Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng

Trang 1
MC LC
Li m au................................................................................................................... 2

Chng 1: Tong quan ve qua trnh muoi chua rau qua ................................................ 3
I. Tac nhan vi sinh vt s dung trong qua trnh len men.............................................. 3
1. ac iem cua vi khuan len men lactic................................................................... 3
2. Phan loai vi khuan len men lactic.......................................................................... 3
II. Ban chat sinh hoa, c che cua qua trnh len men lactic.......................................... 4
1. Ban chat sinh hoa cua qua trnh len men lactic ..................................................... 4
2. C che cua qua trnh muoi chua rau qua ............................................................... 5

Chng 2: Mot so qui trnh muoi chua rau qua cu the ................................................. 7
I. Bp ci mui chua..................................................................................................... 7
1. Qui trnh muoi chua bap cai................................................................................... 7
2. Thuyet minh qui trnh............................................................................................. 7
II.Da chuot muoi chua.............................................................................................. 11
1. Qui trnh muoi chua da chuot ............................................................................. 11
2. Thuyet minh qui trnh........................................................................................... 12
III. Cai be muoi chua.14
1. Quy trnh cai be muoi chua. 14
2. Thuyet minh quy trnh.. 15
IV. Ca muoi chua.16
Chng 3: Cac yeu to anh hng qua trnh muoi chua rau qua
va cac ch tieu chat lng san pham........................................................................ 17
I. Cac yeu to anh hng qua trnh muoi chua rau qua ............................................. 17
II. Cac ch tieu chat lng san pham....................................................................... 17
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 2




Cc sn phm thc phm ln men truyn thng l mt trong cc loi sn phm ln men ph
bin ca cc dn tc trn th gii. l mt loi thc phm th cng, mang sc thi kinh
nghim v bn sc ring ca tng dn tc. Cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm thc phm ln
men truyn thng c thc hin ca c mt dn tc v c truyn t t i ny qua i
khc. Theo thi gian, cc sn phm ln men truyn thng ngy cng c m rng c v
chng loi v phng php ch bin. Do tnh cht c bit ca n m sn phm ln men
truyn thng c mt v tr ring cho tng vng, n mang sc thi ca mt nn vn ha ring.
Hu nh mi dn tc u c ring nhng sn phm thc phm ln men truyn thng ca mnh
vi nhng nt ring rt c trng, mang m du n qu hng.
Ngi ta bit hin tng ln men lactic t lu lm sa chua, mui chua rau qu,
thc n gia sc, sn xut acid lactic (lm mm v n da), dng trong cng nghip dt (nhum,
in), tng hp cht do, cng nghip thc phm. Sn xut lactat canxi dng cha bnh thiu
mu, lactat ng dng lm dung mi v cc vi khun ln men lactic c dng lm probiotic.
Rau qu mui chua l sn phm thuc nhm sn phm ln men lactic. Vic mui chua rau
qu va nhm mc ch bo qun rau qu, va lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm
nguyn liu. Rau qu mui chua c hng v c trng, c th s dng n ngay m khng cn
phi ch bin.
T nhng ch li ca vic mui chua rau qu, bi tiu lun ny s gip chng ta hiu r
hn v sn phm rau qu mui chua.
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 3

Chng 1:
TONG QUAN VE QUA TRNH MUOI CHUA RAU QUA


I. TAC NHAN VI SINH VAT S DUNG TRONG QUA TRNH LEN MEN
LACTIC[3]
1. ac iem cua vi khuan len men lactic
Nam 1780, nha toan hoc Thuy ien Scheele lan au tien tach c acid lactic t sa bo
len men chua. Nam 1857, Pasteur chng minh rang viec lam sa chua la ket qua hoat
ong cua mot nhom vi sinh vat at biet goi la vi khuan lactic. Nam 1878, Liester phan lap
thanh cong vi khuan lactic au tien va at ten la Bacterium lactic (hien nay goi la
Streptococcus lactic); ve sau cac nha khoa hoc lien tiep phan lap c nhieu loai vi khuan
lactic khac nhau. Cong nghiep len men e san xuat acid lactic co the noi a c hnh
thanh t nam 1881.
Vi khuan lactic c xep vao ho Lactobacteriaccae. Chung co the la cau khuan, tr c
khuan ngan hoac dai nhng eu la vi khuan gram dng, khong tao bao t va hau het
khong chuyen ong. Chung khong co cytochrom va catalase nhng song c trong ieu
kien co oxy khong kh v co proxyoase phan giai H
2
O
2
thanh oxy khong kh nen goi la vi
khuan hieu kh hoac k kh khong bat buoc. Nhom vi khuan lactic la nhom vi sinh vat co y
ngha quan trong nhat trong cong nghiep sa, noi chung ay la tac nhan gay len men
nham san xuat hang loat cac san pham t sa khac nhau trong o co yoghurt (sa
chua),fomat,b chua. Ngoai ng dung trong cong nghiep sa, vi khuan lactic con c s
dung nhieu trong cong nghiep san xuat acid lactic, cong nghiep che bien tht ca, cong
nghiep muoi rau qua, san xuat men tieu hoa trong y hoc, va dung e u chua thc an gia
suc trong cong nghiep.
S phan bo cua vi khua n lactic trong t nhien cang chng to nhng vi khuan nay yeu cau
dinh dng cao va kha nang phan giai e thu nang lng cua chung ln. Nhng vi khuan
lactic t gap trong at,nc ma thng gap trong sa va cac san pham cua sa (nh
Lactobacillus lactis, L.bulgaricus, L.helveticus, L.casei, L.fermenti, L.brevis, Streptococcus
lactis, Str.diacetilactis), tren be mat cua thc vat va xac cay ang phan giai (nh
Lactobacillusplantarum, L.delbruckii, L.fermenti, L.brevis, Streptococcus lactis,
Leuconostoc mesenteroides), trong ruot va lp mang nhay cua ngi va ong vat (nh
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcusfaecalis, Str.salivarius, Str.bovis, Str.pyogenses,
Pneumococcus)

