Cast Bullets For Beginner and Expert

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CAST BULLETS FOR BEGINNER AND EXPERT

SECOND EDITION, 2007
Joseph F. Brennan Jr.

0.0 THE BEGINNING

INTRODUCTION

This book comes on a CD that includes a set of Excel workbooks. The print version, of course,
doesn't include these workbooks. The CD is available at a minimal cost.
Most of the what's in this book was discovered or invented by cast bullet shooters over the past
several hundred years. Very little is original with me. There are over one hundred and forty listed
contributors to this book, and I'm sure that there are others whose names I have inadvertently
omitted.
Information on all aspects of cast bullet shooting is available, but it is spread out and difficult to
access for the beginner. This book puts a lot of that information in one place for the beginner as
well as providing information on many advanced topics.
It doesnt tell you everything, it doesnt take sides in technical disputes and it doesnt confuse the
important with the minutiae.
It provides an overview of bullet casting and shooting, puts a lot of reference material in one
place, and mentions books that add to our understanding of cast bullets and shooting.
It must be used with a reloading manual for safe and accurate reloading of cast bullets.
I recommend the Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook, any edition. All editions.
The distinction between opinion and fact in cast bullet shooting is sometimes blurred. Opinions
abound while facts are rare. Beware of opinions masquerading as facts.
Dont be intimidated by the wealth of information in this book. It is a record of the accumulated
experience and (sometimes conflicting) opinions of experts who have spent decades studying
cast bullets from a number of perspectives. Some enjoy target shooting. Some enjoy hunting.
Some enjoy letting their antiques talk again. Some are just looking for cheap ammo. Some enjoy
the technical side of things, and some just enjoy the fellowship of fellow enthusiasts. Most are
interested in more than one of these. And every single one will take great delight in helping you
get started and getting over any problems or questions you might encounter.
But that aside, the basics of making and shooting cast bullets really is easy. Grade school
youngsters have learned the basic elements in an afternoon (though adult supervision is strongly
encouraged!). At its most elementary form, bullet casting is really not much more difficult in
principle or in practice than pouring water in an ice tray, though there is an added element of
hazard from the heat. Everything past that is simply refinement, and youll find plenty of that in
this book.
Most normal adults can pick up enough basics to do a decent job and get safe, good results with a
single demonstration. Or, if no mentor is easily available, a couple of afternoons reading free
literature from mold manufacturers is an acceptable substitute, particularly if the beginner has
ever reloaded non-cast bullets.
We earnestly solicit your comments, criticism and additional information to be included in
the next edition of this book. You do the casting and reloading and experimenting; please
share your knowledge with us. You may contact me through the Cast Bullet Association.

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Casting and reloading and shooting cast bullets is a lot of fun. I started casting and shooting lead
bullets in 1960, and have been actively doing so, with varying emphasis, ever since.
I shoot cast bullets for several reasons.
Cast bullet guns are easier to clean than guns shot with jacketed bullets. I may spend time over
three to five days cleaning copper out of a bore after fifty shots with jacketed bullets; I can clean
a cast bullet gun in about ten minutes.
Cast bullet shooting is less expensive than shooting jacketed bullets. Or so we tell ourselves.
Certainly bullets are cheaper to cast than to buy, powder charges are smaller and cheaper, and
brass lasts longer. Offsetting these savings are the costs of the equipment, which sometimes gets
away from me. I do love the equipment.
Cast bullet guns recoil less than jacketed bullet guns. Not always, but mostly.
Cast bullets dont wear out barrels on rifles. Not yet, anyhow. Ive shot out jacketed bullet
barrels in 2500 rounds. Ive yet to see accuracy diminish in a cast bullet gun. I know it has to
sometime; Im just not there yet.
Shooting cast bullets is fun. We need more fun in our lives.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks to:
Ken Mollohan for his articles, comments and editing,
Dave Goodrich for his articles and computer help,
Denise Goodrich for the covers
Todd Wolf for his articles and for putting this into .pdf form
Thanks to the writers who are identified with a by-line or whose contribution is in
italics. If there is no by-line or it's not in italics, I'm guilty.
Thanks to the dozens of shooters who taught me what I have written.
Thanks to Rudi Prusok, the ASSRA archivist, for all his help.
Thanks to all of those named below, who contributed to this book. If I left your name out,
I apologize. The omission was accidental.

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The contributors:

Jason Adams Charles Graff Dave Patterson
John Alexander Tom Gray Bruce Peglow
John Ardito Willis Gregory John Pierce Jr.
Forrest Asmus Scott Hamilton Adrian Pitfield
Creighton Audette Ron Haralson Harry Pope
Bruce Bannister Jeroen Hogema Hal Prucha
David Berry Don Howe Rudi Prusok
John Bischoff Dick Howes Stephen Ricciardelli
Jim Borton Dan Hudson Mark Richmond
Jeff Bowles Claris Hyett Ned Roberts
Ric Bowman Pat Iffland John Robinson
Paul Brasky William Iorg Pete Schroeder
Jeff Brown Tom Ireland Robert N. Sears
Al Capozzi Keith Johnson Brady Sharpshooters
George B. Carpenter Norm Johnson Rick Shepardson
James Carter David Kaiser Wayne Smith
Skyler Child Tim Kuntz Bob Steinberg
Tom Cook Urban Kvensler Ed Stutz
John Cox Jacob Lancaster R. J. Talley
Dave Daniels Glenn Latham Dan Theodore
Barry Darr Jerry Liles Dick Trenk
W. C. Davis Don Loops Richard Tunnell
Charlie Dell Frank Marshal John Wagner
John Dickson Paul A. Matthews Bill Warner
Junior Doughty R. Dale McGee Frank Washam
Harry Eales Bill McGraw Kenny Wasserburger
Joe Entrekin Duane Mellenbruch Joe Weist
James Evitts Jesse Miller Kim Williams
Miles Fenton Val Miller Todd A. Wolf
Nancy Foster Ken Mollohan Ed Wosika
Larry Gibson L. F. Moore Al Young
John Goins Tom Myers MI State Archives
Dave Goodrich Al Nyhus
A. C. Gould Warren Page

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These contributors chose to use their forum noms de plumb.
From The Cast From The ASSRA From The
Boolits Forum Forum THR
44 Man 2520 Forum
454 PB 38-55 Timuchin
Bass Ackwards 40 Rod
Black Prince Andy From The
Blackwater Boats MSN BPCR
Boom Boom Feather Forum
Chargar KWK Al
Deputy Al Marlinguy High Wall Jack
Frank Remington raider John
Geoff Scheutzen Kurt
Grumble Scheutzendave
Keith Tommy From The
Linstrum Voyageur CBA
Mike in CO Forum
MT Weatherman W30WCF
Newboy
Nighthunter
NV Curmudgeon
Nyack Kid
Remington Raider
Spotted Pony
Stew
WBH

For
John Scharf
and
Gunnery Master Sergeant George V. Roberts
1911-2003
USMC 1928-1953

Good friends and straight shooters

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

0.0 THE BEGINNING
INTRODUCTION 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2
DEDICATION 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5
RECORD KEEPING 11

1.0 SAFETY
BULLET CASTING SAFETY 12
RELOADING SAFETY 13
SHOOTING SAFETY 16

2.0 BULLET MOLD SELECTION AND DESIGN 17
2.1 MEASURING GUN DIMENSIONS 23
HOW TO SLUG A BARREL 23
HOW TO SLUG A RIFLE THROAT 25
HOW TO MAKE SULFUR BARREL AND CHAMBER CASTINGS 26
HOW TO MAKE CERROSAFE BARREL AND CHAMBER CASTINGS--David
Kaiser 27
2.2 BULLET DESIGN AND FIT 28
HOW TO SCALE BULLETS UP OR DOWN 28
BALLISTIC COEFFICIENTS (BC) 31
THOUGHTS ON THROATS, LEADES, BALL SEATS AND BULLET FITt --Ric
Bowman 36
FITTING A CAST BULLET TO THE CHAMBER OF A FIREARM --Bill McGraw,
Ken Mollohan and Ric Bowman 40
HOW TO USE THE MEASURED BORE, GROOVE AND THROAT DIAMETERS TO
SELECT A CAST BULLET THAT IS LIKELY TO DO WELL IN YOUR GUN--Ken
Mollohan 43
2.3 TWIST 45
ABOUT TWIST 45
HOW TO MEASURE THE RATE OF TWIST OF A BARREL 47
THE GREENHILL FORMULA 48
TWIST AND BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGE RIFLES--Dan Theodore 50

3.0 BULLET CASTING 53
3.1 BULLET CASTING TOOLS 53

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3.2 BULLET CASTING METALS 54
ACQUIRING AND PREPARING LEAD FOR CAST BULLETS 54
LEAD ALLOYS AND BULLET HARDNESS 54
A CHEAP WAY TO TEST LEAD ALLOY HARDNESS--James Carter 58
A SIMPLE METHOD OF DETERMINING THE HARDNESS OF LEAD ALLOYS--
David Berry 58
IDENTIFYING TIN 59
THE PENCIL TEST FOR LEAD ALLOY HARDNESS--Ken Mollohan 60
HOW AND WHY TO MEASURE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ALLOYS 61
3.3 CAST BULLET HARDNESS REQUIREMENTS 65
BULLET HARDNESS, CHAMBER PRESSURE AND ACCURACY 65
ANOTHER OPINION--John Bischoff 70
BULLET HARDNESS-STRENGTH-PRESSURE--John Alexander 72
BULLET HARDNESS REQUIREMENTS--Bill McGraw, John Robinson, Ric Bowman
73
3.4 HOW TO CAST BULLETS 76
HOW TO ADJUST AND MAINTAIN BULLET MOLDS 83
3.5 DAMAGED BULLETS 89

4.0 HOW TO MODIFY CAST BULLETS 99
HOW TO BEAGLE BULLET MOLDS--John Goins 99
HOW TO LAP BULLET MOLDS 102
LAPPING BULLET MOLDS--Ric Bowman 102
THREE REASONS TO LAP A MOLD--John Wagner 106
GETTING THE MOLD READY TO LAP AND PREPARING A NEW MOLD--Joe
Weist 107
LAPPING THE MOLD--Joe Weist 108
4.1 BULLET SIZING AND BUMPING 110
HOW TO HONE A SIZING DIE--Richard Tunnell 111
HOW TO BUMP BULLETS IN THE LUBRICATOR SIZER 112
4.2 GAS CHECKS 115
GAS CHECKS ON PISTOL BULLETS 117
HORNADAY GAS CHECK SPECS 119
SHOOTING THE INVERTED GAS CHECK--Forrest Asmus 120
4.3 SWAGING CAST BULLETS--Norm Johnson 121
SWAGING AND BUMPING CAST BULLETS--The cast 129
4.4 PAPER-PATCHED BULLETS 135
WHY PAPER PATCH CAST BULLETS?--Ken Mollohan 136
HOW TO PAPER PATCH BULLETS--Ken Mollohan 136
PAPER PATCHING--William Iorg 138
HOW TO MAKE A PAPER PATCHED BULLET MOLD--Ken Mollohan 139
4.5 HEAT TREATING LEAD BULLETS 143
HEAT TREATING CAST LEAD BULLETS-- Tom Gray 143
BULLET QUENCHING--Dave Goodrich 148
HEAT TREATING LEAD ALLOYS AND THE EFFECTS ON BHN--Dave Goodrich
152

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WHEELWEIGHTS AND HEAT TREATING CAST BULLETS--Bill McGraw 158

5.0 BULLET LUBRICANTS 160
BULLET LUBRICANTS AND ACCURACY 160
WHY LUBRICATE CAST BULLETS? 160
HOW TO LUBRICATE CAST BULLETS 161
HAND LUBRICATING 161
LIQUID ALOX TUMBLE LUBRICATING 161
LUBRICATING IN A LUBRISIZER 161
HOW TO PAN-LUBE BULLETS 162
PAN LUBRICATING, TWEEZERS METHOD 163
HOW TO MAKE SHEETS OF LUBE 164
THE KAKE KUTTER LUBRICATING METHOD--Ken Mollohan 166
BULLET LUBRICANTS AND THEIR RECIPES 167
SHOOTING CAST BULLETS WITHOUT LUBRICATION 170

6.0 RELOADING 175
6.1 CAST BULLET RELOADING 175
HOW TO ASSEMBLE A CARTRIDGE 175
BELLING CASE MOUTHS 178
HOW TO MEASURE MAXIMUM CARTRIDGE LENGTH 179
COOKBOOK LOADS THAT WORK IN ANY GUN 181
CHAMBER PRESSURE 184
CONCENTRICITY--Ric Bowman 186
TARGET AND HUNTING AMMO, THE WAY I DO IT-- Bill McGraw 189
6.2 CARTRIDGE CASES 191
HOW TO CARE FOR CARTRIDGE CASES 191
HOW TO TRIM CASES TO LENGTH AND WHY 191
WHEN TO TRIM CASES--Ken Mollohan 192
CASE LENGTH VS. ACCURACY 194
HOW TO ANNEAL CARTRIDGE CASES 198
HOW TO TURN CASE NECKS, AND WHY 200
THE STEP NECKED CASE 201
NICKEL PLATED CASES 202
CARTRIDGE CASE TUMBLERS AND CLEANING CASES 203
6.3 PRIMERS AND PRIMING TOOLS 209
PRIMER TESTS--Charlie Dell 211
BERDAN PRIMERS--Pete Schroeder 214
6.4 POWDERS AND POWDER MEASURES 217
THE ASTOUNDING POWDER MEASURE TEST! 221
6.5 WADS AND FILLERS 230
PVC WADS 232
DACRON WADS AND CHAMBER RINGING 233
6.6 HOW TO WORK UP AN ACCURATE RIFLE LOAD 239
WORKING UP A CAST BULLET LOAD--Jesse Miller 242
CHRONOGRAPHS AND LOAD DEVELOPMENT 245

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CHRONOGRAPHS AND STATISTICS 250
6.6.1 RELOADING FOR THE SINGLE SHOT RIFLE--Bill McGraw 256
HOW TO BREECH SEAT BULLETS 256
HOW TO M AKE A PLUGGED CASE 260
BREECH MUZZLE LOADING 261
6.6.2 HOW TO RELOAD FOR THE M1 RIFLE--Bob Steinberg 266
6.6.3 RELOADING CAST LEAD BULLETS FOR HANDGUNS 267
SHOOTING LEAD BULLETS IN HANDGUNS--Norm Johnson 267
MORE ABOUT SHOOTING LEAD BULLETS IN HANDGUNS--Adrian Pitfield 271
CAST BULLETS IN REVOLVERS--Adrian Pitfield 273
A REVOLVER AND CAST BULLETS 275
CAST BULLETS IN SEMI-AUTOMATIC PISTOLS--Adrian Pitfield 276
1911 HEADSPACING METHOD--Norm Johnson 278
6.6.4 LOADING AND RELOADING WITH BLACK POWDER 279
ABOUT BLACK POWDER 279
BLACK POWDER CHARGES, WEIGHT VS. VOLUME 280
HOW TO RELOAD BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGES 286
WATER-PROOFING BLACK POWDER--Ken Mollohan 288
MAKING AND LUBING PATCHES--R. Dale McGee, Spotted Pony on Cast Boolits
289
HOW TO MAKE COMBUSTIBLE PAPER CARTRIDGES--Harry Eales 290
CARTRIDGES FOR MUZZLE LOADING RIFLES--Ned Roberts 290
HOW TO MAKE BLACK POWDER PAPER CARTRIDGES FOR REVOLVERS--
timuchin on THR 292
6.6.5 CAST BULLETS FOR THE TWENTY-TWO--John Alexander 296
6.7 ON HEADSPACE 301
SHOULDER SETBACK WITH REDUCED CAST BULLET LOADS 304
6.8 ON MOLY COATED BULLETS--Jesse Miller 309
6.9 THE LEE COLLET DIES--John Alexander 310

7.0 SHOOTING 312
7.1 HOW TO SHOOT OFFHAND--Harry Pope 312
7.2 HOW TO SHOOT FROM THE BENCH 316
HANDLING HEAVY RECOILING RIFLES FROM THE BENCH--Ken Mollohan 318
BENCH RESTS 319
HANDGUN RESTS 321
7.3 SIGHTS 323
IRON SIGHTS 323
HOW TO SET CLICK-ADJUSTABLE REAR SIGHTS 325
HOW TO SET VERNIER SIGHTS 327
HOW TO ADJUST A WINDGAUGE FRONT SIGHT 329
HOW TO ADJUST OTHER IRON SIGHTS--Ken Mollohan 329
TELESCOPIC SIGHTS 331
HOW TO FOCUS A TELESCOPIC SIGHT 333
FACTORS OF SIGHTING ERROR 334
7.4 ON ACCURACY 339

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HOW TO DETERMINE FIRST SHOT HIT ACCURACY OF YOUR RIFLE 339
HOW TO EVALUATE RIFLE BENCH REST GROUP ACCURACY 339
HOW TO TEST FOR ACCURACY 340
GROUP SIZES AND STATISTICS 342
7.5 SPOTTING SCOPES 347

7.6 SHOOTING IN MIRAGE AND WIND 349
7.7 CANT 351
7.8 HOW TO CLEAN A CAST BULLET GUN 354
CLEANING GUNS WITH PAPER TOWELS 361

8.0 THE SHOOTING SPORTS 362
8.1 CAST BULLET ASSOCIATION MATCHES 363
INTRODUCTION TO CAST BULLET ASSOCIATION MATCHES--John Alexander
363
CBA PRODUCTION CLASS--John Alexander 365
CBA HEAVY CLASS 366
CBA UNRISTRICTED CLASS 367
CBA PLAIN BASE BULLET (PBB) CLASS 368
CBA LONG RANGE HANDGUN COMPETITION--Jesse Miller 368
CBA MILITARY RIFLE COMPETITION--Claris Hyett 369
8.2 INTRODUCTION TO SCHUETZEN RIFLE SHOOTING 373
8.3 BUFFALO RIFLE--Forrest Asmus 375
8.4 BLACK POWDER SHOOTING 379
BLACK POWDER Schuetzen 379

THE BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGE RIFLE--Paul Matthews 381

8.5 HUNTING WITH CAST BULLETS 383
HUNTING WITH CAST BULLETS--Todd A. Wolf 383
HOW TO DUPLICATE 32 RF HUNTING LOADS IN CF RIFLES--Ken Mollohan 388
FIELD REPORT-SOFT NOSE CAST HUNTING BULLETS--Bill McGraw 390
How To Make Soft Nose Cast Hunting Bullets-- Bill McGraw 391
HOW TO MAKE CAST HUNTING BULLETS--Ken Mollohan 393

9.0 ABOUT THE GUNS 395
AN ASIDE ON RIMFIRES 395
BLACK POWDER RIFLES AND PISTOLS 395
MUZZLE LOADING RIFLES AND PISTOLS 395
CAP LOCK TARGET RIFLES AND SLUG GUNS 397
LONG RANGE MUZZLE LOADERS 398
THE PEDERSOLI GIBBS MUZZLE LOADING TARGET RIFLE--Dick Trenk 399
BLACK POWDER SEMI-CARTRIDGE GUNS 404
BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGE RIFLES 404
INTRODUCTION TO IN LINE MUZZLE LOADERS--Todd A. Wolf 405
BLACK POWDER REVOLVERS 409

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BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGE MILITARY GUNS 409
RIFLE-LIKE SINGLE SHOT PISTOLS 410
SINGLE SHOT RIFLES 410
ORIGINAL SINGLE SHOT RIFLES 411
REPRODUCTION SINGLE SHOT RIFLES 416
NEWLY DESIGNED SINGLE SHOT RIFLES 417
GERMAN SCHUTZEN RIFLES 418
ON BUILDING A SINGLE SHOT TARGET RIFLE 419
BOLT-ACTION RIFLES 420
MILITARY SURPLUS RIFLES 420
PRODUCTION BOLT-ACTION RIFLES 422
PURPOSE BUILT BOLT-ACTION RIFLES--Pat Iffland 423
SEMI AUTOMATIC RIFLES 423
LEVER ACTION RIFLES 424
APPENDIX
A TABLE OF LYMAN "M" DIES 427
ANTI-CORROSION METHOD FOR STORED GUNS--Ken Mollohan 431
AN ARGUMENT FOR HARD CASES 433
CASTING JACKETED BULLETS--Ken Mollohan 434
CONTENDER ASSEMBLY NOTES 437
DAVE PATTERSON ON THE 32 MS AND 32 RKS 438
FIRE LAPPING BARRELS 441
HOW I MADE A TUBE SIGHT 452
HOW TO CROWN A RIFLE BARREL 453
HOW TO RELOAD WITH A LEE LOADER 454
HOW TO RELOAD WITH A LYMAN 310 TOOL 456
LEAD BALLS: GAUGE, DIA., WT. 461
MAKING AN APERTURE FRONT (OR REAR) SIGHT 462
MANAGING THE REDDING MICROMETER M EASURE--Ken Mollohan 463
ON EYES--Jesse Miller 464
RECOMMENDED BOOKS AND PERIODICALS 465
REMOVING RUST 469
SAECO TO BRINELL HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE 471
SCOPE SIGHT ADAPTER FOR GERMAN SCHUETZEN RIFLE--Al Young 472
SCREWS FOR THE CLEANING ROD 473
SHOOTING UNDERWATER--Ken Mollohan 474
SIGMA AS A FRACTION OF X BAR 476
SOME STATISTICS 480
SUPER CAVITATING BULLETS--John Bischoff 483
THE 32 MILLER SHORT--R. Dale McGee 485
THE 30 BR (BENCH REST) 488
THE LYMAN STS SHIFT 490
THE POOR MAN'S CASE TUMBLER--Jeff Brown 491
WILCOXON RANK SUM WORK SHEET 496

EXCEL SPREADSHEETS/WORKBOOKS

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ALLOY CYLINDER WEIGHTS BY CALIBER
ASTOUNDING POWDER MEASURE TEST DATA
BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT, MV AND DEFLECTION
BULLET HOLE WEIGHTS
BULLET WEIGHT CALCULATOR AND RECORD
C. DELL'S TWIST FORMULA WORKBOOK--Charlie Dell
CHAMBER PRESSURE CUP vs. PSI
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATOR OF MU
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATOR OF SIGMA SQUARED
DON EAGAN BULLETS
ESTIMATING GROUP SIZE VARIATION
GREENHILL FORMULA WORKBOOK
KEN MOLLOHAN'S ALLOY BLENDING SPREADSHEET--Ken Mollohan
LEAD BALL WORKBOOK
Lyman BULLET, Top Punch, SEATING STEM CROSS REFERENCE
M54 WINCHESTER WORKBOOK EXAMPLE
MV WEIGHT TWIST WIND DEFLECTION RECOIL TORQUE
SD OVER MEAN THE DATA
SETTING A MICROMETER POWDER MEASURE-A WORKBOOK BY URBAN
KVENSLER--Urban Kvensler
SMALL SAMPLE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATOR OF MU
SPECIFIC GRAVITY CALCULATOR
t testing
TWIST MV RPM CALIBER ROTATIONAL SPEED
WILCOXON 95% TABLE

0.2 RECORD KEEPING
In the course of dealing with guns or reloading for them you will find that you will wish
that you had kept better records. "WRITE IT DOWN" will be seen frequently in the pages that
follow.
I have a small notebook for each gun that I own. When I send a gun down the road, I
either file that notebook, or use the remaining pages for another gun.
I have often enough wished that I'd written something down so that now I'm a compulsive
writer downer.
For reloading records I keep duplicate information in an EXCEL workbook or
spreadsheet. I've included a sample EXCEL workbook for a M54 Winchester 30 WCF in the
APPENDIX.
EXCEL allows me to sort the reloading information by various columns, such as powder
or primer or bullet or date or ..... I find the EXCEL record of reloading information and group
sizes to be much better than the notebook alone-but the notebook is necessary for many reasons,
such as sight settings at various ranges. The notebook is portable while the computer isn't-at least
mine isn't-yet.
I also keep other records in EXCEL:
a list of guns I own with serial numbers and other identifiers
a record of all the bullets that I cast and weigh

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an inventory of guns and the stuff (molds, sights, brass, tools, notebook) that goes with
them
WRITE IT DOWN!!

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1.0 SAFETY

BULLET CASTING SAFETY
There are three dangers in bullet casting.
Lead is HOT!!
Lead alloys generally require more than 600 degrees F to melt, which can result in
serious burns. While common sense will go a long way (dont stick your finger in the melt to
judge the temperature, etc), proper gear and clothing can provide much protection. Wear a long
sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes, gloves and safety glasses to protect yourself from the inevitable
minor spills. For maximum protection, all clothing should be of natural, not man-made
materials. Manmade fabrics will melt at these temperatures, and the molten fabric will stick to
your skin, greatly increasing the severity of any injury.
The casting workplace should be free of all flammable materials: A lead spill into your
gunpowder or primer supply could make casting a much more intense experience than it needs to
be. Provide a heat resistant surface on which to lay molds, spoons and the like when not in
immediate use. The lead pot should be clamped to the table so that it cannot tip over.
Lead is POISONOUS
>>> LEAD POSIONING IS CUMULATIVE! <<<
The body cannot eliminate lead at any significant rate. It simply accumulates lead until
the total dosage becomes a problem. Contrary to the fears of many novices, lead simply doesnt
evaporate, even from casting melt temperatures. Current thinking is that ingestion of
microscopic lead particles is the primary route to lead poisoning.
The trick is to avoid ingesting lead in the first place. Smoke from fluxing indoors should
be fan-ventilated to the outside, or better still, do all fluxing outdoors. Otherwise, you can inhale
microscopic particles of the lead alloy and/or oxides that are in the smoke. And wash your hands
before you eat, drink or smoke while taking a break, or after casting. The process of handling
ingots and castings will rub some of the alloy onto your skin, which will transfer it to other
articles you handle.
I cast bullets in the cellar without ventilation for well over twenty years, and no lead
problems. I didn't flux in the cellar; got the slushy stuff off the top of the melt and put it in a tin
can. Later, outside, every time I melted wheelweights down and cleaned them , I put the can in
the pot and melted and fluxed the slushy stuff into clean wheelweights again. Now I cast outside,
on the porch, but still don't flux much.
Other suggestions include:
Never hold a bullet in your mouth for a moment while your hands are busy elsewhere!
(This applies to airgun pellets too!)
Clean and vacuum the surfaces that lead touches during casting, including the floor.
Store all alloys and casting equipment where children and pets cannot gain access.
Do not try to use the lead from any batteries, as they contain poisons.
Thousands of shooters cast billions of bullets a year without getting lead poisoning.
Taking the basic precautions should keep us safe, I've been casting for well over forty years
without a problem.
Molten Lead and Water DON'T MIX.
Accidental introduction of water into a pot of molten lead will result in a reaction that can
vary from disconcerting bubbling and popping of lead spatters to a LOUD AND VIOLENT
steam explosion. And water can intrude in an incredible number of ways. Wouldnt a nice cold

13
glass of your favorite beverage sound good after a long time bent over a pot of molten lead?
Especially when the condensation on the glass hits your hand and goes on the next ingot you
pick up. If its a hot day, drops of perspiration can run down your hand as you reach for the
ingot. Thats how it happened to me, (Ken Mollohan, editing), and the resulting explosion
emptied the pot and sprayed lead all the way across the house. If you store ingots in an unheated
area, water can condense on them when they are brought in for a casting session. Take particular
care to keep liquids like coffee, tea, cokes and other beverages out of the area. The practice of
quench hardening from the mold is effective, but has also been known to result in water on
ingots or in mold cavities. And there are almost more ways to mess this up than there are
casters. Problems arise when the ingot carries liquid below the surface of the melt: The water
turns to steam with a very large volume and can blow the lead out of the pot.
Dont let it happen to you.
One simple technique can completely eliminate this hazard.
Dont put an ingot that isnt warm to the touch into a molten pot. And when you DO add
it, let it down gradually instead of just dropping it suddenly into the pot. Its easy enough: Just
lay an ingot on the top of your pot for a few minutes before adding it to the melt. When its
uncomfortable to touch, itll be quite safe to add. And using a set of tongs to add the hot ingots
slowly will prevent any accidental contamination by moisture from your hands, etc. If you
follow these simple precautions, you can cast bullets safely for years.
Enjoy casting, it is fun, relaxing and interesting and allows you to experiment and shoot
at lower cost per shot. Pouring lead into a mold can be as simple as pouring water into a glass.
Or it can be just as technical as you want it to be.

RELOADING SAFETY
Unless you want a finger like mine, be very
careful while reloading. Don't reload when
you're tired, or angry or distracted. Don't talk
to anybody while you're reloading. If
someone interrupts, either stop reloading or
make them go away. If you don't want to
reload, if you're sick of it, then quit.
Don't reload in a hurry. If you have to leave
for the match in twenty minutes and you
haven't reloaded yet, then either put off the
match or reload at the range. Don't hurry.
Look at the finger of a hurrier.

Double charging/overcharging a case
Many if not most cast bullet loads call for small charges of fast burning powder. It is
possible to put two charges-to double charge- a case with these loads. Shooting a double charged
cartridge could easily blow up the gun and injure the shooter.
Here are three ways to keep from double charging a case, I use all three.
First, always start powder charging with the cases upside-down (primer up) in the loading
tray. If every case is upside-down before you throw the powder charge, it is impossible to double
charge a case.

14
Second, after you pick up each case, give it a throwing motion as if you were trying to
throw powder out of the case. You are trying to throw powder out of the case. If you make this
motion of throwing powder out of each case before charging it with powder, then it is impossible
to double charge a case.
Third, after charging a set of cases, look in each case with a flashlight to make sure that
there is one and only one charge of powder in each case. Again, if you check each case with a
flashlight, it is impossible to double charge a case.
I use all three techniques, and last week found that I had double charged a 7MM TCU
case with Unique. The flashlight saved my bacon. I started with all cases upside-down; I always
do. I made a throwing motion with each case as if to throw powder out of the case; I always do.
When I looked in the cases with the flashlight, one was obviously double charged. This is the
first time that I can remember finding a double charged case. I don't know what happened, but
whatever happened; I did it. Some kind of brain wriggle made me do something wrong.
Use these three techniques to be safe.

Ken Mollohan
"I use a similar process: I invert all the cases (primer up) in a reloading block and set
the reloading block on the left of my measure. I set an empty reloading block on the right.
Cases are pulled from the left-hand block, inverted (neck up), charged, and set into the right-
hand block. When all of the cases have been charged, they are visually inspected under a good
light for any case that seems to have more or less powder than the others. If a case like this is
found, that case is emptied and recharged. If the powder charge still seems abnormal, the
powder measure is checked for the proper setting. If the measure is correct, and the weight of
the powder is correct, that case is removed and scrapped or marked for plinking loads only.)"

Bridging
Some powders in some measures "bridge", means that you're throwing charges and one
has LESS than the desired charge and another has MORE, because the powder got hung up in the
nozzle of the powder measure. I've had this happen with SR4759, others report bridging with
several other powders. Another reason to inspect the powder level in each case with a flashlight.
Neck constriction
The chamber in a gun barrel is cut such that at the end of the mouth of the cartridge the
chamber has a step where it becomes smaller. A cartridge that is too long for the chamber may
be forced into the barrel, and at this forward step the cartridge case and bullet will be constricted,
mashed into a space that is too small for them. Firing the cartridge will cause high pressure and
may damage the gun and the shooter.
This situation doesn't happen very often, and is easily avoided by checking case length
and trimming cases when needed.
Headspace changes
Cartridges that headspace on the shoulder may set back the shoulder of the case and
increase headspace if they are fired with light charges. Many cast bullet loads contain light
charges. I have had cartridge cases (30/06 and others) develop excess headspace after firing
many light loads with cast bullets. Shooting a full power cartridge that has excess headspace can
damage the gun and the shooter. Checking cartridge cases with a headspace gauge will identify
the problem cases.

15
To avoid this problem, I segregate and mark cartridge cases used for light loads, and use
them only for light loads.
Note that cartridges that headspace on the rim (45/70, 25/20) or the belt (300 H&H, 7MM
Rem. Mag.) will not develop excess headspace.
Excess pressure loads
There are numerous ways to cause excess pressure and perhaps damage the gun and / or
shooter. Almost all of them can be overcome by the simple process of avoiding maximum
charges, especially when you are first developing a load. ALWAYS start with the minimum
suggested powder charge. This will give you a safety margin in case one of the following factors
could be in play to cause you problems.
High pressure loads are a snare and a delusion. They produce very little more velocity,
and they stress your gun badly while reducing your safety margin to a razors edge. If you really
need more power than your rifle will provide with moderate loads, the answer is not more
powder in the case. The answer is a new rifle chambered for a bigger case that will burn more
powder safely.
The first way to produce excessive pressures is to use more powder than is safe for your
cartridge and bullet. To avoid this, use good reloading handbooks, start with the minimum
recommended loads and never exceed the maximum charges listed. ALWAYS weigh charges, at
least initially to be sure your volumetric measure is set right, and afterwards to be sure it didnt
change somewhere along the way.
Second is to accidentally use the wrong powder. To avoid this, never load when you're
tired or upset. Never load when you're in a hurry, never load without checking in a written
reference. Never load if something feels wrong. Check your personal logbook or a reloading
manual. Nobody has a perfectly reliable memory, and I've blown up one gun in over forty years
of shooting; because I was in a hurry, because I didn't check a written reference, and most sadly,
because I didn't stop even when I became suspicious of the load. I don't ever want to do it again.
(Ken Mollohan, editor: ME TOO! And I have the scars to prove it.)
Third is to use the wrong bullet. Its possible to load, chamber and fire charges with a
200g bullet that were maximum for a 100g bullet. Its also possible - at least with some guns - to
load an oversized bullet. Examples might be 0.312 or 0.323 bullets in a 0.308 bore rifle that
happens to have a larger than usual chamber neck. Oversized or overweight bullets will cause
serious pressure escalations. Even changing the TYPE of bullet in a load can result in sharp
changes in the pressures developed. Hard, heavy copper jackets will produce higher pressures
than thinner, softer jackets. And the jacketless cast bullet will produce the lowest pressures of
all, all else being equal.
Fourth is to leave your loads in the hot sun for a while. This can easily elevate pressures
into the proof load range. In fact, British proof houses used to - and may still - use standard
factory rounds that have been heated before loading to proof foreign arms for which they have no
conventional proof load.
Fifth is to change the type of primer in a load that is already close to maximum. A hotter
primer will make the powder burn faster, and develop higher pressures. . If ANY component of
a max or near max load is changed, the prudent loader will back off the powder charge at least
10% and work back up slowly.
Sixth is to change the seating depth of your bullet so that it is jammed into the rifling.
While sometimes useful, this practice should not be added to a hot load without changes to

16
reduce the pressures until the effect can be determined. The added resistance to getting the bullet
moving can result in higher pressures.
There are also variations associated with different lots of what should be (nominally) the
same components. These can affect pressures, but seldom by great margins.

SHOOTING SAFETY
Hearing protection
Most shooters over 50 years old are somewhat deaf. That's because we didn't wear
hearing protection at the range when we were younger. When I started shooting, virtually nobody
wore earplugs or earmuffs. If you want to avoid an old age where you always look puzzled
during a conversation, then wear hearing protection while shooting.
Eye protection
There are any number of ways to have a gun squirt gas and brass particles toward your
eyes when you set it off. I've seen it happen twice, and had it happen to me once. To avoid losing
your sight, get a good pair of glasses and wear them every time you shoot any gun, even that BB
gun. Your mother was right.
Bore obstructions
It is just amazing the things that show up in the bore of a gun. Bullets, wasp nests,
brushes, patches and dirt have been reported. Shooting a gun with a bore obstruction can damage
the gun and you.
Before shooting a gun for the first time on any day, look through the bore to make sure
there's nothing in it.
After shooting, if you don't see a hole in the target, look through the bore to make sure
the bullet got out. Be particularly wary after any shot that sounds odd or doesnt have the same
feel with its recoil. Stop shooting, open the gun and inspect it to be sure it is still mechanically
sound and that the bore is clear before the next shot.
If anything can go wrong, it will. Its important to realize that its simply not possible
to foresee each and every possible mistake that can be made. The best we can do is to point out
the most common or most likely mistakes, and suggest some ways to avoid them. If you
encounter something not covered in this overview, ASK SOMEONE. It is so much easier to not
assemble or shoot a dangerous load than it is to un-shoot it after someone has been hurt. Be sure
youre safe.

