can be com bined to a battery.
D epending on requirem ents, in this case
also the sm all acetylene bundle w ith 6
com bined cylinders can be used. For large-
scale consum ption the acetylene bundle
w ith 16 cylinders w ill provide the m ost eco-
nom ical solution.
Several 16-cylinder bundles com bined to a
battery w ill cover the dem and of large steel
processing enterprises.
For even the largest possible users of
acetylene w e supply cylinder system s hold-
ing these quantities ready for consum ption
plus a w ell-sized reserve - our acetylene
trailer.
Cylinder bundle supply system
Trailer supply system
D elivery as Type C ontents G as w ithdraw al l/h
short term norm al continuous
kg < 20 m in. 8 h/day > 8 h / day
Single cylinder 40/48/50 6.3/8/10 1,000 500 350
C ylinder bundle (6 cylinders) 46 43.2 6,000 3,000 2,000
C ylinder bundle (16 cylinders) 61 144 16,000 8,000 5,500
Trailer (128 cyl.) 8 bundles 1,152 128,000 64,000 44,000
Trailer (256 cyl.) 16 bundles 2,304 256,000 128,000 88,000

Linde
Representatives Worldwide
Australia:
Linde G as Pty. Ltd.
7478 Seville Street
AU S-Fair eld, N .S.W . 2165
Tel.:(02) 979 42-245
Fax:(02) 979 42-265
Austria:
Linde G as G m bH & C o. KG
W aschenbergerstrae 13
A-4651 Stadl-Paura
Tel.:(0 72 45) 2 16 00
Fax:(0 72 45) 2 16 16
Belgium:
H oek Loos N .V.
Tunnelw eg 7
B -2845 N iel
Tel.:(0 3) 8 44 25 28
Fax:(0 3) 8 44 31 43
China:
Linde G as Xiam en Ltd.
H ualian Electronic B ldg., 2nd Floor
Fuxia R oad, Torch H i-tech D istrict
361006 Xiam en
Tel.:(0592) 562 39 90
Fax:(0592) 562 39 91
Croatia:
Linde Plin d.o.o.
M ahicno bb
H R -47286 Karlovac M ahicno
Tel.:(047) 65 11 12
Fax:(047) 65 15 60
Czech Republic:
Linde Technoplyn a.s.
U Technoplynu 1324
C

R -19800 Praha 9
Tel.:(02) 70 06 111
Fax:(02) 70 10 15
France:
Linde G az Industriels S.A.R .L.
174, Avenue Jean Jaurs
F-69007 Lyon
Tel.:(04) 472 76 76 76
Fax:(04) 472 76 76 99
Greece:
Linde H ellas E.P.E.
Syngrou Avenue 228
G R -17672 Athen-Kallithea
Tel.:(01) 988 95 99
Fax:(01) 985 05 32
Hong Kong:
Linde G as Ltd.
R oom 2601 Sino Plaza
256257 G loucester R oad
C ausew ay B ay
H ongkong
Tel.:(02) 25 73 03 78
Fax:(02) 28 38 41 15
Hungary:
Linde G z M agyarorszg R T
Illatos u. 911
H -1097 B udapest
Tel.:(01) 2 82 92 82
Fax:(01) 2 82 92 81
Italy:
Linde C aracciolossigeno S.r.l.
Via G uido R ossa, 3
I-20010 Arluno (M i)
Tel.:(02) 90 39 95-1
Fax:(02) 90 39 95-99
Malaysia:
Linde Industrial G ases Sdn. B hd.
7th Floor, W ism an B udim an
Persiaran R aja C hulan
50200 Kuala Lum pur
Tel.:(03) 2 38 92 00
Fax:(03) 2 38 93 00
Netherlands:
H oek Loos
Postbus 78
N L-3100 AB Schiedam
Tel.:(010) 24 61-616
Fax:(010) 24 61-600
Poland:
Linde G az Polska Sp.z o.o.
ul. Piastow ska 44c
PL-30070 Krakw
Tel.:(0 12) 23 84 42
Fax:(0 12) 23 84 30
Portugal:
Linde Sogs, Lda.
Avenida Infante D . H enrique Lt. 21
C abo R uivo
P-1800 Lisboa
Tel.:(0 11) 8 31 04 20
Fax:(0 11) 8 59 13 29
Romania:
LIN D E-U M T-G AZ S.R .L.
Str. Avram Im broane 9
1900 Tim isoara
Tel.:(056) 20 13 48
Fax:(056) 22 56 08
Singapore:
Linde G as Singapore Pte. Ltd.
74 Kian Teck R oad
Jurong Industrial Estate
Singapore 628 800
Tel.:(065) 2 61 64 66
Fax:(065) 2 64 01 98
Slovak Republic:
Linde Technick Plyny K.S.
R acianska 71
SR -83259 B ratislava
Tel.:(07) 25 22 02
Fax:(07) 25 37 33
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Subject to change 8 7 5 8 /0 1296 - 1.3 m a
Slovenia:
Linde Plin d.o.o.
B ukovzlak 65/b
p.p. 153
SLO -3001 C elje
Tel.:(063) 411-777
Fax:(063) 411-834
Spain:
Abell Linde, S.A.
C alle B ailn, 105
E-08009 B arcelona
Tel.:(03) 2 07 30 11
Fax:(03) 2 07 57 64
Switzerland:
PanG as
Postfach
C H -6002 Luzern
Tel.:(0 41) 3 19 95 00
Fax:(0 41) 3 19 95 15
United Kingdom:
Linde G as U K Ltd.
Pipers R oad
Park Farm South
R edditch
W orcestershire B 98 O H U
Tel.:(015 27) 51 72 77
Fax:(015 27) 51 65 60
USA:
H olox Ltd.
1500 Indian Trail R oad
N orcross, G A 30083
Tel.:(0770) 9 25 46 40
Fax:(0770) 9 25 49 66
Other countries:
Linde AG
Industrial G ases D ivision
Export H ead O ffice
Seitnerstrae 70
D -82049 H llriegelskreuth
Tel.:(0 89) 74 46-0
Fax:(0 89) 74 46-1490
LINDE AG
Industrial G ases D ivision
Seitnerstrae 70
D -82049 H llriegelskreuth
Phone: (0 89) 74 46-0, Fax: (0 89) 74 46-1230