2. Phan loai vi khuan len men lactic
Da vao san pham sinh ra trong qua trnh len men, ngi ta chia vi khuan lactic chia lam
2 nhom: Nhom vi khua n len men lactic ien hnh (ong hnh) va nhom vi khuan len men
lactic khong ien hnh (d hnh).
+ Vi khuan len men lactic ong hnh san sinh 85-95% acid lactic. Do thieu porphyrin va
cytocrom, khong co chuoi van chuyen electron nen chung thu thieu nang lng bang con
ng len men bat buoc. Nhom vi khuan nay gom co cac cau khuan Streptococcus lactis,
Streptococcus cremoris va cac trc khuan Lactobacterium acidophilum, Lactocbacterium
helveticum, Lactobacilus bulgaricus
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 4
+ Vi khuan len men lactic d hnh san sinh 50% acid lactic, 25% con va 25% acid acetic.
Nhom vi khuan nay gom co cac vi khuan sinh hng Streptococcus votrovorus,
Streptococus paracotrovorus, Streptococcus diacetylactis, trc khuan betabacteri
Do tao nhieu acid lactic trong qua trnh len men nen ch co nhom vi khuan len men lactic
ong hnh la co y ngha ve mat cong nghiep.

II. BAN CHAT SINH HOA, C CHE CUA QUA TRNH LEN MEN LACTIC
1. Ban chat cua qua trnh len men lactic
Len men lactic la qua trnh phan giai hydratcacbon trong ieu kien yem kh vi s tch
luy acid lictic trong moi trng len men. ay la qua trnh oxy hoa kh khong hoan toan.
Tuy thuoc san pham le n men nay ma ngi ta chia qua trnh len men lactic thanh hai
kieu:
Len men lactic ong hnh: La qua trnh len menma lng lactic hnh thanh chiem 90-
98% trong san pham. Cac vi khuan lactic ong hnh phan giai ng glucoza theo qua
trnh EMP (Embden Meyerhof - Parnas) tha nh pyruvat. Chu yeu Pyruvat chuyen hoa
thanh lactat, va ch mot phan rat nho c chuyen hoa thanh etanol, CO
2

Qua trnh len men lactic ong hnh gom 2 giai oan:
- Giai oan 1: Thi k sinh trng luy tha cua vi khuan,t hexose tao ra acid
phosphoglycerinic nh s oxy hoa phosphoglyceraldehyd kem theo viec kh NAD.
- Giai oan 2: Do NADH+H
+
tang,nen the oxy hoa cua moi trng gia m xuong,dan ti s
nhng hydro t NADH+H
+
cho acid phosphoglycerinic e kh tha nh acid lactic.ch co
mot phan acid pyruvic tiep tuc kh cacboxyl thanh acid acetic,ethanol,CO
2
va aceton.So
lng san pham tuy thuoc vao lng oxy trong moi trng.Vi khuan len men lactic thng
s dung nhng ng n khac nh:glucose,galactose,levulose va ng kep nh
lactose,saccharose va maltose.
Len men lactic d hnh: La qua trnh len men ma ngoai acid lactic tao thanh con co
hang loat san pham khac nhau chiem ty le kha cao nh: acid acetic glycerin, etanol, CO
2

S d nh vay la v vi khuan lactic d hnh khong co enzym c ban cua s o EMP la
aldolaza va triozaphosphat isomeraza ma chu yeu theo con ng HMP.Di tac dung cua
epimerase ribulose-5-phosphate bien thanh Xylulose-5-phosphate.Di tac dung cua
pentophosphatcetolase Xylulose-5-phosphate bien thanh phosphoglyceraldehyd va
acetylphosphat. Acetylphosphat c kh thanh ethanol thong qua acetaldehyd hoac
chuyen mot phan hay toan phan acetylphosphat thanh acid acetic,giai phong ATP.
Phosphoglyceraldehyd thong qua acid pyruvic bien thanh acid lactic.
Di ay la s o cua qua trnh len men lactic ong hnh va len men lactic d hnh.
Vi (1): Qua trnh len men lactic ong hnh
(2): Qua trnh len men lactic d hnh.









Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 5













































(1)
LACTOZA
(2)
LACTOZA
GALACTOZA GLUCOZA
GLUCOZA
ATP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
GLUCOZA 6-P
GLUCOZA 1-P GLUCOZA 6-P
GLUCOZA 1-P
NAD
NADH
2
GLUCOZA 6-P
NAD
ADP

FRUCTOZA-16-diP
6-PHOTPHOGLCONANT
NAD
NADH
2
2-KETO-6-PHOTPHOGLCONAN
DIYDROXI
ACETON-P
GLYCERANDEHYD-3-P RIBULOZA-5- Co
2
XILULOZA-5-
ACETYL-P
ACETYL-CaA
PL