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2.0 BULLET MOLD SELECTION AND DESIGN
For most applications there is a cataloged bullet mold that will produce bullets with
adequate accuracy in your gun. Most of the time a Lyman or Lee or RCBS mold will make
bullets that shoot fine in your guns.
For some guns and situations in which better accuracy is desired, it may be necessary to
select or design a bullet mold for a particular gun.
The bullet and the gun must be "matched".
Rifle bullets must be large enough so that no gas can blow by the bullet, melt the sides of
the bullet and lead the bore. Today's wisdom is that the optimum bullet diameter is about
0.0005 less than the throat diameter. For non-match use, 0.001" under- the diameter of the
throat of the rifle is often serviceable too.
Revolver bullets must be as large as the cylinder throat, the forward-most part of the
cylinder.
To match the bullet to the gun, we must measure certain dimensions of the gun, and then,
using these dimensions, decide on the dimensions of the mold.
The throat dimensions, rate of twist, bore, and groove dimensions are the important gun
dimensions.
The length and the diameters of the various parts of the bullet are the important bullet
dimensions.
Matching the gun dimensions and the bullet dimensions will generally improve accuracy.
We are concerned with the rate of twist because a bullet that is too long for the rate of twist
cannot be stabilized and thus will group poorly and may strike the target sideways.
The following explains how to measure these dimensions and how they are inter-related.
Bullets
Cast bullets have some or all of these parts: Grease grooves for the lubricant, bands
or larger diameter sections before and after the grease grooves, a base band on the bottom or a
gas check shank on the bottom to accept a gas check, a nose on the front of the bullet and a
meplat that is the flat, however small, on a bullet's nose.
Rifle Bullets
Many of the rifle bullet molds available today will produce bullets that will shoot
accurately; some combinations yield exceptional accuracy. Standard molds will produce bullets
with acceptable accuracy for most of your shooting. In the 30 calibers, the Lyman 311041,
311291 or 311299 shoot very well. While the 311041 and 311291 are not "bore rider" or
"tapered" bullets, or any other trick shape, they shoot well and sometimes wonderfully in 30
caliber rifles, and have done so for about a hundred years.
Rifle bullets come in a myriad of styles, suited for various applications. Some are
unsuited to any application. Most successful rifle bullets are of one of these four styles:

Single-diameter bullets are the same diameter on all bands. Examples are
the H. Guy Loverin-style bullets such as the Lyman 311465 or 311466 and many
Lyman designs such as the 319247 that has been popular for many years..

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Tapered bullets have bands that are about bore diameter at the front, and gradually
get larger as they approach the rearmost band, which is several thousandths of an
inch larger than groove diameter. Lyman made molds for tapered bullets in the
past and other custom mold makers make them now.

Two-diameter or Pope style bullets have front bands of bore diameter
or slightly larger, and a rear band or bands which are a couple of thousandths
of an inch over the groove diameter. This design is not as popular as it once
was. Single shot shooters sometimes find that a Pope style bullet can be
dropped in the rifle chamber, then the loaded cartridge case with perhaps a
cork wad can be chambered, and that the rifle will shoot with great accuracy.
There is a happy coincidence of dimensions that allows the case to seat the
bullet.

Bore-ride bullets have a nose that is at or slightly over bore diameter, and
a base that is slightly over groove diameter.
This design is quite popular today, and examples include Lymans 311299 and
311284. Some shooters have written that the bore-ride bullet must be a press fit in
the barrel (at the muzzle) of the rifle for good accuracy. A helpful shooter at the
range will sometimes take one of your loaded cartridges and try the fit of the nose
of the bullet in the muzzle of the rifle. The shooter will then shake his head, and
make a clucking noise. He will explain that your bullet is either: a. too loose, or b.
too tight. Don't listen to the clucking, and don't worry about the fit. Good fit is
nice, but poorly fitting bore-ride bullets may shoot well in light loads, sometimes
with target accuracy.

The difference between a sloppy fit and not being able to push the bullet
into the barrel of the gun with your thumb is about one thousandths of an inch.
The chamber-end groove and bore diameters become larger than the muzzle-end
diameters after not too many shots are fired in the rifle. The fit of any given bullet will vary with
the rifle checked; it doesn't take much rifle bore and/or groove variation to make the bullet tight
or loose.
The largest diameter of the 30 caliber bullet should be at least .002" and preferably .004"
larger (my experience, others differ) than the groove diameter of the barrel at the breech end.
Thirty caliber barrels (for the sake of argument) have bore diameter of .300 and groove
diameter of .308.
The ideal 30 caliber bore ride bullet would then have a nose about .301 diameter to

19
snugly fit the bore, and base bands about .310 diameter. If the breech end of the barrel is worn,
the nose and body should be larger. Some barrels will accept bullets with noses of .303"- .304".
Shooting a bullet that is too small in diameter for the barrel causes a lot of trouble. The
bullet must be big enough! Leading of barrels at lower velocities, 1400-1600 feet per second or
below, is almost always caused by bullets that are too small.
Today the conventional wisdom is that the bullet must fit the throat of the rifle. Harry
Pope wrote that the bullet must fit the throat over 75 years ago. The throat is that part of the
chamber between the end of the cartridge case and the rifling. The bullet should be as large as
the throat.
The more advanced cast bullet shooters have molds and bumping/swaging dies made to
form the bullet to the shape and size of the throat, and chamber rifles for this tapered fit of the
bullet to the throat. The rest of us can get good accuracy without leading by shooting big bullets.

THE LYMAN-POPE 308403

This bullet was originally the Lyman 308403, and later the number was changed to
311403. According to Rudi Prusok, the ASSRA archivist, this bullet was first listed in the
Ideal/Lyman handbook in 1927, and was listed until 1957-when the number was changed to
311403.

From the 1927 Ideal Hand Book:
308403. Bullet designed by Mr. Harry Pope for extreme accuracy in competitive
shooting in the .30 Springfield rifle. Should be used as cast and not resized.
Diameter of first four bands from point .301, fifth band .303, sixth band .305,

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last band .315. Bullet seated in case with fingers so mouth of case extends only half way up
base band. Powder charge 12 to 15 grains Dupont No. 80 powder. This bullet gives better
accuracy up to 200 yards than any combination we know of in the Springfield, but owing to the
bullet being seated so lightly in the case, it is not suitable for handling except on the target
range.

Loring Hall has shot these bullets offhand very effectively in the Winter League matches
at the Old Colony Sportsmans Association in Pembroke MA for many years, in one of his 30/06
Hammerli Team Rifles.
Ive borrowed a mold for this bullet several times from Pete Ziko, a member at Old
Colony, and cast a thousand or so bullets each time. Pete absolutely refused to part with the
mold. These bullets, at lower velocities, have shot accurately in a number of 30 caliber rifles that
Ive owned.
Recently Ive borrowed molds from John Greene, to cast some additional bullets. John
made the mold I borrowed from him, a very nice piece of work. He has the cherry and can
supply molds.

The trick to this bullet is that the base band is tapered smaller at the rear-larger at the
front; and the dimensions are made so that the bullet slips into a fired 30 caliber case and wedges
itself to a stop about half way up the base band. To reload: deprime and reprime, throw a charge
of powder and seat the bullet with your fingers. No sizing of the cartridge case or bullet is
required. I find that chamfering the inside of the case mouth helps in seating the bullet..

21
Here are some typical 100 yard groups with the 308403 with Darr lube, Winchester M54 30
WCF, 30X STS, 6.8/Unique, Dacron wad, WLP primer.
Revolver bullets
The accepted wisdom on revolver bullets is that the diameter of the bullet must be equal
to or .001" greater than the diameter of the cylinder throat. The cylinder throat is the most
forward part of the cylinder, where the chamber narrows. Tapping oversize slugs through the
cylinder throats of the revolver and measuring them will give you the throat diameter. Oversize
slugs can be made by tapping a proper sized (= 44 bullet for 44 gun) bullet nose with a hammer
or squeezing it in a vise. Either method will expand the bullet.
If the bullet is much less than the cylinder throat diameter, the barrel will lead and
accuracy will fall off. With any reasonable middle velocity load, a good lube, and a correctly
sized bullet; the revolver won't lead. Higher velocities can be attained by fiddling with the
powder charge, lube and bullet hardness.
Most often a revolver bullet doesn't have to be too hard.
Some revolver bullets are made for gas checks. I agree with Elmer Keith on this, we
never, (almost never), need a gas check on a revolver bullet.
Revolver bullets come in many styles. Here are examples of the most popular.

This is a round nose bullet, found in some factory loaded ammunition. This style
of bullet has nothing much to recommend it, it is not very accurate and is not
particularly suited for hunting.

Here is a wadcutter with a hollow base. This is the most accurate bullet for short range
= up to 50 yard shooting with a revolver. This style bullet is factory loaded and reloaded
quite commonly.

22
These are the hollow base and standard versions of the Elmer Keith designed 44 Special
and 44 Magnum revolver bullet. There is also a version with hollow point. This bullet, the
Lyman 429421,(429422 in hollow base), has proven to be quite accurate and quite a good
hunting bullet in the 44s. This is called a semi-wadcutter style bullet. I'm not much of a pistol
shooter, but I've had very good luck with this bullet in 44 Magnum pistols over the past 40 years
or so.

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2.1 MEASURING GUN DIMENSIONS
Most gun dimensions can be measured with a 6" caliper, a 1" micrometer caliper and a
steel tape measure. .
The 6" caliper is either a vernier or dial or digital (electronic) caliper that reads to .001", a
thousandth of an inch. I find a dial caliper easier to read than a vernier caliper and less expensive
than a digital caliper. There are plastic vernier calipers available, I have used them and don't
consider them of much value.
The 1" micrometer caliper measure to .0001", a tenth of a thousandth of an inch. These
come in mechanical or digital varieties, I prefer the mechanical.
Steel tape measures measure to 1/16", one sixteenth of an inch.
Learning to use these instruments is not difficult, but it helps to have a person show you
the tricks.
Most gun dimensions can be measured with these instruments, with one exception.
Slugging the barrels of guns with odd numbers of lands and grooves gives you slugs that
CANNOT be accurately measured with these instruments. More complex and involved
equipment is necessary. Any competent machinist can measure these slugs.
(Bill McGraw contends that it is possible to measure the groove diameter of odd-
number-of-groove barrels with a micrometer. I haven't been able to measure five groove S&W
barrel slugs or Trap Door Springfield 3 groove slugs with a micrometer.
Bill suggests that another way to measure the slugs is to try them in a sizing die; if sized
any, the slug groove dimensions are larger than the die; if not sized, the die is larger.)
O. H. McKagen can measure these slugs free of charge for CBA members.
Mail your slugs in a padded envelope, each marked as to what part of the barrel they were
formed in, and include a SASE for a return reply. His address is 9229 Arlington Blvd., Apt. 551,
Fairfax, VA 22031 (He offers this service in The Fouling Shot, (Journal of the Cast Bullet
Association); look for any address changes.

HOW TO SLUG A BARREL
Slugging a barrel is the operation of driving a soft lead slug through a bore to determine
the bore and groove dimensions This enables us to determine the proper cast bullet nose and
throat diameter(s) so that the best accuracy may be obtained in that particular firearm. Some cast
bullets have two diameters, some have just one diameter, and some are tapered.
Slug rifle barrels at both ends since some guns have barrels that are larger at one end than
at the other. This is of some importance. As a rifle is fired and cleaned, the chamber end wears
bigger, faster, than the rest of the barrel. This happens sometimes in surprisingly few shots. If
the object of slugging the barrel is to select bullet diameter, it is the chamber-end diameter that is
of most importance. Pushing a lead slug through a barrel results in a slug of the smallest diameter
of the barrel that that slug passes through.
There are reports that some rifle barrels are constricted, are smaller, where a band for a
front sight or sling swivel has been swaged onto the barrel. There are also reports that a
constriction can sometimes be found in a barrel where the printing is pressed into the metal.
Ruger single shot rifles are frequently mentioned, where the sling swivel band installation may
swage the barrel down several thousandths of an inch.
There are also frequent reports that revolver barrels are squeezed undersize at the rear,
where the barrel screws into the frame of the revolver.

24
The most important thing about slugging a barrel is not to damage the barrel, especially
the crown-the forward end of the barrel. Be careful!!
Get some soft bullets or muzzle-loader balls that are bigger than the bore of the gun. If
you can't get bullets bigger than your bore, take a lead bullet of the same caliber as your bore and
squeeze it in a vice or tap it with a hammer to make it shorter and bigger in diameter
To slug the muzzle end of the barrel, tap a bullet into the muzzle with a plastic mallet and
a brass drift or wooden dowel. Do not use a steel hammer, even for the first few blows. No, dont
even use that little tiny toy steel hammer. (If you use a steel hammer you will probably have to
become familiar with barrel crowning, which is covered elsewhere.) Then carefully tap the slug
out of the barrel with a cleaning rod and screw. (See the Appendix about the cleaning rod and
screws.) Measure the slug to get the bore and groove diameters.
As long as there are either a lot of grooves or an even number of grooves, measurement is
easy. When there are a small odd number of grooves, measurement is more difficult. The Trap
Door Springfield has a hard-to-measure barrel with its three grooves, as is a Smith and Wesson
revolver barrel with five lands and grooves.
Barrels with an odd number of grooves take special equipment to get accurate
measurements because of their unique geometry. The best approach here is to become friends
with a machinist, and complain to him until he measures the slug. Constant moaning and
complaining to my machinist friends, amateur and professional, has gotten me a lot of work done
and an unenviable reputation.
To slug the breech end of the barrel, drop an oversize bullet in the chamber, put in a
plugged case, put a brass drift or wooden dowel on the primer end of the plugged case and tap
the other end of the drift or dowel with a plastic mallet until the bullet is up into the rifling. (Use
a rawhide or plastic mallet, not a steel hammer!) Whacking anywhere on the action end of your
rifle with a steel hammer will cause you to say bad words and be a generally mean person for
several weeks.) Then tap the end of the slug out with a cleaning rod and screw, and measure the
bore and groove diameters. (See: HOW TO SLUG A RIFLE THROAT)
Be aware that new revolver bores often have a constriction in the area where the barrel
screws into the frame so you may want to note this possibility.
To slug a revolver barrel, tap an oversized slug completely through the barrel to get a
slug with the smallest diameter, possibly/probably where the barrel is screwed into the frame
and squozen down. Slug the cylinder chamber throats as well.
To find the barrel dimensions after the constriction, put a drift into the barrel and down
into the cylinder area. If, for example, the barrel is six inches and the cylinder is two inches, use
a five inch drift. Now put quarter inch or so strip of steel, aluminum or brass between the drift
and recoil shield; this will allow you to drive the drift and slug out. Drive a slug into the muzzle
end of the barrel until it just touches the drift-with the five inch drift mentioned above, the bullet
will be just shy of three inches into the barrel. Using the strip of steel, aluminum or brass and the
drift, knock the slug back out the muzzle end of the barrel. This slug will have the barrel
dimensions, bore and groove, of the barrel where it is not squozen down by the frame.
Slugging a barrel takes a little practice, be ready to make several slugs of each end of the
barrel. Remember; dont damage the barrel, and WRITE IT DOWN!

25

HOW TO SLUG A RIFLE THROAT

Use a cartridge case that fits in the rifle. Fill the case with lead, halfway up the
neck. In this case, it took two bullets melted in the case with my trusty Bernz-
O-Matic.

Now put a soft bullet in the cartridge case, and put the
case with bullet in the rifle.

Use a piece of steel rod. In this case, for a 30-caliber rifle I
used a quarter-inch steel rod three feet long, from the
hardware store. File the business end so there are no sharp
edges. Put masking tape on the end, and every five inches
or so. The tape shims the rod away from the bore of the
barrel.

Here's the end of the rod, with tape

Put the rod in the barrel until it
touches the bullet in the
cartridge case. Then put masking tap on the rod at the
muzzle, so that the rod doesn't touch the bore at the muzzle.
Tap the end of the rod with a steel hammer until you feel it
bottom-the rod will bounce. Open the rifle and gently tap
out the cartridge case and slug.

Here's the throat slug. In this case it showed me
that the chamber was cut for a cartridge case 2.115" long
rather than the 2.039" standard, and that there is no throat
to speak of, merely a bevel from the end of the case to the
rifling origin.

26

From Ken Mollohan:
Joe,
Pretty nice 'How Too' on slugging throats. I always did it slightly differently: Drop a
steel rod in the case, and mark it at the mouth, so's I could cut it off flush with the mouth of the
case. Drop a couple of buckshot in the throat, chamber the case (with rod) and pound them out
with a rod much like you described. Gets to the same place, but with a bit less trouble; but I like
yours because it gives you an OAL to the origin of the rifling.

HOW TO MAKE SULFUR BARREL AND CHAMBER CASTINGS
The easiest and most accurate method of making an impression to measure the throat
and/or the barrel is to slug the throat or barrel as described above.
Castings of the chamber are best made with sulfur or C Ce er rr ro os sa af fe e.
An alternative to slugging the barrel is to make sulfur castings of the breech and muzzle
ends of the barrel. It is easy to make a casting of the chamber while making a casting of the
barrel. I hadn't made a sulfur chamber cast for a few years, so to check my memory I went
through the process.
I ordered 12 ounces of "Sublimated Sulfur" from the pharmacy, for $6.83, in 2003. It was
delivered the next day.
It took three tries to make an acceptable casting, partly because the gun I chose is a
Martini with limited space to work in. Eventually I had a casting of the chamber and about 1" of
the bore that was free of voids.
Sulfur castings are about .002" smaller in diameter than the lead impact slugs of the bore
or chamber, in the diameter range of .3"-.4".
It was suggested that I try adding one part powdered graphite to two parts sulfur to
stabilize the casting. I did and made another casting . With the graphite added the sulfur casting
is about .001" smaller in diameter than the lead impact slug.
The lead impact slug has the largest dimensions of any cast or slug I've made of a
particular gun, and I suspect that it gives the most accurate dimensions of the throat-bore.
Here's how to make a sulfur casting:
Sulfur will not melt in a double boiler; a higher heat is needed. A tin can or an aluminum
measuring cup over a low heat, watched carefully, works fine.
Oil the barrel very lightly, and then plug it with a tight cleaning patch where the casting is
to end. A casting with one inch of barrel is about right.
For a muzzle end casting, put masking tape around the end of and beyond the end of the
barrel. Make a sort of open-ended funnel with the tape at the end of the barrel, which will hold
some sulfur and keep it from spilling. Stand the rifle muzzle up. Warm the sulfur over a very low
heat. It doesn't take much heat, if you cough, the sulfur's too hot!! Warm the end of the barrel
slightly with a Bernz-O-Matic torch until it is hot to the touch. Not too hot! Make sure that the
bore is plugged! (I forgot on my second attempt.) Pour the melted sulfur into the funnel. Wait
until the barrel is cool and sulfur is hard-this may take half an hour-and then knock the casting
out of the barrel carefully from the breech end with the brass screw in the cleaning rod. (See the
Appendix about the brass screws in the cleaning rod.) Measure the bore and groove diameters,
and write them down.

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Making A Chamber And Barrel Casting
Remove the bolt or breech block and extractor from the rifle, use masking tape and/or
modeling clay to block up where an over-enthusiastic pouring of sulfur would drool out, and
proceed as explained above. Use a funnel, or make a funnel from a manila file folder, if needed.
When the barrel is cool and the sulfur is hard, drive out the casting with the brass screw in the
cleaning rod. Make a sketch of the chamber with all dimensions and measure the bore and
groove of the barrel. Write it down.
Alternative casting materials such as "CerroSafe" (a low temperature melting point metal
alloy) are available from Brownells. Some shooters have reported that Cerrosafe castings change
dimension in time, making the castings inaccurate. I have never used this material, so you're on
your own.

HOW TO MAKE CERROSAFE BARREL AND CHAMBER CASTINGS
David Kaiser
(The easiest and most accurate method of making an impression to measure the throat and/or the
barrel is to slug the throat or barrel as described above. Castings of the chamber are best made
with sulfur or cerrosafe. joe b.)
Cerrosafe is pretty easy to use, if a little care is taken with it.
First step is to clean the chamber and bore, dry patching when done. Take a dry patch and
cut it to size so that it can be folded in half and rolled into a bore-fitting cylinder. Shove the
patch into the bore from the muzzle, with the folded edge going in first. Use your cleaning rod to
run it to within 1/2" of the chamber's throat, so that you can get a cast of the bore at the breech.
Next, strip the barreled action from the stock and clamp the action upright in a padded
bench vise, so that you have access to the chamber.
I've never needed to warm up the barrel, but if you do, don't go over 100 Fahrenheit.
Take a clean round can, I use a tuna can, and bend a pouring spout on one side. I like to have the
spout extend about 5/16" from the can body. Put in your Cerrosafe, and clamp a small Vise Grip
pliers on the side of the can, 90 degrees from the pouring spout. Using an electric heat gun, heat
the can from the bottom until the Cerrosafe is just molten. Quickly pour the casting metal into
the chamber, stopping when it's just past level with the chamber mouth. When you see it
solidify--just like the sprue when casting bullets--wait one minute.
Using a cleaning rod with a jag, push the casting onto a couple of shop towels. If you
wait too long, you'll have to heat the barrel and melt it out! Two hours after the casting has
cooled to room temperature, you can get an honest measurement. Cerrosafe shrinks on initial
cooling, then expands as it ages.

David Kaiser
Montezuma, IA

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2.2 BULLET DESIGN AND FIT

How To Scale Bullets Up Or Down
Sometimes we wish to scale a bullet design up or down, to design-for example-a 25 caliber bullet
that is a "scale model" of a certain 30 caliber bullet.
The Ballistic Coefficient (BC) of a bullet is a measure of how efficiently that bullet goes
through the air; of how little velocity is lost as the bullet travels down range.
If two bullets are fired at the same muzzle velocity, and if one has a higher retained velocity at
(say) 200 yards, then the bullet with the higher retained velocity has a higher BC.
Bullets with the same BC, fired at the same velocity, follow the same path from muzzle to target.
So, for instance, if we fire 22 caliber and 45 caliber bullets with the same BC and muzzle
velocity, in the same conditions; then the trajectories of the bullets will be the same, and they
will both be affected by the wind to the same extent. The higher the BC, the less the bullet is
displaced by the wind and the less it drops at any range, for a given muzzle velocity.
So if -back to our example-we want a 25 caliber bullet that is a "scale model" of a certain
30 caliber bullet, what we really want is a 25 caliber bullet that has the same BC as that certain
30 caliber bullet.
There are two ways to design this new bullet, the easy way and the hard way. (Keep in
mind the fact that we're using approximations, and that the new bullet will have
APPROXIMATELY the same BC as the original bullet.)
Dimensions of the new bullet should be determined by the dimensions of the barrel that
the bullet is to be shot in.
The Easy Way
Draw the original bullet, with dimensions. Lets say the 30-caliber bullet is a bore-rider,
with nose of .302", base bands of .311", and length of 1.1".
Then copy the drawing and change the diameters to those desired. Then the 25-caliber bullet
drawing might have a nose of .251" and base bands of .259"
Make the new bullet as long as the original bullet. The 25-caliber bullet would then have
a length of 1.1", the same as the 30-caliber bullet. Elongate the new bullet design by making
either the base bands or the nose or some combination longer.

N.B. We're designing a bullet with the same BC as the original. In our example, we've ended up
with a 25-caliber bullet 1.1" long. This may or may not stabilize in a particular rifle, depending
on the twist. For a 25-caliber rifle, the Greenhill formula tells us that a twist of one turn in nine
inches, or faster, will stabilize a bullet 1.1" long, and the 25-caliber bullet will weigh 144.5
grains. (calculations below)

This "Easy Way" is based on the notion that bullets of the same design and length have
approximately the same BC. A 1" long 45-caliber bullet has the same BC as a 1" long 30 caliber
bullet-approximately.

The Hard Way
1. Draw the original bullet, with dimensions. Lets say the 30-caliber bullet is a bore-rider,
with nose of .302", base bands of .311", and length of 1.1".
2. Re-dimension the drawing proportionately. The 25-caliber bullet would then have a
nose of .251", base bands of .259", and a length of .909". The .909" is the scale model length-the

29
ratio of bullet diameters is .257/. 311, multiply this by the 30-caliber length of 1.1", and get
.909".
You now have a 25-caliber bullet design that is a "homologue" of the 30-caliber bullet
design.
BUT, while the 25-caliber bullet is a model of the 30-caliber bullet, it does NOT have the
same BC.
3. Lengthen the 25-caliber bullet such that it has a Sectional Density equal to the 30-
caliber bullet. What we're doing here is figuring out how much the new bullet must be
lengthened to make the SD and BC equal the 30 caliber bullet- how long the new bullet must be.
How to do that is explained in excruciating detail below.

Ballistic Coefficient is related to Sectional Density (SD). Bullets with the same form or shape
and the same SD have the same BC.
SD = Weight/Diameter Squared, where the weight is in pounds and diameter is in inches. Then
SD is measured in pounds per square inch.

The 30-caliber bullet weighs 208 grains in wheelweights.
The SD of the 30-caliber bullet is calculated thus:
Weight in pounds is 208 grains/7000 grains per pound = .029714 pounds.
Diameter squared is .311" squared = .096721 square inches
Weight/Diameter Squared= SD = .029714/. 096271 = .307216 pounds per square inch.

How much does the 25-caliber homologue weigh?
A .308 diameter cylinder 1" long, made of wheelweights, weighs 210 grains. (I use the .308"
cylinder dimension and weight for convenience, as an approximation of the bullet diameter
average. Remember-this is an approximation.)
Then a .308" diameter cylinder 1.1" long, made of wheelweights, weighs 1.1 X 210 = 231 grains.
The 30-caliber bullet weighs 208/231 = 90% as much as a wheelweight cylinder as long as the
bullet.
It seems reasonable to assume that the same ratio, 90%, holds for the 25-caliber bullet.
A .257" diameter, 1" long wheelweight cylinder weighs 146 grains. Then a .909" long
.257 diameter cylinder weighs .909 X 146 = 132.7 grains, and the bullet would weigh 90% of
that, or 119.4 grains.

How much should the 25-caliber bullet weigh, for the SD's of each to be equal?
SD = Weight/Diameter Squared
SD of 30 caliber bullet = .307216
Diameter of 25 caliber bullet = .257"
Diameter squared of 25 caliber bullet = .066049" sqrd.
SD = .307216 = Weight of 25 cal bullet/. 066049" sqrd.
Weight of 25 cal bullet = .307216 X .066409 = .020291 pounds, X 7000 = 142 grains

How much weight must be added to the homologue bullet?
Should weigh = 142, minus Does weigh, 119.4 = 22.6 grains must be added.
How much length must be added to the homologue?

30
A .257" diameter, 1" long wheelweight cylinder weighs 146 grains.
A 22.6 grain .257" diameter cylinder is 22.6/146 = .155" long.
Then the homologue 25-caliber bullet .909" long must be lengthened .155" to a total length of
1.064" for the 25-caliber bullet to have the same SD and BC as the 30-caliber bullet.
Compare The Easy Way and The Hard Way
Easy way-length = 1.1", weight = 144.5 grains.
Hard way-length = 1.064, weight = 146 grains.
Here's a table of weights of lead alloy cylinders 1" long, various diameters and alloys. Do I have
a lot of time on my hands?
Lead/Alloy>>>> Lead 5sn/95pb 10sn/90pb Wweights Linotype
Lyman
#2 Monotype
Specific gravity>>> 11.34 11.00 10.50 11.14 10.63 10.63 10.10

Cylinder
Volume Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight
Caliber cubic " Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains
0.224 0.039 113 110 105 111 106 106 101
0.244 0.047 134 130 124 132 126 126 120
0.257 0.052 149 144 138 146 140 140 133
0.264 0.055 157 152 146 154 147 147 140
0.277 0.060 173 168 160 170 162 162 154
0.284 0.063 182 176 168 179 170 170 162
0.308 0.075 214 208 198 210 201 201 191
0.311 0.076 218 212 202 214 204 204 194
0.323 0.082 235 228 218 231 221 221 210
0.338 0.090 258 250 239 253 241 241 229
0.357 0.100 287 279 266 282 269 269 256
0.375 0.110 317 308 294 312 297 297 282
0.410 0.132 379 368 351 372 355 355 338
0.429 0.145 415 403 384 408 389 389 370
0.457 0.164 471 457 436 463 441 441 419

Note that if the new bullet is SMALLER in diameter than the original bullet, then we must ADD
a cylindrical section of the new bullet to make sectional densities and BC's equal; and that if the
new bullet is BIGGER than the original bullet, then we must REMOVE a cylindrical section of
the new bullet to make the sectional densities and BC's equal.
Note that the EFFECT of a change in BC is not proportional to that change. The BC determines,
for any given muzzle velocity, how much the bullet will drop, and how much the
bullet will be affected by the wind, at any range. For example:
Muzzle Velocity = 1500 fps// G1 ballistic table//Deflection from 10 mph wind
BC >> .400 .350
200 Yd Drop >> 35.5" 36.2"
200 Yd. Deflection >> 7.5" 8.6"
1000 Yd. Drop >> 1371.8" 1449.0"
1000 Yd. Deflection >> 164.4" 182.5"

31

A decrease of BC from .400 to .350 will increase the drop and wind deflection of the
bullet. BUT, not proportionately; since reducing BC from .400 to .350 is a reduction of 12.5%,
and: 200 Yd Drop increases 2%
200 Yd. Deflection increases 15%
1000 Yd. Drop increases 6%
1000 Yd. Deflection increases 11%
The point is that small changes in the BC yield some smaller changes in bullet behavior, and
time spent on assuring that the newly designed bullet has the identical BC as the original bullet is
better spent in other pursuits-perhaps developing a bullet lube recipe containing yak butter.
Note also that some of the above work is based on an article written by me for the ASSRA News
in the distant past, and that I learned most of the hard stuff (that homologue business) from
articles written by others in The Fouling Shot including W. C. Davis. The only things original
with me are the observation that BC is approximately constant, for similar-shaped bullets of the
same length, regardless of caliber; and that fascinating table of weights of cylinders of different
alloys.

BALLISTIC COEFFICIENTS (BC)
The BC of a bullet is a measure of how efficiently that bullet goes through the air; of how
much velocity is lost as the bullet travels down range.
BC's are measured in decimals such as, 269 or .361. The higher the number, the higher the BC,
the less the effect of wind on the bullet and the higher the retained velocity of the bullet.
The BC of a bullet varies with muzzle velocity, air density, wobble or yaw, and the time of high
tide. I believe that three digits to the right of the decimal is one too many, and that BC should
more properly and accurately be recorded as .27 or .36. The path of the bullet does not vary
proportionately with variations in BC. If two bullets are fired at the same muzzle velocity, and if
one has a higher retained velocity at (say) 200 yards, then the bullet with the higher retained
velocity has a higher BC.
Bullets with the same BC, fired at the same muzzle velocity, follow the same path from
muzzle to target. So, for instance, if we fire 22 caliber and 45 caliber bullets with the same BC
and muzzle velocity, in the same conditions; then the trajectories of the bullets will be the same,
and they will both be affected by the wind to the same extent. The higher the BC, the less the
bullet is displaced by the wind, at any given muzzle velocity.
The BC of a bullet is a function of the form (shape) of the bullet, and of its sectional
density (SD). Sectional Density is Weight/Caliber Squared, units are pounds per square inch.
Bullets with the same form and the same SD have the same BC.
The effect of form on BC can be thought of as having three parts. The form component is
determined by the form of the nose, the form of the base, and the form and length of the side.
The form of the nose and the base are very important determinants of BC, but the form and
length of the side is not an important determinant of BC.
About wind drift and velocity.
BC, bullet velocity and wind speed determine how much a bullet is deflected by the
wind on the way to the target.
BC and bullet velocity don't matter when you're shooting in the calm, with no wind. I
prefer shooting when there's no wind, although the wind, especially a gusting wind, is a
wonderful excuse.

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Here's a table showing the wind deflection (wind drift) of bullets with BCs varying from
.2 to .6, and velocities from 800 fps to 2800 fps. Range is 200 yards, the wind is coming straight
across the range, 90 degrees from the line of flight of the bullet.
This table was constructed using a ballistic program named "Balistic" by a fellow named
"Frenchu". I've had the program for years, and used it to estimate long range sight settings before
shooting at those long ranges, and its never let me down.

33

Here's the same data as a graph.

Here's a table showing the wind deflection (wind drift) of bullets with BCs varying from .2 to .6,
and velocities from 800 fps to 2800 fps. Range is 1000 yards, the wind is coming straight across
the range, 90 degrees from the line of flight of the bullet.
This table was constructed using the ballistic program named "Balistic" by "Frenchu".

34

Here's the same data as a graph:

Here's a table showing the bullet drop of bullets with BCs varying from .2 to .6, and velocities
from 800 fps to 2800 fps. Range is 1000 yards.

35
This table was constructed using a ballistic program named "Balistic" by a fellow named
"Frenchu".

Here's the same data as a graph:

36

I just have to study these tables and graphs for a while before I see what's going on.
Bullets have LESS wind drift at 1100 fps than at higher velocities. As velocity is increased, wind
drift increases. Then as velocity goes above 1300-1500 F/s, wind drift again decreases. This is
counter-intuitive, but it is true. Unfortunately, wind drift is highest at 1300 fps to 1500 fps, the
middle of the low speed cast bullet velocities.
We can reduce wind drift by either increasing or decreasing muzzle velocity or by
increasing the BC of the bullet. The most feasible options seem to be either reducing muzzle
velocity or increasing the BC of the bullet or both.
The easiest and cheapest option is to reduce the velocity of the bullet by reducing the
powder charge. Reducing the powder charge sometimes/often increases variation in MV because
the powder takes up less of the space in the case, and reduces accuracy.
One way to reduce MV variation in light charges is to use a wad to hold the powder in
place against the primer. See "ON WADS AND FILLERS" for a discussion of the possible risks
of using wads.
Bullet drop, with BC above ~.3, isn't sensitive to BC.
A rule of thumb that I've developed is: Bullets of the same length and same shape have about the
same BC, regardless of caliber". A 1" long 22-caliber bullet has about the same BC as a 1" long
30-caliber bullet.
Another rule I've developed is: "Don't worry about BC". It's nice to know about, and some of the
more/most advanced cast bullet shooters take it into consideration, but for the majority of us it
shouldn't be a concern.

Thoughts on Throats, Leades, Ball Seats and Bullet fit
Ric Bowman
A lead alloy bullet has a hard life. It is not strong nor does it have a hard copper jacket. It gets
mushed by a heavy gas check or a wall of high temperature gas in the butt. It has a hard steel
wall that confines it and a column of air holding it back. Then the lands grab it and make it twist
around its center of form. No, an alloy bullet doesnt have an easy life.
The ideal position for the bullet is this: the nose is snugly resting on the top of the lands and the
front driving band is snug against the leade with its circumference is exactly the same as the
diameter of the throat. The rest of the bullet is contained in the neck of the case that is perfectly
centered in the perfectly centered chamber. The case mouth touches the front of the chamber so
that a smooth surface exists from the base of the bullet through the throat, leade and bore. There
is no gap between the front of the case mouth and the throat, there is no gravity, ejector or
extractor tension to keep the resized case from laying perfectly concentric to the bore center line.
Yeah, when pigs fly and Im a young man again!
Terms as I use them, whether they are technically correct or not:
Chamber - The interior portion of the barrel that surrounds the brass case.
Throat The parallel section of the bore in front of the chamber before the lands of the rifling
begins.
Leade The section of the bore in which the lands of the rifling rise up from the throat into the
rifled bore proper.
Ball seat A type of throat/leade combination that is made with a one- or two-angle cut from the
front of the chamber to the bore proper.

37
Illustration #1 is the profile of a good
cast bullet chamber; it is not to scale
but shows the principles required.
The fired case neck has expanded to
just release the bullet with no excess
room for the bullet to move. The
front of the neck approaches the
ledge cut into the barrel for the neck.
The throat is long, parallel, and only
slightly larger than the groove
diameter. The leade is long and of
shallow angle to allow the bullet
body to smoothly enter the bore.
This chamber would shoot long
heavy-for-caliber bullets well.

