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Heat Ad Mass Transfer in A Cooling Tower With Special Attention To The Tower Characteristic Ratio
Heat Ad Mass Transfer in A Cooling Tower With Special Attention To The Tower Characteristic Ratio
In this equation p
t
is the total pressure of the air
and p
ws
is the partial vapour pressure at
saturation. For p
ws
exists an empirical
formulation:
5 1
1
2 3
2 3 4 5 6
ln 10
ln
ws
p CT
C C T C T C T C T
With the constants
1
2
3
4
4
7
5
6
5800.2206
1.3914993
0.048640239
0.41764768 10
0.14452093 10
6.5459673
C
C
C
C
C
C
With the constants
7
8
9
1
10
3
11
5
12
53.52515
3.517334
2.809715
0.1669836 10
0.9243041 10
0.9275973 10
C
C
C
C
C
C
For temperatures between 35-60C:
1
2 13
2 3 4
14 15 16 17 18
i C t
C C t C t C t C t
With the constants
13
14
15
16
17
3
18
26325.88
3174.125
151.3213
3.762619
0.04617667
0.2495032 10
C
C
C
C
C
C
With these two equations, one can also
calculate
'
s
i for these four integration steps once
the water temperature for the different states
has been set according to:
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.9
A wo wi wo
B wo wi wo
C wo wi wo
D wo wi wo
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t
One can assume that the air flowing into a
cooling tower has about 20C (during the
summer it might be warmer, during the winter it
might be cooler, but its not really important
because this example is purely academic
anyway). The air moisture in per cent is
probably around 70 (also assumed), and the
temperature of the leaving air will not exceed
45C (also assumed). One can further calculate
the incoming water as having the temperature
of about 60C. The outgoing water has a
temperature of roughly in the middle between
the incoming and the outgoing air:
0.5 32.5
wo ai ao
t t t C
From there, one can calculate the different
water temperatures:
0.1 35.25
0.4 43.5
0.6 49
0.9 57.25
A wo wi wo
B wo wi wo
C wo wi wo
D wo wi wo
t t t t C
t t t t C
t t t t C
t t t t C
Also, the inlet air enthalpy can be calculated.
For this one first needs the partial pressure of
the already solved water:
4
47.329086 4.73 10
ws
p Pa bar
With p
t
assumed to be 1.013 bar,
*
s
w becomes:
* 4
0.62198 2.907 10
ws
s
t ws
p
w
p p
* 4
2.035 10
s
w x w
With c
da
= 1.004 kJ kg
-1
K
-1
the enthalpy for the
entering air becomes:
1 1 1
2501 1.805 20.582
da
kJ
i c t w t
kg
The enthalpy for the leaving air is:
1
2 13
2 3 4
14 15 16 17 18
214.22
i C t
C C t C t C t C t
kJ
kg
Now, i
j
can be calculated:
'
'
'
'
21.756
100.674
125.099
204.158
A As A
B Bs B
C Cs C
D Ds D
kJ
i i i
kg
kJ
i i i
kg
kJ
i i i
kg
kJ
i i i
kg
With this knowledge and c
w
= 4.184 kJ kg
-1
K
-1
one can now calculate the tower
characteristic ratio:
4
1
1
1.979
4
wi wo
w
j j
t t K a V
c
L i