CoASH

NAD

NAD

NADH
2
ACETALDEHYD
ETANLO
13-DIPHOTPHOGLYCEAT
ATP
ADP

3-DIPHOTPHOGLYCEAT
2-PHOTPOGLYCEAT
PHOTPHOENOLPYRYVAT
ATP
ADP

PYRUVAT
NAD
NADH
2
LACTAT
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
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2. C che cua qua trnh muoi chua rau qua
Rau qua muoi chua la san pham thuoc nhom san pham len men lactic. Trong qua trnh
len men nay, chat ng co san trong nguyen lieu c chuyen hoa tha nh acid lactic nh
cac vi sinh vat lactic (mot so vi khuan va na m men). Acid lactic va cac san pham khac
c tao thanh trong qua trnh len men lam cho san pham co hng v ac trng. Ngoai ra,
acid lactic con co tac dung lam giam pH cua san pham, c che hoat ong cua nhieu loai vi
sinh vat gay h hong. San pham a len men lactic ay u co the s dung e an ngay,
khong can nau nng. nc ngoai, rau muoi chua c san xuat nhieu t da chuot, bap
cai, ca chua va mot so rau qua khac. nc ta, cac loai rau c muoi chua nhieu la cai
be, bap cai, ca phao, hanh cu
Qua trnh muoi chua rau qua gom co 3 giai oan:
- Giai oan 1: muoi an tao ap suat tham thau l n nen ng va cac chat dinh dng khac
co trong nguyen lieu khuech tan vao nc tao moi trng thuan li cho cac vi sinh vat
lactic va mot so vi sinh vat khac hoat ong. Tren be mat nc muoi xuat hien nhng bot
kh, o la do hoat ong cua vi khuan coli va mot so vi sinh vat co kha nang sinh kh khac.
Chung vi sinh vat lactic phat trien chu yeu trong thi ky nay la Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
o la loai cau khuan co kha nang sinh kh va acid lactic. pH moi tr ng se nhanh chong
giam xuong, cac vi sinh vat co hai se b c che. Kh CO
2
sinh ra lam tang ieu kien yem
kh, gop phan c che vi sinh vat la, ong th i ngan can c s oxy hoa vitamine C va
gi c mau sac t nhien cua rau cai. Ngoai ra, s phat trien cua chung nay se lam moi
trng bien oi, tao ie u kien thuan li cho cac chung vi sinh vat len men giai oan sau
phat trien. Khi nong o acid ( chu yeu la acid lactic) at 0,25 0,3%, no se phat trien
cham dan va chet i trong khi o cac enzyme ma no tiet ra van tiep tuc chuyen hoa ng
thanh acid lactic.
- Giai oan 2: cac vi khuan lactic phat trien manh me va acid lactic tch tu c nhieu.
pH cua moi trng giam ti 3 3,5 va c che hoat ong cua cac vi khuan gay thoi. Chung
vi sinh vat lactic phat trien chu yeu trong thi ky nay la Lactobacillus cucumeris,
B.brassicae fermentati va 1 so chung khac. ay la thi ky quan trong cua qua trnh len
men. Trong giai oan nay san pham se tch tu c lng acid lactic cao va co c hng
v ac trng. Khi nong o acid at 1,5 2%, cung vi nong o muoi cao va nhiet o thap,
cac chung nay se b giam hoat tnh
- Giai oan 3: mot so chung vi sinh vat lactic khac (v du:L.pentoacetius) se tiep tuc qua
trnh len men va a no ng o acid len 2 2,5%. Lng acid lactic tch luy cao quay lai c
che hoat ong cua chnh cac vi sinh vat nay. Luc nay, 1 so nam men va nam moc co kha
nang phan huy acid lactic se phat trien , lam giam chat lng san pham. Do vay, trong
thi ky nay, e ngan nga hien tng tren, ta co the bao quan san pham nhiet o thap (2
4
o
C) hoac bao quan trong ieu kien yem kh hay bao quan bang acid sorbic, natri
benzoat




Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
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Chng 2:
MOT SO QUI TRNH MUOI CHUA RAU QUA CU THE
[1,4]
I. BAP CAI MUOI CHUA
1. Quy trnh cong nghe:






