Illustration #2 is of two common
types of ball seat chambers; again
not to scale. A. is the best possible
one, with the fired case neck just
slightly larger than the groove
diameter. B. is most commonly
encountered with the fired case neck
diameter much larger than the
groove diameter. The major
difficulty with this design is that the
soft cast bullet is not contained by
either the case neck or the chamber.
This leads to uncontrolled
obturation, bullet tipping, gas cutting
and driving band shaving. While it
works OK with jacketed bullets, you
must use a very hard alloy to have consistent performance. With anything softer than lin-o-type
cast bullets accuracy is usually poor.
There have been many attempts to design bullets that minimize the reality of factory-produced
rifles. Also there are reloading techniques that minimize bullet/ barrel interface errors.
Harry Pope designed a bullet for fixed cartridges that had a nose that rode on top of the lands,
two driving bands of increasing size to fill most throats and a base band that is a tight slip fit into
a fired case neck. In theory, the bullet and case are centered. With alloy and powder charge /
pressure curve matched, the bullet obturates to completely fill the barrel and provides
consistency. It works but it has low velocity potential, requires much experimenting, and load
changes for varying temperatures and bore conditions to shoot well. (This bullet is the Pope
Lyman 308403 or 311403, which I have found to be very easy to load accurately with small
charges of Unique..)
In the early 1900s, Ideal produced several designs for their new invention, gas checks,
which are still working well. The classic is 311284 (308284) a gas check design for the 30 US

38
Army. About 40% of the bullet is a bore-riding nose with two wide driving bands and a short
gas check shank. The theory is that the long nose centers the front of the bullet with the bore,
and if the bullet is sized correctly, the first band centers and fills the throat. Because the bullet is
centered in the bore, it holds the resized case centered in the chamber.
Bob Cramer (who sold out to SAECO) designed the bore riding bullet with 60% or more, of
the bullet inside the bore, sitting on top of the lands. It works well with short case necks, ball seat
chambers or when you want shallow seating. The bullet picks up, centers the partial resized
case, and places the front driving band against the lands of the barrel.
The bullet designs by H. Guy Loverin take a different tack. They have almost no nose with
multiple narrow driving bands. The bullet is seated into a tight case neck and adjusted for a
critical seating depth. Properly done, the first driving band is forced into the leade engraving the
lands into the bullet. The driving bands must be close to throat diameter. The multiple lube
grooves act as a pneumatic piston that uses gas turbulence over these grooves to help seal the
throat. This design can be very effective as long as combustion gas pressure is not too high or
alloy strength too low, leading to lube groove collapse. Many feel that this is the best bullet
design for 2000+ f/s reloads with good accuracy.
Swaging bullets to fit the throat has become fairly popular in the last 25 years. Usually it works
like this. A reamer of known dimensions is used to cut the throat to a known configuration. The
same reamer is also used to cut a swage of the same dimensions. The bullet of choice is forced
into the swage to shape it to the exact contour as the barrel throat. The bullet is seated long into a
loose case neck. As the cartridge is chambered, the bullet stops in the barrel and the neck of the
case slides up the sides of the bullet. This gives exceptionally consistent bullet placement in the
barrel.
Joe Gifford has developed a method called float seating that was made for the long throats of
military rifles using wheel weights for alloy. While it is certainly effective there are some
requirements: smooth bore surface, heavy-for-caliber bullet, an as cast diameter bullet nose that
is a snug fit on top of the lands and a fast powder. This is how he does it for an 1891 Argentine
Mauser with Lyman 311284. The case is sized only down pass the area of the neck where the gas
check will end up, and then the neck is opened with a 0.311 Lyman M die. The bullet is sized
in a 0.314 die, which only crimps the gas check onto the shank and leaves the bullet un-sized.
The bullet is seated so that the entire nose is in the bore and the front driving band is hard against
the leade. This leaves the top edge of the gas check touching the inside of the case neck, but none
of the bullet does. This allows the bullet to self-center into the bore. He uses 12.0 grains of
Unique for a fast pressure rise to insure full obturation of the body into the throat. In theory, this
gives excellent bullet alignment in the bore and the hard fit insures good powder ignition. The
disadvanges are that rounds are too long to feed from the magazine, the bullet is not secure in the
case and a loaded round cannot be extracted without leaving the bullet in the barrel. However,
with this technique you can stack your shots one on top of the other for fine group shooting.
The type and dimensions of the throating also determines what type of alloy you need to use for
your bullets. The closer the bullet fits the throat, the softer (read cheaper) alloy you can use
within reason. Ball seats do not support the bullet well and require harder alloys compared to a
snug parallel throat. Magazine length may limit how long you can seat the bullet. You cannot
always seat the bullet long to fill the throat and leade to help control gas cutting. In addition, you
cannot always depend upon obturation to seal the bore. Bullet choice should match the throat and
seal as well as possible to prevent gas cutting. If the bullet doesnt fit the throat well, you can try

39
a slower burning powder, like IMR 4198 and slower, to delay peak pressure until the bullet is
partially in the bore.
Without slugging your throat, you are doomed to trying different moulds and loading techniques
until you hit upon something by luck. A carefully made slug and use of a good micrometer will
let you eliminate moulds that just do not cast bullets the size you need.

This is a picture of a drawing made to SAMMI specifications for the 30/30 chamber. If you look
where the end of the case would be, you will see a steeply sloping cut of 15 degrees all the way
into the bore. This is what I call a ball seat.

This is a picture of a drawing made to SAMMI specifications for the 30/06 chamber. If you look
where the end of the case would be, you will see a steeply sloping cut of 35 degrees and 43
minutes. This only reduces the throat to .3106 inches, just over bullet size. Then there is the

40
throat, reducing down at 1 degree and 22 minutes to bore size. This is what I call a throated
chamber.

Fitting a Cast Bullet to the Chamber of a Firearm
Bill McGraw, Ric Bowman, Ken Mollohan
Recent RCBS, Lee, SAECO and Lyman moulds cast bullets that fit many/most guns well;
Lyman moulds of older manufacture usually cast much larger than newer molds. There are other
moulds made by NEI and many other custom mould makers, and there are many used moulds for
sale at gun shows and other outlets. In most cases you can buy a mold that casts a bullet that
shoots well in your gun.
Read a good loading manual before loading any ammunition. Follow directions, double check
powder type and charges, and look into the cases to insure the powder level is correct before
seating the bullet.
Revolver bullets must fit the cylinder throats, must be throat diameter (exact throat diameter or -
.0005" inches minimum). If the bullet is much smaller than the cylinder throat, then there will be
gas blow-by, leading, and accuracy will be destroyed.
If the forcing cone is slightly larger than the cylinder throats and tapers to the groove diameter,
all is well.
If the barrel groove diameter is smaller than the cylinder throats, all is well.
But, if the groove diameter is larger than the cylinder throat diameter, problems will ensue. The
only option is to have the cylinder throats reamed to bore diameter.
Rifle bullets must fit the throat, must be no more than half-a-thousandth of an inch smaller than
the throat. The throat ( or "leade" or "ball seat") is the section of the chamber from the end of the
case to the rifling. The point is that the bullet must make a seal to keep the gas from blowing by
and depositing lead on the bore.
Fitting cast bullets is about dimensions of chambers, throats and of bullets and bullet moulds. If
the bullet is "too small", upon firing the gas will blow by the bullet, gas cutting the bullet and
leading the barrel. The intent is to fit the bullets so that gas-cutting and leading is minimized, so
that the gun shoots accurately, and so that SAFETY is maintained.
These dimensions are needed to fit a bullet:
For Revolvers:
a. cylinder throat diameter
b. barrel bore and groove diameters at the muzzle and end where the barrel screws into the frame
For rifles:
a. throat dimensions
b. barrel bore and groove diameters at the breech end and the muzzle end to see if there is any
taper to the bore.
c. for rifles with a screwed-on or pressed-on sight or sling mount, bore and groove dimensions
should be measured under the mount also
Instructions for measuring these dimensions are included in this book.
Additional considerations:
1. A larger bullet is better than a too-small bullet. The smaller bullet may not shoot without gas-
cutting and eventual bore fouling.
2. Lever action rifles with tube magazines require flat-nosed bullets that are crimped in place.
Pointed bullets MAY fire the next cartridge in line by hitting the primer.

41
3. Bolt action rifles may allow a tighter fit in the throat so as to allow the bullet to seat in the axis
of the bore yet not so tight that the bullet will lodge or debullet if the loaded round needs to be
extracted. Except sometimes bolt guns are more accurate when the bullet is seated way out, and
the cartridge can't be removed from the gun without de-bulleting. Every shooter should and will
pull the bullet out of the cartridge when removing a cartridge from the gun. The powder falls out
of the case and immediately goes everywhere in the action. Now the gun has to be disassembled
and cleaned, and the bullet has to be knocked out of the bore. This de-bulleting is especially
interesting if it occurs during a hunt or a match.
4. In all firearms, some leeway in fitting must be considered if many rounds are to be fired in
match competition when fouling buildup is expected and cleaning is not done until such
competition is finished.
5. Loaded rounds should fit in a auto-load pistol and lever, slide or auto-load rifles magazine, if
you load cartridges in the magazine. I never load rifle cartridges in the magazine, I shoot all
rifles one cartridge at a time. At the Old Colony Sportsman's Association in Pembroke MA. this
is the rule, single loading always unless under a special dispensation (M1s, M1As, AR15s etc.).
6. Cartridges should chamber without having the bullet seated too deeply in the cartridge case. In
the case of bottle-necked cartridge cases, the bullet base should be seated no deeper than the
bottom of the neck if at all possible.
7. For bore-riding bullets, the bullet base should be of groove diameter and the bullet nose of
bore diameter plus 0.001"-0.003.
8. Lower velocity loads work well with the larger diameter bullets; higher velocity loads seem to
work best with the smaller diameter increase .
9. There is much difference in chamber and throat dimensions from one gun to another.
There is one situation where the general rules do not work well. Some chamber necks are too
small to seat a cast bullet of proper diameter for the neck, throat and bore and groove
dimensions.
One example is the Browning copy of the Winchester Lever Action rifle in 348 Winchester.
John Rhodes has reported on his rifles inability to shoot with CBs. The chamber is made for
jacketed bullets of much smaller diameters than needed for CB use.
Other examples include the 38 and 41 Colt, and some transitional rifles such as the Springfield
Trap Door, Werndl and Snider.
In these cases there are several alternatives to fix the problem.
1. Open the throat with a throating reamer.(This should be the LAST choice.)
2. Breech seat the bullet in front of the case in rifles.
3. Turn case necks or make step-necked cases to allow larger bullets to be used.
4. Use a "Heel" or "hollow based" smaller-diameter bullet. Below are examples of pistol bullets,
the information applies to rifle bullets as
well.
The 359417 is a conventional design
bullet. Sometimes this bullet style, loaded
in the case, makes a cartridge that is too
big in diameter for the chamber. The
386177 is a "heel" style bullet Where the
"196 gr" is printed is smaller in diameter
than further forward, allowing the bullet
to be seated in the case and the cartridge

42
to fit the chamber. The 387178 is a hollow based bullet that, when seated in the case, allows the
cartridge to fit in the gun. Upon firing, the hollow base expands, sealing the bore and stopping
blow-by and leading.
5. Use a smaller bullet of soft alloy that makes a cartridge that fits in the chamber. With a fast
smokeless powder or black powder the bullet may expand enough on firing to seal the bore.
6. Military and worn barrel throats present a condition where bullet diameters are needed that are
not available in standard moulds. Many factory sporter rifles have such large throats. In this case
there are two ways to remedy this:
Have a custom mould made or modify a current mould to fit such a throat, or
Fit the bullet as recommended and use a wad under the bullet that will seal the throat when the
round is fired. Such wads are made from paper, card and plastics and are cut with an arch punch.
with a wad cutter using a drill press, or when a few wads are needed, cut with a cartridge case
neck fitted and outside deburred to a knife edge so that cutting is consistent.
Wads can be cut by using a mallet tapped on the cartridge cutter on the wad material backed by a
soft backer of wood, leather, or a soft plastic so as not to bend the wad cutter; chucking the
cartridge wad cutter in a drill press is a good option.
If using the Lee Collet die to size cartridge necks for loading cast bullets, the same die can be
used to adjust the cartridge case to cut different diameter wads until the diameter is suitable for
the load and chamber throat. Such wads must be at least the diameter of the throat or slightly
larger and should fit the cartridge neck under the bullet with no airspace between the wad and
bullet and the wad must be seated in the case neck in such a way it cannot fall into the powder
space of the cartridge.
In no case should a loaded cartridge neck be larger than the chamber neck; the cartridge may not
chamber and even if chambered, dangerous pressure could result. There should be enough
clearance to allow the neck to expand on firing. Tight-chambered rifles built for and used by
experienced cast bullet reloaders may have very little neck clearance. For the rest of us, the
loaded cartridge neck should be a minimum of .002" smaller than the chamber. It is thought that
greater neck clearance diminishes accuracy, so a maximum of .006" clearance should be the
goal.
Bullets can be sized down in size/lube dies to fit the groove dimensions. Nose diameters cannot
be reduced without custom dies. A rather simple die is available from Don Eagan; such dies are
made to reduce nose diameters and are also made to taper the entire bullet to fit a tapered throat.
Don advertises in The Fouling Shot and can make a die to suit a particular throat. These dies are
used in place of the regular size/lube dies in RCBS and Lyman lube/sizers; once all the bullets
are modified, the die is removed and the regular die is replaced for seating gas checks and lubing
the bullets.

An aside on restricted bores.
Some revolver barrels are squashed where the barrel is screwed into the frame.
Some rifle barrels are squashed where a sight base or sling swivel base is swaged onto the barrel.
It has been reported that some Ruger barrels with swaged-on sling swivel bases are squashed.
When the barrel is squashed the bore and groove are squozen smaller, as much as .004"-'005"
has been reported. This constriction in the barrel of rifle or revolver may/will substantially
reduce accuracy, may be found and measured by slugging the barrel, and may be removed by
lapping or fire-lapping the barrel.

43
"joe b, My Ruger #1 in 45-70 has a definite restriction where the bbl band sling swivel assembly
has been installed. This can easily be felt with a tight patch on a cleaning rod. Why Ruger chose
that method (swaging?) is beyond me. Possibly cheaper installation than either soft or hard
soldering." Frank at Cast Boolits

It has also been reported that these sight bases and swivel bases are soldered on, and scale is
what causes the tightness in the barrel.

"Any model Ruger that has the front sight band can have a constriction but doesn't necessarily
have to. And even if it doesn't have a constriction they could have heated the steel so badly that it
becomes scaled. I had that on a 77-44."
John Robinson

"You would think Ruger would break the code on how to solder ramps, bands and such. I have
had to send three back for new barrels as you can't remove that heat scale stuff. The last was an
NIB Old Army with scale where they soldered on the front sight and another small patch where
they attached the loading lever stud to the barrel. They have always replaced the barrels with no
fuss, but this must get costly for them."
Chargar at Cast Boolits

How to use the measured bore, groove, and throat diameters to select a cast bullet that is likely to
do well in your gun:
Ken Mollohan
Generally speaking, cast bullets suffer from relative softness and low melting points.
These form serious obstacles to obtaining good results from all but the lightest loads. The more
protection you can provide from the gunpowder flames, the better your chances of good results.
The tighter the fit of the bullet in the bore, the more support it will get, and the less likely it will
be to collapse and shoot wildly.
To this end, it is the usual practice to select an Ideal bullet design with a nose that is at
least a tight push fit in the bore. For example, a nose with a diameter of 0.301 to 0.305
generally works well in bores with lands that measure 0.300, like the 30-06. Well worn barrels
may even use nose diameters up to 0.312. The deciding factor is whether the throat and leade
are worn enough to allow the round to chamber with reasonable ease. Pistol bullets generally
dont have much of a bore riding nose, but can be considered much like Loverin bullets. Loverin
bullet designs do not have a bore riding nose, and their diameter should be determined as for the
throat, below. Revolver bullets should be sized to the largest diameter throat in the cylinder.
It was once the practice to select a sizing diameter equal to the groove diameter of the
bore, and this is still recommended in print today. This was the original inspiration for slugging
a barrel in the first place: To determine the sizing diameter. However, sizing a bullet body to
groove diameter means it will be substantially undersized as it lies in the neck and throat of the
rifle. Undersized bullets are not well aligned with the bore, and they allow a lot of flame to jet
around their sides, which leads to leading and other problems. Today, the practice of sizing
bullet bodies to fit the throat of the chamber is well recognized as much better. It provides much
less flame leakage, and much better alignment of the bullet, as well as better support.
Some folks (including me) have had good success without bothering to slug bores by the
simple expedient of trying to press the nose of a cast bullet into the muzzle of a rifle by hand. If

44
it drops in of its own weight, it is too small for best results, no matter what diameter you may
size the body. If it doesnt drop in, but can be pushed in with finger pressure, its much better,
but may still be too small for the very best results. If the nose cant be pushed into the muzzle,
the bullet will give you a good chance of really good results. Then size the bullet body as large
as possible without causing chambering problems. It may not be sophisticated, but its still very
practical.
Ken Mollohan

But............
The orthodox doctrine states that we MUST fit the bullet to the chamber, to the throat. FIT, the
doctrine screams, is the real deal. Now if everybody knows that it's true, then I feel pressed to
agree, and have taken measures to fit bullets to the throat/chamber of rifles since the mantra was
first chanted.
But now and then I think about the orthodox doctrine that ulcers were caused by stress, and the
brave M.D. who held out for the bacteria theory and got the flak.
And I think of the old journalism school joke:" If your mother says she loves you, check!"
Lyman has produced molds for the 308291/311291 and 31141/311041 bullets for a long time,
maybe a hundred years. In that time we've seen many 30 caliber molds come and go (remember
trying to get 311413s to shoot?), but these two bullet designs have staying power.
My 31141 mold has base bands of .312"/.313", a front band of ..303"/.304", and a nose of
maximum .300".
My M54 30/30 has no throat, the case neck dimension ends with a ?45 degree? angle getting
right to the rifling. I've worked with the M54 and various molds, 311299 and 314299 mostly,
beagling and sizing and fiddling. The 31141, sized .312", shoots as accurately as any bullet,
approaching 1" averages for five, 5-shot 100 yard groups.
My Martini 30/30 bench gun has a .310" cylindrical throat about .150" long. I've worked with the
same 311299 and 314299 molds, searching for accuracy. Without gas checks. Here's a throat-
fitting bore-riding opportunity at its best. This gun has shot well, winning matches in Single Shot
competition, shooting a few under .3" 100 yard groups.
I don't shoot many 31141s in this gun, but when I do, sized .312", they shoot almost as well as
any other bullet. (I think I need the long '299s for the wind.)
Both guns shoot 308403s, that just have nothing to do with the throats, very well but at low,
(7/Unique), velocities.
These 31141 experiences aren't aberrations, we know that because the 31141 (and 311291) stay
in the Lyman lineup-people are buying them.
I don't do much with the 311291, I have a mold with the GC shank milled off that shoots well,
but it's a short light bullet - that wind!
So am I starting a heresy? No, I don't want to be burned at the stake. I am suggesting that for
novices and even graybeards, bullets like the 31141 and 311291 will shoot accurately in most
any 30 caliber rifle without the shooter worrying about bullet fit and throats and chamber
dimensions.

45
2.3 TWIST
ABOUT TWIST
Rifles and pistols, and some shotguns, have "rifled" barrels. Spiral grooves are formed in
the bore of the barrel in order to stabilize the bullet. These grooves are called "rifling".
Stabilization causes the bullet to move point-forward through the air, without tumbling or
wobbling.
"Twist" is the rate at which the grooves rotate in the bore of the barrel; twist or turn as
they extend down the bore.. If these grooves turn one revolution in ten inches, the twist is said to
be "one turn in ten inches" or "ten inch twist". We say that a ten inch twist is "faster" than a
fourteen inch twist; that an eighteen inch twist is "slower" than a sixteen inch twist.
"Gain" twist starts slow at the breech end of the barrel and gradually gets faster until the
twist at the muzzle is as fast as required for the cartridge/bullet combination. The reasons given
for rifling a barrel with a gain twist are that the action of the lands on the bullet cause a tight seal
between the barrel and the bullet; and that the imparting of rotation to the bullet is easier or less
abrupt and stressful.
Muzzle loading target were sometimes rifled with a gain twist, as were single shot rifles
barreled by custom barrel makers, notably Harry M. Pope.
A gain twist barrel can be made only with cut rifling, button rifling and swaged rifling
methods cannot be used. Some single shot shooters claim that cut rifled barrels are most
accurate-other, excellent shooters shoot small groups and large scores with button rifled barrels.
A gain twist barrel cannot be lapped to smooth the interior finish, since the twist varies and no
lap fits. Some consider this a problem, Pope said that he did not lap his barrels.
No consensus has been reached in the last hundred and fifty years about gain twist;
excellent shooters take both sides of the argument.
The twist required to stabilize a bullet is primarily determined by the length and caliber
of the bullet. The underlying assumptions about twist are that the bullets are of lead, lead alloy,
or another material of similar density; and that the bullets are traveling through air.
Minor variables affecting the required rate of twist are muzzle velocity (faster bullets
allow a slightly slower minimum twist), bullet density (less dense bullets require a slightly faster
minimum twist) and air density (less dense air as is found at higher altitudes allows a slightly
slower twist).
The quality of the bullet and barrel are sometimes said to affect the minimum required
twist, better quality allowing slower twist.
George Greenhill was a mathematics lecturer at Emanuel College, Cambridge, England.
He developed a formula to estimate the required twist as a function of caliber and bullet length;
known as the "Greenhill Formula". (The Greenhill Formula is shown several times below.) It has
become common for shooters of a more mathematical bent to criticize, modify and propose
alternatives to the Greenhill Formula, and I suppose that for certain applications that is proper.
For the vast majority of applications, Greenhill works just fine.
"Required" twist for a given set of variables is the minimum twist required to stabilize the
bullet. For example, the Greenhill formula tells us that for a .308" diameter bullet 1.42" long, the
required twist is 10". This means that a 10" twist will stabilize that bullet, or any shorter bullet. It
means that any twist less than 10" will not stabilize that bullet, so a 12" twist barrel will not
stabilize the bullet.

46
Over stabilization
Let's take another Greenhill example: a .224" diameter bullet .84" long will be stabilized
by a barrel with a 9" twist. Many 22 caliber bullets are shorter than .84". How does this fast twist
affect them? Would a much shorter bullet be "over stabilized"? Some shooters say so. My
experience, mostly with 30 caliber rifles, is that nothing VERY bad happens when I shoot short
bullets in a 10" twist .308" barrel or a 9" twist .224" barrel. Perhaps the better shooters with
better equipment can see the difference; I haven't yet.
The standard method of calculating the minimum twist required is with the Greenhill
formula. There are other calculating methods, some included here.
There is an EXCEL workbook in the Appendix called "GREENHILL FORMULA
WORKBOOK" that has tables and a calculator for GREENHILL variables. With this workbook
you can insert any alternative to the Greenhill constant (150) and calculate the twist required for
a given caliber/bullet length; or calculate the maximum bullet length for a given caliber/twist.
There is another EXCEL workbook in the Appendix called "C. DELL'S TWIST
FORMULA WORKBOOK" that offers another method.
And see all below for other opinions and methods.

"Date: 12-8-2005
I think because lead bullets have such a long bearing surface from nose to base you can
use a 1-15 twist barrel to shoot 200 gr bullets up to 1.200 long at velocity of 1900 fps and
above. I only tested these bullets up to 200 Yds.
About 5 years ago I started testing the 6 PPC case opened up to 30 caliber using bullet
weights from 180 to 215 gr in a 1-14 twist barrel. I shot approximately 5,000 bullets in this test.
What I found was the accuracy was as good if not a little better than any other case I have
experimented with in the past. The only problem I found with this case is high pressure and case
life, which limited the velocity to around 2100 fps using a 215 gr bullet. Using a faster twist
barrel like a 1-11 would limit the velocity to around 2000 fps before case life and accuracy
suffered. I also would like to point out that using a faster twist than 1-15 in any case size in 30
caliber, limits the velocity and accuracy to about 30 fps slower for every 1 inch faster twist rate
For the last few years Mel Harris has done very well with this case using the MX4 bullet I
designed for Don Eagan.
I then used a 30 BR case with the shoulder set back so the case volume was the same as
the PPC. The results were as good as the 6 PPC case with no problems with case life.
Two years ago I was looking for something new to experiment with so I designed and
built a mould for a 31 cal 215 gr bullet. The dimensions were 308 on the nose and 316 at the
base. I used a 1-15 twist barrel and opened up a 30 BR case to accept the 31 caliber bullet. I
shot the 31 caliber bullet at the 2005 nationals. It won the 100 yd 5 shot group agg. I only shot
about 1000 bullets with this caliber and hope to test it more next summer.
My future experiment next summer is to use the new 6.8 mm Remington case opened up
to 30 and 31 caliber. The head diameter is about .020 smaller than the 6 PPC but is 1.680 long
compared to the 30 PPC case which is only 1.500 long. This may have better case life than the 6
PPC case due to the larger case volume. If this new book is not published by the end of next
summer I will send you my results."
John Ardito

47
In my shooting and limited rifle building I have acquired some understanding of stability
at long range but it isn't based on any research project as such.
I have done some paper shooting at long range specifically to check for bullet yaw on out
to 1000 yards and discussed the results with Doc Gunn who does real ballistic calculations and
knows a great deal more than I ever will about the subject.
This shooting and subsequent insights have resulted in my belief that Greenhill's constant
should be adjusted to reflect velocity in order to assure stability at long range. That is, the 150
constant should be used if your velocity is 1500 ft/sec. In the shooting I do the velocity is
commonly around 1300 - 1320 ft/sec so I use a constant of 132.
Since I shoot pretty much exclusively at long range and have found good, consistent
results by using this "adjusted" Greenhill I feel that it is a reliable way to calculate for twist
when building or buying a rifle that will be used for shooting a bullet of a given weight and
length over long range.
Another way of saying it is that you should consult the formula, as adjusted, for velocity
when considering something like a custom mold that pushes the length limit of the rifle you
intend to shoot it in.
For example I recently ordered a new Jones mold in 44. At 500 grains it is pretty long
and even in my 1:16 twist 44/63 Ballard I had to up my load to assure stability at my distance of
1000 yards. It worked out just fine.
Forrest Asmus

HOW TO MEASURE THE RATE OF TWIST OF A BARREL
The maximum length bullet that a barrel will stabilize is determined primarily by the rate
of twist of the barrel. Knowing the rate of twist of the barrel allows us to calculate how long a
bullet can be stabilized by that barrel. (See How to use the Greenhill formula)
The twist of a rifled barrel is measured in inches. A barrel with a 10" twist has grooves
that make one revolution in 10 inches; a bullet fired through that barrel rotates once every 10
inches of forward travel.
You'll need a pencil, a cleaning rod, a brush smaller than the bore, some cleaning patches,
a roll of masking tape, and a yardstick or tape measure.
Get the rifle stable, put it in a vice or on sand bags or somehow get it stable.
A tightly patched cleaning rod will be rotated by the rifling as it is pushed through the
barrel. If you measure how many inches the cleaning rod moves forward as it turns one
revolution, you know the rate of twist of the rifling.
Put the brush on the cleaning rod; .22 caliber brushes work from .30 to .38 caliber and .30
caliber brushes work for .40 to .45 caliber. Put one or more patches on the brush so the patched
brush is a tight fit in the rifle bore. You want the cleaning rod to rotate with the rifling, and you
don't want any slipping.
Push the rod into the barrel from the muzzle. Put a small piece of the masking tape on the
rod at the muzzle and mark it with the pencil. The mark should be a dot or a vertical line so that
when the rod rotates one full turn the dot or line will be in the original position. Pull the cleaning
rod out of the barrel until it has made one complete revolution, put another piece of masking tape
on the cleaning rod and mark it at the muzzle. Measure the distance between pencil marks, and
that is the number of inches the bullet must travel to make one revolution-the twist. (With a right
hand twist, pulling the rod out of the barrel tends to tighten the brush on the rod. Pushing the rod
in and measuring gives incorrect readings if the brush loosens on the rod.)

48
Repeat this several times until you're comfortable that the result is accurate, and then
Write It Down.

John Bischoff: I use a plain spring type clothespin on the cleaning rod. When the
clothespin has rotated all the way around noon to noon or whatever Ive got a turn, and its
easy to measure the inches if I started off with the clothespin touching the muzzle.

Bill McGraw: I have used Cerrosafe to measure the twist of a barrel. I pour a long cast
of 6-7 into the muzzle estimating more than half of the probable twist length. After removing the
casting, and marking one groove at one end, measure the length when the same groove ends at
exactly 180 degrees and double that length for the twist rate. Dont be surprised if you get an
odd number or even a fraction of standard twists.

THE GREENHILL FORMULA
Twist is measured in the number of inches for one complete turn of the rifling in the
barrel. For example, many 30 caliber rifles have barrels with a twist of one turn in 10 inches.
For a given twist rate and diameter, there is a maximum length of bullet that may be
stabilized.
If the bullet is too long, or the twist is too slow, the bullet will not stabilize and will go
through the target making a hole that is somewhere between oval and the side view of the bullet.
When the bullet makes an oval hole, we say that it is tipping. When the hole starts to be
real long and to look like a side view of the bullet, we say that the bullet is keyholing. It is not
uncommon to find that best accuracy at slow velocities is accompanied by slight tipping of the
bullet. (Tipping is also called "yawing")
The Greenhill formula was designed around the stability = the ability to keep the sharp
end going frontward, of low velocity lead bullets.
Bullet stability is affected by several variables not included in the Greenhill formula.
Bullet stability is slightly affected by velocity, faster bullets are slightly more stable than
slower.
Stability is affected by bullet density; an aluminum bullet won't be stable at Greenhill
length and linotype (less dense) bullets are less stable than lead bullets.
Stability is affected by the density of the medium the bullet is going through-generally
air, but sometimes meat or water. Bullets are slightly more stable at high altitudes where the air
is thin, than at sea level; and are much less stable going through denser mediums such as meat or
water. Most of the time Greenhill does a remarkably good job of explaining the relationship
between caliber, twist and bullet length required for bullet stability.
The Greenhill formula is an approximation showing the relationship between rifling twist
rate, maximum bullet length, and caliber. For any caliber and twist there is a maximum bullet
length that will stabilize. For any caliber and bullet length there is a minimum rifling twist that
will stabilize that bullet. By algebraic fiddling we can solve for either twist or length. Here is the
formula set up to solve for maximum bullet length.
The Greenhill Formula is: L = (150/twist) * (caliber squared)
Where L is the maximum length of bullet that will be stabilized in inches; twist is the number of
inches required for one turn in the rifling; and caliber is the bullet diameter in inches.

49

This table shows the maximum bullet length by caliber/twist combinations. For example, a .308
caliber barrel of 10" twist will stabilize a bullet that is a maximum of 1.42" long.

TWIST> 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
CAL.
0.174 0.65 0.57 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15
0.184 0.73 0.63 0.56 0.51 0.46 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17
0.194 0.81 0.71 0.63 0.56 0.51 0.47 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.19
0.204 0.89 0.78 0.69 0.62 0.57 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.21
0.214 0.98 0.86 0.76 0.69 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23
0.224 1.08 0.94 0.84 0.75 0.68 0.63 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.25
0.244 1.28 1.12 0.99 0.89 0.81 0.74 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30
0.257 1.42 1.24 1.10 0.99 0.90 0.83 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.33
0.264 1.49 1.31 1.16 1.05 0.95 0.87 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.35
0.277 1.64 1.44 1.28 1.15 1.05 0.96 0.89 0.82 0.77 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38
0.284 1.73 1.51 1.34 1.21 1.10 1.01 0.93 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.40
0.308 2.03 1.78 1.58 1.42 1.29 1.19 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47
0.311 2.07 1.81 1.61 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.12 1.04 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.81 0.76 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48
0.323 2.24 1.96 1.74 1.56 1.42 1.30 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52
0.338 2.45 2.14 1.90 1.71 1.56 1.43 1.32 1.22 1.14 1.07 1.01 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57
0.348 2.60 2.27 2.02 1.82 1.65 1.51 1.40 1.30 1.21 1.14 1.07 1.01 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.61
0.357 2.73 2.39 2.12 1.91 1.74 1.59 1.47 1.37 1.27 1.19 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.64
0.375 3.01 2.64 2.34 2.11 1.92 1.76 1.62 1.51 1.41 1.32 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.05 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.70
0.410 3.60 3.15 2.80 2.52 2.29 2.10 1.94 1.80 1.68 1.58 1.48 1.40 1.33 1.26 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.84
0.429 3.94 3.45 3.07 2.76 2.51 2.30 2.12 1.97 1.84 1.73 1.62 1.53 1.45 1.38 1.31 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.99 0.95 0.92
0.437 4.09 3.58 3.18 2.86 2.60 2.39 2.20 2.05 1.91 1.79 1.69 1.59 1.51 1.43 1.36 1.30 1.25 1.19 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.99 0.95
0.446 4.26 3.73 3.32 2.98 2.71 2.49 2.30 2.13 1.99 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.57 1.49 1.42 1.36 1.30 1.24 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.03 0.99
0.457 4.48 3.92 3.48 3.13 2.85 2.61 2.41 2.24 2.09 1.96 1.84 1.74 1.65 1.57 1.49 1.42 1.36 1.31 1.25 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.04
0.467 4.67 4.09 3.63 3.27 2.97 2.73 2.52 2.34 2.18 2.04 1.92 1.82 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.49 1.42 1.36 1.31 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.09
0.477 4.88 4.27 3.79 3.41 3.10 2.84 2.63 2.44 2.28 2.13 2.01 1.90 1.80 1.71 1.63 1.55 1.48 1.42 1.37 1.31 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.14
0.487 5.08 4.45 3.95 3.56 3.23 2.96 2.74 2.54 2.37 2.22 2.09 1.98 1.87 1.78 1.69 1.62 1.55 1.48 1.42 1.37 1.32 1.27 1.23 1.19
0.497 5.29 4.63 4.12 3.71 3.37 3.09 2.85 2.65 2.47 2.32 2.18 2.06 1.95 1.85 1.76 1.68 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.43 1.37 1.32 1.28 1.24
0.510 5.57 4.88 4.34 3.90 3.55 3.25 3.00 2.79 2.60 2.44 2.30 2.17 2.05 1.95 1.86 1.77 1.70 1.63 1.56 1.50 1.45 1.39 1.35 1.30

50

Lead bullets weigh (very) approximately 82% as much as a lead cylinder with diameter = bullet
caliber, and length = bullet length. Using this approximation, the table below shows the
maximum weight of bullets which will be stabilized by a given twist/caliber combination. For
example, a .308 caliber barrel of 10" twist will stabilize a bullet that weighs a maximum of 250
grains.

MAXIMUM WEIGHT OF BULLET STABILIZED,
GRAINS

TWIST> 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
CAL.
0.174 36 32 28 25 23 21 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8
0.184 45 40 35 32 29 26 24 23 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 11
0.194 56 49 44 39 36 33 30 28 26 25 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 13
0.204 69 60 53 48 44 40 37 34 32 30 28 27 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 18 17 17 16
0.214 83 73 65 58 53 48 45 42 39 36 34 32 31 29 28 26 25 24 23 22 22 21 20 19
0.224 100 87 78 70 63 58 54 50 47 44 41 39 37 35 33 32 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
0.244 140 123 109 98 89 82 76 70 66 61 58 55 52 49 47 45 43 41 39 38 36 35 34 33
0.257 173 151 134 121 110 101 93 86 81 76 71 67 64 60 58 55 53 50 48 47 45 43 42 40
0.264 192 168 150 135 122 112 104 96 90 84 79 75 71 67 64 61 59 56 54 52 50 48 46 45
0.277 233 204 181 163 148 136 126 117 109 102 96 91 86 82 78 74 71 68 65 63 60 58 56 54
0.284 258 226 200 180 164 150 139 129 120 113 106 100 95 90 86 82 78 75 72 69 67 64 62 60
0.308 357 312 277 250 227 208 192 178 166 156 147 139 131 125 119 113 109 104 100 96 92 89 86 83
0.311 371 324 288 259 236 216 200 185 173 162 153 144 137 130 124 118 113 108 104 100 96 93 89 86
0.323 431 377 335 302 274 252 232 216 201 189 178 168 159 151 144 137 131 126 121 116 112 108 104 101
0.338 517 453 402 362 329 302 278 259 241 226 213 201 191 181 172 165 157 151 145 139 134 129 125 121
0.348 581 508 452 407 370 339 313 291 271 254 239 226 214 203 194 185 177 169 163 156 151 145 140 136
0.357 644 563 501 451 410 375 347 322 300 282 265 250 237 225 215 205 196 188 180 173 167 161 155 150
0.375 784 686 609 548 499 457 422 392 366 343 323 305 289 274 261 249 238 229 219 211 203 196 189 183
0.410 1120 980 871 784 713 653 603 560 523 490 461 435 413 392 373 356 341 327 314 301 290 280 270 261
0.429 1342 1174 1044 939 854 783 723 671 626 587 553 522 494 470 447 427 408 391 376 361 348 336 324 313
0.437 1445 1264 1124 1012 920 843 778 723 674 632 595 562 532 506 482 460 440 421 405 389 375 361 349 337
0.446 1568 1372 1219 1097 998 915 844 784 732 686 646 610 578 549 523 499 477 457 439 422 406 392 378 366
0.457 1728 1512 1344 1210 1100 1008 931 864 807 756 712 672 637 605 576 550 526 504 484 465 448 432 417 403
0.467 1885 1649 1466 1319 1199 1099 1015 942 879 824 776 733 694 660 628 600 574 550 528 507 489 471 455 440
0.477 2051 1795 1595 1436 1305 1197 1105 1026 957 897 845 798 756 718 684 653 624 598 574 552 532 513 495 479
0.487 2229 1950 1733 1560 1418 1300 1200 1114 1040 975 918 867 821 780 743 709 678 650 624 600 578 557 538 520
0.497 2418 2115 1880 1692 1538 1410 1302 1209 1128 1058 995 940 891 846 806 769 736 705 677 651 627 604 584 564
0.510 2681 2345 2085 1876 1706 1564 1443 1340 1251 1173 1104 1042 988 938 894 853 816 782 751 722 695 670 647 625

TWIST AND BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGE RIFLES
Dan Theodore

Optimal Black Powder Cartridge Rifle (BPCR) cast bullet stability is a complex issue when
shooting at extreme ranges. Not only bullet length but also grease groove design, nose length
and nose-tip diameter have considerable affects on bullet stability for a given caliber and rifling
twist-rate. Bullets are destabilized by the aerodynamic drag forces that act to induce yaw or
even, at the extreme, produce tumbling bullets. The vector sum of all the drag forces acting on a

51
bullet in flight is said to act at the center-of-pressure (CoP), which is some distance in front of
the bullet's center-of-mass (CoM). The distance from the CoM to the CoP acts as a lever-arm to
apply the force of the CoP about the CoM, which is what induces bullet yaw or wobble. The
CoP acts to overturn the bullet by applying force perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
bullet. This tends to make the bullet wobble or yaw. Above the transonic region drag goes by
the velocity raised to the 1.7
th
power. Within the transonic region drag is as high as the 6th
power of the velocity. We can see that the overturning affects of the CoP go up quite rapidly for
bullets that spend time in the transonic velocity region. That is why long, heavy for caliber cast
bullet slugs require much faster twists than most would expect when they are shot over extreme
ranges.

