COOLING TOWER

MATA PELAJARAN OTK II

AKAMIGAS BALONGAN

COOLING TOWER

REFERENSI
1. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 6th Ed.
2. Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations: By Nicholas P.Chopey
3.

I.COOLING WATER SYSTEM

Figure 1: Closed Loop Cooling Tower System.

II.

COOLING TOWER TYPES

FIGURE 2: COOLINT TOWER TYPE

III.

COOLING TOWER MASS BALANACE MAKE UP WATER

FIGURE III: COOLING TOWER MASS BALANCE MAKE UP WATER

IV.

PERHITUNGAN COOLING WATER.

1. COOLING TOWER APPROACH.

The difference between the Cold Water Temperature (Cooling Tower Outlet)
And ambient Wet Bulb Temperature is called as Cooling Tower Approach.
Approach = Cold Water Temperature Wet Bulb Temperature
Cooling Tower approach is the better indicator for the performance.

2. COOLING TOWER RANGE

3. COOLING TOWER EFFICIENCY CALCULATION:

The calculation of cooling tower efficiency involves the Range and approach of the cooling
Tower.
Cooling tower efficiency is limited by the ambient wet bulb temperature. In ideal case the cold
water
temperature will be equal to the wet bulb temperature. This is practically not possible to
achieve.

This requires very large tower and results in huge evaporation and windage or drift loss
resulting in a
practically not viable solution. In practice the cooling tower efficiency will be in between 70 to
75%.
Cooling Tower Efficiency =(Hot Water Temperature -Cold water Temperature) x
100/
(Hot Water Temperature - Wet bulb temperature)
Or Simply Cooling Tower Efficiency = Range/ (Range + Approach) x 100
4. EVAPORATION LOSS CALCULATION:
Evaporation losses will vary depending upon temperature and humidity, but a
general rule is
that for every 100 F. (60 C.) temperature drop across the tower, approximately
0.85% of the
recirculation rate will be evaporated.
Evaporation Loss in cooling tower is calculated by the following empirical equation.
E = 0.00085 x R x 1.8 x C.
E = Evaporation Loss (m3/hr)
R= Range, 0C
C = Circulating Cooling Water (m3/hr)
(Reference: Perrys Chemical Engineers Hand Book )
Alternatively, The Evaporation loss can be calculated from the heat balance across the cooling
tower.
The amount of heat to be removed from Circulating water according to

5. WINDAGE OR DRIFT LOSS CALCULATION:

Drift loss is a loss of water due to physical entrainment of liquid droplets being
discharge with the exit air.

The function of drift eliminator eliminators is to limit number of escaping

droplets to an acceptable level.
Most modern cooling tower are design with drift eliminator face velocitie below
650 ft/min (198.12 m/min) and entrainment loss less than 0.1 percent of the
circulation rate.
Windage is of a similar nature but usually much smaller in quantity.
Windage is the sometimes loss of water through the louvered area of the tower
due to wind blowing through the tower.
Typical windage losses base on rate of circulation:
Atmospheric draft tower : 0.3 1%
Mechanical draft tower :0.1-0.3 %
Cooling Tower with drift eliminator : 0.01%

6. RECIRCULATION RATE.

7. CONCENTRATION RATIO OR CYCLES OF CONCENTRATION

Cycle of concentration is a dimensionless number. It is a ratio between
parameter in Cooling Water to the parameter in Makeup water.
It can be calculated from any the following formula.
COC or CR= Silica in Cooling Water / Silica in Makeup Water
COC = Ca Hardness in Cooling Water/ Ca Hardness in Makeup water
COC = Conductivity of Cooling Water / Conductivity of Makeup water
The cycle of concentration normally varies from 3.0 to 7.0 depending on the
Process Design. It is
advisable to keep the Cycle of concentration as high as possible to reduce the
makeup water require ment of the cooling tower.
At the same time higher cycle of concentration increases the dissolved solids
concentration in circulating cooling water which results in scaling and fouling of
process heat transfer equipment

8. MAKE UP WATER

9. DRAW OFF OR BLOW DOWN

As the cooling water circulates the cooling tower part of water evaporates thereby increasing
the total dissolved solids in the remaining water.
To control the Cycle of Concentration blow down is given.
Blow down in the is the function of Cycle of concentration.
Blow down can be calculated from the formula:
B = E/ (COC-1)
B = Blow Down (m3/hr)
E = Evaporation Loss (m3/hr)
COC = Cycle of Concentration. Varies from 3.0 to 7.0 depending upon Manufactures Guidelines

10. HOLDING CAPACITY OR SYSTEM VOLUME

The holding capacity of a system is the amount of water in the system

expressed in gallons
(cubic meters).
Normally most of the capacity of a system is contained in the cooling tower
basin; the exact amount, however, can be determined only by conducting a
TRASAR diagnosis
or an ion concentration study.
This technique is described in detail in the Value Added Troubleshooting Guide,
PAC-3.
Assumptions about holding capacities can be dangerous and may lead to
incorrect dosages for biocides, including biological control programs that are
ineffective or too costly.
11. HOLDING TIME INDEX OR HALF LIFE

CONTOH PERHITUNGAN
Blowdown and Make Up Requirements for Cooling Tower:

A cooling tower handles 1000 gal/min of circulating water that is cooled from
110 0F to 80 0F How much blowdown and makeup are required if the
concentration of dissolved solids is allowed to reach three times the
concentration in the make up?
Prosedur Perhitungan:
1. Material Balance Cooling Tower
M = E + D + B : M = make up; E = evaporation loss;D = Drift loss or
windage loss ; B =blowdown , all being expressed percent circulation
Concentration dissolved solid dalam evaporation water = 0
Concentration solids dalam make up water = pm
Concentration solid dalam circulating water (B+D) = pc
M x pm = (B +D) pc
M = (B + D)pc/ pm = (B + D) COC. . (1- 1)
2. Make appropriate assumptions about windage and evaporation losses
and setout and solve and equation for blowdown.
Evaporation loss 0.85 1.25 % dari circulation untuk setiap penurunan
temperature 10 0F melewati tower biasanya untuk safe diasumsi 1.0%
sehingga E = T/10, T = temperature drop melewati tower.
Drift loss or windage loss = 0.1-0.3% for mechanical draft cooling tower.
For modern mechanical draft cooling tower asumsi 0.1%.
M = (T/10) + B + D = T/10 + B + 0.1 (1-2)
Dari persamaan (1-1) dan persamaan (1-2) diperoleh

B=

T
----------10(C-1)

B = (100-80)/(10x(3-1) = 1.5% = 1.5/100 x 1000 gal/min = 15 gal/min

3). Mencari kebutuhan Makeup.
Dari persamaan (1-1) :
M = (110-80)/10 + 1.5 + 0.1 = 4.6 % atau 4.6/100 x 1000 gal/min = 46
gal/min