2. Thuyet minh quy trnh
2.1. Nguyen lieu:
_ Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cai bap (% khoi lng) :
Nc : 81
Protid : 1,6
Glucid : 4,9
Cellulose: 1,1
Tro : 1,1
Thai nho
Bap cai
Ra sach
e rao
Gia v
Muoi
San eu
VSV lactic
Len men
Bap cai
muoi
Nhan giong
Lam heo
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 8
_ Bap cai cha nhieu vitamin C (20 60 mg%) va trong qua trnh
muoi chua vitamin C t b ton that.
_ Dung loai nguyen lieu bap cai co ham lng cao va mo la khong
qua gion e san pham gay nat.
_ o chn k thuat cua bap cai bieu hien cho: la cuon chat, ham
lng chat kho khoang 10% trong o bao gom 4 - 5% ng, 1 2% protein e tao ieu
kien cho vi khuan lactic phat trien thuan li.
_ Dung bap cai to se li hn v t le phe lieu thap hn so vi bap cai
nho, khong dung bap cai qua non, qua gia hoac b sau benh.
_ Tr c khi muoi, cat bo nhng la xanh va la co khuyet tat. Co the
tan dung loi bap cai v trong loi cha nhieu ng va acid ascorbic.
_ Khi muoi, cat la bap cai thanh si dai, co chieu ngang 4 5 mm,
hoac cat thanh mieng co kch thc 8 12 mm. e tang chat lng san pham, co the cho
them vao bap cai 3% carrot cat mieng hoac cat lat. Cac gia v thng dung la tha la, la
que.
2.2. Chuan b thung (be) cha:
_ Muo i bap cai trong thung go (dung tch 50 200 lt) hoac trong cac
be xi mang, be go co dung tch ti 20000 30000 lt. e bao ve tot lp ximang va nc
da khong b ro chay, mat trong be c phu mot lp thuy tinh long hoac parafin.
_ Ra sach be roi phun hi nc hoac xong khoi lu huynh bang cach
ot 0,08 g lu huynh cho 1 lt dung tch be.
_ Neu be hoac thung go ong bang go mi, can ngam nc 10 15
ngay (co thay nc 2 3 lan) e tay cac chat tanin va chat nha trong go, nhng chat nay
co the lam cho san pham b sam mau hoac b giam chat lng
2.3. Thuyet minh quy trnh
Lam heo: Bap cai ti c lu vai ngay trong kho thong gio tot e bap cai
hi b heo, khi b cat nho b gay nat.
Bap cai ra sach : nha m loai bo at , cat , vi sinh vat gay hai roi e rao nc.
Thai nho:Bap cai a thai nho c xep vao be cung vi nguyen lieu phu .
San eu, len chat:
_ San eu roi rac muoi tinh the len tren theo tng lp. Tong lng muoi
chiem 2 2,5% khoi lng bap cai va nguyen lieu phu.
_ Len chat bap cai : e tan dung the tch be va tao ieu kien yem kh cho
qua trnh len men lactic. Ngoai ra, ieu o con co tac dung bao ve vitamin C co san trong
nguyen lieu.
_ Tren be mat khoi bap cai phu mot lp la bap cai roi lai phu lp vai gai
len tren cung. Di ay be cung co the xep lp la bap cai . tren cung be da, dung cac
khoi go e nen sao cho c 1 tan bap cai th chu mot lc nen 70 100 kg. Nen nham muc
ch dch rau tiet ra nhanh, mau tao thanh nc da. Nc da can ngap tren da 3 5 cm.
Nhan giong vi sinh vat lactic
_ Trong qua trnh muo i bap cai ngi ta co the s dung nhng vi sinh
vat co san trong bap cai va cho len men t nhien. Tuy nhien e tang chat lng san pham
va rut ngan thi gian len men ngi ta thng bo sung them cac chung vi sinh vat len men
lactic thuan khiet, c a vao di dang dch men hoac c phun eu len tren be mat
tng lp bap cai xep trong be muoi.
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 9
_ e ieu che dch len men, dung cac chung thuan khiet khong sinh hi
cua vi khuan lactic B. brassicae fermentati va nam men S. brassiae fermentati ma cac c s
che bien nhan ve dang moi trng long, ng trong chai thuy tinh.
_ ieu che dch len men bang cach: nhan giong cac chu ng vi sinh vat
thuan khiet. ieu che dch len men t vi khuan va nam men phai tien hanh rieng roi sau
mi tron lai (tuy cach tien hanh giong nhau).
_ Moi trng e dieu che dch len men: nc da va canh bap cai.
Nc da:
Sau ngay th ba, th t (tnh t ngay tien hanh muoi bap cai ), lay nc da ra
khoi be muoi. Khong nen lay nc da thi iem muon hn v khi ay nc da ch con
lai t chat dinh dng, do cac vi sinh vat lactic co trong nc da a s dung chat dinh
dng cho qua trnh len men lactic.
Neu nc da lay be muoi ra cha u so lng can thiet, co the pha them nc
theo t le 1 : 1 va cho them ng vi t le 1% khoi lng hon hp nc da va nc la.
Loc roi un soi trong 1 gi e tiet trung. Trong khi un neu xuat hien bot th ht bo bot.
Canh bap cai :
ieu che bang cach na u bap cai ti trong n c, c 100 lt nuc nau vi 20 25
kg bap cai. Khi bap cai a nh, loc lay nc canh e pha vao nc da. Moi trng e
ieu che dch len men can co ham lng acid lactic la 0,3 0,4%.
_ e loai tr anh hng cua cac vi sinh vat la, moi tr ng ieu che t
nc da va canh bap cai can c tiet trung bang hi nc trong thi gian 30 40 phut,
nhiet o 105 110
o
C. Sau khi a c tiet trung, e moi trng vao thung go, lam nguoi
xuong nhiet o 35
o
C roi cho vao thung 1% dch men thuan khiet qua lo mieng thung.
Khuay eu roi e trong 3 ngay nhiet o 25 30
o
C. e vi sinh vat la khong phat trien
c, thung phai c ra sach va kh bang hi nc. Mieng thung, nhiet ke, dung cu
trc khi rot dch men thuan khiet vao can c sat trung bang ru.
_ Dch men ieu che c t vi khuan lactic co trang thai uc, hng v
chua du, hap dan, tren be mat co nhieu bot. Tren mat dch men khong c co lp vang
v nh vay la bieu hien co vi sinh vat la hoat ong.
_ Sau khi a nhan giong chung men va chung thuan khiet theo phng
phap noi tren, tron lan chung va cho dch hon hp vao bap cai trong be muoi vi t le