Many thousands of rounds shot at 1,000-yds have shown that current thinking about cast bullet
stability in the transonic region, 1.2 MACH down to 0.8 MACH (1,350 fps down to 900 fps) is
somewhat lacking. The typical 45-caliber LR BPCR bullet shot in Creedmoor matches spends
most of its time-of-flight in the transonic velocity range.

Some of this lack of understanding precipitated from the use of Greenhill Formula derived twist-
rates. Modifications to the Greenhill Formula have been undertaken by several cast bullet
enthusiasts. The one developed by Charlie Dell is far superior to the original Greenhill Formula.
But, even Charlie's enhancements do not capture the effects of grease groove design, nose length
or nose-tip diameter on bullet stability. And, testing has shown that the predictive value of
Charlie's reformulation of the Greenhill Formula degrades as the caliber decreases when long,
heavy-for-caliber bullets are used. Its predictive value is high for 45-caliber bullets but does not
have much predictive value for 38-caliber projectiles.

Charlie's formula includes muzzle velocity, an improvement over the original formula. But, it
does not capture the increased overturning moment that results from the increased MV that is
particularly acute in the transonic range due to the much higher drag forces. It therefore
overestimates the stabilizing affects of increased MV. Yaw angle testing from 10 yards to 1,000
yards has shown that increased MV is a poor substitute for appropriate twist-rate in the transonic
velocity region.

The original Greenhill Formula is:

(150 x Caliber
2
) / Bullet Length = Required Twist Rate

Charlie Dell's Formula is:

(3.5 x MV
1/2
x Caliber
2
) / Bullet Length = Required Twist Rate
(NOTE: SEE THE APPENDIX FOR THE "C. DELL TWIST FORMULA WORKBOOK")

Here is a simple example to show the predictive quality of both formulas. A 45-caliber, 1.460"
long, 542-grain Paul Jones MiniGroove bullet, a highly stable bullet due to its long nose and very
small grease grooves, is reasonably stable when an 18-twist barrel is used and the bullet launched
at 1,250 fps. Most of the holes are round through the target when the rifle is fired from the

52
1,000-yd line. A faster twist would work better at the longer ranges when switching winds have
to be contended with. The Greenhill formula predicts the required twist-rate as follows:

(150 x 0.458
2
)/ 1.460 = 21.55 inches per turn

That twist is much to slow to produce a stable bullet at long range.

Charlie Dell's modified equation predicts the following required twist-rate:

(3.5 x 1,250
1/2
x 0.458
2
)/ 1.460 = 17.8 inches per turn

As we can see from the above calculations the Greenhill formula does not produce a useful result
and the Dell equation is precise enough to be of value in determining the required twist-rate for
the Paul Jones MiniGroove bullet. Using Dr. McCoy's stability software, a 17-twist produces a
Stability Factor of 3.077 at 1,240 fps. After much testing a Stability Factor of 3.0 has been
shown to be about optimum for long range BPCR projectiles. From experience to date, both the
Dell and McCoy predictions are useful, but the use of a 17-twist barrel would give a slight
advantage from the 1,000-yd line due to enhanced stability. Testing has shown that an 18-twist
barrel is somewhat marginal for stabilizing the 1.460" long bullet when it is launched at 1,250
fps.

Unlike high power bullets that stay above the transonic region all the way from the 1,000-yd line
to the target, BPCR cast bullets loose stability with range. It has been shown though yaw angle
testing that BPCR cast bullets can punch round holes though targets at 100 yards and then
produce dramatically elliptical holes through 1,000-yd targets. For long range BPCR match
shooting, bullets must be spun much faster than what is required for 200-yd paper punching or
hunting. But, more is not always better when designing for optimum twist-rate. Too fast of a
twist will degrade accuracy, while too slow of a twist will produce substantial bullet yaw that has
been shown to cause wild flyers when less than stable air is the order of the day. Switching
winds will wreak havoc on marginally stable bullets shot at long ranges. What optimum twist
for a given caliber and bullet is, is still the subject of research and development. But, a simple
working definition has been formulated. That simple working definition is:

Optimum bullet stability for BPCR cast bullets can be attained by using the slowest twist that
will allow a given bullet to consistently produce round holes through the longest range target
the bullet will be shot at.

This definition assumes we are shooting though a target backed by corrugated cardboard.

Currently, the best method this writer/rifle-crank has developed for determining optimum twist
for a given bullet is to use Dr. Robert McCoy's stability program with modifications. For BPCR
Silhouette distances a Stability Factor of about 2.5 is the design stability criterion. For matches
that have targets past 800 yards a Stability Factor of 3.0 is used. One can also use the McCoy
stability program to design an optimally stable bullet for a given caliber, barrel twist-rate, match
distance(s) and design MV, the most oft way said software is used.

53
3.0 BULLET CASTING
3.1 BULLET CASTING TOOLS

The Mallet The yellow plastic mallet is the ideal
tool for knocking open the sprue plate and beating
on the handle hinge to get the bullets to fall out.
Note that some shooters, Jim Borton for example,
tell us to open the sprue plate with the gloved hand
and not to whack the mold with the mallet. I attempt
this approach, particularly with the Borton-Darr
mold, but find that I must whack the mold handle
hinge from time to time to dislodge the stubborn
bullet or sprue. I've never damaged a mold or sprue
plate with the mallet.

Bullet Molds There are four big-time bullet mold manufacturers. Lyman, RCBS and Saeco make
iron molds; Lee makes aluminum molds. I've used all of them, I don't like aluminum molds and
have only one now. Many experienced bullet casters like and use aluminum molds.
There are some custom mold makers, but unfortunately they come and go fairly quickly.
Dave Farmer at Colorado Shooters Supply has been making molds for years. I hope that he will
be in business for many more.
Lead Pots There are electric lead pots, and cast iron pots that are used with some kind of heat
source such as a kitchen stove or Coleman stove. I use electric lead pots.
There are bottom pour pots and ladle pots. Some people use bottom pour pots where the lead
comes out a nozzle in the bottom of the pot, into the mold. Others use a ladle to dip the lead out
of the pot and pour it into the mold. I'm a ladle man, many good shooters bottom pour. Lee
makes inexpensive lead pots of both types, they work well and mine last a long time. Lyman
makes an inexpensive ladle pot holding 10 pounds. From there the prices go up like crazy- $230
in 2003 for some of them. The Lee pots will do the job as well as any of them, for lots less
money.
Ladles There are many ladles or dippers on the market. The Lee dipper is horrible. I'm still
using the Lyman dipper I bought in 1960.
The mallet, mold, pot, and ladle are the four pieces of equipment that the beginning caster must
have.
Lubricator/Sizers Lyman, RCBS and Saeco make lubricator/sizers that install gas checks,
lubricate the bullet and size the bullet to a smaller diameter. Before these machines can be used,
the owner must buy a sizing die and a top punch. Sizing dies vary by diameter; top punches are
particular to the bullet nose style. The lubricator/sizer, sizing die and top punch cost about $150
in 2003. Lee makes a gas check installer/sizer (Lee Lube and Size Kit) for about $12 (in 2003)
that fits in a reloading press. Lubrication is not done with this kit. The beginner does not need a
lubricator sizer.
Thermometers and Hardness Testers These are available and are used by some shooters. I have
neither and have no plans to buy either. These do place an aura of science and precision around
cast bullet experimentation. (I bought a lead thermometer under protest in 2006; it has not
changed my life.)

54
3.2 BULLET CASTING METALS

ACQUIRING AND PREPARING LEAD FOR CAST BULLETS
Do not try to use the lead from any batteries, they contain poisonous materials. NO
BATTERIES!!!
We get lead for casting bullets from various sources. Here are some, in increasing order
of expense.
Range scrap can be picked up free on the backstop, and is easily cleaned.
Used wheel weights are available from tire centers and garages for little or no money. There are
some ZINC wheelweights out there. You don't want to have any zinc in your alloy. These zinc
wheelweights look different from the lead ones, and melt at a much higher temperature. You
may see them floating on top of the melted alloy. Pick them off and throw them away. Bring a
container with you when scouting the tire centers; a sheet rock joint compound bucket works
well.
Lead pipe and flashing can be found sometimes. Make friends with plumbers and roofers.
Scrap dealers almost always have wheel weights for sale, and sometimes have linotype or other
type metals such as foundry type or monotype.
There are at least two mail order sources for cast bullet alloys as this is written. (2007)
I get a bucket of wheelweights and melt them down in my lead pot outdoors. Put in the
wheelweights, let them melt, scrape the clips off the top of the pot, flux a lot with a candle,
scrape the pot sides with the dipper and clean all the bad stuff off the top of the melt. Then pour
the alloy into a 12-muffin muffin tin with the dipper to make 12 ingots. A 10-pound Lee pot
holds enough alloy to make 12 substantial ingots. Pile these ingots together. Then put more
wheelweights in the pot, remove clips, flux, scrape and pour another 12 ingots and put them in a
second pile. Continue this until all the wheelweights are gone, or until there are 12 piles of
ingots.
Now, let's say that there are 8 piles of ingots, 12 ingots per pile. Put one ingot from each pile in
the pot, melt, flux, and pour 8 ingots in the muffin pan. Then put these ingots into their own
special pile. Continue this until all the ingots are re-melted and re-poured. The result in the
example is 8 X 12 = 96 ingots that are quite homogeneous; bullets cast from this lot of 96 ingots
will be of the same weight and hardness.
This takes a lot of elapsed time, but the process doesn't require constant attention. I do other
things while the wheelweights melt.
For harder alloys I make up a potful using the wheelweight ingots and linotype or foundry type.
I used to have a plumber's "Bomb", a propane melting apparatus with a pot holding about 100
pounds of metal. The bomb was fast, but a little scary. It was loud, and a bit unstable. I gave it
away. I don't like to use tools that I'm afraid of.

LEAD ALLOYS AND BULLET HARDNESS
Lead alloys and the bullets cast from them vary in hardness. As more tin and antimony
are added the bullets get harder. Hardness is measured on the Brinell scale; measurements are in
Brinell Hardness Numbers or BHN. Cast bullets are made from various alloys of lead, tin,
antimony, and arsenic.
Most bullets are cast of wheelweights. Additional alloying metals can be added to
wheelweights; we are told that the addition of tin makes casting easier and helps the mold fill out

55
and make bullets without lines or wrinkles. I cast most of my bullets from straight wheelweights
with no problems with lines or wrinkles on the bullets.
For pistols at velocities below about 1000-1300 fps and rifles at velocities below about
1600-1800 fps, wheelweight bullets are fine. For higher velocities, the bullets may need to be
harder.
This table is the result of an Internet search. Note that there are different percentages and
hardnesses associated with some alloys. (Hardness can be influenced rather sharply by age, heat
treatment and minor contaminants like arsenic, and other trace metals that usually arent even
listed as ingredients.) I am skeptical of any digits to the right of the decimal place unless the
alloy is made in a laboratory. These alloys will probably vary by at least +/- 1 BHN in practice.
In 2006 we conducted a BHN test of wheelweight alloy, performed by eight shooters
using LBT, Lee and Saeco testers. This test suggests that 2005 wheelweights have a BHN of
~12.

Alloy % Lead % Tin % Antimony %Arsenic Hardness (BHN)
Pure Lead 100 0 5
Wheelweights 95.5 0.5 4 9
Wheelweights 93.55 0.25 3 .17 9
Wheelweights,
result of the
2006 test
12
40-1 Lead-Tin 97.72 2.28 8
40-1 Lead-Tin 97.4 2.5 8.5
30-1 Lead-Tin 96.7 3.3 8.5
30-1 Lead-Tin 97 3 9
20-1 Lead-Tin 95.2 4.8 10
16-1 Lead-Tin 94 6 11
10-1 Lead-Tin 91 9 0 11.5
Electrotype 94.5 3 2.5 12
Electrotype 94 3 3 14
Lyman #2
Alloy
90 5 5 15
Taracorp
Magnum
92 2 6 15
1/1 Lead/Lino 92 2 6 15
Linotype 86 3 11 22
Linotype 84 4 12 21
Linotype 84 4 12 22
Stereotype 80 6 14 24
Stereotype 80 6 14 23
Monotype 76 8 16 29
Monotype 72 9 19 28
Foundry type 62 14 24 32

56
The addition of more than 10% tin to lead does not increase the hardness of the alloy
much. Most of the hardness from tin is obtained with the first 5%.
The addition of antimony does increase hardness in proportion.
There is some arsenic in most lead alloys. Arsenic seems to be important in the heat-
treating of bullets. Arsenic is essential to increasing hardness by heat treating and quenching as it
provides the needed interlocking of the lead and antimony crystalline structures ask a
metallurgist for a better explanation..
Wheelweights are cheap and easy to find and work well for casting most pistol bullets
and rifle bullets.
If harder bullets are required, linotype can be used. Linotype metal is easy to find, is
about $1 per pound in 2006, and is hard enough for rifle bullets up to a reported 2300 fps and
sometime more.
Heat-treating or "quenching" bullets cast of wheelweights will increase their hardness.
Heat-treating cast bullets to increase hardness is not necessary for most shooting, and is best left
to the more advanced caster and reloader. For an excellent explanation of these processes, see
"Bullet Quenching" and "Heat Treating Cast Lead Bullets".

This graph is from "Type Metal Alloys" By Frances D. Weaver, B.Sc. (Mrs. Harold
Haywood), see: Journal of the Institute of Metals, Vol. LVI, 1935. The graph has been edited.

57

The two graphs below show various lead-tin and lead-antimony alloys and their reported
BHNs. The sources were "Cast Bullets" by E. H. Harrison, and several internet sites. Note the
variation in the BHNs, and that pure lead is reported to have a BHN of 4 in some sources, 4.2
and 5 in others.
LEAD TIN ALLOYS, BHN
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25
% TIN
B
H
N
BHN

LEAD ANTIMONY ALLOYS, BHN
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
% ANTIMONY
B
H
N
BHN

58

Based on all of this data, I conclude that the BHN of any lead-tin or lead-antimony or
lead-tin-antimony alloy probably varies depending on, at least, how the sample(s) were taken
and the sample time-since-molten; and that BHN precision to one decimal point, or maybe even
to one ones digit, is questionable.

A CHEAP WAY TO TEST LEAD ALLOY HARDNESS
James Carter
I was reading a book from the late 50's at a friend's home that was put out by the NRA on
how to test lead hardness on the cheap. I gave it a whirl and it works great so I thought I would
share for those of you who are cheap like I am.
You need about 2 pounds or so of pure lead, your test lead and a steel ball bearing and a
vise and a set of calipers/micrometer and that is it.
To get the pure lead you can find it in a metal supply shop but it runs about 3-4 bucks a
pound or you can save the stick on weights when you find them in your bucket of wheel weights.
I bought a couple of pounds to see what the difference was between it and the stick on version
and the BHN number is about 5.2 or 5.3 instead of the 5 for pure lead, so close enough.
Drop by a bearing shop and pick up a 1" steel ball bearing and that costs about 2 bucks or
so.
Melt the pure lead(stick on weights)in a muffin tin and your test lead in the one muffin
slot next to it. I waited a day to test because I am anal that way.
Pad the vise with aluminum or steel on the jaws so that the lead doesn't dig into the teeth
of the jaws. Hold up the lead in one jaw and the test lead on the other jaw and slowly squeeze the
two together with the ball bearing in the middle. Just squeeze till there is a good dent on both
surfaces of the lead or about 1/5 or the way in on both sides of the ball bearing.
Here is the formula BHN= 5 X (lead dia./test dia.)^2
With the calipers measure the diameter of the indent in each of the leads and plug in the
values.
I had some WW and an unknown lead from a Radiator shop that I wanted to test and here
are the results.
Diameter in Lead=0.479
Diameter in WW=0.325
So 5 x (0.479/0.325)^2 and that gives 10.8 BHN where it should be for air cooled Wheel
Weights.
I had my friend test the WW on his Lee Hardness tester and he came up with 11, so close
enough.
Unknown lead from radiator shop
Dia. in Lead=0.520
Dia. in Unknown=0.279
So 5 x (0.520/0.279)^2 which gives us 17.4 BHN
I knew it was harder just with the old thumb nail test but I had no idea it was that hard.
Again on the Lee it came back as 17 BHN
So this is a great cheap way to test lots of lead, it won't work so good on single bullets like the
expensive models but at least you know what the raw materials BHN number is approximately.

59
A SIMPLE METHOD OF M EASURING ALLOY HARDNESS
David Berry
This describes a method for the determination of lead alloy hardness. It is a simple, quick,
and economical means to test hardness of unknown alloys, and I have found it to be reliable and
accurate.
Using a common staple gun, I have found that measuring the penetration of the staple
into the alloy can be used to determine relative hardness when compared to a series of "standard"
known lead alloys. I simply inject a staple into the sample and measure the post of the staple that
protrudes. I obtain 5 readings on each known standard, average them and prepare a calibration
chart versus known BHN values. A sample chart is shown below. Unknowns are then subjected
to the same procedure and the resulting measurements are compared on the chart to determine
relative hardness.

Alloy 1 2 3 4 5 Avg. BHN
Lead 0.102 0.107 0.115 0.109 0.120 0.111 5
WW 0.209 0.180 0.186 0.177 0.186 0.188 9
2-6 Alloy 0.223 0.216 0.217 0.190 0.214 0.212 15
Linotype 0.255 0.240 0.238 0.258 0.234 0.245 22

5 readings for each alloy in inches
Arrow T-50 stapler
3/8" staples
I first started working on 1 pound ingots of the same size, but found that size or shape is
not all that important, the sample just needs to be large enough to hold the staple gun onto it. I
apply about 20 pounds of pressure on each sample (determined with a bathroom scale) while I
inject the staple. I have used a Bostich electric staple gun and this works well also. A 3/8 inch
staple is about the largest that can be used as longer staples deform. This can be overcome by
measuring the actual penetration by subtracting the protrusion as measured above , from the total
length of the staple post.
Each staple gun must of course be calibrated as will the batch of staples being used.
I find this to be an extremely easy method to determine alloy hardness, and by measuring
several samples have determined it to be very reliable and fairly accurate. It works very well on
odd sample shapes and sizes.

IDENTIFYING TIN
Dan Hudson asked if there was an easy method of identifying tin.

Willis Gregory: "Cast samples of KNOWN tin and the mystery metal in the same mould
(bigger is better here!). Compare weights, diameters/lengths and the hardness as you did before.
Can also do specific gravity easily at home- ratio of weight in air to weight in water. With really
good thermometer temperature of melting/freezing is 450 degrees F."

Ric Bowman: "If you have an accurate way to measure the temperature, melting point
is about 449.47 degrees F. If it is less than this it most likely is linotype. If greater it has some
amount of lead."

60
Bill McGraw: "Tin (Sn) has a specific gravity (SG) of 7.298 gm/cc compared to lead (Pb) at
11.34 gm/cc or about 64% of lead. If using WW alloy of about 11 gm/cc and a bullet weighs 175
gr, the tin bullet will weigh only 116 gr (66%). Tin also has a slightly yellow color compared to
lead and WW alloys, but the cast weight is one simple method to try. The melting point of 450F is
another way but takes longer to use. Weights of bullets can tell you much of what elements are
present, although there is some guesswork involved since antimonys (Sb) SG, 6.62, is similar to
tins and would be nearly impossible to melt in a furnace and dangerous to try. The as cast BHN
is the number I use for most references compared with soft lead scrap (6-7 BHN), linotype,
foundry type, and others. The heat-treat and quench BHN also tells if arsenic (As) is included as
a trace element. A BHN tool is a good investment yet I can get along without one if needed as
side cutting pliers will tell of approximate hardness simply by cutting sample bullets: soft alloys
will cut clean; WW will cut clean and fracture slightly near the middle of the bullet; and HT-Q
alloys will fracture nearly at the cut. Besides using the LBT tool for BHNs, I use the cutting
method to verify the hardness of annealed noses and the approximate point where the harder
shank is located."
Frank Washam: "Lead and lead alloys will mark [like a pencil] on paper. Tin will not mark. A
pure tin ingot sometimes has a bronze color cast to it. Other than checking the melting point and
specific gravity these are about all the tests I know available to the average bullet caster."

Don Loops: "A trick a scrap metal dealer taught me years ago is to bend the bar near your ear.
Tin will "crackle" as it is bent. (You might need to make a smaller strip by melting and pouring it
on a flat surface.) It also has a somewhat slightly yellowish tint to it as I recall." (This "crackle"
is sometimes called "tin cry"-once you hear it you won't forget it. Ed.)

THE PENCIL TEST FOR LEAD ALLOY HARDNESS
Ken Mollohan
The pencil industry manufactures what are called 'art pencils' for draftsmen, artists, etc.
They are available as either conventional wood sheathed graphitic cores, or as a mechanical
pencil for which you only buy the graphitic cores and insert them as desired.
The hardness of art pencils is controlled very strictly, and they are designated by a letter-
number combination. The scale runs from at less than 6B (VERY soft) and gets slightly harder
with each step up, going to 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, HB, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 9H, 10H, 11H
and 12H that I know of. 6B is softer that most scrap lead, while 12H will cut into some grades of
aluminum and copper, which are far harder than most lead alloys.
This provides 18 steps in hardness, but you won't need much more than about the range
of 6B to about 2H. Oh yes, there ARE even softer and harder art pencils, but they're not often
used, and can be pretty hard to find.
They are used industrially to measure the hardness of paints, among other things. I have
a background in the paint industry, and have used the technique for my alloys for decades. It's
really quick, simple, easy, and reproducible from one time to the next, and from one person to
the next.
To use them to measure hardness properly does take a certain technique, but it's easy to
learn:
You prepare the pencil by peeling away the wood sheath (or simply advancing the
replaceable core in the mechanical version) to leave a cylindrical graphitic core. It's best to do

61
this with your fingernails to avoid scraping the core if you want to get the best (most consistent)
results.
Now hold the pencil straight up and down as you smooth the tip on a bit of fine
sandpaper. I usually use something like 360 to 400 grit. The objective is to form a perfectly
square sharp wadcutter configuration on the end of the pencil core, so that you can reproduce the
exact same cutting edge every time. Blow a puff of air on the tip or wipe it very gently with a bit
of cotton to remove any loose graphite.
Now hold the pencil at a 45 degree angle to the surface of the lead, and push along the
length (the long axis) of the pencil. If the sharp edge of the core is harder than the lead, it will
dig in and scratch the surface. If the core is NOT harder than the lead, the sharp edge will
crumble, and it will skid across the surface of the lead.
You should be aware of a couple of easily avoided problems that can mess up your
results:
1. You need to move to a new spot on the lead for each test. Otherwise, the next pencil
core could skid more easily on the surface, which is now lubricated with graphite from the
previous test.
2. Likewise, the pencil should be rotated slightly for the each test: Skidding across the
lead surface will blunt the sharp edge, and unless you rotate the pencil in your fingers to present
a fresh cutting edge, the blunted edge will not cut in as well.
3. These graphite cores were not originally designed for this test, as I mentioned above.
Mixing of the clays, graphite, etc is not always perfect, and you may occasionally (!!) encounter
a tiny pinpoint of grit that will give you a false indication. For this reason, you need to make
several tests with the same pencil, rotating it for a fresh edge each time. You can easily get three
or four tests from the same tip before it needs to be resharpened. If it gouges on one test, but
slips on the others, assume the one gouge was due to a pinpoint hard speck, and rate it as equal to
the majority results. It's not a real problem, just something to be aware of.
Hardness is rated as being equal to the hardest pencil that will NOT cut into the surface.
For example, if a 'HB' pencil skids across the surface, but a 'H' pencil makes gouges, your alloy
is 'HB' in hardness.
One of the nice things about this technique is the very small area needed to test. Once
you have the knack, you can easily get meaningful results on loaded ammo, sprues, or most any
surface that gives you a uniform surface about an eighth of an inch long for each pencil.
Hope you find this interesting and useful. Feel free to ask any questions that may occur
to you.
Ken Mollohan

HOW AND WHY TO MEASURE ALLOY SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Cast bullet shooters are sometimes interested in the composition and hardness of bullet
alloys. Precise assays of these alloys are expensive, and individual shooters seldom want to know
enough to pay for the test. Hardness of bullet alloys can be measured with hardness testers that
are available from LBT, Saeco and Lee.
I don't have a hardness tester, and have used the Specific Gravity of alloys to estimate the
composition and hardness of those alloys. This isn't precise, but it's close enough for me.
My records of weights of 311299 bullets shows the weight varying from an average of
208.8 grains (wheelweights) down to 197.8 grains (wheelweights with foundry type added). This
is a difference of about 5% in weight and specific gravity, and this difference of 5% is a great

62
difference in percentage of tin or antimony and in hardness. Keeping track of weights of bullets
in different alloys is one way to estimate the hardness of the alloy. Measuring the specific gravity
is another.
The Specific Gravity of a material is the ratio of that material's density to the density of
water. If a quart of material K weighs twice as much as a quart of water, the Specific Gravity of
material K is 2. If a cubic inch of metal L weighs eleven times as much as a cubic inch of water,
the Specific Gravity of metal L is 11. For lead-tin-antimony alloys, as the specific gravity goes
down the hardness goes up. If there are other metals such as gold or silver or zinc or arsenic or
cadmium or copper, we'll never know by calculating the Specific Gravity; but if it casts good
bullets it probably doesn't have much of anything exotic in the alloy.
Specific Gravity
Weight of sample (bullet) in air
minus Weight of sample in water
equals Weight of the water displaced by the sample

Weight of sample (bullet) in air
divided by Weight of the water displaced by the sample
equals Specific Gravity of the sample

To measure the Specific gravity of an alloy we need a sample of the alloy-a bullet works
fine, a scale, a glass, some water and a piece of thread.

Here's the scale up in the air with a bullet
suspended by a thread from the pan holder. Just
hanging there. The bullet with thread weighs 434.5
grains.

Here's the bullet in a glass of water, not touching the
sides or bottom of the glass. Just hanging there. The
bullet and thread weighs 395.6 grains in the water.
We can safely forget the weight and volume
of the thread.

63

Weight of sample (bullet) in air 434.5 grains
minus
Weight of sample in water 395.6 grains
equals
Weight of the water displaced by the sample 38.9 grains (Eureka!)

Weight of sample( bullet) in air 434.5 grains
divided by
Weight of the water displaced by the sample 38.9 grains
equals
Specific Gravity of the sample 11.17

To make an informed guess as to the composition of that sample alloy we'll use this table
that shows the Specific Gravity for some possible alloys of lead, tin and antimony. For an
explanation see the EXCEL workbook "leadtinantimonyharmonicmean.xls" in Appendix.
Note that a Specific Gravity of 11.17 occurs with:(see bold entries) several combinations
of tin, lead and antimony.

Tin %>>> 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Antimony %
0 11.34 11.31 11.28 11.22 11.15 11.09 11.03 10.98 10.92 10.86 10.80 10.75 10.69 10.63
1 11.26 11.23 11.20 11.14 11.08 11.02 10.96 10.90 10.84 10.79 10.73 10.67 10.62 10.56
2 11.18 11.15 11.12 11.06 11.00 10.94 10.88 10.83 10.77 10.71 10.66 10.60 10.55 10.49
3 11.10 11.07 11.04 10.98 10.92 10.87 10.81 10.75 10.70 10.64 10.59 10.53 10.48 10.42
4 11.03 11.00 10.97 10.91 10.85 10.79 10.74 10.68 10.63 10.57 10.52 10.46 10.41 10.36
5 10.95 10.92 10.89 10.83 10.78 10.72 10.66 10.61 10.55 10.50 10.45 10.39 10.34 10.29
6 10.87 10.85 10.82 10.76 10.70 10.65 10.59 10.54 10.49 10.43 10.38 10.33 10.27 10.22
7 10.80 10.77 10.74 10.69 10.63 10.58 10.52 10.47 10.42 10.36 10.31 10.26 10.21 10.16
8 10.73 10.70 10.67 10.62 10.56 10.51 10.45 10.40 10.35 10.30 10.25 10.19 10.14 10.09
9 10.66 10.63 10.60 10.55 10.49 10.44 10.39 10.33 10.28 10.23 10.18 10.13 10.08 10.03
10 10.59 10.56 10.53 10.48 10.42 10.37 10.32 10.27 10.22 10.17 10.11 10.07 10.02 9.97
11 10.52 10.49 10.46 10.41 10.36 10.30 10.25 10.20 10.15 10.10 10.05 10.00 9.95 9.91
12 10.45 10.42 10.39 10.34 10.29 10.24 10.19 10.14 10.09 10.04 9.99 9.94 9.89 9.84
13 10.38 10.35 10.33 10.27 10.22 10.17 10.12 10.07 10.02 9.97 9.93 9.88 9.83 9.78
14 10.31 10.28 10.26 10.21 10.16 10.11 10.06 10.01 9.96 9.91 9.86 9.82 9.77 9.72
15 10.24 10.22 10.19 10.14 10.09 10.04 9.99 9.95 9.90 9.85 9.80 9.76 9.71 9.66
16 10.18 10.15 10.13 10.08 10.03 9.98 9.93 9.88 9.84 9.79 9.74 9.70 9.65 9.61
17 10.11 10.09 10.06 10.02 9.97 9.92 9.87 9.82 9.78 9.73 9.68 9.64 9.59 9.55
18 10.05 10.03 10.00 9.95 9.90 9.86 9.81 9.76 9.72 9.67 9.63 9.58 9.54 9.49
19 9.99 9.96 9.94 9.89 9.84 9.80 9.75 9.70 9.66 9.61 9.57 9.52 9.48 9.44
20 9.92 9.90 9.88 9.83 9.78 9.74 9.69 9.64 9.60 9.55 9.51 9.47 9.42 9.38

Thanks to "LINSTRUM" and Tom Myers on the Cast Boolits forum for pointing out that the
harmonic mean was the proper measure of alloy S.G.

64
So the mystery alloy has about 2% to 3% of (probably) tin and/or antimony.
See the table above in LEAD ALLOYS AND BULLET HARDNESS.
For about 3% of the mystery alloy being (probably) tin and/or antimony, there are several
choices from the table. Either wheelweight opinion is at BHN of 9 or a 40-1 Lead-Tin at BHN 8
to 8.5.
My informed guess is that the BHN is about 8 to9.
For my purposes this estimating technique is precise enough. After all, it's about shooting
cast bullets, not Materials Science 101.

Note: At small percentages of tin and antimony in the alloy, the mathematical calculations used
to prepare the tin/antimony % table may overstate the Specific Gravity of an alloy by 1 to 2
percent. Since the estimation of the constituents of the alloy is an approximation or an informed
guess, this possible error is not considered significant.

65
3.3 CAST BULLET HARDNESS REQUIREMENTS

BULLET HARDNESS, CHAMBER PRESSURE AND ACCURACY
Theories that bullet hardness and chamber pressure must be matched in some precise and
scientific way to allow accurate and leading-free shooting have been presented by some authors
and repeated by many others since 1984.
To find out about these theories, I searched the literature back to the sources of the
theories and tested the theories against pressure-hardness combinations used successfully.
I concluded that these theories are contradicted by data. It is certainly true that higher
velocities require harder alloys in rifles. But the notion that best accuracy is found at a specific
pressure/hardness intersection and diminishes as hardness is increased or decreased from that
junction is not borne out by the data.
If it were true that this pressure-hardness relationship were important for accuracy, then a
means of testing alloy for hardness and another means for estimating maximum chamber
pressure would be necessary.
Here is a table showing the results of hardness testing of bullets I cast out of one pot of
wheelweights in a 2 cavity mold on 1/1/2006-one cavity with a dot and the other without. Six
bullets were sent to each of the volunteer testers who tested for BHN on 1/11/2006.
The variation from bullet to bullet, cavity to cavity and tester to tester suggests that
precise estimation of BHN using reloader-type testers is not possible.

AVG. AVG DOT AVG NO DOT HIGH LOW DIFFERENCE
John Robinson LBT 10.3 10.0 10.7 11.0 10.0 1.0
Mark W hyte LBT 10.5 9.8 11.2 11.5 9.0 2.5
Mike Prudhomme LBT 11.6 11.4 11.8 12.5 10.8 1.7
John Alexander LBT 13.4 13.4 13.4 14.0 12.5 1.5
Bill McGraw LBT 15.3 14.7 16.0 19.0 13.0 6.0
John Bischoff Lee 12.6 12.2 12.9 13.4 11.0 2.4
Dave Goodrich Lee 12.9 13.3 12.5 14.3 12.1 2.2
Donald Dye SAECO 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 0.0

AVERAGE 12.2 11.9 12.4 13.3 11.1 2.2

("Joe:
My LBT BHN tool did indeed measure those numbers (above) even if they were grossly different
from the others in the test. I annealed them and got the same averages of the group. I suspected
that the bullets had been water dropped even if they had not been; they measured a typical wide
range of hardnesses that many water droppers tend to get. That is why I no longer water drop
them and rather choose to oven heat treat them for consistent BHNs."
Bill McGraw )

Then there is the question of pressure estimation.
I think that I understand that velocity is a function of the area under the pressure curve-
it's not intuitively obvious to me that the relationship is linear. I imagine acceleration varying
during the travel of the bullet.

66
"Quickload" is a computer program that estimates pressure and velocity upon entry of
load data.
Quickload seems to accurately predict velocity-we can easily measure velocity.
It is not clear to me that the program accurately predicts maximum pressure, mainly
because we don't have the equipment to measure pressure and check the Quickload predicted
values.
It does not provide for inclusion of primer type or brand in the calculations.
Handloader, August 2005, "Velocity and Pressure" by John Barsness.
The author cites "Any Shot You W ant", the A-Square loading manual concerning
variations in pressure with changes in primer. From that manual, on pg. 65 the table "Primer
Experiment" shows: 7MM Remington Magnum, 160 grain Sierra boat-tail, 66.0 grains of
Hodgdon H-4831 and W inchester cases.
CCI 200 (standard) 3011 fps, 54,800 psi
Rem 9 1/2 M (magnum) 3041 fps, 59,300 psi
CCI 250 (magnum) 3039 fps, 61,500 psi
Fed 215 (magnum) 3036 fps, 61,400 psi
W in W LR (standard) 3024 fps, 64,400 psi
W in W LRM (magnum) 3045 fps, 67,600 psi

The author then performed a test on a ".300 W inchester Magnum with a 23-inch barrel,
the load a 180-grain Nosler Partition with 75.0 grains of Hodgdon H-4831 in W inchester cases."
Fed 215M, 2924 fps, 63,800 psi
CCI BR2, 2920 fps, 55,800 psi
W in W LRM, 2991 fps, 70,100 psi

It is clear that pressure varies greatly with primer, while velocity varies much less.
This article suggests to me that Quickload maximum pressure data may be suspect in
some cases.
W ithout pressure-measuring equipment I think that estimating maximum pressure may be
difficult, particularly for the novice.
If the reloader cannot estimate alloy hardness precisely, and if pressure cannot be
estimated precisely, then attempting to match hardness and pressure for maximum accuracy-even
if the theories were true-is difficult to impossible.

On to the data.
This paper uses three sets of data to look at real-life pressures and BHNs, and test the
theories with this data. .
The "W osika" data is from Ed's article in The Fouling Shot (TFS) 170-12, with data in
ksi = thousand psi.
The "Bischoff" data is attached; the pressures were calculated by John Bischoff using
Quickload. Pressures in psi, converted to ksi on the graph..
The "13 Grains Red Dot" data is attached. The pressures were again calculated by John
Bischoff using Quickload. Pressures in psi, are converted to ksi on the graph..
W hile none of the members of the two sets of theories are borne out by experiment or
data, they have achieved a life of their own, and are now embedded in the literature.

67
All the theories use formulas including the Brinnell Hardness Number (BHN) of the
bullet.
The BHN is the ratio of:
the force applied to a ball in contact with the test specimen for a specific time,
to: the area of the "dent" made in the test specimen by the ball. This dent is called, by
geometers, a "spherical cap".
The force is measured in kilograms and the spherical cap area is measured in millimeters
squared.
The earliest theory starts with converting the BHN from kg/mm^2 to pounds per square
inch, psi. A bit of arithmetic leads to the fact that multiplying BHN by 1422 gives BHN in psi.
Then the mistake is made, and this psi number is stated, incorrectly, to equal the
compressive or tensile or ultimate compressive or yield strength of the material. None of these
are true.
So, for example, we might have a wheelweight bullet of BHN = 12. Multiplying 12 by
1422 gives us 17,064 psi, a precise and quite irrefutable number. Not, however, any measure of
the strength of the alloy.
Now, the theorists need to do something with that 17,064 number.
Chamber pressure comes in thousands of psi, and looks like the (BHN X 1422) number.
Enter "Obturation", the swelling or bumping-up of a bullet by the burning powder gasses
on and shortly after ignition. The theorists now combine chamber pressure, obturation and the
BHN psi number with one or more explanations of what is happening to the bullet on firing, and
we're presented with these prescriptions.
#1 Chamber pressure must equal or exceed (BHN X 1422) for obturation to occur, else
leading and poor accuracy result.
#2 Best accuracy occurs when chamber pressure = (BHN X 1422 X 90%), else leading
and/or lesser accuracy result.