1,25% (trong o gom 1% dch vi khuan va 0,25% dch nam men). Co the dung da bap cai
a len men bang cac chung vi sinh vat thuan khiet e len men da bap cai cac be khac.
Lam nh vay cung thu c ket qua tot, san pham co chat lng cao.
Len men:
_ Qua trnh len men trong muoi chua bap cai co the chia thanh 3 giai oan:
Giai oan au:
- Luc au sinh nhieu kh do hoat ong cua nam men, cua cac vi khuan Coli,
Leuconostoc mensenteriodes va mot so vi sinh vat khac. Viec sinh nhie u kh lam cho the
tch khoi bap cai tang le n 2 3%. Mac du sau o the tch bap cai lai giam i va nho hn
the tch ban au. Do o luc au cung khong ne n xep bap cai vao be qua ay e to n
that nc da c tao ra.
- Trong giai oan nay, muoi an lam cho dch bao trong rau tiet ra kem theo ng va
cac chat dinh dng khac. Luc au nong o muoi cao nen cac vi sinh vat khong phat
trien c. Tuy theo lng dch bao tiet ra khoi nguyen lieu, nong do muoi dan dan giam
i va tao ieu kien cho cac vi sinh vat lactic hoat ong.
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 10
- Can phai ht bo bot v bot la moi trng to t nhat cho cac vi sinh vat la phat trien,
ong thi khi bot bat a u xuat hien cung la luc cac vi sinh vat lactic bat au hoat ong va
chiem vai tro chu ao. Giai oan au nay can tien hanh nhanh e acid lactic sm tao
thanh, co the c che c cac vi sinh vat la.
Giai oan hai: giai oan len men chu yeu ac trng bang s tch tu nhieu acid lactic
do s hoat ong cua cac vi khuan B.brassiae fermentati, B. brassiae acidi, L.cuccumeris,
L.plantarum
Giai oan cuoi: co s hoat ong cua cac vi khuan L.pentoacetius, no hoat ong c ca
khi nong o acid lactic trong san pham a at t i 2,5%. Giai oan nay hoat ong cua cac
vi sinh vat lactic khong sinh kh chiem u the.
2.4. Anh hng cua nhiet o en qua trnh len men
_ Ngi ta nghien cu va xac nh c rang nhiet o thch hp nhat cho
giai oan au va giai oan hai cua qua trnh len men la khoang 20
o
C. Nhiet o nay am
bao cho cac vi khuan lactic phat trien tng oi nhanh, ong thi c che c cac qua
trnh len men phu co hai. Do o san pham co chat lng tot vi ham lng ru va acid
bay hi thap, vitamin C t b ton that. Nhiet o nay qua trnh len men keo dai khoang 10
ngay.
_ Neu ha nhiet o len men xuong 10 12
o
C th thi gian len men se keo
dai gap oi so vi thi gian len men 20
o
C.
_ nhiet o thap hn 15
o
C qua trnh len men ngng lai khi nong o acid
at 1%.
_ nhiet o thap hn 10
o
C thi gian len men keo dai ti 2 3 thang
_ gan 0
o
C th qua trnh len men hau nh khong xay ra.
_ Khong nen tien hanh len men nhiet o cao hn 25
o
C v nh vay co the
kch thch vi sinh vat la phat trien manh.
2.5. San pham:
_ Qua trnh len men lactic ngng lai khi trong san pham a tch tu c 1,5
2,4% acid lactic. San pham co hng v tot nhat khi co ham lng acid lactic 0,8 1,2%.
Co the khong che ham lng acid lactic bang cach ieu chnh nhiet o len men va nong
o muoi an trong san pham.
_ Thanh phan cua san pham: ham lng muoi 1,2 2,5%; ham lng acid
lactic 0,7 1,5%; t le cai t 88% tr len.
_ Nhng khuyet tat thng gap bap cai muoi chua: san pham b bien mau, b
mem, nhun.
Nguyen nhan lam sam mau da bap cai:
Do hien tng oxy hoa bi oxy khong kh, xay ra khi nc da b ro
chay va lp da ben tren khong ngap trong nc da.
Do s hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat la, ieu nay xay ra khi nhiet o
len men qua cao (khoang 30
o
C) hoac khi muoi phan bo khong eu trong san pham. Nang
cao nong o muoi trong mot khu vc nao cua be muoi se c che s hoat ong cua vi
khuan lactic tao ieu kien cho cac vi sinh vat la phat trien.
Do phan ng gia tanin t go ngam ra vi sat (do muoi hoac nc
da a vao san pham).
S sam mau con co the do lp da tren cung b thoi.
Hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat khac cung co the lam cho san pham
xuat hien cac mau khac na.( V du nh trng hp co nam men Torula hoat ong se sinh
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 11
mau hong). Nhng cac nam men o ch hoat ong trong ieu kien hie u kh, nhiet o cao
hoac khi cac vi sinh vat lactic b c che v yeu to nao o.
Nguyen nhan lam mem hoac nhun da bap cai:
Da bap cai qua me m hoac nhun la do muoi trong san pham co
nong o qua thap, khi ay dch bao trong rau tiet ra cham va s len men lactic b cham lai.
Ngoai ra ieu kien nhiet o qua cao va mc o yem kh kem (nen
da khong chat) cung can tr s phat trien bnh thng cua cac vi sinh vat lactic, tao ieu
kien cho cac vi sinh vat la phat trien va lam me m san pham.
Trong nhieu trng hp da bap cai b nht la do mot so chung vi
sinh vat lactic phat trien qua manh trong ieu kien nhiet o qua cao.
Da b thoi la do cac vi sinh vat gay thoi phat trien, ieu nay xay ra
khi che o len men thc hien khong tot hoac che o bao quan san pham b vi pham
nghiem trong.
Da bap cai con co the b giam hng v hoac co mui la, kho chu
(da b hoi e) cung la do qua trnh len men khong tot hoac be muoi lam ve sinh cha
at yeu cau.
giai oan cuoi cua qua trnh len men lactic, o acid trong san
pham kha cao nen bat au c che hoat ong cua ban than vi sinh vat lactic. Ngoai ra trong
ieu kien o acid cao, cac nam men va nam moc trong san pham phat trien, tao mang va
co kha nang phan huy acid lactic . e ngan nga vi sinh vat nay hoat ong, bap cai can
c ton tr nhiet o gan 0
o
C