The second set of theories is based on the relationship between BHN and tensile strength
for lead alloys.
For example, Table 5 in ASM Handbook, formerly 10th edition, Metals Handbook,
Volume 2, 1998, "Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials".
The theories make use of the fact that (BHN X 480) is an approximation of the tensile
strength of the lead alloys in the table.
(A regression analysis of the entries in this table for which there are both BHN and
tensile strength entries yields: ksi = -.33 + .498 X BHN, with R^2 of .964. Some 96.4% of the
variation in hardness is connected to the variation in BHN. The approximation using 480 is
reasonable.)
W ith this (480 X BHN) approximation for tensile strength we're not in the chamber
pressure area.
For example, with a wheelweight bullet of BHN = 12, multiplying 12 by 480 gives us
5760, a not-very-like-chamber-pressure number.
If a multiplier is introduced, such as "3", the expression is changed to (BHN X 480 X 3),
and 12 X 480 X 3 = 17,280, a precise number in the chamber pressure area.
Now, we have to do something with that 17,280 number.
Get out "obturation", add chamber pressure and the BHN/480/multiplier formulas, and
some explanations of what happens to the bullet on or just after firing can be imagined.

68
These are the prescriptions for the "480" family of theories:
#3 Chamber pressure must equal or exceed (BHN X 480 X 3) psi, else leading and
diminished accuracy.
#4 Chamber pressure must be between (BHN X 480 X 3) and (BHN X 480 X 4) else
leading and diminished accuracy.
#5 Chamber pressure must be between (BHN X 480 X 3) and (BHN X 480 X 3 + 10,500)
psi else leading and diminished accuracy.
The graph below shows all of these prescriptions, and all of the data points representing
the "W osika", "Bischoff" and "13 Grains of Red Dot" data. W hile some of the data points-loads
are within the prescriptions, most are outside the prescriptions.

BHN and PRESSURE
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
BHN
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E
(k
s
i)
480*BHN*3
480*BHN*4
1422*BHN
1422*BHN*.9
480*BHN*3+10500
13 Red Dot
BISCHOFF
WOSIKA

It is somewhere between difficult and impossible to prove that theories such as these are
absolutely incorrect, even though the foundations for these theories can be shown to be flawed or
without data supporting them.
However, the data-theory comparisons above show that there are a number of successful
loads with BHN-Pressure intercepts outside the theory prescriptions. Then we are left with two
possible statements:
1. The theories are not correct, or
2. One or more of the theories is correct, and many skilled shooters are not operating in
the correct BHN/Pressure range.
I favor 1.
Ed W osika suggests that since this data deals mostly with velocities under 2000 fps and
associated low pressures, that we not make any statements about the BHN/Pressure relationship
above 1900 fps and higher pressures. This is "extending the conclusions beyond the data". Ed is
correct and I agree.

69
Ed also suggests removing the few high pressure BHN/Pressure pairs. I refuse to remove
data from a set for any reason. The reader is free to discount these data points.

The "Bischoff" data
Source
or Bullet Quickload
Cartridge Match Name W t. (gr.) Powder W t. (gr.) Alloy BHN Max PSI
308 W in 167-28 Chapman 188 N135 30.4 #2 15 18822
308 W in 168-28 Mohler 174 Rel 7 21 #2 15 16200
243 W in 168-29 Mohler 99 IMR4198 17 #2 15 13616
308 W in 170-25 Jorge 200 4064 29.1 #2 15 19306
308 W in 170-25 Canepa 186 5744 21 1Lead/1Lino 13.5 21871
308 W in 05 Nat Merchant 201 5744 20 4W W /1Lino 14 21855
308 W in 168-26 Jones 210 Rel 7 20 1W W /1Lino 17 17259
308 W in 160-9 Stansbury 179 5744 16 20-1 10 11387
32/40 168-27 Fowler 214 W in 296 14.1 20-1 10 16713
32/40 168-25 Baribeau 204 AA#9 13.6 21-1 10 26652
32/40 167-25 Sunnarborg 189 W in 296 12.5 25-1 9 11207
32/40 168-25 Fowler 192 W in 296 13 25-1 9 12324
32/40 168-26 Quarteraro 205 AA#7 11.5 25-1 9 25774
250 Savage 167-27 Schueler 105 5744 14 3W W /1Lino 14.5 13296
308 W in 168-28 Lombard 182 4320 31.5 3W W /7Lino 19 19896
308 W in 167-29 Harper 184 Varget 30.5 Foundry Type 32 19540
308 W in 05 Nat Bowles 212 Varget 28.5 Lino 22 19713
308 W in 05 Nat Cottrell 170 H4895 27 Lino 22 16489
30/30 05 Nat Livingston 218 H322 22 Lino 22 15236
243 W in 05 Nat Mohler 97 IMR4198 17.5 Lino 22 14229
308 W in 05 Nat W allis 184 H322 21 Lino 22 10613
35 Rem 05 Nat W eist 268 IMR4895 37 Lino 22 9726
308 W in 05 Nat W illems 215 N130 25.8 Lino 22 22278
6.5X55 160-31 Bernth 140 5744 17 Lino 22 17768
223 Rem 160-8 Alexander 85 H322 14 Lino 22 13723
308 W in 160-9 Rose 165 Rel 7 25.2 Lino 22 20338
308 W in 160-9 W allis 185 H322 20 Lino 22 8544
308 W in 168-25 Craig 190 Rel 7 23 Lino 22 21476
308 W in 168-25 Cruden 202 5744 21 Lino 22 24236
308 W in 168-25 Thomas 190 N135 26 Lino 22 13441
308 W in 168-26 Christenson 186 5744 21.5 Lino 22 24095
308 W in 168-26 Edwards 185 Varget 29.8 Lino 22 19554
308 W in 168-27 W illis 175 Rel 7 23 Lino 22 19966
308 W in 168-28 Cottrell 199 3031 28 Lino 22 18803
22-250 168-29 Eagan 55 2015 21 Lino 22 15498
250 Savage 168-29 Fletcher 110 2520 20 Lino 22 9839
250 Savage 168-29 Kattell 100 4320 27 Lino 22 21195
308 W in 168-30 Pollard 217 Varget 30.5 Lino 22 23796
308 W in 168-31 Pollard 192 Varget 29.5 Lino 22 19689
308 W in 167-28 Jones 170 Varget 30.5 Monotype 28 17326

70
38/55 160-31 Floyd 246 Rel 7 17 W W 12 8394
38/55 167-27 Floyd 245 Rel 7 19 W W 12 10205
30/30 167-27 W heeler 220 5744 18 W W 12 34516
45/70 167-31 Rygwalski 390 Unique 16 W W 12 22151
38/55 168-26 Floyd 247 Rel 7 20 W W 12 11661
308 W in 168-29 Lombard 177 4320 31 W W 12 18667
32S&W Long 170-9 Harris 120 Bullseye 1.2 W W 12 3234
32S&W Long 170-9 Harris 120 Bullseye 1.8 W W 12 6264
30/30 joe b. Brennan 208 IMR4227 14.5 W W 12 17821
30/30 joe b. Brennan 208 AA#9 12.5 W W 12 22281
45/70 joe b. Brennan 423 Unique 15 W W 12 8654
44 Mag 8 3/8 joe b. Brennan 248.5 Unique 8 W W 12 16165
44 Mag 8 3/8 joe b. Brennan 248.5 Unique 8.5 W W 12 18091
44 Mag 8 3/8 joe b. Brennan 248.5 Unique 9 W W 12 20134
44 Mag 8 3/8 joe b. Brennan 248.5 Unique 9.5 W W 12 22294
308 W in 05 Nat Migliaccio 209 H4227 20 W W +2%Tin 13 20743

The "13 Grains of Red Dot" data, all bullets W W at BHN = 12
Ctg Bullet W t Max Pressure
308 W in 150 33133
308 W in 170 34698
308 W in 190 37201
308 W in 210 40594
45/70 420 29357
375 H&H 248 17827

References
1984 "Jacketed Performance W ith Cast Bullets" by Veral Smith
TFS 81 Sep-Oct 1989 "Match W heelgun And Load Preparation"
TFS 86-3, July-August 1990
1991 "Bullet Making Annual" article, Pg 17
TFS 96 Mar-Apr 1992 "Technical Dialogue"
TFS 102- 4 Mar-Apr 1993 Interpolating Pressure for Correct BHN
TCB 116 Jul-Aug 1995 "More on Chamber Pressure and BHN"
TFS 131-10 Jan-Feb 1998 "Still More On Chamber Pressure And BHN"
Handloader 226 December 2003 , starting on pg.6,
2003 Modern Reloading, Second Edition, Richard Lee

ANOTHER OPINION
John Bischoff
I have repeatedly found that the computer program "Quickload" is eerily accurate as to the
velocity obtained with a particular powder, charge, bullet, barrel length etc. It frequently comes
within 25 fps of the 5-shot average for a 2000 fps load, and sometimes it will only be a very few
fps away from the 5-shot average fps for a given load.

71

For instance, I shot some 22 caliber stuff last year or the year before.
Cal Bullet Charge Powder Chrony Quickload
222 225646 20.5 Benchmark 2689 2685
222 50SX 25.5 W 748ca.1981 3185 3217
223 225646 23 Benchmark 2868 2837
223 225646 28.4 H4831SC 2464 2455
223 225646 25.5 H4350 2500 2458

Here's a Quickload graph:

Considering that velocity is a function of pressure (the whole area under the pressure curve) and
time (the whole time taken to transit the barrel), if Quickload can come that close to predicting
real world velocity results, it is a reasonably safe bet that Quickload's pressure and time
calculations are equally valid.
W ildly piling opinion on supposition atop estimation, it seems to follow then that Quickload's
peak pressure 'results' are also decently accurate.
In my rifles, all that stuff seems to hang together fairly well. "All that stuff" being:
Quickload, Lee's BHN vs. psi balance, Lee's alloy hardness measuring system, and so forth.
Further, Lee's work has a beguiling reasonableness to it that seems to help validate
his approach. It "makes sense" that (assuming reasonably proper bullet fit, etc.) a harder alloy
will withstand a higher peak pressure and that it is possible to predict just how much pressure a
given alloy hardness will handle, all else being equal. Lee steps aside from the BHN and moves
directly to what he labels the Ultimate Compressive Strength (UCS) in Pounds per Square Inch

72
(psi) which simplifies matching the alloy strength against the peak pressure in the same psi units.
There is a rational relationship between UCS and BHN so that one can deal in either system with
some confidence.
There are load charts for cast bullets with different powders vs. chamber psi (proportional to
BHN) printed in the 2nd edition of Lee's Modern Reloading, along with Lee's explanation of his
approach to the question.
That alone is worth the $12 that the book costs from Midway. Lee covers the 30-30, 308, and 30-
06 with bullets from 125 to 200 grains and a bunch of Hodgdon powders, and pressures to match
against BHN from 10 to 35 or from UCS 12000 to 46000 psi. He also describes how you can do
your own calculations to come up with similar data for other calibers.
It probably ought to be remembered that this approach is probably going to be most useful for
those shooters who are neither neophytes nor masters in the art of shooting cast bullets.
Neophytes should probably stick to the loads published in the Lyman Handbook until they have
built up experience and confidence, and of course the masters of the art will not need to bother
with this approach. I think that Lee's approach is as valuable in its way as are the chamber cast
and bore slugging in their way.

BULLET HARDNESS-STRENGTH-PRESSURE
by John Alexander

There is a natural inclination by serious cast bullet shooters to try to apply logic,
mathematics and the results of experimentation to further the art of cast bullet shooting instead of
simply going by ancient rules of thumb and old husbands tales. The accuracy possible with cast
bullets has improved dramatically since the Cast Bullet Association was founded 30 years ago.
This has been achieved entirely by shooters using the scientific method. The rule followers
contribute nothing to progress.
However, the world is a complex place and applying the scientific method can be tricky.
It sometimes leads to a procedure that looks very scientific but is based on an imperfect
understanding of the factors involved and is really no more than a tarted up version of a good
rule of thumb. These can sometimes lead us astray. I believe the technique sometimes advocated
for selecting the right alloy hardness to use for use in cast bullet loads is an example where the
proposed calculations are meaningless.
Much has been written about the question of what hardness a cast bullet should be for a
particular loading situation. It obviously makes a difference. If you are trying to duplicate full
jacketed bullet velocities in a 308, a hard alloy is needed. For moderate velocity loads with less
than perfectly fitted bullets a softer alloy that will upset to seal in the hot gases works much
better than a harder alloy. Therefore, in developing a cast bullet load, it is reasonable to make
some judgment about what hardness might work well based on the expected chamber pressure,
bullet fit and type of firearm, and other factors.
One approach that has been discussed at length involves measuring the hardness of the
alloy, converting hardness to some measure of strength and then computing what chamber
pressure this strength alloy could theoretically stand before the bullet would be deformed
excessively.
I believe this hardness - to strength - to chamber pressure (HSP) procedure makes things
more complicated than we have the knowledge to do. It also ignores many factors affecting how
hard the ideal bullet should be. It is not nearly as good, or honest, as a simple set of individual

73
rules relating estimated chamber pressure, bullet fit, and type of gun, to the bullet hardness
needed.
Reality isn't as simple as we constantly try to make it.
The first step in the HSP procedure, converting hardness to strength is on shaky ground.
There is a reliable straight line relationship between hardness as measured by the Brinnell
method and tensile strength of lead alloys as measured by a standard test. (Tensile Strength =
480 X BHN ). The problem is that 480 X BHN gives us the tensile strength when the alloy is
strained slowly in the standard test. The strain rate applied by the burning powder is thousands
of time faster and the strength at these higher rates will be significantly, and probably radically,
different from the standard tensile strength.
The second step, from tensile strength to chamber pressure, is on even shaker ground.
The problem here is that even if we knew the tensile strength for the high strain rate imposed by
burning powder it would be the wrong strength. W e arent pulling the bullet apart in tension.
The burning gas is trying to compress it and smush (scientific term equaling upset) it up to a
larger diameter by shearing the lead alloy. So we need to know compressive or shearing
strength. Even if we did know the right strength, doing the calculations is not a simple
operation.
Because of the above shortcomings, the strength numbers we use in the HSP method are
really meaningless and imply a level of precision we dont have. They amount to kidding
ourselves.
Individual rules to give general guidance are really all we are going to have until some
extremely sophisticated testing and stress analysis is done. The rough rules relating loads to
appropriate hardness, now used by some, may be helpful. These rules need to be refined based
on careful experimental work.
To be valid we need to know which rule to apply to loads for rifle, pistol, revolver or shotgun
and take into consideration such things as sectional density, burning rate of powder, lube, and is
it gas checked or not.
To be valid, they must be used along with an understanding of the loading situation in
question, described by the answers to the following questions. Is it a rifle, pistol, revolver, or
shotgun? Do the bullets fit the throat well? Additional significant factors may be; sectional
density, burning rate of powder, lube, and whether gas checked or not.

BULLET HARDNESS REQUIREMENTS
Bill McGraw, John Robinson, Ric Bowman,
The bullet hardness required varies from firearm to firearm based on many factors that all
contribute directly to pressure. Some of these factors are internal bore finish, rifling height,
lubricant used, and in the case of revolvers, the relationship of the cylinder throat and bore
dimensions. Even bullet weight and design play a part. Because all of these variables vary
widely, there is no set rule for hardness that can't be broken.
Of all the variables that we adjust to compensate for these conditions, powder selection
gives us the most control. Generally, the faster we bring up pressure, the lower the overall
pressure level needs to be for a given bullet hardness. Or, stated another way, the faster pressure
comes up before the bullet overcomes inertia, the harder the bullet needs to be to survive the
process. As you advance in your knowledge of reloading cast bullets, you will learn techniques
of how to control pressure and even adjust some of the conditions of your gun, so that you can

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achieve some very high velocities with softer lead hardness levels. Below are some hardness
guidelines to get you started using cast bullets.

A. For black powder muzzle loading rifles, where the bullet is to be loaded at bore size, or less, it
must expand to groove size upon firing (obturate). The bullet should be made of lead only, with
no or very little tin or antimony. BHN would be in the range of 4.2 - 5. Muzzle loading balls
should be as close to 100% lead as possible.

"I have always disagreed with the old adage that muzzle loader round balls have to be soft lead.
Pure if you can get it. Well, I have shot hundreds of round balls as well as buffalo bullets made
from wheel weights. So go figure. Good luck .."
John Pierce Jr. ASSRA

B. For some black powder cartridge guns, where the chamber / cartridge / bullet dimensions are
such that the largest bullet that can be loaded is smaller than throat or groove diameter, the bullet
should be made of lead only, with very little tin and no antimony. The soft lead allows the bullet
to bump up to groove diameter with black powder. BHN would be in the range of 4.2 - 6. These
cartridges include, in some guns, 38 Colt, .41 Colt, and some transitional military rifles such as
the Springfield 45/70, W erndl and Snider.

"It's only in the cap and ball pistols that soft lead is a necessity, and that's to keep from bending
the loading lever, not accuracy. Those few cases where the cartridge originally used a heel
based bullet, e.g. .44 American, .38 S&W, .38 Colt, .41 Long and Short Colt, and .376 Eley and
then switched to an internally loaded bullet without changing the bore diameter clearly need
hollow based pure lead bullets in the smaller (internally loaded bullet) loadings. The 44-40 was
never loaded heel based, so this does not apply to that cartridge."
W ayne Smith

C. Revolver bullets that are as large as the cylinder throat will shoot accurately and without
leading, regardless of alloy, up to 850 f/s provided they are adequately lubricated. Revolver
bullets that are as large as the cylinder throat will shoot accurately and without leading, if made
from wheel weights, up to 1100 fps with proper lubrication. Generally, a harder alloy does NOT
reduce leading or increase accuracy above 1100 fps. Excellent accuracy combined with no
leading at velocities above 1100 fps requires a lot of experimentation with different powders of
various burning rates and lubricants.
"joe; I have driven many cylinder throat sized wheelweight bullets at full throttle from a .44
magnum with a slick fire-lapped bore with no leading. Incidentally, I have never hardness-tested
any WW metal from clip-on type weights which tested as soft as the BHN listed by Lyman in their
handbooks. All I have tested has been in the 12 - 13 BHN range on my LBT tester. Maybe they
are using a far more sophisticated testing device, however my tester shows the same hardness for
pure lead and linotype as shown in their tables so it must be reasonably accurate."
Don Howe, ASSRA site

"I have experienced many instances where powder burn rate is simply too fast for lead
bullets other than soft bullseye target loads. This often leads to severe leading and a
deterioration in accuracy after 15-20 shots. A simple change to slower powder can prove
wonders, accuracy remains constant and virtually no leading occurs even after a longer practice

75
session. Examples of this are often seen in the 9 mm Luger - the small case volume aggravates
the situation and causes pressures to peak more severely than in the 38 Special for example.
Lots of my customers have leading problems with .45 Auto - mostly semi-automatic
pistols of course. They follow standard claimed loads ( 5.2 gr. N-320 and 200 gr. SWC) and
many have leading issues. When I ask which bullet or hardness they use the answer is often BHN
of 16-18. My usual advice is up the powder charge to 5.5 gr. which works in many cases, but is
the maximum load recommended by VihtaVuori. Alternatively, I advise go to BHN 10 and use
4,8 to 5,0 gr. and this almost never fails. Many myths exist here in Germany that " the harder the
better" this is simply not true!!!!!!! I have also other experiences which support this thinking.
Cast loads for .32 S&W Long Wadcutter, purely bullseye target shooting. Very lights loads 1,8
gr. N-320 or 1,3 gr. N-310 just would not work with any bullets cast harder than BHN 10. Very
severe leading and abysmal accuracy. Accuracy, returned with very soft alloys - almost pure
lead, but still not quite as good as commercially swaged hollow-base wadcutters. Which is why I
don't cast for .32 S&W Long or .38 Wadcutters.
For light loads and lighter weight bullets it is okay to use faster powders, but as bullet
weight increases and/or velocity needs to be increased more reliable results are obtained with
the slower powders. This is also borne out by the ever increasing popularity of the moderate
burning pistol powders here in Germany like VithaVuori's N-340 or 3N37 in the pistol and
revolver events demanding a certain power factor. This also follows the trend towards heavier
bullets e.g. 180gr. in .357 Mag. class or 300 gr. in 44 Mag. I hope you find this helpful."
Adrian Pitfield - Germany

Gas-checked revolver bullet molds are available, and gas-checked revolver bullets are
sworn by some shooters. Elmer Keith said that 10:1 properly sized and lubricated plain based
revolver bullets can be shot at maximum velocities without leading. I have never shot a gas-
checked revolver bullet, but I don't shoot anywhere near maximum velocity loads very often,
because of the flinch I develop. After six maximum 44 Magnum loads I adopt the "close my eyes
and yank that trigger" mode of shooting, and have noticed a slight decrease in accuracy.
I just don't know about gas checks on revolver bullets.

D. Some Schuetzen shooters contend that at velocities below 1500 fps, accuracy is better with
lead and tin alloys, without any antimony or arsenic. Other shooters contend that wheel weight
alloy works very well.

E. For rifles at velocities up to about 1500 fps, properly fitted PLAIN BASED = W ITHOUT
GAS CHECK bullets of wheel weights with BHN of ~12 are accurate.

F. For rifles at velocities up to about 1800 fps, properly fitted GAS CHECKED bullets of wheel
weights with BHN of ~12 are accurate.

G. For rifles at velocities up to 2100 f/s, GAS CHECKED bullets of linotype alloy with a BHN
of ~21/22 will produce excellent accuracy, if the bullet is a very close fit to the throat.
(This is outside of my experience.)

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3.4 HOW TO CAST BULLETS

Safety
Melting lead and casting bullets can expose you and others to the lead, which is known to
cause disease and physical damage. Minimizing the risk is easy. Provide proper ventilation of the
casting area. Keep the area clean, sweep or vacuum often. Wash your hands thoroughly after
contact with lead or bullets and before eating or smoking.
Molten alloy is dangerous. You will get burned casting bullets, what you want to avoid is
getting burned badly. Wear glasses or goggles. Wear gloves. Wear shoes or boots when casting.
Trust me on this one.
Clamp or bolt the pot down on the bench so it cant be tipped over. Trust me on this one
too.
Never, ever, never have any liquid where it can get into the pot. Water in the pot makes
an explosion. Everybody should see this happen once to make the point. Keep your Pepsi or your
Evian away from the pot.
Understand that synthetic fiber clothing acts differently than natural fibers when lead
splashes onto it. Cotton and wool provide some protection, synthetics get into the act by melting.
When I was learning to wear shoes while casting I had on socks made of synthetic material, and
the spill melted the cloth into my foot so that I got scab size and quality previously attainable
only with involuntary motorcycle dismounts.

Here's reinforcement from Ken Mollohan:
WATER IN MOLTEN LEAD
KEN MOLLOHAN
An advisory note of caution may be appropriate to warn CB casters of a very real, but not very
obvious hazard of creating a substantial explosion in a pot of molten lead alloy.
I speak from experience, and perhaps a simple recapitulation of my story will serve the purpose.
I was a youngster living in Georgia at the time, and was casting Lyman 358429 slugs in a four-
cavity mold (I still have it - and use it too!) on a hot, muggy Atlanta summer afternoon. It was
pretty warm work, and I remember I was perspiring freely, and had paused several times to wipe
my forehead to keep the sweat out of my eyes.
I noticed that the level of lead in the pot had dropped substantially (again), and picked up an
ingot to add. Not wanting to get my finger tips burnt with a splash, I held it an inch or two above
the molten surface and dropped it in, pulling my hand back quickly after releasing the ingot.
A substantial explosion then took place. I do not speak lightly about the force. The sound was
not dissimilar to that of a cherry bomb. The explosion emptied the pot, as I later discovered,
sprayed molten lead on the walls two rooms away!
However, that was later, because I was rather distracted at the time, since the explosion had also
coated a substantial portion of my own person with molten lead. My face and MY OPEN EYES
were almost entirely coated. The only saving grace was that a pinpoint of vision remained, and I
was able to navigate to a nearby hospital where the attending physician literally peeled a mask of
lead off of my face like you might peel the skin off of a banana. The sensation of having it
peeled off of my eyeballs was ... highly memorable.
I can only surmise that whatever purpose God had for putting me on earth had not been fulfilled
yet: I suffered absolutely NO permanent injuries. The doctor said that as far as he could see, the
only thing that saved me was the extreme force of the explosion: It drove the lead melt at such a
velocity that it spread into an ultra thin sheet when it hit my face. The sheet was SO thin that it
was cooled almost instantly on contact by the perspiration on my skin and the natural tears of my

77
eyes.
On returning home, I revisited the site of the accident to try to understand what had happened.
My first thoughts were quickly discounted. No primers or gunpowder were stored anywhere
near the casting operation, nor were there any live rounds about to fall in and detonate.
Believe it or not, I'm sometimes dense enough that it actually took me a while to figure it out. I
had apparently transferred several drops of perspiration to the lead ingot when I picked it up.
When I dropped the ingot, it submerged far too quickly for the sweat to boil away, and was
almost instantly encased in a pocket of chilled lead. However, chilled is a relative term: The
temperature was still far above boiling, and the perspiration quickly became superheated steam
under considerable pressure - which the lead sheath could not contain. The resulting explosion
was essentially from a burst steam boiler.
This explanation was substantiated when I reflected on the bubbling that often occurred when a
cold ingot was added to the pot: this is because of a phenomenon called 'adsorption', which is a
fancy term to describe the tendency of a very thin film of water (only a few molecules thick) to
adhere to most surfaces, including lead ingots.
I also had noticed that ingots stored in a cool place tended to generate even more vigorous
bubbles (due to more water adsorption from the warm humid summer air). But my sweat was
considerably more than a few molecules, and the resulting 'bubble' was proportionally more than
vigorous.
My enthusiasm for casting was considerably reduced by this experience, as you may imagine.
I almost quit, but once I understood what had happened, the remedies were obvious. I never
again added a cold ingot to a melt: All ingots are preheated by being laid on the surface of the
melting pot until too warm to handle without gloves. Then they are picked up with a pair of
tongs and added slowly to the melt. They are NEVER dropped in the pot. Scrap wheelweights
are never added to a hot pot under any circumstances, though I will sometimes START a casting
session by filling a COLD pot with them. Any lead that goes into a hot pot has been melted and
cast into ingot form first! This prevents water in a crack (not unusual if salvaged wheelweights)
from raising a fuss.
I also wear a pair of inexpensive cotton gloves and long sleeved shirts to absorb perspiration, no
matter how hot the day may be. Safety glasses and a sweatband across my forehead complete
minimal safe equipage. To date (some 40 or so years later), I've never come close to a similar
experience.
One other note: NEVER wear or use clothing or aprons made from synthetic fibers while
casting. All garments should be of cotton or other natural fibers. If a lead splash contacts
synthetic garments like polyester or acrylic slacks, it will melt the fabric, which will then become
(in effect) a hot melt adhesive, holding the lead splash in intimate contact with your flesh. This
will result in greatly increasing the severity and depth of any injuries. No joke!! If you have
ANY doubt about the suitability of your clothing, remove a few fibers from inside a seam and
drop them on the top of the molten lead in the pot. If they smolder, they are fine. If they melt,
they are VERY hazardous.
Hope this helps keep someone from a similar experience. The odds of the next guy being as
lucky as I was must be millions to one. But it's simple to prevent. Don't let it happen.

Bullet Molds
Bullet molds are made of brass, aluminum, and iron. I have used one brass mold. I have
owned a dozen or so aluminum molds, I own only one now. Some folks have good luck with
aluminum molds. I have owned dozens of iron molds, and in my opinion iron or brass is the way
to go. Much of what is included below pertains to iron bullet molds.

78
Bullet molds come in nose pour and base pour. Most molds are base pour; the base of
the bullet is on top of the mold. Some custom molds are nose pour, such that the metal is poured
into the nose end of the bullet on top of the mold. The theory here is that the perfect base is more
important than the perfect nose; that if the base is first to fill it will be perfect more often, thus
the nose must fill last. I have had nose pour molds made by Richard Hoch and Dave Farmer, who
took over Richards business. The molds are great, but I think anyone would be hard pressed to
prove that nose pour outshoots base pour.
Bullet molds come in single cavity and multiple cavity styles. Smaller-bullet Lyman
molds are two cavity.
Ive always-without exception-been able to distinguish between weight and dimensions of
bullets cast in each of two cavities. I think I can detect accuracy differences between bullets cast
in each cavity.
Some shooters mark bullet molds so that we can tell which cavity the bullet came from, and so
that we can orient the bullet. I mark each cavity with a round-ended punch, like a decapping pin.
I mark one cavity toward the front of the bullet, and the other closer to the base of the bullet. A
punch mark about .010" deep will do the job. Little is better! You just want to be able to see the
mark on the bullet. Be aware that some mold manufacturers void the warrantee if the mold is
marked.
Gang molds of three to ten or more cavities are generally used for pistol bullets. I have no
experience with gang molds.
New molds
New iron molds come with a coating of oil. Clean the oil off with hot soapy water and a
toothbrush, immediately before casting. Use a dab of silicon grease (from the auto parts store) on
the screws that hold the mold to the handles. This keeps the screws from rusting and freezing in
the holes.

Casting
Sometimes I cant cast good bullets. I do everything the same as I always do, but after 30
minutes Ive made few or no good bullets. I quit, and invariably get good results at the next
casting session. Why? I dont know.
Some good shooters shoot bullets in the order they come from the mold. Bud Welsh, who
makes barrels and other equipment for Schuetzen and modern bench rest shooters, recommended
this as very important. I could never figure out why they do it or why I should do it, so I dont do
it.
The way to learn how to cast bullets is to cast bullets. Its not hard. There are a few tricks
that will help you out, but the real secret is practice. The first trick is to keep a puddle of liquid
lead at the sprue hole long enough to fill out the mold.
Preheat the pot and the mold. I turn the pot on and put the mold Im going to use on the
edge of the pot and the dipper in the center. I want the pot and the mold to have at least half an
hour to heat up.
I put the pot on newspaper or cardboard, and drop the bullets on newspaper or cotton or
wool cloths. Synthetic cloths melt when the lead hits them. So its either cotton or wool or
newspaper.
The sprue plate must be slightly loose - must swing open or closed of its own weight. The
sprue plate makes its seal with the top of the mold when it is loose enough to flop down on top of
the mold. A tight sprue plate is ALWAYS cocked in some direction; making casting of bullets
with good bases difficult-the base will have flash.
I use a single edge razor blade during casting to apply beeswax or alox lube to the mold.

79
The lube goes on the sprue plate screw; the sprue plate at the screw, and the alignment pins on
the mold blocks. Use the tiniest bit of lube possible. When a piece of lead gets on the mold
blocks, put a tiny bit of lube on it, keep casting, and the lead will go away. I dont scrape
anything off the mold with the razor blade.
I have used a #2 pencil to lubricate molds during casting, rubbing the graphite where
needed on the mold. The pencil works but the razor blade and lube work better for me.
When the sprue starts to stick to the sprue plate, put a little lube on the edge of the sprue
hole and the sprue will stop sticking.
Jim Borton suggested using a brass brush to brush unwanted lead off the mold. I got one
the size and shape of a tooth brush at the hardware store, and it works great.
Get a rhythm or pace of casting, and keep that rhythm up. Dont stop for any long period
of time.
Cooling the mold for faster casting
Dick Howes, one of the better offhand shooters at the Old Colony Sportsman's
Association, was able to cast bullets fast by having a sponge in a shallow dish of water in the
casting area, and pouring-cooling the base of the mold on the wet sponge-removing the bullet-
pouring-cooling... He said that the problem in casting fast is keeping the mold cool so that the
bullet hardens quickly.
(Ken Mollohan's Note: Ive had good success using a damp cloth (actually, a clean but discarded
bath towel) to rest gang molds on. The cooling is effective, the working area is generous, and
there is no liquid water readily available to be a hazard. The damp towel approach also does a
decent job of cooling the heavier bullets enough for handling in a reasonable length of time. It
also has the advantage of provide the fast, cheap cooling of water without the hazard of
explosions from liquid water: when it begins to dry out, just stop long enough to re-wet it at the
sink and wring it out before resuming casting.)
A. C. Gould, in THE MODERN AMERICAN RIFLE, recommends cooling the bottom
of the mold in a dish of water between pours. He talks about a person who could cast 12 perfect
.45 caliber bullets in a minute, 505 in an hour. This is 30 pounds of 500-grain bullets. I wonder,
could A. C. have told a fib? Maybe not.
Several shooters on the Internet cast bullet forums report cooling the sprue plate on a wet
sponge or rag to cool the mold, and casting lots of bullets quick.
Bruce Bannister, on the "Cast Boolits" forum reports: "In one timed run at my normal
rate with a SINGLE-cavity Lee .30 mould, I made 159 good bullets in thirty minutes. This
translates to over three hundred per hour from a one-banger mould. It's not unusual to get well
over 500 good 'uns in an hour from my Lyman or RCBS two-cav jobs, and 400 'bph' is easy.
Lyman four-cavity moulds can give me over 1000 per hour on a good day. Casting heavier
bullets takes a bit longer due to longer mould-filling-time than is required by lighter boolits."
Ive tried the Howes/Gould/Bannister method, and it works for casting lots of bullets fast.
But, water in the casting area is a danger. Just a drop of water in molten alloy makes an
impressive explosion. The risk may not be worth the speed. A safe way to cool the mold between
pours is to get a big piece of aluminum plate and put the mold on that.
I've sometimes used a sponge on a small dish of water to cool the sprue plate of the mold.
I find that I can cast faster when I cool the sprue plate, and that the bullets produced are almost
as good as those I cast without speed casting. I'm not as fast as Bruce, probably because I'm left-
handed and must switch hands on the mold and put down and pick up the mallet every bullet. I'm
starting to like this speed casting. Be careful of the water!!
I don't do much speed casting.
I cast and inspect 100-175 good bullets of any caliber from .22 to .45 in a session that

80
lasts just under two hours. I inspect every bullet and recycle any questionable bullet.
Some people cast many more at a session, I cant.
Frosty bullets
Shiny bullets are nice. Contrary to popular opinion, frosty bullets are nice too. Shiny
bullets with wrinkles come from a cold mold. Frosty bullets come from a hotter mold.
Dont believe that frosty bullets are bad; most of my bullets are frosty. (A. C. Gould said
that bullets could be made shiny by putting half a silver dime in the pot. Barry Darr, famous
barrel and mold maker, caused a stir at the Coors match in83 when he claimed to add silver to
his bullet alloy. Silver prices rose as gullible experimenters rushed to try it. I couldnt get the
dime to melt.)
Casting bullets
Think of the alloy/mold system temperature as one variable that can be controlled by:
adjusting the thermostat on the pot, or
varying the time interval between pours, or
varying the time that the dipper nozzle is in contact with the sprue plate.
When bullets have hairs where the lead went into the vents on the mold, or when bases
have flash even though the sprue plate is loose, the mold/alloy is too hot.
When the base of the bullet is rounded rather than at a clean sharp angle, the mold/alloy is
too cool.
No hairs and a sharp base mean that the mold/alloy is at the right temperature.
(Ken's note: There are a host of other temperature indicators that were once used before
thermometers were as available as they are today. Toss a live paper match on the surface of the
melt. If the match ignites, the melt is hot enough. If a dry splinter chars, but does not ignite,
its hot enough. If it ignites, its too hot. Ditto for a scrap of paper. If a bit of candle wax for
fluxing makes billows of smoke but doesnt ignite spontaneously, its hot enough. If the smoke
does ignite, its too hot. Granted, a thermometer is the scientific way to go, but these crude
indicators enabled a lot of good bullets to be cast - and still do. The fact that waxes, greases and
oils vary quite a bit in their melting and spontaneous ignition temperatures didnt seem to be a
problem. Perhaps the real lesson is that as long as the bullets are casting well, you dont need to
be too concerned about the actual temperature.)
I hold the mold at about a 30-degree angle and pour... I keep pouring, letting the lead
dribble across the sprue plate and into the pot. I keep the dipper spout touching the sprue plate
but not tight in the sprue hole.
One method of monitoring the heat and assuring good bases on bullets is to pay close
attention to the bases of the bullets after opening the sprue plate. A cold mold/alloy will make
bases with a shiny place and frequently a bump where the sprue plate cuts off the sprue. A hot
mold/alloy will make bases with a grey hole. By adjusting the heat of the system to where the
bases of the bullets have no grey sprue cuts with tiny holes or roughness will be the right
temperature and the bullets will be close to perfect.
Cleaning the mold
New molds come from the factory with oil on them. This oil should be removed before
casting. I wash new molds with dishwashing soap and a toothbrush. Then I put the mold on the
side of the hot pot to dry off. Others recommend boiling molds in various cleaners, but I've never
felt the need to do that.
Sometimes molds get some "stuff" in the cavity, I don't know what it is. When it affects
how the bullets fill out, I scrub the (cold) mold with that dishwashing soap and toothbrush again,
that seems to take out the "stuff".
Youll make a mess of more than one mold; it will have lead stuck to the sprue plate and

81
the inside and outside of the blocks.
I've been using a brass brush the size and shape of a tooth brush while casting, and find
that this brush does a great job of keeping the mold clean; and brushing the cavities in the mold
halves keeps bullets from sticking.
If the mold is very messy, clean it up with a Bernz-O-Matic torch and a cotton or wool
rag. Heat the mold all over until the lead melts and makes little balls. Wipe the lead balls off with
the cotton or wool rag. Take the sprue plate off and heat it, wipe off the lead balls. Be careful,
use as little heat as possible, dont heat the mold unevenly, let everything cool down slowly, and
you wont have any trouble.
The sprue plate screw is locked with a setscrew coming in from the side of the mold, and
this setscrew can damage the threads on the sprue plate screw. Stuff some steel wool in the
setscrew hole, then put in the setscrew, and the sprue plate screw won't be damaged.
Fluxing
We have been instructed to flux the pot for a hundred years, by a hundred authors.
Fluxing the pot means dropping a thumb-sized piece of beeswax or bullet lube or wax into the
pot from time to time, mixing the alloy with the dipper, scraping the side and bottom of the pot,
and taking out the stuff which rises to the top of the pot and throwing it away. Ostensibly this
will leave you with clean and shiny metal in the pot. We are told to light the smoke from the flux
with a match, which minimizes the smoke.
I dont have to flux the pot, and cast many bullets without fluxing. Some gray sludgy
stuff comes to the top of the pot; I take it out with the dipper and put it in a coffee can. I rap the
dipper on the coffee can edge to knock the gray stuff off the dipper. (When I melt down
wheelweights into ingots I put the grey sludgy stuff into the pot and it melts into the
wheelweights as I flux.). Now and again I touch the hot nozzle of the dipper to some lube, and
then put the dipper in the pot. This bit of lube at the nozzle makes the alloy flow freer. I dont
flux the pot mostly because I never saw that it did anything.
I use Darr lubricant for many bullets, the lube gets old with stuff in it, and then I make a
new batch and use the old batch for flux.
When I do flux the pot, the flux and flame makes the grey sludgy stuff go away, and
leaves some grey/black powder on top of the lead. I take this powder off with the dipper-I think
the powder is a metal oxide because it is quite dense. I've noticed that if I drop a piece of old
Darr lube in the pot and the melted lube doesn't catch fire on its own, then the alloy is too cold to
make good bullets. The alloy should be hot enough to ignite the lube-then you get good fluxing
and can cast good bullets.
Bullet inspection and weighing

Here's the 4X magnifier light that I use to inspect
each bullet. I got it at Office Depot for about $20.