.
_ Cach bao quan:
Co the ton tr san pham ngay trong be muoi bap cai hoac co the
chuyen bap cai sang thung go e ton tr. Neu chuyen sang thung go can len chat bap cai
e han che tiep xuc vi khong kh, sau o cho nc da vao thung qua lo mieng thung,
ong kn nut roi em to n tr.
Trong qua trnh ton tr, can gi cho nc da luon ngap tren bap cai
e ton that vitamin C va cac bien oi a neu.
II. DA CHUOT MUO I CHUA
1. Quy trnh cong nghe
















Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 12



























2. Thuyet minh quy trnh
2.1. Nguyen lieu:
_ Thanh phan hoa hoc cua da chuot (% khoi lng):
Nc : 90,2
Protid : 0,8
Glucid : 2,8
Cellulose : 0,7
Tro : 0,5
_ Chon loai da non, hat nho, t ruot, tht qua chac, vo mong, ti, buong
hat cua qua khong ln va hat cha gia.
_ e san pham co chat kng cao can chon:
Giong da qua nho, co ham lng ng khong thap hn 2%.
Da can ti tot, thi gian t luc thu hoach en luc a vao che
bien khong qua 24 gi.
_ Gia v s dung gom: th la, can tay, hanh, toi, t, la que. T le gia v
chiem 3 8 % lng da chuot. Gia v co tac dung lam tang hng v, lam giau vitamin C
cho san pham. Mot so gia v con co tac dung diet cac vi sinh vat la trong san pham.
_ Dung dch muoi co nong o 6 10%. Neu qua da cang to th nong
o muoi cang cao. Ngoai ra, ta co the dung muoi tinh the e muoi da chuot. Tuy nhien,
Da chuot
Cat_ ra
e rao
Gia v
Len men
Nc muoi
Da chuot
muoi chua
Xep vao
thung
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 13
muoi bang muoi tinh the khong tot bang nc muoi do khi muoi bang muoi kho, da b
bien dang nhieu va giam nhieu ve the tch cung nh ve khoi lng ma sau o khong phuc
hoi c.
2.2. Thuyet minh quy trnh
2.2.1. Ra:
_ Muc ch: loai bo tap chat, at cat va mot so vi sinh vat tren be mat qua.
2.2.2. Xep vao thung:
_ Xep da chuot va gia v vao thung go co dung tch 50 200 l. Sau o
rot nc muoi vao sao cho da chuot ngap trong nc muoi.
_ S dung thung nho tot hn trong thung ln v kch thc thung cang
ln th ap suat tac ong len da trong thung cang ln, lam giam o chac, giam the tch va
giam khoi lng da. Cu the: thung 50 l, sau khi len men va ton tr dai ngay, khoi lng
da trong thung khong nhng khong giam ma con tang chut t, do da ngam nc muoi.
Thung 60 l th giam 0,6% so vi khoi lng ban au. Thung 100 l th giam 2%, thung 200 l
th giam 4,2%.
_Ngoai ra, con co the muoi da trong be go hoac be ximang, dung tch ti 20.000l
nhng san pham chat lng kem hn.
2.2.3. Len men:
_ Qua trnh len men lactic trong da chuot co the chia lam 3 giai
oan:
Giai oan a u: ac trng bang hien tng ngam muoi vao mo
thc vat.
Chat hoa tan trong dch bao chuyen vao nc muoi. Nc
muoi giam nong o ong thi tang ham lng ng va mot so chat khac.
Vi sinh vat lactic va mot so vi sinh vat co hai nh vi khuan
butiric, vi khuan gay tho ibat au phat trien. o ng thi co mot so nam men phat trien lam
tch tu mot lng nho ru.
e kch thch vi sinh vat lactic phat trien manh va c che
hoat ong cua vi sinh vat la can lu san pham nhiet o 15 20
0
C trong thi gian 1 2
ngay.
Cuoi qua trnh nay, ham lng acid lactic at 0,3 0,4 %.
Giai oan 2:
S len men lactic tiep tuc xay ra, ben canh o cung ton tai
qua trnh len men ru. Mot lng ru nho tao thanh gop phan lam cho hng v san
pham them am a.
San pham co chat lng cao khi s len men lactic xay ra
cham. Do o can lu san pham trong kho lanh hoac ham mate qua trnh len men keo dai
1 2 thang. Cuoi giai oan nay, nong o acid lactic co the at 0,6 1,4%.
Giai oan 3:
Toan bo ng trong da chuot a len men va acid lactic
khong con kha nang tch tu them na.
e tang chat lng san pham, thi iem nay co the bo
sung them 1% ng (tot nhat la glucose). Do mot so loai da co ham lng thap, neu
khong bo sung them ng th ham lng acid lactic tch tu trong san pham thap, khong
u e c che cac vi sinh vat co hai.
2.2.4 San pham:
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 14
_ Ham lng acid lactic at 0,6 1%, t le nc muoi 35 45%, ha m
lng muoi an 3 5% ( co the bo sung them muoi e ham lng muoi an at en 10%;
nh vay san pham co the ton tr dai ngay ma khong b hong).
_ Qua da co mau vang xanh, tht chac gion, hng v hai hoa, nc da
trong, khong co vang. Da chuot ngap trong nc da.
2.3. Van e h hong va bao quan:
_ Cac khuyet tat thng gap do cac yeu to trong qua trnh len men:
Da chuot b sam mau: chu yeu la do vi sinh vat gay ra. Mau tham
en cua nc da la do cac sac to hoa tan tao ra bi Bacillus nigrificans. Ngoai ra hien
tng sam mau con do tac dung gia tannin trong go ong thung vi sat co trong muoi an
hoac trong nc.
Da chuot b trng, b rong ruot la do hoat ong cua cac vi sinh vat
sinh kh nh vi khuan Acetobacter va cac nam men hoat ong manh khi nong o muoi qua
thap hoac qua trnh len men xay ra vi cng o qua manh. Khi ay cac kh sinh ra lam
cho da b trng va b rong ruot, nhat la oi vi giong da vo mong.
Khac phuc: pha acid sorbic vao nc da vi nong o 0,01 0,1% e c
che hoat ong cua cac nam men ( nong o nay anh hng khong ang ke en vi sinh vat
lactic). Cung co the dung natri benzoat hoac dung cach cham thung da trc khi muoi.
Da chuot b nhan nheo: do dung ngc muoi vi nong o qua cao,
hien tng co nguyen sinh cua te bao xay ra nhanh va manh lam da b teo.
_ Cac bien oi trong qua trnh ton tr :
Da b mem:
Do hoat ong cua cac enzym phan giai protopectin thanh pectin
hoa tan (pectinoesterase, pectipolygalacturonase). Cac enzym nay do cac vi sinh vat tao ra
trong ieu kien nong o nc muoi thap (chu yeu la Bacillus vulgatus). Do o nong o
muoi khong nen nho hn 8%.
Do o acid trong san pham qua cao.
Do muoi da trong thung qua ln, cac lp da pha di thung
chu mot ap suat ln nen b mem hoac b bien dang.
Nc da b nht do cac vi khuan co vo namg phat trien trong
ieu kien nc da co ham lng muoi va ham lng acid qua thap.
Khac phuc: e tranh da b mem, b nht co the dung cac bien phap sau:
Loai bo nc da ang len men va thay bang nc muoi mi.
Chat nc da ra, em un soi e nguoi roi lai o vao san
pham.
San pham co hng v la, kho chu: do hoat ong cua cac vi sinh
vat la nh cac nam mo c, nam men Mycoderma, Debaromyces, Hanzenula, Pichia va mo t
so vi sinh vat khac. Mo t so nam men o co the chu c nong o muoi cao, co khi t i
20%. Chung oxy hoa acid lactic, lam giam ham lng acid nay trong san pham, tao ieu
kien cho cac vi sinh vat gay h hong khac phat trien. Khi cac vi sinh vat nay hoat ong th
tren be mat san pham se co mot lp vang.
Khac phuc:
Phu len be mat san pha m mot lp dau thc vat trung tnh day khoang
3mm.
Neu thung m thong vi anh sang mat tri th se khong co lp vang
nhng khi o mot so nam moc se phat trien.
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 15
Dung phng phap chieu tia t ngoai e bao quan san pham.
Php7ng phap nay co gia thanh cao.
_ Cach bao quan: co the bao quan trong lo thuy tinh.
Khi ong lo, tach qua da khoi nc da. em loc nc da e loai
bo vun da va vun gia v, loai bo ket tua cua protein va pectin va loai bo c mot phan
ln vi sinh vat co trong o.
Trc khi xep lo, da c phan loai theo kch thc cho ong eu.
Xep da vao lo cung vi cac gia v.
Rot nc da a loc vao va ghep kn nap.
Lu san pham 20
0
C trong 5 10 ngay e san pham tham eu.
Trong giai oan nay xay ra hien tng khuech tan. Ket qua la nong o acid lactic, nong
o muoi c can bang gia nc da va qua da.
Da chuot muoi ong lo co the ton tr c 6 thang nhiet o lanh
(0 2
0
C) hoac 1 thang nhiet o phong.
III. CAI BE MUOI CHUA:
1. Quy trnh cong nghe



