82

Here's my setup for weighing bullets. These are
Lyman/Pope 308403's cast 10/6/05 and weighed
10/7/05. Over on the left are 6 with visual defects.
Then, left to right, 2 at 169.4 grains, none at 169.5,
14 at 169.6, 17 at 169.7, 92 at 169.8, 17 at 169.9
and 2 bullets at 170.0 grains. I'll put the ones with
visual defects back in the pot, maybe the 2 at 169.4
grains also. This set of bullets is unusual in that
there were no bullets more than .5 grain from the
average. Generally there are a few of these outliers,
they go back into the pot.

There are pencil lines on the surface behind the
pointer at .5 grain above and below the center
marker. These pencil lines make it easy to select out those outliers.
Bullet weight variation
For many years I have inspected and weighed every bullet I shot. I throw back a lot of
bullets, every one with an obvious wrinkle or hole or . ?
In 2004/2005 I analyzed bullet weights of 10,008 bullets cast in 90 lots with average
weights from 58.5 to 445.3 grains. The average standard deviation was .137 grains, with a
minimum of .068 grains and a maximum of .294 grains. The standard deviation doesn't seem to
vary with average bullet weight.
A good-running mold and pot will cast bullets weighing +/-.2 grains 80% to 90% of the time. It
doesnt seem to matter whether its a 150 grain 30 caliber or a 500 grain 45 caliber bullet. When
I weigh bullets, I find a stranger here and there. Maybe one in one hundred will weigh
substantially more or less than the rest. I believe that close inspection is mandatory, that
weighing to eliminate the strangers is important for some shooting, but that weight variation of a
few tenths of a grain is not important. Segregating bullets into tenth grain categories makes little
difference in my shooting. Inspection of bullets without weighing is adequate for 90% of cast
bullet shooting.
Mold coating
Some shooters smoke the inside of molds with a candle or a Bic lighter or some other
flame. Other shooters coat the inside of molds with a patent liquid preparation. This coating
business seems more popular with aluminum molds than iron molds. I dont coat any mold. Or
didn't. In 2006 I started to get into Black Powder Muzzle Loaders, and in 2007 bought a Lee
.490" round ball mold. This mold worked poorly with pure lead, many defective and wrinkled
balls. After smoking the mold with one of those butane grill lighters, the mold got better and
started to make perfect balls. I am going to try smoking some of my other stubborn molds.
Flat Bases
Sometimes the sprue plate leaves a small bump on the bottom of the bullet. We like flat
bases because the gas checks go on the bullets more evenly, and because we're told that flat and
precise bases contribute to accuracy. If you're plagued by these base bumps, here's how to fix the
problem.
First, make sure that the sprue plate is loose and free to turn of its own weight. Then, after
casting and opening the sprue plate, close the sprue plate such that the plate and not the hole is
over the bump, and give the top of the sprue plate a good whack with the yellow plastic mallet.

83
This will mash the bump down and make it go away.

Storing molds
I leave bullets and the sprue in the mold when Im done casting, I just dont open the
sprue plate the last time. Ive never had a mold rust in the cavity with the bullets and sprue left in
the mold. It is common for my molds to have light spots of rust on the outside. Some casters oil
the mold for storage. Others put molds in a container with a desiccant or a "Vapor Phase
Inhibitor" (= anti-rust chemical in a piece of paper). One shooter suggested putting a clean
polished piece of steel with the molds, in a closed container. The idea was that the polished piece
of steel would rust, absorbing the oxygen in the container, and keep the molds from rusting. I'm
skeptical, but it can't hurt. If you're worried about it, why not just put the mold in a plastic zip
lock bag?
Thermometers
Thermometers are available from Lyman and RCBS and others to measure the
temperature of the alloy in the lead pot. I have never found the need for one of these, and I have
read several comments about the inaccuracy of these thermometers. Perhaps they help some
bullet casters, but Im not planning on buying one soon.
Because I felt guilty, I did buy a lead thermometer in 2006. It's a nice instrument. I used it
to measure the alloy temperature a few times, but I don't know why. I've put it away and haven't
used it in a while.
HOW TO ADJUST AND MAINTAIN BULLET MOLDS
With help from Ken Mollohan
This has mostly to do with Lyman and other iron/steel molds with Lyman-style alignment
pins. I know little about maintaining aluminum or brass molds.
Any trace of oil or grease on a mold will smoke and cause severe wrinkling of the bullets.
Consequently, all molds must be clean and dry before use. Some casters never put any
preservatives on their molds: they just leave the last bullet cast in its cavity as a sort of
protection. I know one fellow who stores the dry molds in a box of heavily galvanized steel. It
seems to work, but most of us are more comfortable with some sort of petroleum based rust
inhibitor for safe storage. Which means it must be removed before the mold is used again.
Ive used every solvent you can think of, and probably quite a few you never even heard
of, trying to get the metal really clean. Some shooters clean their molds with soapy water and a
brush and report good results. But the best way Ive found was recommended in the American
rifleman some years ago. They suggested bringing a sauce pan with 2 or 3 inches of water to a
rolling boil, and adding some dish detergent - maybe half a teaspoon if you just HAVE to
measure it. Then open the mold (on handles) and set the blocks in the pan. The water should
cover the blocks. Then let the pan come back to a rolling boil. Youd think this is going to boil

84
over and make a mess, but it doesnt. Let it boil for about a minute. Then take it out and rinse it
off briefly in scalding hot tap water, and sling it dry. Be very careful not to give it a long rinse
with cold water: The metal will be so free from oils that if its kept wet, it will rust in a hurry!
But a hot mold will dry quickly, and will give you no trouble with rusting. This takes only a few
minutes, and is the best method Ive found.
Bullet molds need to be adjusted now and again because they wear and get damaged.
Sometimes the mold doesn't close completely, sometimes the mold halves will move when the
mold is closed, and sometimes the sprue plate isn't flat or has bumps.
There must be no lead on the face of either half of the mold. Get the lead off by heating
the mold and touching the lead with the tiniest bit of bullet lube. The lead will go away as you
cast.
Ken's method is to heat the mold so hot the lead specks melt. -Then wipe the molten lead
away with a slightly oily rag after youre done casting, so it will be clean for your next session.
With the mold off the handles, check as follows:
Hold the closed mold up to the light, look through the bullet cavity, and see if there's light
coming through a crack. Any visible light means that the mold isn't closing completely.
Hold the closed mold in two hands, one hand holding each half, and see if the halves
move when you try to twist them. The slightest movement can be easily felt. If the mould fails
either test it should be adjusted for the best results.
Remove the sprue plate and screw and washer from off the mould half.
You'll need a small fine file. My file is eight inches long. A file with a "safe" edge, with
no teeth on the edges, is preferred.
Here's a picture of the file and the
mold that we'll use for an example. On the
mold half with the alignment pin holes (the
half without the pins sticking out), hold the
file flat on the surface of the mould and
lightly file off any metal that projects above
the surface. We're not taking much metal off.
We just want to take off the bumps and make
the surface flat. You will be able to feel the
file take off metal, and you'll feel it when the file is done taking off metal. The alignment pin
holes on a used mold are almost always burred.

Here's a picture of that mold half after filing, the bottom alignment pin hole
clearly shows the white ring left after the burr was filed off, the top hole looks
the same but didn't photograph as clearly.

Now file the face of the other mold half-the half with the alignment pins
sticking out-, being careful not to file any metal off of the alignment pins. Here's
where having a file with a "safe" edge, with no teeth, is helpful. Just be careful
not to remove metal from the alignment pins.

File off any bumps at the edges of the mold half. When it's flat, stop. Less filing is better.

85

To keep the alignment pin holes from
burring again, get out your chamfering
tool, or cricket, and chamfer the inside of
the alignment pin holes-just a little bit!

Here's the mold half and the cricket:
(NEI and RCBS moulds come with the
alignment pin holes chamfered, Lyman
molds don't.)

Before you adjust the alignment pins, make sure that the mold half faces are flat and burr-free as
explained above. These steps must be done in the proper order!

Adjusting the alignment pins

If you can feel movement when holding the mold halves
closed in your hands-when twisting them-the alignment pins
need to be adjusted. You will be able to feel which alignment
pin is loose. Just fiddle with the mold for a while, twisting the
halves in your hands. You can feel the slightest movement.

I use a punch, a
hammer and a
lead alloy ingot
to adjust the alignment pins. Put the closed mold
on the ingot and tap the punch on the alignment
pin with the hammer. It may take several
whacks, maybe a hard whack. Eventually the pin
will move. If the pin has gone out too far, so that
the mold halves stick together when closed, then
just tap the pin back into the mold half with the hammer. The goal is to have no movement of the
two mold halves and no sticking when the mold is closed.
(Some shooters adjust the alignment pins with an arrangement of ball bearings, shims, and a vise.
I've never tried it.)

Filing the sprue plate flat.

Sometimes the sprue plate gets bumps and
uneven surfaces and lumps at the outside edges. The
sprue plate must be flat. File the bottom of the sprue plate
until all the bumps are gone, and it is flat.

86

Filing the mold top.

The top of the mold sometimes gets burrs at the
edges and around the sprue plate hole. ONLY after the
mold half faces are filed flat and the alignment pins are
adjusted, file off any burrs on the top of the mold.

Filing chamfers on mould edges

Some folks also file a chamfer on all four edges of the mating surfaces of both mould
blocks; to make sure that no burrs will be raised to keep the blocks from closing completely.

Repairing mold handles

Mold handles are fairly expensive, and the wooden things tend to loosen over time and
use; and fall off. e've fixed these by putting paper or cloth shims around the metal parts and
forcing the wooden things back on, but those wooden things always loosen up.

To permanently attach the wooden things to the metal hinge
part of the mold handles, I use GE Silicon Sealant Household Glue.
This is what we used to call Room Temperature Vulcanizing, or
RTV, rubber. On the back of my tube it says:" NOT FOR: surfaces
that will exceed 400 degrees F... which I think means that it's good
to 400 degrees F, or maybe a little more. Anyhow, I smear it on the
metal gozinta parts and in the holes in the wooden things, put them
together and the handles still work fine after many casting sessions.
Paul Libby says that he uses JB Weld epoxy to hold the wooden
things on, and that it is not affected by the heat.

87
Mold setup and lubrication

The mold is held on the handle with two machine screws. I dip the screw
ends in silicon grease-available from NAPA auto parts stores-before
putting the mold on the handles. This keeps the screws from sticking.
They frequently stuck on me before I used the grease

While casting, lubricate the alignment pins and around the sprue plate screw with a tiny
bit of NRA ALOX lube. Using this lube, after a while, there's a coating of (maybe) beeswax that
keeps everything moving freely. The smallest possible amount of lube does the trick. When a bit
of lead gets onto the mold, a tiny bit of lube on the lead will make it go away. Also lube the
handle hinge now and then. (Ken's note: This works if youre really careful, but can cause
wrinkling if the slightest bit of excess should occur. Graphite or Mica works fine, and cant
cause problems.)

Adjust the sprue plate screw so that the sprue plate just closes by gravity. Keep it that
loose, so it swings easily. A tight sprue plate is (almost) always a cocked sprue plate. As you
cast, close the mold halves slowly, don't snap them shut.

When you're done casting, leave the mold cavities with bullets in them, and a big slab of
lead on the sprue plate. I've never had rusting in the cavities when
storing molds in this way.

The locking screw may have either a tiny slotted or Allen
head. Get a longer Phillips or slotted head screw with a big head at the
hardware store, it is much easier to adjust.

The locking screw sometimes buggers up the sprue plate
screw. Stuff some steel wool in the locking screw hole, then put in the
locking screw. This will keep everything tight without distorting
either screw.

How to keep the bullet from "sticking" in the mold.

With some molds, the bullets stick in the mold after opening, and you have to whack the
mold handle hinge to get the bullet to fall out. Mostly it's burrs at the mold half edges that hold
the bullet in. Whacking the handle hinge takes a lot of time, it is far better if the bullets fall out
when you open the mold handles.
The brass brush the size and shape of a tooth brush, that I got from the hardware store, is
used to brush the cavities in the mold halves to remove those burrs and allow the bullets to fall
out more easily. (Ken: Another trick is to flatten the mouth of a scrap case with a hammer, and
use it to scrape the edges of the mold cavity. This will do a fine job of removing burrs, and at the
very least, it will show you where any roughness might be lurking.) When this doesn't work it's
time to lap those burrs out.
There's much info on mold lapping in this book. More experienced guys explain how to
lap a mold using the best techniques. Here's how I fix the problem.

88
Make sure the mold is adjusted according to what's written above. Put the mold handles
on, and make sure you have five or six bullets for each cavity. Put a bullet in the mold and close
the handles tightly. Center punch a small hole in the middle of the bullet base, use a punch or a
nail or anything sharp. If the hole isn't close to the center, discard the bullet and start again. Then
drill a three-thirty-seconds inch hole in the bullet base with a cordless drill-you don't want the
drill to get away from you. This hole is maybe one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch deep.
Next screw a Phillips head sheet metal screw into the hole, not tight. Put a little bit of automotive
valve grinding compound on the bullet-Permatex 34A water based works well-put the bullet in
the mold, close the handles while turning the bullet-screw with a screwdriver. Now its a matter
of wiping the valve grinding compound off the face of the mold blocks, turning the bullet, and
generally fiddling with the mold and bullet-screw until done. You can see where the valve
grinding compound has worked on the mold surfaces. Now wash the mold off with hot water,
and oil it if you're not going to cast right away. This whole thing takes less than half an hour, and
works very well for me. Having those bullets drop out and not having to persuade them is a great
time saver.
(Ken's note: My technique is to simply use a soft, fine brass wire rotary brush at low speed in a
Dremel tool to polish the edges of troublesome cavities. The brass wears long before the steel,
and doesnt harm the cavity, but removes any microscopic burrs quickly and easily.)

89
3.5 DAMAGED BULLETS
One day in the summer of 2004, after casting some 311299 bullets, I emptied the
container of bullets onto the concrete floor from a height of about 3 feet.
After saying the obligatory words I was ready to re-melt the bullets and start again, but
then thought that these bullets gave me an opportunity to experiment.
I inspected and weighed the bullets, discarding any with casting defects or outlying
weights, as I do with almost all my cast bullets. The acceptable dropped bullets had dents
ranging from pretty bad to no dent at all. I rejected no bullet for a dent.
I was working with a M54 Winchester in 30 WCF at the time. I loaded the dropped
bullets and undropped bullets with the same loads, and shot them for group at 100 yards. Here
are the results.
GROUPS AVERAGE AVERAGE
SHOT GROUP, GROUP,
WITH DROPPED NOT
DATE POWDER CHARGE EACH BULLETS DROPPED
8/4/2004 AA#9 12.5 4 1.569" 1.650"
8/25/2004 SR4759 12 4 1.181" 1.613"
9/8/2004 IMR4227 14.5 5 1.060" 1.290"
11/3/2004 AA#9 12.5 4 0.913" 1.019"

If I'm testing two loads, I shoot load "A" first, then load "B". Then I wait about fifteen
minutes, may clean the gun if that is part of the test, and then shoot load "B", then load "A". This
takes the "clean" and "hot" bias out of the testing.
In each of the four tests, the dropped and dented bullets shot smaller average groups than
did "perfect"= not dropped and dented bullets. I don't know what conclusions can be drawn from
this experiment, other than that dents don't seem to radically degrade the accuracy of cast bullets.
To see if damaged bases affected accuracy, I took a box of 18 Hoch bullets for the 32/35
Maynard, and made one file pass across the bases at about 45 degrees. This filed a flat defect on
the bases, readily seen.

2/23/05 12/IMR 4227, Rem 2 1/2, breech seated, multiple cases, Model
1882 Maynard No. 16 in 32/35, Iron Sights, Hot and plenty of mirage. 100
yards, 5-shot group with perfect base bullets, then 5-shot group with
damaged base bullets-alternating for 3 groups each.
Group Sizes:
Perfect bases: 2.15", 2.20", 2.675" Avg 2.342".
Damaged Bases: 1.2", 2.975", 2.025" Avg. 2.067"
On a good day, with one case and going carefully, this rifle has made many
groups under an inch, probably averaging about 1 1/2 inches. The Irons are harder to see than
ever.

Ohaus 45-405 bullets, 434.5 +/-.5 grains, Darr lubed, 21.5 grains SR4759, Dacron wad, WLP
primers, breech seated, 100 yards, five shot groups, C. Sharps 45/70 Model 1875, 30X STS,
Muzzle Clamp/Anti-Cant device.

90

A set of bullets had the bases filed at a 45 degree
angle for about half the thickness of the base band.
Shot 3/2/05 to see the effect of damaged bases.
Windy enough to blow empty plastic ammo boxes
off the bench, 70 degrees, bright sun, plenty of
mirage. Alternating perfect and damaged bases.

Group sizes:
Perfect bases: 2.1", 4.3", 2.05", 3" Avg. = 2.863"
Damaged bases: 3.35", 2.675", 3.95", 2.9" Avg. 3.219"
I thought there might be lead in the barrel, couldn't find any. I read through the notebook on this
rifle last night. Many 10 shot 200 yard groups under 4", many 100 yard 5-shot groups under 2",
some under 1", one measured .693"-all with this load. I've used the Wolf No-Grease-Groove
bullet almost exclusively in this rifle since 1993. I don't know why I'm shooting such big groups
in this damaged bullet testing-but here it is.
Maybe these damaged bases caused the larger groups.
3/23/05, nice and windy, with gusts, varying from bright sun to rain showers. About 84 degrees
with excellent high humidity. M artini 30/30 bench rifle, Lyman 20X STS, Wolf No-Grease-
Groove 213 grain bullets with two coats of Lee Liquid Alox, 12.5/AA#9, Remington 2 1/2
primers. One hundred yards, five-shot groups, one sighter, shoot two groups, clean.
Good bases 1.1", 1.6", 1.825" Average 1.508"
Filed bases, 45 degree at the edge 1.325", 1.65", 1.075" Average 1.35"
As an aside, I also tested 311299's from a "Beagled" mold, these averaged 1.069" for four groups
with the same load.
The Wolf NGG bullet has always shot adequately if not as well as other bullets in this rifle, but
sometimes leads about a foot up the barrel-hence the cleaning.
This is the third test.
It starts to look like we can say that damage to the edges of bullet bases doesn't radically affect
accuracy.
3/22/06 308403, Darr Lubed, Rem 2 1/2 primers, one case, 7/Unique, 30WCF M54 Winchester,
30X STS, Sandbag bench rest (Hoppes). 85 degrees, very windy, clouds then clear, very hot in
the sun. 100 yard five shot groups. 26 bullets had the bases filed at a 45 degree angle to make a
defect about half way up the base band. Fired about 6 sighters and stopped. Next relay (15
minute relays) fired 1 fouler, 5 filed base, 5 good base. Next relay fired 1 fouler, 5 good base, 5
filed base. And so on, alternating the first group shot between filed bases and good bases.
Filed Bases 2 .375", .825", 2.4", 2.5", 2.4" Average 2.1"
Good bases 3.3", 2.55", 2.3", 2.2", 2.3" Average 2.53"
There are a lot of bullets tipping. Maybe need more powder or Dacron, I've used 7.5
grains/Unique and Dacron in the past.
This bullet generally shoots into about 1.5" averages at 100 yards. Maybe the wind, which will
stop in July, when it gets REAL hot.
Again, I don't think that filed/damaged bases shoot better than good bases, the .825" group is a
fluke.

91
3/29/06 308403, Darr with some beeswax lubed, WLP primers, 7.2/Unique weighed/dribbled,
Dacron wad tamped down on powder, 30WCF M54 Winchester, 30X STS, Muzzle clamp/anti-
cant device, flat bench rest. 79 degrees, slightly windy, clouds then clear, 100 yard five shot
groups. 26 bullets had the bases filed at a 45 degree angle to make a defect about half way up the
base band. Fired 6 sighters and stopped. Next relay (15 minute relays) fired 1 fouler, 5 filed base,
5 good base. Next relay fired 1 fouler, 5 good base, 5 filed base. And so on, alternating the first
group shot between filed bases and good bases.
Filed Bases 2.55", 2.2", 1.5", 2.525", 2.85" Average 2.325"
Most of the bullets are still tipping.
Finally, the damaged base bullets shoot larger groups than the good bases.
4/5/06 308403, Darr with some beeswax lubed, WLP primers, 8.0/Unique weighed/dribbled,
Dacron wad tamped down on powder, 30WCF M54 Winchester, 30X STS, Muzzle clamp/anti-
cant device, flat bench rest. 84 degrees, quite windy, clear, 100 yard five shot groups. 27 bullets
had the bases filed at a 45 degree angle to make a defect about half way up the base band. Fired
about 6 sighters and stopped. Next relay (15 minute relays) fired 1 fouler, 5 filed base, 5 good
base, cleaned barrel with 2 patches and MM oil. Next relay fired 1 fouler, 5 good base, 5 filed
base, cleaned barrel. And so on, alternating the first group shot between filed bases and good
bases.
Filed Bases 2.2", 3.7", 1.95", 1.525", 1.275" Average 2.17"
Maybe half of the bullets are still tipping.
Those shot 4/5/06 were from a lot that weighed 170.6 to 170.9 grains. I just filed the base
of one out of that lot. It started at 170.8 grains. After filing it weighed 170.5 grains. The filing
lost .3 grains.
4/12/06 308403 lubed with Darr + some beeswax. 11/AA#9, WLP primer, CF Ventures soft gas
check, Martini 30/30 bench gun, 30X STS, muzzle clamp/anti-cant device, flat bench rest. Five
shot 100 yard groups, 1 sighter and 2 groups per 15 minute relay. Bases on some bullets filed at
~45 degree angle ~ half way up the base band. It was 82 degrees and windy. How windy was it?
My Gatorade plastic bottle cap blew off the bench, my gun case blew open(it was slightly open)
and a set of sky screens with holder and tripod blew over twice. I have little experience with this
bullet in this gun.
Six of 25 shots with both good and filed bases were tipping.
Good bases 2.725", 1.175", .625", 1.45", 1.7" Avg 1.535"
Filed bases 3.125, 2.675, 1.45", 3.45", 1.025" Avg. 2.345"
Summary to date
FILED GOOD
BASES BASES
3/22/06 2.1" 2.53"
3/29/06 2.325" 1.565"
4/5/06 2.17" 1.96"
4/12/06 2.345" 1.535"

Damaged Bullets, Distinction and Difference
After looking at forty groups fired, half with filed-base bullets and the other half with
"good" = unfiled-base bullets, I've been assailed by a conclusion, to wit: Not all bullets with

92
damaged = filed bases fly wildly to the target. The probability that any given bullet will land out
of the group is greater shooting bullets with damaged bases.
I first thought that this was a distinction without a difference-it's starting to look like
bullets with damaged bases make bigger groups than bullets with good bases. But I think that I
see a difference.
All our bullets would go through the same hole, we think, if not for the differences that
creep in amongst our loads. Differences in brass or bullet or powder or primer or bore condition
or weather or any of the dozens of variables. These differences, some or most of us suspect, yield
shots outside the group. And my assumption, shared, I think with others, is that if we assembled
and shot a set of loads, all with a given difference, the groups would be larger than if that
difference were not present. And we suspect that that is true because the differences make the
bullets fly out of the group.
Now all bullets with damaged bases do not fly out of the group, some of them fly into
very nice groups and others fly into nice four-shot groups with a flyer, or three shot groups with
two flyers, or ....
Since the filed-base groups look to be larger, probably bullets with damaged bases make
larger groups on average than do bullets with good bases. Think of two normal-looking
overlapping distributions.
This is where I get stuck. A bullet with a forty-five degree filed surface for about half of
the height of the base band should fly to a different place than an unfiled bullet. And with no
specific orientation of the bullet with the bore, these filed-base bullets should make a "big"
group. There are any number of folks who can explain why these bullets should make these big
groups. They do make bigger groups, on average, I think. But, why are some filed-base groups
smaller than good base groups? Why doesn't every filed-base bullet fly out of the group? Why is
this a probabilistic process? If damaged bullet bases cause the bullet to fly out of the group, why
doesn't every damaged base bullet fly out of the group?
A cartridge without a primer doesn't go off, and it doesn't go off every single time.
There's no business about it doesn't go off 96% of the time, it doesn't go off.
If damaged bases cause bullets to fly erratically, then every bullet should fly erratically.
Every bullet.
Perfect loads make one hole.
Real-world loads make groups with the greatest density of the shots in the center, and
reduced numbers of shots as the distance from the center increases. Dense in the middle, density
decreasing as the distance from the center increases.
Loads with an intentional defect oriented randomly should make groups that look like a
doughnut, with maximum density at some distance from the center, diminishing both toward and
away from the center. I don't think that they do.
So, I'll make a bunch of filed-base bullets and fire them at one aiming point. Maybe thirty
or so. And I'll fire a set of good-base bullets at another aiming point.
I'm thinking that if I don't get a doughnuty looking group from the filed base bullets that
maybe we need to re-think some of those explanations.

4/26/2006 M54 Winchester 30WCF, 30X STS, 12/AA#9, WLP primers, CF Ventures Soft Gas
Check, 308403 lubed Darr + beeswax, muzzle clamp/anti-cant device and flat bench rest. 65
bullets had 45 degree filed bases to about half the height of the base band. A set of 18 cases had
file marks put on the base and rim for orienting. A fouler was shot before each set of shots, at the

93
center dot. Bullets were put in the cases with the filed bullet marks at 12, 3, 6 and 9 o'clock, four
shots, and the cartridge was put in the chamber with the case base/rim mark at 12 o'clock. Then
as precisely as I could put the bullet in the case and then the cartridge in the gun, bullets/filed
bases were oriented each shot.
Four with filed bases, four perfect bullets, then four with filed bases and four perfect bullets;
with a sighter comes to 17 shots per fifteen minute relay. 64 shots each with filed and perfect
bases were made. All shot at 100 yards.
The weather varied from sunny to rain, still to very windy. In the still sunny conditions there was
a lot of mirage, and biting horseflies about the size of robins. Lots of "damn"s and slapping body
parts.
The damaged base group is 3 9/16" high by 4 11/16" wide, with no discernable pattern. The
perfect base group is 2 7/8" wide by 2 1/2" high with the center shot out and outliers ~evenly
distributed.

It is clear from the target that bullets with damaged bases do not shoot wildly, that many of the
bullets cluster into a small group, and that the group/distribution is not doughnut shaped. This
suggests that the mechanism decreasing accuracy is not one that operates every shot, but is
probabilistic in nature.

94
More damaged bullets
To damage some bullets for testing I took 26 of the 5/6/07 cast Borton Darr bullets
weighing from 183.4-183.6 grains and with a small round file filed away 1 grain worth of metal
from the middle grease groove area. I weighed each bullet, filed away until the weight had
dropped 1 grain. All Darr lubed.
Five groups of five shots at 100 yards each with perfect
bullets and these damaged bullets was the plan.

Ten shots at 2 points of aim were enough for me. Bullets with a 1 grain hole filed in the side with
a round file, at 100 yards, are not wildly inaccurate, 10 shots aimed at 2 points of aim were
contained in an area 3" X 7", but there were no groups.
Now one grain is a lot, and is a sphere .088" in diameter. I suspect that this is larger than would
be found in all but a very, very few cast bullets.

I then prepared sets of 30 WCF cartridges with 314299 bullets; one set with perfect bullets, a set
with .2 grain filed off, and a set with .5 grain filed off. Here is a picture of 314299 bullets with .5
grain round-filed off.

95

Winchester M54. 30WCF, 30X Lyman STS
The load is:
314299 "No Dot", GC Alox lube, WLP, 12.5/AA#9, LOA 2.845"

"Perfect" bullets, Hard, cast 2/3/07, 199.4-200.2 gr., sized .309"

- 1/2 grain bullets, same as above but 1/2 grain filed off as shown

-.2 grain bullets, cast 3/9/07, 194.7-195.0 grains, sized .312"

On Wednesday, May 16, 2007 I shot these test "filed-side" bullets at 100 yards, 2 foulers and 2
5-shot groups per 15 minute relay, alternating between the 3 test loads. Groups measured to the
nearest .025" with a plastic ruler with .1" increments.
Unfiled, "perfect" bullets: 1.4", 1.5" ,1.95" ,1.475" ,1.825" Avg. 1.63"
Bullets with .2 grain round-filed off the side: 2.2", 1.35", 1.2", 1.95", 1.275" Avg. 1.595"
Bullets with .5 grain round-filed off the side: .95", 2.75", 1.175", 3.15", 2.5" Avg. 2.105"
I'm a little surprised at the "perfect" bullet groups; the 412 5-shot groups I've tested with this rifle
and many powders/several bullets have averaged 1.466".
This data and last weeks data suggests that variations in bullet weight may cause variations in
accuracy; and that bullets with bubbles/holes may be less accurate than those without.
All going toward the "Weigh bullets" question.

96

97
I repeated the tests on 5/23/07 and 6/20/07. Here is a table showing the results of the here
tests:

Perfect Filed .2 gr. Filed .5 gr.
5/16/2007 1.400 2.200 0.950
5/16/2007 1.500 1.350 2.750
5/16/2007 1.950 1.200 1.175
5/16/2007 1.475 1.950 3.150
5/16/2007 1.825 1.275 2.500
Average 1.630 1.595 2.105
% 100.0% 97.9% 129.1%
5/23/2007 1.300 0.900 1.750
5/23/2007 1.700 1.750 1.300
5/23/2007 2.000 1.300 1.250
5/23/2007 2.100 2.150 2.050
5/23/2007 1.800 2.050 1.150
Average 1.780 1.630 1.500
% 100.0% 91.6% 84.3%
6/20/2007 1.450 1.900 2.400
6/20/2007 1.950 1.975 2.050
6/20/2007 1.450 1.750 2.450
6/20/2007 2.350 1.350 2.425
6/20/2007 1.750 2.800 1.250
Average 1.790 1.955 2.115
% 100.0% 109.2% 118.2%
Grand
Average 1.733 1.727 1.907
% 100.0% 99.6% 110.0%

Group sizes were measured with a plastic ruler graduated in tenths of an inch.
Resolution of group size was to .025" increments. All three-place decimals were
formatted for consistency and ease of reading.
These three sets of groups were shot on three different days under three different sets of
conditions.
If the grand averages are an indication of the process, then there is no "real" difference in
group size for groups shot with "perfect" bullets and bullets with .2 grain round-filed off; and
there may not be a "real" difference in groups shot with perfect bullets and bullets with .5 grain
round-filed off.
In order to confirm that there is a difference in accuracy between "perfect" and ".5 grain"
bullets, with 90% confidence, 28 groups with each bullet would be required. For 95%
confidence, 47 groups, each, would be required. Now these groups should be shot with bullets,
powder, etc. from the same lots, under the same conditions. I'm not going to do it, and suggest
that the results of this test can be summarized as follows:
"In gun/load/etc. systems with capability to shoot 100 yard groups averaging 1.75" or
greater, filed grooves on the sides of the bullets of up to .5 grain simulating holes only slightly
increase average group size."

98
Note: A lead sphere .05" in diameter weighs .2 grains, .a 07" diameter sphere weighs .5 grains.
These are pretty big holes or bubbles to imagine in the
bullets.

DAMAGED 22 RIMFIRE BULLETS
Heres a picture of 22 RF bullets with .3 grain filed off.
Cartridges were prepared with .1 and .3 grains filed off with a
triangular file.
On 6/27/2007, Model 12/15 BSA Martini, Lyman STS 30X,
50 yards, windy and starting to rain in fits.
Perfect, .1 grain filed, .3 grains filed ammunition.
This gun, like the rest, loves Eley Match ammunition.
I was going to file some Eley Match Red Box, I had the file
in one hand and the first cartridge in the other, but a force stronger than I, (and I am enormously
strong), kept me from touching that Eley cartridge with the file.
I was able to file the PMC Match Rifle, this ammunition works well in this gun.
Group sizes, leaded edge to leaded edge - .244", all in "
Perfect -.1 gr. -.3 gr.
.433 . 473 .353
.382 .564 .324
.439 1.294 .394
.419 .732 .546
.547 .443 .910
Avg. Avg. Avg.
.444 .699 .505
Here's the target:
As an aside, thirty cartridges
had an average weight of
51.9 grains and a standard
deviation of .228 grains.
Thirty empty cartridge cases
had an average weight of 9.8
grains, and a standard
deviation of .07 grains.

99
4.0 HOW TO MODIFY CAST BULLETS
.
Bullet dimensions change with the alloy used, (more tin and or antimony make the bullets
slightly larger) and during sizing in Lyman 450 style sizers. I've had 25:1 bullet noses expand
.006" when sizing from .312" to .309".
The ease of chambering a bore riding bullet, or of breech seating a bullet, is affected a lot
by the hardness of the bullets. Soft bullets may breech seat easily, while hard bullets don't want
to breech seat at all.
The hardness, alloy and sizing operations are all connected, and can operate to
substantially affect bullet "fit" in the gun.

Most of the time a readily-available mold can be found that casts bullets that work well in
your gun In unusual situations, we may need to do something to get a bullet that fits a particular
gun. Here are some options.
If the mold produces bullets that are too big or too small, or that have the "wrong" shape,
then there are a number of ways to fix the problem.
Trade the mold
I've had good luck buying and selling molds on the Internet auction sites, searching for a
mold that casts bullets with the "right" dimensions or shape. Needing a 429421 mold that cast
bullets of .433" diameter or larger, I bought several on the auctions and cast bullets with each
until I found a mold that met my needs; then sold the others.
Vary the alloy
Adding tin or antimony to the alloy makes the bullets bigger and harder. Reducing the
amount of tin or antimony makes the bullets smaller and softer. The 3rd Lyman Cast Bullet
Handbook, pg. 58, shows that a 30 caliber bullet cast of pure lead would measure .3095" in
diameter and in linotype would measure .3108"- a difference of 1.3 thousandths of an inch. Then
changing the alloy in and around the wheelweight area of composition would vary the diameter
less. Changing alloy composition within the normal range of alloys makes very small changes in
diameter.
Size bullets down in a lubricator sizer
To make bullets smaller we can size the bullet down in a Lyman or Saeco or RCBS
lubricator/sizer with conventional dies, or use the taper sizing dies as supplied by Don Eagan in
these lubricator/sizers. These dies taper the bullet from bore diameter to larger than groove
diameter, and come in various sizes. I have used one of these dies in 22 caliber, and was able to
custom size the bullet to adjust seating depth. This die worked very well for me, and increased
accuracy of the .223 Remington rifle the bullets were used in.