Cat ra
Len men
Muoi da
Nc muoi
Cai be
Cai be muoi
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 16

2. Thuyet minh quy trnh
_ Nguyen lieu:
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cai be (% khoi lng):
Nc : 82
Protid : 1,6
Glucid : 4,5
Cellulose : 1,4
Tro :1,1
Dung cay da co be, khoi lng trung bnh moi cay la 2 3kg, ham
lng ng trung bnh trong nguyen lieu la 3 3,5%. Khong nen dung cai qua gia hoac
qua non ( do co ham lng ng thap, lam giam chat lng san pham), nen s dung cai
mi chm co hoa.
_ Cat ra
Cat bo cuong gia sat goc cay
Loai bo cac la co khuyet tat , heo , giap nat , b sau , rep . . .
Neu dung la da a u vang hoac phi heo th t le hao hut cao va
vitamin C b that thoat nhieu nen trong san xuat qui mo cong nghiep ne n dung da ti th
t le that thoat thap.
Ra : loai at cat , tap chat va sach mot phan vi sinh vat co tren la da .
Tranh lam giap la khi r a.
_ Muoi da:
Muoi da trong cac vai sanh , thung go hoac trong be ximang.
Dung muoi an trang sach e muoi da.
T le muoi : 6-9% so vi khoi lng da pha vi nc, t le nc s
dung la 20% khoi lng da.
Trc khi muo i co the cho them 5% hanh ti e tao hng v cho san
pham. ong thi hanh cung co tac dung han che 1 so vi sinh vat co hai va bo sung them
ng cho da.
_ Len men:
Nhiet o thch hp : 20 25
o
C : san pham co hng v tot , trang thai
gion. Neu e nhiet o 30 35
o
C: da co mau xn , mem , co mui v la.
Thi gian : 15 16 ngay
Ham lng acid lactic at c : 2,5 3,6 g/l .
e qua trnh len men lactic on nh co the pha nc da cu vao nc
da mi muoi.
_ Bao quan :
Bao quan trong kho lanh vi nhiet o : 0 2
o
C
Bao quan bang acid sorbic ( 0,07-0,1 %) : chong c s pha hoai cua
nam men , nam moc ong thi gi c mau sac t nhien va hng v ac trng cua san
pham. Thi gian bao quan : 90 ngay nhiet o phong
Tao ieu kien yem kh cao cho san pham bang cach phu len da mot
mang polietylen roi o nc muoi len, va tao ieu kien yem kh va lam vat nen san
pham. Thi gian bao quan: 5- 6 thang nhiet o phong
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 17
* Co the dung ket hp 2 phng phap cuoi vi nhau, hieu qua se cao hn.
IV. CA MUOI CHUA:
_ Nguyen lieu:
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua cabat va ca phao (% khoi lng):