To make bullets larger and/or change the shapes, we can "Beagle" the mold (put pieces of
tape on the mating surfaces to make the bullets larger), lap the bullet mold, bump bullets in the
lubricator sizer or bump the bullets in a swaging die and press. All of these are explained below.

HOW TO BEAGLE BULLET MOLDS

(This is from John Goins, aka "Beagle", who wrote the first description of this process that I ever
read.)

100
I suppose that at least once in our lives, every caster is plagued but an undersize mould.
This fault as I call it occurs primarily with Lyman or Ideal moulds. Many times, I have searched
carefully for a mould only to find it casts small bullets when I finally obtain it.
Many designs suffer from this problem but it seems that certain moulds or designs are
worse than others. Among these are the 457191, the 357446, the 429360, the 41032, the 427098
and the 429434. Then there are the true old classics you obtain that were just an ah s??t! when
cut. I have a 358429 that drops bullets at .358 X .355 and that was just a manufacturers
problem.
All of these moulds set in my mould cabinet for years and occasionally Id learn
something and then try them again to no avail. Still too small.
After retirement, I had time to mess some with these moulds and try to improve them.
First was lapping with valve grinding compound. A very messy and often unsuccessful
project.
The second attempt was to drill and tap the open side of the pin alignment hole and put
setscrews in so that the mould blocks could be held partially open. This works but the proper
adjustment is hard to establish and maintain. About .003 clearance can be obtained before
flashing occurs.
The third attempt was to take a 5/32 spring pin and cut 3/16 lengths off one end and
drive them into these openings to hold the mould open enough to cause enlargement of the
bullet. This method also works but the correct adjustment is very difficult to obtain.
About this time, I acquired an H & G #73 double cavity mould off E-Bay. Since I had 2
cav H & G moulds, I didnt worry about handles. When it came, my handles were too thick to fit
the block cuts. I finally found that a set of Lyman 4 cavity handles would hold the blocks so that
I could try the mould. I fully expected a .358 diameter bullet but instead obtained a .361
bullet. Close examination of the gap between the mould halves showed that there was a minute
gap between the blocks. Removing the blocks, there was no gap so the handles were held apart
exactly the correct amount to produce a nice large bullet.
I communicated this information to Orygun Mark and he drilled and tapped a set of
handles to incorporate a single .002 shim between a set of SC blocks and it worked for him.
Were getting somewhere now.
I finally located a set of shim stock at ACE Hardware of .001, .002, .003 and .005
thicknesses. I cut and prepared a piece of .002 shim stock and prepared to shim a DC mould by
securing it behind the mould handle screw. Wont work as the alignment pins get in the way.
Back to the drawing board.
I had a roll of .003 aluminum tape with adhesive backing. I tried that on a SC mould but
the adhesive closed the vent lines on a .22 mould I was attempting to enlarge. Finally, I placed a
large square of this tape below the cavity and small strips on either side. Success.
Now, back to the DCs. The same method of a large patch below the cavities and a small
strip along the outside of each cavity works well and stays in place because of the adhesive.
Now, the 427098 which previously ran .428 runs between .432 and .433.
I learned several things during this experiment.
1) Dont completely block the vent lines or incomplete bullets will result.
2) The shim must be directly between the mould handles. If below or above, the blocks will tilt and
close. The shim must be directly between the alignment pins for the same reason.
3) For some reason unclear to me, bullets dont enlarge excessively sideways even though there is a
gap there.

101
4) Even if bullets are slightly elliptical, sizing rounds them if done with a new style tapered entrance
sizer and accuracy is just as good as with round bullets.
5) Very little flashing between the mould halves occurs using this method. If being dipper poured,
they will flash. If using the bottom pour and dropping the melt 3/4"
to 1 into the sprue hole, no flashing occurs due to reduced melt temperature and the reduction in
the pressure of the melt going into the cavity.

Update..
After several months of experimenting with enhancing moulds, I have learned a little more
about it.
More uniform results can be obtained by applying tape to both halves of the mould.
Venting is not a problem as I first anticipated. Sufficient venting is provided by the gaps
between the tape strips.
The best method of taping can be obtained by using strips approximately 1/8 wide. If
you want a bigger body, apply strips alongside the cavity and between the cavities in the case of
a double cavity mould alongside the area you wish to enlarge. These strips should be positioned
so that the two strips bear on each other. This separates the mould halves a uniform amount.
This method can also be used on the larger 45 moulds designed for black powder to
enlarge the nose to full diameter for use in smokeless rifles and give a better bore fit.
Under the current method of taping, I am obtaining about .003 in diameter without
undue design distortion. This has been very useful in the .38, .44, 375 for the 38/55 and in the
BP 45 designs in the 45/70.
Latest update. For some reason, if using only one thickness of tape in the mould, it seems
to work best if placed on the side of the mould with the index pins. Havent quite figured this
one out but thats the way it works.
If there's any questions, contact beagle at goinsj3atgtedotnet
beagle

From Joe Brennan
I've had good luck with "beagling" molds from .22 to .44 caliber, using just one layer of
tape and making the bullets about .0015" larger in diameter. Two layers of tape gives me fins on
the bullets that I can't get rid of. Others report using two layers of tape successfully.
After putting the tape on the mold it takes about 50 bullets cast to get the tape squoze
down and the adhesive squoze out. These bullets aren't any good, they have fins.
The trick to casting bullets without fins in a beagled mold is to use as little heat as
possible and/or to vary the tin or antimony percentage. The more tin or antimony, the more fins-
for a given amount of heat. The heat can be reduced by reducing the temperature of the lead pot,
by reducing the time the sprue plate is in contact with the ladle or nozzle, by allowing the mold
to cool between pours, or by cooling the mold on a wet sponge between pours. I am able to get
good finless bullets with beagled molds by reducing the temperature of the pot and minimizing
the time the ladle is in contact with the sprue plate.

102
Here is the tape that I use. I got it from an air
conditioning mechanic; it is aluminum with adhesive
and a paper backing. One foot should last a lifetime.
The 22-caliber NEI mold has tape on the bottom, to
make the nose bigger.
The 311299 mold has 2 pieces of tape, one on either
size of the cavity. This makes all diameters bigger.

HOW TO LAP BULLET MOLDS
LAPPING BULLET MOULDS
Ric Bowman
There are several reasons to lap bullet moulds: new moulds with machining errors and
burrs, corrosion and stains, equalizing volumes of multi-cavity moulds and casting problems.
Other than for casting problems, most lapping has been done for cosmetic appearance and for
match bullets, made as round as possible. I think everyone loves to make beautiful shiny bullets
with zero runout, but it doesnt make them shoot much better for most of us.
I have never been able to make moulds cast bullets larger than 0.002 inches greater than
originally cut, and still keep them round, by lapping. If you need a bigger bullet, buy a mould
that casts a bigger bullet as manufactured. However, lapping can make bullets drop from the
cavity easier and remove baked on material from the surface of the cavity.
Lapping is not a spur of the moment decision, but takes some planning and
forethought. The first thing you will need is ten of your best quality bullets cast and separated for
each cavity you are working with. Wheel weight alloy is just fine except for polishing, and then
linotype alloy is probably best, as bullets are larger,
harder and more closely conform to the cavity. The
three most useful lapping compounds are Clover
brand automotive valve lapping paste in fine grit,
Brownells 800-grit water based lapping paste and
JB bore paste or Flitz polishing cream. (See
picture)
To drive the lap, I use a small sheet metal
screw that has a quarter inch head with a socket and
T handle wrench. A small electric screw or nut
driver may be used if you are careful and check your
work often.
Lets talk about mass produced aluminum moulds first. One problem is that they are cut
with the mould halves compressed tightly together. No one can hold the handles together as
tightly as the fixture that was used in manufacture. This is the primary cause of out-of-round
bullets with these moulds. In addition, the manufacturing process doesnt always have the
sharpest tooling and best chip removal process and that leads to burrs. These burrs hold the bullet
into the cavity. The other problem is that unless you are using a perfectly clean pot, ladle and
alloy, every bit of dirt, slag and carbon seems to stick to the surface of the mould cavity. It not
only makes ugly bullets, they are not in balance, and bullets stick to the mould making you hit

103
the handle joint trying to get them to drop. While powdered graphite or mould preparation
compound can coat the cavity, it doesnt last all that long, besides occupying space that should
be part of the bullet.
All aluminum moulds are soft and easily cut with lapping compounds. That is both their
strength and their weakness. Very easy to get results but very easy to mess up and ruin also.
When I get a new or a new to me aluminum mould, I clean it with hot water and automatic
dishwater soap and a toothbrush. I scrub until clean and then hold it under the hot water tap,
scrub until all the soap is gone, and about two minutes more. I dry it with a hair dryer I bought at
a yard sale. Then prepare it for casting using what ever process the manufacturer suggest. When
it starts casting well filled bullets separate ten good ones. Out comes the micrometer for
measurements. Are they round? Now put them on an accurate scale, are they a consistent
weight? Did they release from the cavity easily? Out comes the five-power loupe to look for
flaws, burrs and problems. If the decision is made to lap here is how I proceed.

Remove the sprue cutting plate if possible, if not, you will have to work carefully not to let it get
in the way and to make sure nothing get under it to mar the top of the mould. A bullet is placed
in the cavity and a 1/16-inch drill bit is used to make a pilot hole as close to the center and as
close to vertical as possible. I used to do this in a collet with a drill press, but found that doing it
carefully by hand worked just as well. Do not let the bit come close to the bottom of the grooves
or touch the mould in any way. It just needs to be deep enough to be the pilot for the screw. The
screw needs to have a small shank and only needs about three threads deep to hold it tight. Place
the bullet into its cavity and tightly close the mould. Start to screw the screw in the bullet with
the socket. As it goes in it will expand the bullet. Now you will have to adjust the size of the
pilot hole or shank size of the screw so that you do not deform the bullet. Increase the size of the
hole until you can get the screw firmly into the bullet without expanding it too much. This is a
feel process. You are not trying to hold the earth together, just enough to keep it straight in the
bullet and rotate the lap.
Coat the lube grooves, driving bands and bore riding part of the nose with lapping
compound. A volume of about half the size of a pea in plenty. Try to avoid the end of the nose.
Place the bottom of the mould blocks on a flat surface such as a Formica workbench top, steel
plate or square of plate glass. This will help align the mould blocks as the pins or guides will not
be in full contact as they are closed. Insert the bullet into the cavity and hold it firmly together
with the handles.
Now the art and not the science part of the project begins. The objective is to evenly
squeeze the halves together, maintaining alignment, just tightly enough for the lapping
compound to cut without jamming the bullet. I have used both a helper with an extra set of hands
and small rubber bands evenly applied around the mould blocks. When turning the screw do not
apply any more downward force than necessary, just enough to hold the socket on the screw.
You are not trying to push the bullet down, just make it rotate. If you squeeze the handles too
tightly, the bullet will seize in the cavity. You want it to have good contact to cut evenly, but not
to keep turning the screw into the bullet. Ideally about 25 complete revolutions of the T
handled socket driver will allow you to close the mould with about the grip of a firm hand shake,
or the amount of pressure you use to hold the mould close when casting. If you are using the
800-grit compound, the coarsest I ever use on aluminum, you have increased the smallest
diameter of the cavity about 0.001 inch.

104
Clean and dry everything just as at the beginning. Closely look at the cavity, as your goal
is to have between a third and a half of the circumference of the cavity showing the different
surface texture of having been worked. If it has not been touched, repeat the lapping process with
another new bullet lap until you have about two thirds of the surfaced worked. When you reach
that point, clean again and cast bullets until you start getting good ones and measure them to
your specifications. If they are round enough for you and fall reasonably easy from the aluminum
mould, it is time to polish. If not to your satisfaction, use another newly made lap. If you are
trying to make the cavity larger in diameter, you must be careful. As the cavity gets bigger, you
cannot keep the lap perfectly aligned with the mould and bullets will begin sticking or loosing
concentricity. If they meet your dimensional needs, it is time to polish.

Polishing is to remove burrs and improve the surface finish of the cavity. Make a new lap
and coat it with your polishing compound. JB is commonly used because most shooters already
have it for bore maintenance, but others prefer Flitz because it is faster acting. The process is the
same as using coarser grit but it takes about 100 revolutions to get an acceptable finish. This is
where a small battery powered screwdriver comes in handy because you can check your work
after five seconds of rotation. You do not have to make a new lap for polishing, but you must
insure that the face of mould is clean so that the halves meet correctly. Laps made from linotype
last longer and may be used several times. However if you have increased the diameter of the
cavity very much, you will need a lap made from its new bigger size. Again, clean and dry your
mould and test for bullet quality.
(A quick note on bronze moulds. All modern bronze moulds are made by custom and semi-
custom makers. The nature of the material and the quality of manufacture are so good that only
once have I ever had to work on a bronze mould. That was to remove one small mark on the
center flat of a flat nosed bullet. Once you have used one of these jewels, you will know why so
they are so popular.)
Ferrous metals are the traditional materials for moulds and have one great advantage;
they are hard, tough and will take more abuse than softer metals. However, they have one large
fault, they rust, at times in as little as six hours! To work, they have to be oil free and that leaves
them vulnerable to oxidation. I feel the leading causes of failure of the bullet to release from the
cavity are burrs and staining or shallow oxidation of the surface of the cavity. These are easily
removed with lapping. When iron based moulds rust they are both pitted and the surface of the
cavity is raised by the creation of ferrous oxide that occupies a larger volume than the under
laying material. Even if we remove the bump caused by rusting, a pit will form when the rust
falls away from the surface metal. This pit tends to lock the newly cast bullet into the mould and
makes bullet removal difficult and lapping can only ease the problem and not remove it.
Lets look at an iron mould that we are trying to save. Prepare it for casting and make the
ten of the best bullets possible. While it is cooling, prepare your first lap. This is where the
Clover fine grit comes into play. It is about 340 to 400 grit and it will imbed into your lap. Using
your first lap, rotate it about 50 revolutions. Clean the mould in petroleum based solvent like
isopropyl alcohol. Closely examine the cavity through your magnifier. If not all of the red
colored rust is gone use another lap of the Clover compound. If only light staining is left, you can
now proceed to using an 800-grit compound and a new lap. Fifty revolutions will normally even
out the cavity surface. Then the polishing compound, another new lap, should get you to a
workable finish. To get the best possible finish, you will have to cast a couple of new bullets to
use for the final polishing laps.

105
How many revolutions, or how long do you rotate the lap? This is in the art and not in
the science category, unless you want to make the calculations yourself, as it is to complex for
me. Here are the factors:
The larger the diameter of the lap (bullet) the faster the outside surface is going at a set
number of revolutions. A 45-caliber lap cuts faster than a 30-caliber lap.
The coarser the grit the faster it cuts.
The more pressure closing the mould haves, the faster the cutting takes place.
The harder or larger the lap, the faster the cutting takes place.
An excess of compound does NOT make the lap cut faster. The lap will only imbed so
much, and the rest is thrown out by centrifugal force.

The first mould 30-caliber iron mould I ever lapped I used medium grit Clover valve
grinding compound and a quarter inch drill motor. I squeezed as hard as possible without running
the screw deeper into the wheel weight alloy lap. The motor ran exactly 30 seconds. What a mess
when the next bullet was cast from that mould! The nose was 0.0015 larger on one side and the
bottom driving band was 0.003 larger on the opposite side. The mould block had to be hit with a
mallet to release the bullet. Too fast of rotational speed, too coarse of grit, and lack of control
with the drill motor set up some bad vibrations making the lap wobble in the cavity. Since then, I
have learned that lapping with a T handle driver or low speed battery screwdriver is less error
prone.

Picture 2 shows a used wheel weight lap charged with
JB compound that has been turned 100 revolutions in a
Hensley and Gibbs #119 30-caliber mould to clean out
50 plus years of crud, rust and surface staining. The
scrap lead bullet cast from the lapped mould shows
acceptable surface finish and falls easily from the
cavity.
While I only use single cavity moulds, or one
cavity from a two-cavity mould, to make match
bullets, others dont like to do that. Moulds cut with
cherries do not always have identical cavities due to
the manufacturer not insuring that there are no chips in the cutting fluid and moulds faces meet
perfectly at the final cutting. Once you develop some skill at lapping, you can equalize cavities.
This is done by alternating laps made from front and back cavities. It is a lot of work, but if
careful you can get cavities to cast bullets within 0.1% of average weight over a sample of 10
bullets from each cavity.
If you have the ability to cast decent bullets, you have the ability to lap moulds. Think
about what you are trying to accomplish and take your time. Remember it is a lot easier to take
more metal out than trying to put some back.

106
THREE REASONS TO LAP A MOLD
John Wagner
There are three reasons to lap a bullet mold.
No. 1 is to enlarge the mold or increase the size of the drive bands or the nose (bore
riding) part of the bullet.
No. 2 is to fix a stubborn mold where the bullet sticks in one half of the mold.
No. 3 is to correct a mold that is out of round. This can also be a cause of a stubborn
mold.
No. 2&3 are the best lapped out by hand with the use of a tap wrench or allen wrench.
No. 1, to enlarge a mold or parts of a mold can be done best with a drill press or lathe on
the slowest speed possible. If your lap runs true, with no wobble, then you can use slow speed
turning and do the job faster.
If you try to lap a mold with an out-of-true lap with motor power, then you run the risk
of making the cavity out-of-round. You don't want this.
To lap by hand I use a tap wrench. I use fine valve grinding compound mixed with oil or
mineral sprits, remember that oil will contaminate the mold and must be cleaned out with
mineral spirits. Mineral sprits will not contaminate a mold.
If you want to store a mold for a lengthy time use a fine sprays of WD 40, inside and out.
Molds will not rust at all. When you are ready to cast just rinse in the mineral sprites and wipe
off with paper towels. All the spirits will evaporate when the mold warms up, the first bullet will
be wrinkled but the second bullet will come out fine, this is after preheating the mold before
casting.
When you start your lap turn the lap by hand, forwards and then backwards, until the lap
turns freely with a little pressure on the handles. Then wipe the excess lapping compound off the
blocks and they will close tighter this time.
Sometimes the lap will stick tight, if this happens you might screw the tap or screw in to
the lap deeper and it may enlarge it or at worst the tap or screw might come out the nose. This is
Bad News. To prevent this happening just put a small bushing over the top of the lap up to the
jaws of the chuck. This will prevent the tap or screw from going deeper into the lap. The bushing
can be made out of a piece of copper tubing or a drilled out 22RF case or other small pistol case,
as long as it is smaller than the lap.
To lap aluminum and brass molds you can use any cleaners for lapping compounds. Such
as J.B. bore cleaner, Comet, Bonami, Zud and even toothpaste. It cuts slower and smoother and
leaves a smoother polished cavity.
On iron molds you will see white spots form on the cavity. This means your lap is cutting
these areas; otherwise the cavity will remain blue where it's not cutting. After you are done
lapping the mold must be reheat treated in a blue color to cast good bullets. You must run the lap
to enlarge the cavity until you see the white iron on the complete circumference of the cavity or
your bullet will be out of round.
Remember your laps should be cast of hard alloy like linotype or stereotype metal, this
will fill out the mold better and shrink less. It is the best to let the lap harden 24 hours to stress
Relieve it let the lap reach maximum hardness before drilling or chucking in a lathe or drill press
chuck. The light chuck marks on the bullet are okay to hold a little more lapping compound.
If you do not want to lap out the grease grooves on the bullet just take a knife or a needle
nose file to the grooves on the lap so it won't lap out the sides and bottoms of the grooves.

107
If you want to enlarge a mold more then .002"- 2 thousands of an inch, then you will
have to cast more laps of the cavity as it gets larger, you will have to clean the mold out good
before getting a good bullet to use as a lap.
To use an allen wrench as a turning handle, just drill a hole lightly smaller then the allen
wrench and drive the long end of the allen wrench into the hole with the lap held tightly in the
mold and the blocks in a padded vise.

GETTING THE MOLD READY TO LAP AND PREPARING A NEW MOLD.
Joe Weist

1. With a small file deburr around the edges of the sprue plate and polish with crocus
cloth.
2. If the sprue plate smears lead, take it off the mold and on a glass surface with fine wet
and dry paper clean and polish it and check for flatness.
3. Rub moly powder or graphite into the sprue plate.
4. If the mold leaves a bump or a high cut off on the bullet, find a drill bit just a few
thousands larger then the cutoff hole in the spruce plate and drill straight through it. Doesnt
counter bore the larger hole? This will make the cutoff hole a few thousands of an inch bigger
and make the sprue plate cut better.
5. If the tops of the blocks have lead smears and looks rough, polish them with a fine
stone and treat it the same as the bottom of the sprue plate. It helps if you can take the sprue plate
stop pin out.
6. Now deburr the top of the mold and put about a 1/32" round corner break on all the
edges of the blocks. Then, using a single edge razor blade, clean out the vent lines going from
inside to the outer edge, not touching the edge of the cavities.
7. With your fingernail, check the inside of the mold to see if there are any sharp edges.
With a new single edge razor blade, run it around the cavity to deburr it. It doesn't take much
pressure to get the burr off. You don't want any chamfer on the edge of the blocks, Check where
the gas check or base is as this can be a stubborn place.
8. Check your alignment pins in the blocks. Wiggle them and check for movement.
Adjust the pins as needed. I hold one block horizontal and the other vertical. Place the line up pin
in the mates hole as when the blocks are in the correct position. I have found blocks with loose
pins doing this. This must be done before lapping and casting.
9. Now degrease the mold with Tech Carburetor cleaner and scrub it with dish soap, hot
water and a toothbrush. Put some moly powder on the pins.
10. Preheat the mold on an electric hot plate while the lead is melting. You can start
casting immediately.
11. Cast a few times and if the cavity isn't dropping the bullet within 10-15 times you will
have to lap it as somewhere it has a burr in it or could be somewhat out of round.

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LAPPING THE MOLD
Joe Weist
For bullets 35 Cal. and under I drill and tap them 8X32 and leave the tap in the bullet. I
have an Ultimate mini lathe with no run out.
To lap a cavity that the bullet is sticking in, I cast a bullet of linotype and with a fine file I
cut two fine lines down opposite sides of the bullet. I make a paste of light oil and a pink
polishing paste called Brite Metal for household items. I also
have some very fine lapping compounds from a machine
shop, one is white and other is green. I have used this with
great success for a mold not dropping the bullets out with
more then two taps. Put the lapping mixture on the lap. Place
the lap into one of the blocks, fit the other block to it, and turn
the lap a little with a tap handle on the tap. Take it apart and
clean the compound off the halves completely. Then put the
lap in again and turn some more. You will have to try this a
few times before you can get the blocks to close tight. Turn a
few times until it turns freely and check inside for spots that
didn't clean up and apply a little more paste. Clean up the
blocks good, preheat the mold and cast some bullets and see how they fall out of the cavity. Most
of the time I have found that is enough for a mold that wouldn't release a bullet. You don't want
to do a lot this way as you can change your gas check size. Turn the shank down smaller. Lee
molds work great lapping a burr out like this.

To make a mold larger or fix an out-of-round mold, make the mold bigger on the bands or
bore ride nose.
Cast two good bullets from linotype. With the
bullet in the lathe or drill press, file some material off
the areas you don't want bigger. The gas check shank
will be one for sure and the grease grooves also. If you
just want the bands bigger also file the bore ride
section of the bullet.
With your file cut it two or three fine lines and apply
your lapping compound. You may want to use a coarse
grit, I have used valve-grinding compound and find it
too coarse. Sometimes ok in an iron mold, but not on
brass or aluminum. With tap wrench on the tap, fit the
blocks together and start lapping.
Deburr the mold because of sticky bullets.
Put the lap in the mold with the halves tight
together. Turn the lap a dozen times and add more
paste as needed. Clean the mold and cast bullets now
and then, to measure progress. If the bullets are
undersize, then lap some more. If the lap is running
true, no run out or wobble, I chuck it up in my bigger
lathe and run it in neutral gears very slowly and lap it
out, a drill press would work the same way. I had run

109
out once on a RCBS 165 gr. Sil. bullet mold, lapping in the lathe. I felt a little wobble in the lap,
and when I was done the mold had .003" run out and when the bullet was sized or bumped it
never would shoot again. I needed a set of blocks to be recut to 35 Cal. so the blocks were
salvaged. When opening up a double cavity mold, lap one cavity to size and use the bullet from
the lapped cavity to open up the other cavity, working your way up in size. I have spent eight
hours increasing a mold .003".
To do this story I took an old mold lying
around for forty years. I stoned underneath the sprue
plate and polished it. The same on top of the blocks
and the face of the blocks. There was an old bullet in
it, and I used it for the lap. It cleaned the cavity up all
around. When I cleaned up the outside of the blocks it
turned out to be a Winchester mold in .45-70 350 gr.
Now it looks like a new mold inside.

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4.1 BULLET SIZING AND BUMPING
Bullet sizing is the process of reducing the largest diameter of the bullet using a die and a
press. Lyman makes a lubrisizer and the dies and top punches, as do RCBS and others. These
presses reduce the largest diameter of the bullet, and simultaneously allow filling the lube
grooves.
When a bullet is sized in a lubrisizer the smaller diameter sections are bumped up or
made larger in diameter. As an example I have a Lyman 311291 mold that casts bullets in
wheelweights with band diameter = largest diameter of .3115/.3125 and nose diameter of
.299/.301 just in front of the first band. I lube and size these and seat gas checks in a Lyman
450 lubrisizer with minimum pressure on the handle-Im not trying to bump up the bullet at all.
After sizing/lubing/installing gas checks the bands measure .3118/.3122 and the nose measures
.3008/.3013 just in front of the first band. Before sizing, the noses of these bullets will go into
the muzzle of my 30/30 bench gun up to the forward band. After sizing, the bullet noses stop in
the muzzle about 3/16 from the forward band. The small difference in dimension makes a big
difference in bullet fit.
In the first Lyman Handbook of Cast Bullets theres an article by Frank Jury (pg 21) that
starts off by showing how sizing bullets to .310 resulted in dramatically smaller groups than
when the bullets were sized .309. This led me to spend a lot of money and time attempting to
duplicate these results. I bought about every 30 caliber sizing die that Lyman made, but I never
found accuracy varying much with .001 variations in diameter. (One thing I did find is that
sizing dies had typical tolerances. A .308 die might size bullets to .3083, a .309 die might size
bullets to .3087-both dies were within tolerances but the difference between the two was .0004
rather than the .001 that I expected. I believe that the tolerance on a nominal 308sizing die is
.3076-.3085)
I prefer not to size bullets, or size them as little as possible. My experience is that the
bigger the bullet is, the better it shoots. I have Lyman 311299 molds that cast fairly round .314
diameter bullets that shoot very well out of about any 30-caliber gun Ive tried them in. These
shoot very well unsized, as cast. Sized to .312, lubricated and with gas checks seated, these
bullets shoot almost as well as when shot as cast.
This big bullet premise works for most calibers Ive cast bullets for, from .22 to .45.
I do use the lubrisizer with oversize sizing dies for seating gas checks and lubricating-not
sizing (much)- some bullets.
A custom-made nose punch for a lubrisizer can be made with a large nose punch and
some epoxy-using the bullet to mold the epoxy.
Some shooters recommend bullet bumping, the process of squeezing a bullet in a sizing
machine in a die that is larger in diameter than the bullet as cast. Squeezing the bullet shorter
makes it larger in diameter, up to the size of the die. Ive been sizing and bumping bullets in my
lubrisizer for years, and Ive never got better accuracy from a sized or bumped bullet than from a
proper diameter bullet as cast. What I have got is a Lyman 450 Lubri-sizer with the handle all
brazed up because I broke it bumping bullets up in some of those oversize sizing dies.
When you buy a rifle and dont have and cant find a bullet big enough, bumping a
slightly smaller bullet up to size may allow you to shoot the gun with reasonable accuracy until
the proper mold arrives. The same may apply to sizing a bullet down, but shooting oversize
bullets frequently works well.
I believe that sizing and bumping bullets can and does work when using specially
designed and built dies and an appropriate press. John Ardito wrote about sizing and bumping

111
bullets to fit his rifles, and set many records. Shooters using his methods hold many of the
current records. In my opinion, only advanced cast bullet shooters using expensive dies and
equipment will benefit from this.

Ken Mollohan: A legend that seems immortal says that sizing damages the accuracy potential of
a bullet, and more sizing damages it even worse. There are all sorts of evidence quoted as
proof: Pope didnt size his bullets, nor do many Schuetzen marksmen, etc, etc. And that is
perfectly true. But it is also perfectly true that this legend got its start when sizing dies had sharp
shoulders, and would shear lead off of the sides of the bullets, not swage them down uniformly
like todays dies do. And it was the usual case that the bullet sides were not sheared uniformly,
which would indeed damage the accuracy potential of the bullet.

This is simply not true in my experience with modern sizers that swage bullets instead of
shearing them. I have swaged bullets from an as cast diameter of 0.460 (for a 45-70) down to
0.445 (for an 11mm M auser). In fact, Lyman once sold swaging dies for this exact purpose.
And accuracy was excellent!! I would be willing to make a substantial wager that any loss of
accuracy associated with substantial sizing (diameter reduction) will be found due to worsening
of bullet fit in the throat of the rifle, not the diameter reduction per se. If you doubt it, may I
suggest that you put up your favorite target load except that you use some bullets that were sized
down from the next caliber up. For example, size some 8mm bullets (similar weights) to 0.311
or 0.312 (depending on what your rifle likes) and seat them into the throat the same way as
your normal load. Id be surprised if you see much, if any difference in grouping. )

HOW TO HONE A SIZING DIE
Richard Tunell
Oft times we find ourselves needing a bit more girth in a bullet to please a particular
firearm. And, as sometimes happens the size we need isn't available or we don't want to pay for
the custom manufacture of one. You can do this yourself and accomplish very accurate results
for just a few cents worth of materials (not counting the size die) and a bit of time.
What you will need:
1) A sizing die that is as close as possible to what you want.
2) A length of steel rod that is close to 3/4 of the diameter of the existing die, and long enough to
protrude at least 2" beyond both ends of the die.
3) Wet or dry emery paper of 320, 400, and 600 grit. If you do need to remove more than a
couple of thousandths you should also include 220 grit. Actually the 400 will finish the inside
well enough, but hitting it with a bit of 600 sure slicks it up.
4) Oil. Most any oil will do.
What you do:
The paper should be cut long enough to extend out either end of the die, almost as long as
the steel rod. Wrap your starting coarsest grit paper around the steel rod a couple times and apply
some oil to the paper. Insert the covered rod through the size die. With just your thumb and a
couple fingers on each end of the rod, roll it up and down your thigh (while sitting) applying
only mild pressure. The reason for using a rod as large as possible is to keep from tapering the
inside of the die, by having a slender rod bend under pressure. This will get your pants leg fairly
well oiled up, so use old pants. Or you can staple a bit of cloth to a length of wood. Most any

112
surface that the die can turn on is fine. I use a piece of mud flap screwed to a bit of 2x4, and
clamp it in the vise, and it's a good working height.
Roll the steel rod occasionally as only a small portion of the paper is in contact with the
interior of the die. You should also swap the die end for end every now and then to make sure the
metal removal is as even as possible. Remember the throat of the die is tapered to admit the
bullet and we're only wanting to open up the actual sizing portion of the die.
When you check your work you don't need to put the die back in the press. Just drill a
hole in a board bigger than the bullet and place the die over it. Place a bullet in the die and tap it
through. Remember to leave a bit of metal to remove for your polishing down to final size with
the finer grit paper. The first time I did this I just took it down to where I wanted it without
thinking of the finish. It works, but you do need a bit more effort to get the bullet in and out, and
it just isn't the right way to do it!
Your existing plunger will still be fine in the honed out size die, unless you opened it up
several thousandths. Even then it may still work fine, but you'll need to pay more attention to the
lube consistency and the amount of pressure you exert on the lube reservoir.

HOW TO BUMP BULLETS IN THE LUBRICATOR/SIZER

I have only used the Lyman 45 and 450 Lubricator/Sizers, but understand that the Saeco
and RCBS machines will also bump bullets.
The problem with bumping bullets in a Lyman machine is that the handle, a flimsy
proposition at best, will easily break.
Ken Mollohan: The warning that Lyman handles are too flimsy for bumping, and will
break is correct in my experience also. But my remedy was to weld a reinforcing strip of steel
across the top of the handle above the pivot holes, which is where the handles is thinnest, and the
breaks occurred. These strips were the same size and thickness as the original handles, and
perhaps an inch or an inch and a quarter long. Welding was completely across the surface. This
simple alteration has prevented further problems for several decades. )

Here's my Lyman 450. Note the repair/braze area where the handle
broke-several times.
The ADJUSTING SCREW adjusts how far down the bullet can be
pushed in the sizing die by the TOP PUNCH. Note that the TOP
PUNCH fits into the sizing die and into the NUT.

113
I use the NUT; it fits inside the SIZING DIE LOCK NUT; to stop the downward motion of the
ram and TOP PUNCH. Then I adjust the ADJUSTING SCREW to limit the downward
movement of the bullet in the sizing die. When the bullet is all the way down, and there's space
between the ram and NUT, further pressure on the handle mashes the bullet shorter and bigger in
diameter. Other and better arrangements are made by those more mechanically inclined than I.

Bumping the nose
The example is the Lyman 311299 bullet, with a bore-riding nose that should be
about .300", and a set of three bands over .308" in diameter. I'm assuming here a
30-caliber barrel of .300" bore and .308" groove.
My 311299 molds produce bullets with varying nose diameters and bands over
.312" that are sized .312" in a Lyman 450.
In the process of sizing and lubing the bullets, with no undue pressure on the
handle of the 450, bullet noses increase one thousandth of an inch minimum.
They get bumped up. By fiddling with the lubricator/sizer and increasing the
pressure on the handle, it is easy to increase the nose diameter of the bullet by
three to four thousandths of an inch. Somewhere around four thousandths of an
inch the nose starts to bend into a banana shape, and/or the handle of the machine
breaks.
With bullets under .312" band diameter, sizing normally, without undue pressure
on the handle increases band diameter at least one thousandth of an inch. All my
30 caliber molds make bullets that have the base bands "shined up" in the lubricator/sizer.

114

Bumping the bands
This Lyman 319289 bullet has bands of constant diameter. Let's assume that the
bullet is .321" in diameter, and we want it larger. Run it through a .323" sizing
die, and make sure that all the lube grooves are filled. Then set the lubricator/sizer
and force the handle down to expand the bullet to sizer diameter, .323". Again,
three to four thousandths of an inch is the maximum increase in diameter before
the nose gets to looking funny or the handle breaks.

I have bumped many bullets using conventional sizing dies in the Lyman
450, calibers from 22 to 45, and never increased accuracy. Others have had great
success.

I like the Lyman 311299 and 314299 bullets, and have worked with them a lot. Here's a
picture of the 311299, the 314299 looks exactly the same. This story is about the 314299. I have
been working with a Winchester M54 rifle in 30/30, casting bullets in 25:1 lead: tin and linotype.
The nose of the bullets measure .3032"-.3036", and cast in either of the alloys the nose is lightly
engraved when the cartridge is chambered. With 25:1 and bullets sized .312", a cartridge overall
length of 2.895" chambers in the gun, mashing that front band into the throat. With linotype and
bullets sized .312", that front band stops the cartridge from chambering at an overall length
greater than 2.865"-it won't be mashed in. So I sized bullets of both alloys down to .309" in
search of a longer overall length for the linotype bullet, and for accuracy in general. The linotype
bullets easily chambered at 2.895" overall length, but the 25:1 cartridges had the bullets pushed
way back into the cases when I attempted to chamber a couple.
Now, after sizing to .312", the bullet noses grew from .3032"-.3036" to .3040"-
.3045". But, after sizing to .309", the 25:1 soft bullet noses had bumped up to
.306"-.3092", the bullet jammed in the rifling when chambered and was pushed
back into the cartridge case. The linotype bullet noses were still about .305" and
chambered with no problem.
I'm telling this story to illustrate the notion that sizing bullets can change
dimensions of the nose enough to affect how th bullet fits in the gun, and the
maximum overall length. And that alloys of different hardness are affected
differently by sizing and bumping, and that hardness affects how easily the bullet
is engraved by the rifling. Change the sizing diameter and other things change.
I seated bullets of both alloys to 2.875" and crimped the case necks slightly to
keep the bullets from being pushed into the cases, loaded them up and shot five 5
shot groups with each yesterday, 4/18/07. The 25:1 bullets averaged 1.32" groups
at 100 yards, the linotype bullets averaged 1.1".