Nc Protid Glucid Cellulose Tro
Ca bat 87,9 1,1 4 1,4 0,6
Ca phao 83,3 1,4 3,2 1,4 0,7

Ca bat va ca phao loai trang, khong b giap nat, sau, thoi. o gia
thch hp la qua ca co vet vang ay qua, tai qua nho, ham lng ng thch hp la 3,5 -
4%. Ca qua non hoac qua gia eu co ham lng thap, cho san pham khong co chat lng
cao. Co the muoi ca heo hoac ca ti nhng san xuat cong nghiep th dung ca ti thuan
li hn.
_ Cach muoi: ca cat bo num, ra sach roi xep vao thung. C 1 lp ca lai rac
1 lp muoi cho eu. Sau cung o nc la un soi e nguoi vi t le 30% so vi lng ca.
Nen chat va e len men (lc nen 10 15kg cho 1kg ca).
_ Nhiet o len men: 25 26
0
C, thi gian len men khoang 25 30 ngay,
ham lng acid lactic co the at ti 3 3,2g/l.
_ Anh hng cua nong o muoi en san pham:
T le muoi thch hp la 10 12%.
Neu t le muoi la 5 7% th thi gian len men nhanh, chat lng
san pham tot nhng kho bao quan san pham dai ngay do nong o muoi cao cung co tac
dung c che vi sinh vat gay hai.
Neu t le muoi cao ti 15% th qua ca muoi b nhan nheo nhieu va
v qua man.
_ Cach bao quan ca muoi chua cung tng t cach bao quan da cai be
muoi chua.














Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 18
Chng 3:
CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN QUA TRNH MUOI CHUA RAU
QUA VA CAC TIEU CHUAN ANH GIA CHAT LNG SAN PHAM

I. CAC YEU TO ANH HNG EN QUA TRNH MUOI CHUA RAU QUA
1. Th t len men t nhien cua cac vi sinh vat trong qua trnh len men
giai oan au, du lng acid lactic tao ra rat t nhng ta khong the bo qua giai oan
nay. Neu ta co tnh bo sung cac chung vi khuan co kha nang tong hp acid lactic manh 2
giai oan sau vao giai oan au th san pham thu c se co chat lng kem. V du : trong
san xuat cai chua, neu ta cho L.cucumeris (trc khuan hnh que, khong sinh kh) vao giai
oan au th cai se co v ang, de b nam men tan cong, gay h hong va thi gian len men
se keo dai; neu cho L.pentoacetius ( trc khuan phat trien giai oan cuoi cua qua trnh
len men cai chua) vao giai oan au th no se anh hng en s can bang gia acid acetic
va acid lactic: acid acetic se nhieu hn bnh thng con acid lactic se t hn bnh thng _
ieu o se keo dai thi gian len men. Nh vay th t len men t nhien cua cac vi sinh vat
ng vi moi giai oan len men co anh hng en chat lng cua san pham.
2. Ham lng ng co trong nguyen lieu au
ng trong nguyen lie u se c vi sinh vat chuyen hoa thanh acid lactic trong qua trnh
len men. Neu ham l ng ng trong nguyen lieu au thap th lng acid lactic tch tu
trong san phamse khong at mc yeu cau. Khi ay san pham se co hng v kem va de b
h hong trong qua trnh ton tr. V vay khi muoi chua can chon loai nguyen lieu co ham
lng ng at mc yeu cau va khi can th phai bo sung them ng ngoai vao.
3.Nhiet o
Nhiet o toi u e cac vi khuan lactic la 36 42
0
C, nhng nhiet o nay cac vi sinh vat
bat li cung phat trien. Do o ngi ta thng gi nhiet o len men khong qua 20
o
C, tuy
thuoc dang nguyen lieu s dung. Nhng chu y cung khong nen a nhiet o xuong qua
thap. nhiet o 0 4
0
C, qua trnh len men khong b nh ch nhng dien ra rat cham.
4. o pH
o pH toi thch cho hoat ong cua vi khuan lactic la 5,5 6, b c che pH < 5 va co the
b tieu diet pH < 4.
5. Ham lng oxi
Qua trnh len men lactic la s len men yem kh. Neu co O
2
trong qua trnh len men th vi
khuan se u tien phat trien sinh khoi ma khong sinh tong hp acid lactic. ong thi ieu
kien yem kh cung gop phan c che cac vi sinh vat gay hai.
II. CAC TIEU CHUA N ANH GIA CHAT LNG SAN PHAM
e anh gia tieu chuan chat lng san pham ngi ta can c vao mot so ch tieu nh:
1. Ch tieu cam quan: ve ngoai ep, hap dan, loi cuon (nh tht rau chac gion, khong nga
mau la, hng v hai hoa, nc rau trong, khong co vang)
2. Ch tieu hoa ly: ham lng acid lactic (0,6 1%), nong o muoi
Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 19
3. Ch tieu vi sinh: kie m tra cac loai nam men, nam moc co kha nang phan giai acid
lactic.
4. o an toan cua san pham.










































Rau Qua Muoi Chua GVHD: Nguyen Thuy Hng
Trang 20


TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1]. Quach nh, Nguyen Van Tiep, Nguyen Van Thoa Cong nghe sau thu
hoach va che bien rau qua NXB Khoa hoc ky thuat Ha Noi 1996, trang 232 - 251
[2]. Nguyen c Lng Cong nghe len men_ Tap 3, NXB Khoa hoc K thuat
[3] Nguyen c Lng Cong nghe vi sinh vat tap 1- C s Vi sinh vat cong
nghiep, NXB ai hoc quoc gia TP. HCM, 2004
[4]. Nguyen Van Tiep, Quach nh, Ngo My Van Ky thuat san xuat o hop,
rau qua NXB Thanh nien, trang 341-350