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4.2 GAS CHECKS
Gas checks are small shallow copper cups that go on the bases of bullets specifically
designed for them. Some bullets are designed for gas checks, some (plain base bullets) arent.
The purpose of the gas check is to allow use of cast bullets at higher velocities without
leading. Plain base bullets can be used up to about 1400 fps with good accuracy and no leading.
Gas checked bullets allow higher velocities without leading. Gas checks may be seated in the
lubri-sizer, as part of the lubricating and sizing of the bullet
Gas checks come in Lyman and Hornady brands, by caliber. (In the 2003 LBT catalog,
Veral Smith, founder of Lead Bullet Technology, says that Lyman gas checks are made by and
are the same as Hornaday.) There are 22 caliber and 24 caliber and so on up to 45 caliber gas
checks. Lyman gas checks are designed to be a slip fit on the shank of the bullet, and it is said
that they will come off the bullet after it leaves the gun. Hornady gas checks are designed to
crimp on the shank of the bullet, and they do not come off the bullet if properly seated.
I use Hornady gas checks exclusively, only because they are cheaper than Lyman. When I do not
use a lubri-sizer I press the gas checks on by hand. I dont know if the gas checks come off or
not-Ive recently fired one thousand 6.5 MM bullets gas checked by hand, from the same bench
at the range, and have not found a single gas check on the ground.
Some cast bullet shooters anneal gas checks. The theory is that Hornady gas checks are hard,
spring back after installation, and fall off the bullet after firing. Annealing gas checks makes
them stay on bullet bases because they are softer and dont spring back. Gas checks can be
annealed by putting them on an electric range calrod unit, turning it on until it is red-hot, then
turning it off and allowing everything to cool down. There are other methods involving pipe
nipples and end caps and a heat source.
I have a mold that makes 22 bullets with the gas check shank a little big, so that the gas checks
go on hard if at all.
Several folks recommended annealing the gas checks, I did, and they still went on hard.
I fix the problem by tapping a round-head screw head into the gas checks, opening them up. Now
they go on fine.
Others segregate gas checks by weight. Perhaps some accuracy increase can be achieved by
annealing or weight segregating.
Gas check bullets can be fired without gas checks at lower velocities with good accuracy. I use
the Lyman 311299 and 31141 without gas checks in my Martini single shot bench gun with good
results.
Sometimes we have to disassemble cartridges with gas checked bullets, and sometimes the gas
check stays in the case. Flattening the case neck/mouth a little will allow the gas check to fall
out, and save the case.

I seat gas checks in my Lyman 450 Lubrisizer by turning the bottom adjustment screw way up so
that the bullet with gas check started on the shank only goes into the die far enough so that the
gas check is seated square. When I remember I turn the bullet ninety degrees and mash down
with the handle again. This seating eliminates the problem of gas checks being cocked or not
pushed onto the bullet base properly.

"Seating and Crimping Gas Checks Without Lubing
Using the Lyman #450 Lubrisizer, I had a desire to seat and crimp-on gas checks and then use
tumble lube with a variety of 30 caliber bullets.

116
Because the bullets in question were heat treated/water quenched I did not want the .311 die
body to touch the sides of the bullets because that would remove or destroy the alloy hardness by
working the metal.
For the Lyman "H&I" die set, the "H" die is the sizing chamber and the "I" die is the ejection
rod. After fiddling around with the rig a few minutes I finally removed the nut that locks the
adjustment for the "I" die stop and then was able to raise the die stop much higher. Leaving the
lock nut hanging on a convenient nearby nail it was then really easy to run a bullet into the H die
just barely far enough for the die to fully seat and crimp the Hornady gas check in place
perfectly.
I measured the depth to which the bullet was being inserted into the H die, and it was right at
.350 inches. At that setting, the gas checks are properly installed but the driving bands of the
alloy bullet are not significantly touched by the die. Sometimes the band nearest the gas check
would show the slightest shiny area on the rearward edge of the band, but the amount of surface
working of the alloy was minimal to zero.
Once set up, it only needed changing the top punch to change from 311291 to 311332 to 311284
and so forth. I suppose it would simplify things if I were to install that lock nut on the top side of
the frame extension instead of on the bottom side where the factory placed it. Next time I tear the
rig apart I might do that."
John Bischoff

"I tried some annealed GCs, and I can tell you if you're bumping bullets, you probably don't
want to anneal the checks - they come out pretty sharp and square. Too much so I thought.
Don't recall an accuracy difference."
Glenn Latham

"Unlike Glenn, the whole reason I have found to use the annealed GC is to help when bumping
bullets. It does leave a nice square base with fairly sharp corners which I haven't found to be a
problem but they do reverse in the bump die a lot easier than non-annealed GCs. When bumping
bullets more than just a light taper, the hard GC doesn't want to let go of the bump die to eject
the bullet. I have found that the annealed GC cures this problem. When just tapering the bullet, I
find that I don't need the annealed GCs."
Dan Hudson

"I too annealed gas checks at one time. I quit when I couldnt get them annealed the way I
wanted. I was finding that with closely fitted necks, some gas checks would spring back more
than others and they would be tight in the chamber. I suspect that when most guys anneal them,
they use such a high temp that they take them back to dead soft. For my purposes, this solved
my springback problem but they were so weak (soft) that when bumping them, the check would
extrude down around the base punch and I d get slight fins on the bases. This did hurt accuracy
as the best way I found was to just hit the bullet hard enough to flatten the base of the check but
not lose the round edge.
Some shooters want the check lip to spring back so that there is a little flare on the forward edge.
They think that this helps to scrape fouling from the barrel and keep it cleaner. Im not
convinced that this is even necessary. Lots of theories abound but I never recovered a bullet that
showed any evidence of scraping."

117
Tom Gray on CBA

"My use of annealed checks was prompted by the .45-70. A number of the
moulds drop bullets with GC shanks ever so slightly too small such that when sized in a .459 die,
I could pull the check back off with relative ease.
Once the checks were annealed to dead soft - they would grip the shank
beautifully with a good snug fit."
Skyler Child

"You might try annealing, stress relieving, them with a grain alcohol flame, just long enough to
get them hot, not red hot, but enough to lessen the spring or hardness it them. I would
experiment with one at a time, hold them for timed amounts, 5, 10, 15, 20 seconds or so until
they seated without undue effort. I use this method to anneal my case necks one at a time,
holding the cases until I feel the heat, then air cool the cases. Then, perhaps a batch of gas
checks held in a wire harness could be heated in a much larger alcohol flame.
I think this method actually reduces the stresses induced in the case necks from sizing and does
not adversely affect the necessary hardness needed in the necks."
Bill McGraw

GAS CHECKS ON PISTOL BULLETS
I know nothing about auto-load pistols, and very little about shooting cast bullets in revolvers.
Elmer Keith said that good accuracy at high velocities without leading was achievable in
revolvers with plain based bullets of the proper alloy and size.
Other shooters and writers maintain(ed) that gas checks are necessary to eliminate leading at
high velocities in revolvers.
In the 1958 Lyman "Handbook Of Cast Bullets", page 88 has Elmer's recommendations of plain
based bullets for revolvers. He ends with:" Properly cast, sized and lubricated they give no
leading in any caliber."
The facing page, 89, has Ray Thompson's recommendations for gas checked bullets in revolvers
and the 45 auto-load pistol. He begins with:" I designed these bullets with gas checks primarily
for the elimination of leading in Magnum loads, with excellent accuracy both at long range and
target."
The debate continues.

"There are a thousand and one reasons to use GCs on a pistol bullet. Just the same number as
not to.
` GCs solve problems.
If you shoot at a firing rate fast enough that you out run the capability of your lube is a good
reason.
Another is if I need a faster powder to get good ignition. Usually lighter bullets benefit from a
GC.
A GC enables me to shoot a cheaper / softer mix of lead or at higher velocities.
You will run into some revolvers that are mechanically out of sync enough that you can never
shoot plain base with it without leading. Even if you fire lap.
Or you like to use the same bullet in handgun and rifle combo where one or the other or
both don't handle the pressure and lead.

118
Or you are shooting a bullet so large in diameter (.434 and up) and you don't want to
over do belling your brass, thus shortening case life.
Just a few of the reasons I do from time to time."
John Robinson

"GCs in a peestol be a unnecessary, added expense PITA most of the time.
I use them when I have a special purpose load where I have to use a smaller diameter
bullet than I'd like to in a pistol.
The .30 Carbine Ruger comes to mind. I'm forced to use .309" bullets when I'd like to use
.311. Some brass won't let me use bullets that big. I know, stuff them in and use a taper crimper.
Problem is when you pull and measure, they're down to .309 anyway. In this case, a .309 with a
GC at higher velocities is the answer and eliminates the leading I'd get with a PB design sized to
.309.
The other case is the Lyman 358156/HP in the .357 Mag. It's made for one and normally,
I'll get leading unless I use one.
I have dehorned a 358156HP and it works good even at .357 Mag velocities.
IMHO, there's no use for a GC in a pistol if you have a plain base bullet that's big
enough and I've dehorned (milled out the gas check shank on the mold, making it a plain-based
mold) maybe a dozen different revolver bullets from .32 through .45 Colt."
John Goins (beagle)

"Overall, plain base boolits in revolvers do all right until about 1200 FPS for me before
accuracy degrades markedly. Gas checks allow higher velocities with accuracy in most cases--
although I use a LOT more in 30/32 and 38/357 calibers than in the larger bores. I just don't
enjoy recoil as much as I used to, I guess."
Deputy Al on Cast Boolits

"After catching all kinds of boolits for 50 years, I have never seen a melted base. In fact when
Dacron is used as a filler, IT DOES NOT MELT. I pick up tufts on the range all the time. Even a
plastic or fiber wad at the base of a boolit does not melt or burn. I use newspaper wads down
over the flash hole in some loads and they just blacken and still can be recognized as paper.
Gas cutting on the sides from a poor fitting boolit, YES, but no melted bases.
The gas check really only works to scrape some of the leading from the bore. The proper fit
boolit, alloy and lube will stop leading anyway so the gas check would not be needed until
velocity gets so high that the boolit can be distorted from the PRESSURE, not heat. The boolit is
in the bore so short of a time that it does not get hot enough to melt. The gas exceeds the melting
point of steel but does not melt the bore either unless you shoot as fast as a machine gun so the
heat can't dissipate. Even then, you will not see melted bullets exit the bore."
44 Man Cast Boolits

"I own a Freedom Arms .454 Casull, and it will not accept a boolit sized anymore than .4515",
the chamber throats are too tight. The bore is .452", and any plain based boolit fired at full
pressure is guaranteed to lead. I have done the heat treating and water quenching, for me it's
easier and faster to use a gas check."
454PB Cast Boolits

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"I use gas checks in my 44 Mags on my 300 gr FNGC from MM. I also use them in a Ruger
Blackhawk in 30 Carbine. I like them in these 2 calibers and my mind won't be changed. I think
the gas check gives a more perfect base on the bullet which aids in accuracy. I also shoot lots of
PB bullets in 44 cal, 40 S&W and 357 cal. The PB bullets are definitely cheaper to shoot and a
lot less work. Accuracy at the levels I shoot them are quite acceptable. Just sometimes I feel a
gas check is called for."
Nighthunter

"If the bullet is made for a gas check, use it. I have never used one where it hurt accuracy,
properly applied. Most of us are thrifty and don't want to "waste" an expensive piece of copper,
so experiment with ways to do without the little buggers. Again, I have never used them and had
them hurt accuracy."
Ric Bowman

HORNADAY GAS CHECK SPECS

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SHOOTING THE INVERTED GAS CHECK
Forrest Asmus
This past shooting season has been an enjoyable one for me. Our site monitor has encouraged me
to write about the upside-down gas check idea which I have tried in my buffalo rifle with
interesting and encouraging results.
My rifle of choice this summer has been a Falling Block Works "J" action barreled up in
44/63 Ballard. I like this designation better than the better known 444 Marlin since I shoot
mainly in the "traditional" matches but it is in fact the 444 chambered on a 16 twist barrel.
In the process of load development I settled on a custom made, lathe bored 460 grain Mos bullet,
19 grains SR 4759, sheet T/P as filler and an unsized, inverted, Hornady gas check as
"standard".
The inverted gas check idea came from CBA member and my correspondent Mustafa
Curtess. In one letter Mustafa told me how he had been trying the inverted gas checks (IGC) in
his 45/70 with good results. I loaded some up in the 44/63 and tried them out too. My results
were very good and I continued to shoot this combination right along even though Mustafa later
indicated that his results had not proven consistent and he was putting the idea on hold. I
wondered what had gone wrong with his procedures and kept on using them in my shooting. I
was having excellent results with the upside-down cups.
Since this is a rather unusual utilization of a gas check I'll explain how I put them to use:
The 44/63 case, being a straight sided design, allows me to seat the unsized IGC under the bullet
without running the risk of a check dropping off, as might be possible in a bottle necked case. I
start each check into the case about 0.060" by using a backed-off case expander punch. The IGC
is then forced down as the bullet is seated on top of it, slightly compressing the column of T/P
and powder. The procedure also prevents the check from moving away from the base of the
bullet during handling and transport. This tight stacking of components is very important in my
view because if the check were to move away from the bullet base it would then become a
projectile inside the case upon firing. When it hit the base of a stationary bullet pressures would
instantaneously rise, exceed the strength of the barrel steel and ring the chamber. I caution any
member who contemplates trying this loading method to use the utmost caution!
From my point of view the IGC serves three purposes: It does seal the hot powder gases
just as well as a normally seated check and certainly better than a card wad does. During firing
the check also scrapes the bore, removing any lead wash which might otherwise accumulate
during the firing of plain base bullets. Then, I believe that the unsized check, being forced into
the case ahead of the soft lead bullet, acts like an expander punch, opening the case just a bit
more and reducing the amount of bullet deformation I have seen on bullet bodies which were
forced into undersize cases. (My cases are only partially sized, but excess case neck tension is
something we all know should be controlled to a bare minimum.)
I have used this load for shooting matches and for everyday sessions at our range here in
Wyoming. Excellent, consistent results have been my experience. In loading the IGC in my
45/70 I have found that any of the loads where I formerly used a 0.050 card wad under the bullet
accept the use of a IGC without changing the loads former dependability at all and accuracy is
improved as noted above. The advantages of not having to be concerned about lead fouling are
considerable, both because it no longer happens, and because worry itself is eliminated. In all
cases, accuracy is improved.

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4.3 Swaging Cast Bullets
Norman F. Johnson

Although casting bullets, given appropriate alloys and procedures, will provide bullets that are
accurate and satisfying to fire, they can often be improved to make them better fit varying
firearms, uses, and circumstances. Swaging can reduce or eliminate voids and, if desired,
completely change the bullets shape and diameter. My principle shooting interest has always
been to make a given gun shoot lead bullets accurately; accommodating the gun/chamber,
without doing a lot of gunsmithing. The following section is meant to provide bullet casters with
a little insight into improving their cast bullets by swaging them. It is also meant to dispel some
of the old wives tales that have attached themselves to bullet swaging lore.

REASONS FOR SWAGING

I swage for several reasons.

First is to increase the diameter of my cast bullets to fit the throats of various firearms.
Achieving this most necessary condition for good accuracy is my most common reason for
swaging cast bullets. Until I discovered that fitting the bullets to the revolvers throats was so
darn important, I thought that I was really a bad pistol shot. The same fitting requirement holds
for any firearms throat. Leading in the throat area is an almost certain sign that the bullet is too
small in diameter for that firearms throat. If the bullet does not properly fit the throat, no matter
the bullet alloy, gas cutting will occur and the guns potential accuracy will not be realized.

The second reason is to enable me to make good use of my casting rejects. Some rejects are not
too badly cast, but may have poor fill-out, voids, or other minor problems. Swaging can often
make them into really satisfactory projectiles. To retain the lube grooves, one must lube the
rejects before swaging. Weight variations, inherent in cast bullet rejects, are not as important as
many casters think. Bullet weight variations as large as 3% do not, of themselves, impair
accuracy except perhaps for the 1000 yard shooters and the bench rest crowd where .010" is the
world.

During a two to three year period in the seventies or eighties, I did a series of experiments using
varying bullet weights for both rifle and pistol bullets. My results made it pretty clear that a 3-4
grain difference in a bullet of 150 grains or so did not increase group size at 100 yards. Because
of all the hype given to uniformity of bullet weight in those days, I called Dave Corbin
(interesting man) to see what he had to say about it. Interestingly, after a long conversation, he
said that he had come to the same conclusion.

Bullet swaging dies seem to universally be made with alloy bleed holes. Unless one has bullet
weight variations that are considerably larger than those of my castings, I see no use for bleed
holes in the swaging dies. Commercial cast bullets and my own castings are consistent enough
that one setting of the die makes for easy swaging with no bleed hole needed. The spring of
the presses that I use for bullet swaging will easily accommodate the typical three percent
variation in reject castings. One can tell by the difference in the swaging effort if he has an
occasional bullet outside the typical variation, and he can simply pitch that bullet into a container
for re-casting.

122
For a point of reference, I am quite satisfied with 3/4 - 1" groups at 100 yards. It is almost
essential to go to the specially prepared barrel and bumping dies used by Tom Gray and others
who really understand cast bullet and chamber characteristics if one wants to improve accuracy
much further. Tom and I do not always agree on each and every point, but his approach does
work for those who insist on the very finest accuracy.

My third reason is to swage home and commercially cast bullets to other shapes and calibers.
Swaging .357 bullets to .44 and .45 caliber lightweights for experiments works well. A 125
grain .357 bullet swaged to .44 caliber will really whiz out of my little Bulldog .44 Special.

The fourth reason is to reshape cast bullets for experiments. For instance, I use a cast .457
SAECO 350 gr. FN to make the LBT type
Wide Flat Nose (WFN) imitation for my .45-
70 guns and .45 Colt Ruger Blackhawk
boomers. See Photo entitled 350 Grain
.457 SAECO Swaged to .4555 WFN for a
product of this operation made for my .4555
throated Ruger Blackhawk. Note the gas
check was applied before this operation. It
seats the check while perfectly squaring the
bullet base. The same SAECO bullets are
swaged with and without gas check to make
bullets from .454 to .462 in diameter,
depending on the particular .45 caliber
firearm in which they are to be used. The
above category can also include making
heeled bullets for those old cartridges
requiring them. See Photo entitled Heeled
Bullet for an example of the heeled bullet
made by partially swaging a cast bullet. Note that the bullet base has a smaller diameter than
that of the driving bands.

The fifth reason is when bumping is desired.

First, lets make sure that we understand the nature of bumping. Generally it means swaging a
bullet in an oversize die to increase bullet diameter slightly. This is often done by using a
common bullet sizer rigged with a stop of some kind.

350 Grain .457 SAECO Swaged to .4555 WFN

Heeled Bullet

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The other meaning; that which Tom Gray and the cast bullet rifle smiths use, is to reshape the
bullet slightly, ordinarily with a taper which is identical to that of the appropriate portion of the
chamber in which it is to be chambered. Chamber and die are cut with the same reamer.

Below I speak of the first definition:

Bumping can be accomplished with greater control than when using a bullet sizer by using an
oversize bullet swaging die. It is a great help in keeping the bullet and bore axes collinear (for
the best launch scenario) to have a bore riding nose. This is accomplished by making the bullet
nose a bore rider. For instance, imagine a typical two diameter rifle bullet where the driving
bands are a good fit to the firearms throat, say .309, but the nose is a typical .299 or .300, too
small in diameter to make the nose a good bore rider in a .30 caliber rifle with a (very common)
.302 bore. In this instance, the bullet can be run into a .309 die, then with the nose punch,
compressed until the nose is .302. If the nose of your bullet will push without fair resistance
into your muzzle, bumping would be worth giving a try. The above, by the way, is a pretty
typical example of the need for bumping. Standard commercial molds rarely cast bullets with
both diameters being optimal for a given firearm. Indeed, many are undersized in both the major
and minor diameters. In this regard, as-cast bullets made from .303 British molds work better in
my .308 rifles than do many of those that are cast from .30 caliber molds.

PRESSES

I started swaging on presses that are not specifically made for bullet swaging before I knew that
it could not be done. There seems to be a lot of misinformation out there regarding the need for
special heavy duty presses when swaging. Many slick gun magazine authors, not having
sufficient personal experience, tend to pass on much of what they read. The old wives tales
seem to pass on from one generation to another, much the same as do a host of other shooting
myths.

For at least 30 years, I have swaged cast commercial and my own cast bullets, both satisfactory
and rejects, on a regular basis. Any press for which I have dies to form the bullet I need has
proven to be of sufficient strength. None has sprung, warped, broken, or even shown excessive
wear from this usage. I have had a couple of handle casualties, which I will explain later.

During the early years I used only my Lyman Spar-T which is a relatively lightweight turret
press. It is still running strong and is used for all of my general reloading. Fifteen or twenty
years ago I acquired an RCBS RS, a relatively lightweight "O" frame that I now use for cast
bullet (re)forming when I use one of the collection of C-H dies that I have accumulated. These
C-H dies are designed to be used with standard loading presses. They were originally made to
produce half and three quarter jacketed bullets, but I have yet to use them for other than lead
alloy projectiles.

Despite what you might have read, if you have even a moderately strong press, you have a good
potential swaging platform.

DIES

Be aware that the following makes unconventional use of the dies under discussion, but they

124
work well with cast bullets.

There are a number of bullet swaging dies now being made for use on conventional loading
presses. Since they are readily available, and since in principle, they do not differ substantially
from the others on the market, I will discuss use of the C-H type dies. They come in nominal
.308, .355, .357, .429, and .451 with flat and HP nose punches. These are not readily adaptable
to special purpose uses but are very strong as demonstrated by my leaning on the press handle so
hard that I have, on two occasions, broken the handle off with absolutely no damage to the dies.
My solution was to have a longer and heavier handle made. Before you roll your eyes, that
solution has been used for about 20 years with no further anomalies. I should note that the
physical effort for most swaging is not at all great. The above two occasions were when I was
preparing some special projectiles for experimental purposes.

C-H swaging dies come in two basic configurations. The 105 Series is a single die in .308, .355,
.357, .429, and .451. It was originally designed to make half and three quarter jacketed bullets of
round nose and semi-wadcutter configurations. This die is useful to swage many casting rejects
where voids or poor fill-out is apparent. The grease grooves are filled before swaging and the
die is used sans bullet jacket. The nose punches of this die have a bleed hole in its center. This
die works very well for swaging
cast bullets, even with the limited
nose configurations.

The main drawback of this die type
is that it is not easily modified to
make bullets of greater diameter or
altered shape. A commercial bullet
swaged in this die type to a SWC
configuration is shown in the photo
entitled, Commercial .45 Caliber
RFN Swaged to SWC, on the
previous page.

C-H 101 Series is a two die set
designed to make jacketed bullets
of the ogive type with a flat or
hollow point. It has a core seater
die ordinarily used to seat the cores
in the jackets. The core seater die is not used when swaging cast bullets. The second die is a
bullet-forming die that one can use to change the shape and/or diameter of his casting. The
photo Commercial .38 Caliber SWC Swaged to HP, Views No. 1 and 2 shows two views of
the 101 Series product. C-H is located at http://www.ch4d.com. Get the C-H catalog. They sell
some really useful tools.

Commercial .45 Caliber RFN Swaged to SWC

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Some years ago at a gun
show, I was able to pick
up an old but good C-H
Swag-O-Matic swaging
press and a good number
of top and bottom
punches, dies, and other
knick knacks. This set-
up is just the ticket for
the cast bullet swager.
Dies and punches are
easily modified or
fabricated by a decent
machinist and about any
shape bullet that one can
imagine can be made.
See photo entitled C-H
Swag-O-Matic Bullet
Swaging Press, then see picture of the die and associated punches in the photo entitled, Swag-
O-Matic Die with Bottom Punch and Various Top Punches.

Commercial .38 Caliber SWC Swaged to HP,
View No. 1

Commercial .38 Caliber SWC Swaged to HP,
View No. 2

C-H Swag-O-Matic
Bullet Swaging
Press

126

Two bullets, a .44 caliber and a .45 caliber are shown in the photo entitled, Cup Point Bullets
with Nose Punches. The .44 bullet has been further modified to slightly taper the cup portion of
the bullet.
In the years since, I have found and
purchased two more of these presses to use
as spare parts although have found the
original to be so husky that it has not
needed repair. If interested, keep a lookout
at gun shows, EBay, etc., as they are still
out there. Evidently, some CBA members
have a number of them.

This old C-H Swag-O-Matic, with its
simple to make die sets is, sadly, no longer
produced. That is a shame because it
provided a versatility that is not now
generally available to budget minded
casters and other experimenters that like to make virtually perfect bullets at a reasonable
production rate.

The picture below, Swaging Flat Points From 250 Grain Redline .455 Bullets, is an example
of a simple but effective way to make bullets suitable for hunting or target shooting from an
existing bullet. The bullet diameter can be reduced or increased and the nose shape changed in
one simple swaging step.

Illustration 1Swag-O-Matic Die with Bottom
Punch and Various Top Punches.

Cup Point Bullets with Nose Punches.

127

I have had some discussions with Dave Davidson, who took over C-H, and he does not plan to
bring back the Swag-O-Matic press. However, he did say that he might consider making a run of
dies. So far I have seen no announcement regarding that project.

As I said, the Swag-O-Matic dies and punches are about as simple as one can imagine and lend
themselves to both modification and copying. At the start I had some of the dies opened up a
little by a machinist friend to produce special diameters. I wrote to A.F. Sailor, then in charge at
C-H, and he looked up the heat treatment that they had used to harden the dies. My friend
annealed the original dies, opened them up, re-heat treated them, then polished the insides to
final diameter.
In the process we found that some would crack in the heat treatment, the cracks radiating out
from the bleed hole which is on the side of the die in the Swag-O-Matic dies. We went to an air
hardening tool steel and made a handful of undersized blanks that I can have opened up as I see
fit whenever a (bright?) new idea hits. He has also made special bottom and top punches for my
experiments.

When making up a die for the Swag-O-Matic press, I specifically omit the bleed (side) hole.
This is because when I am swaging commercial lead bullets, sometimes the bleed hole lines up
with a bullets lubrication ring, tending to jettison lube, thereby making a lube groove of non-
uniform width -- not satisfactory. Careful setup of the dies will make bleed holes unnecessary,
as you will see with a little experience. As I said, weight variation of even the reject castings is
not enough to cause swaging problems for these dies with no bleed holes.

To date, regardless of the rigorous workout that I have given them, I have not managed to harm a
single die made from this air hardening tool stock. They are extremely strong.

Swaging Flat Points From 250 Grain Redline .455 Bullets

128
An example of a bullet that has been rather
radically resized and reshaped with the Swag-
O-Matic press is shown in the photo entitled,
Cup Point .44 with Slight Taper. This bullet
was formed from one with a SWC
configuration.

ALLOYS

Another area of confusion is the belief that
only soft lead or the softer alloys can be
swaged on reloading presses.

A large portion of my alloy approximates
Lyman No. 2 which is about 14 BHN. This
hardness suits most of my shooting
requirements. However, I have swaged a lot of
Linotype bullets with no adverse results on
these presses. Bullets diameters run from .30 caliber to those in excess of .460 that some of my
.45-70's require. The majority are .44's and .45's.

The only problem that I have had while swaging the harder alloys is when changing the bullet
shape dramatically - and it is not a press or die problem. For instance, when making a gaping
hollow point from a SWC, the harder alloys will sometimes crack in the thin "skirt" area of the
cup point. Conventional hollow pointing does not present a problem.

Incidentally, when swaged from soft alloy, the cup point can be reversed in the case to provide a
good HBWC, a bullet that is not readily available in other than .38 caliber.

Some readers will be concerned that hard bullets will time soften when they are swaged. This is
because grain boundary shifting in the metallic structure of lead-antimony alloys. However, the
amount of softening seems to have been exaggerated because I can find only 2-3 BHN difference
even two years after swaging. I no longer worry about it.

As a side note, I have run several hundred .45 caliber, 230 gr. FMJ RN bullets through both the
reloading press dies and the Swag-O-Matic dies backwards to produce a lead forward flat nose or
hollow point for use in all my .45 pistols. Two examples are illustrated in the photo entitled
230 Grain FMJ Swaged to Other Configurations, Views No. 1 and 2. For the jacketed bullets,
a little Motor Honey or STP Oil Additive serves as a sizing lubricant. Cast bullets, lubed prior to
swaging provide their own lubrication.

Cup Point .44 with Slight Taper.

129

CONCLUSION

There is much to be learned about bullet casting and this should be pursued until one is
comfortable with his results. Understanding the effects of alloys, temperatures, heat treatments
of bullets, mold treatments, time hardening and time softening of castings, etc., is essential to
achieving ones shooting satisfaction.
However, the added dimension of swaging does allow one to further satisfy his shooting hobby
and realize results that casting alone may not accomplish. Why not be on the lookout for
swaging equipment while attending gun shows and other sporting events where such equipment
is offered? Swaging is a most satisfying addition to the bullet casting hobby!
God Bless!
Norm

SWAGING AND BUMPING CAST BULLETS
The cast
"Can someone explain the use of bump dies on cast bullets for
benchrest shooting? How do you determine if you need to use one and where do you get them?
Thanks,
Scott Hamilton"
From Dan Hudson:
"Scott,
Usually if your rifle has been throated for cast bullets, the gunsmith can make you a

Illustration 3230 Grain FMJ Swaged to Other Configurations,
View No. 1

Illustration 2230 Grain FMJ Swaged to Other Configurations, View
No. 2

130
throating die with the same reamer so that the bullets will fit the new throat. In use, the throating
die will fit a modified loading press and you push the bullets into the die to taper the nose to
match the throat. You can just taper the bullet nose if the nose is large enough but if the nose is
undersize, then you would need to actually bump the bullet up to fit the throat.
The press needs to be modified to have a method (ejector pin) to push the bullet back out
of the die after tapering. If you are going to bump the bullets, either the press will need a stop or
the die can have a built in stop. The stop is needed to be able to bump the bullet to a larger size
than it was cast. Basically you are pushing the bullet into the die and squishing it out to fill the
cavity in the bump die formed by the stop on top, the base pin on the press ram on the bottom
and die cavity on the sides.
I'm sure that this short explanation will bring up more questions, as I don't write
explanations very well.
I do taper my bullets and sometimes I will need to bump them. Then I just seat the bullets
in the case with my fingers and let the bolt closing in the action do the actual bullet seating.
Ideally, the bullets nose taper fits the throat taper exactly and the bullets are seated to the same
depth every time.
The only source that I know of would be a gunsmith or yourself if you have a lathe and
the reamer."
Dan
"Can someone explain the use of bump dies on cast bullets for benchrest shooting? How do you
determine if you need to use one and where do you get them?
Thanks,
Scott Hamilton"
From Tom Gray:
"Scott,
I'll try to answer you question of how do you determine if you need to bump your bullets.
First of all a bump die is just a component part of a Bump Press. It is the part the bullet is
shoved into. If you want the very best accuracy from your rifle or pistol, you need a perfect fit of
the bullet to the throat of the gun. Just about everything bad that happens to a bullet happens in
the first inch of its travel. Since they (cast bullets) are so malleable they get distorted if they
aren't supported 100% in the throat of the chamber when it gets that big kick in the butt to start
it going down the barrel.
The second reason is to get the gas check on the base of the bullet very flat and square to the c/l
of the bullet. Most methods of applying the gas check are crude at best and a lot of gas checks
get crimped onto the shank crooked. A crooked base on the bullet will cause a flier. By carefully
installing the gas check and then running it thru a bump press, the base will be formed square
whether or not it wants to be or not. Tests that I've run have shown that bumping good bullets to
square up and flatten the base of the check took 1/4 inch out of the groups. In CBA competition,
a quarter inch is a lot.
To get a bump die that fits your gun, you first have a gunsmith take a special reamer called a
throater reamer and re-throat the chamber of your gun. You then take that same reamer and
make a cavity in the die that is used to form or re shape the cast bullet so that it is a perfect fit to
the guns throat. As they say down in LA, That's more better than good!!! A bottom punch is made
to replace the shell holder on the top of the ram with a top surface that is square to its c/l. The
entry hole in the die is kept very close to the dia. of the punch so that it can only enter and stay
square to the rest of the cavity. This ensures a very flat and square base on the bullet when it
bumped.
I once made some bullets that were not bumped and some that were bumped and sent them into a

131
local auto factory to be measured for base squareness. The report that came back was that the
ones that weren't bumped rolled around so bad that they couldn't even make a measurement. The
ones that were bumped flat and square were dead nuts square. Many people bump their bullets
too hard and end up with a sharp corner on the bottom edge of the bullet. Some even do it so
hard they get fins. In this case harder is not better. All you want to do is form the base flat and
square while preserving the radius that is on the corner of the gas check.
I personally like to use a freebore dia. that is only a half to one thousandth over the groove dia.
of the barrel so as not to be distorting the bullet too much when it engraves the rifling. Some
people run bullets two to three thousandths over groove diameter with good results.
Now to answer the question of when do you know if you should bump? Check you bullets and see
if there is any waviness on the bases or if the gas checks are crooked. There will be your answer.
Tom Gray"
"Hi Tom;
1. Can a reloading press be used to bump bullets?
2. What is the cost of re-throating a (say) new Production class rifle and making the bump die
set? If I were to try the 223 again, for example, and sent a Savage rifle to a gunsmith to have it
properly throated and bump die made, how much would I expect to pay?
Thanks;
joe b."
"Joe,
I don't know what other gunsmiths charge for a throat job but I usually charge $25 to $40
depending if I have to remove the barrel etc If I have to buy a throater reamer as in the 35 Rem.
I did yesterday, it's $75 for the reamer and the cost has to be amortized over the jobs you do with
it. Since the same reamer is used to make the actual die for bumping the bullets, the cost is
spread out.
If one carefully designs the throater to clean up the existing throat and then makes a die off it,
the bullets formed in the die fit the chamber throat perfectly. As they say down in Louisiana,
"That's more better than good".
The RCBS (Rock Chuck Bullet Swage) press is, in my experience the best for making bump
presses. I've made them on Lyman's and others but prefer the RCBS for my own.
Here are a couple of pictures of my current bump press. I designed it for a right-handed
person. The first mod is when I went to a 1 1/4" dia. die to preclude any stretching of the die
radially. When bumping very hard bullets, a 7/8" dia. CRS die can stretch and bullet dia. will
vary. This doesn't happen with softer bullets. You move the die up and down to determine where
the taper starts on the bullet. The knurled plug in the top is an adjustable stop for an internal
traveling nut to set the force of the bumping action. The traveling nut under the top cross bar is
picked up by the crossbar on the down stroke and ejects the bullet from the bottom of the die.
I've made some dies from drill rod but it is hard on
reamers. This one is of stainless. Cold rolled steel
works OK but is dirty with slag inclusions in the
center of the bars sometimes. I heat treated one die
too hard one time and it cracked. Sounded like a 22
RF went off. I thought I broke a cross pin in the press
till I found the crack. This press can develop up to
60,000 lbs force when it rolls over."
Tom

132

From Tom Gray
"Bumping is not radical reforming so, a lot of power is not used. Sort of like sizing a
large cartridge case for a comparison.
As for the press and dies, if you want and ejection system to eject the bullet and also have
it adjustable for the amount of bump and where you put the taper on the bullet, such a press can
be made for $250. I had between 10 and 15 man/machine hours in the ones I made. I make a
rather elaborate setup I guess compared to others. It took me several models before I got the
design exactly where I wanted it for range of adjustment etc. I'm not making them for people any
longer as they are too time consuming and half the guys I made them for lacked the mechanical
aptitude to properly adjust them even with four pages of instructions.
Tom"

From James E. Evitts, aka "Swagerman"

"Here is the Lee Classic press with bullet swaging ejector
mechanism. Has a little different bottom flat bar attachment to the press's
ram head where the shellholder is...because the ram is a lot smaller than
the ole Herters press.
Note: To be able to full stroke the press's handle the top cap shell
holder on the Lee Classic press is a screw off & on affair, this had to be
shorten by 1/2 inch but requires a lathe to do it...it is an internal cut and fit
with hex screws.
Yet all works well for bullet swaging with a Lee press, have it set up
for .44 caliber.
This apparatus has no problem with the side rods moving or
swaying...so, nothing else is required at this point. The support rods are
still the same 3/8 inch diameter as is the thickness of the flat bars is also
3/8 of an inch thick. The flat bars on the Lee are six inches long instead of
seven like on the Herter's press. The Lee press is a small unit compared to the big ole Herters
press. It also has a smaller press ram piston which required a different design on the lower flat
bar attachment area. This Lee press also requires the use of smaller regular type shellholders or
bullet nose punches. Though it could be adapted to use the Herter's type shellholders or nose
punches by changing the top cap of the ram that threads off and on.
As I have two extra top caps I may eventually do just that to keep busy this winter.

The Lee press is capable of bullet swaging, but be advised that the screw off shellholder
was shortened by 3/8 of an inch on a lathe and internally sleeved and has two hex screws to hold
it together. It's compound leverage is not as good as the old Herter's Super-O-Maximum press
with its 1-1/4 " diameter long ram, but really not too shabby.
The Lee Classic press has a ram with a fall free primer release in the bottom of the ram
where the toggle linkage is. The link pin is not a one piece pin but rather a two piece affair much
like two cone protrusions fitting into the ram's bottom holes. So far this has held up well, and I
always have the option of removing it and inserting a one piece link bolt or pin in its place. They
only made it that way so the primers could fall through the bottom and into the long plastic tube
to catch spent primers.

133
The Lee Classic press will not swage well if you do not shorten the shellholder as
mentioned above, the press has to have full handle stroke so the bullet will form (swage)
completely at the top of the stroke. The Lee Classic can swage anything the Herter's press will
swage. It does hollow basing, hollow pointing, or both at the same time if you have the right
punches and swaging die plunger stems. (I made my own)

I use mostly C-H tool 4-D swaging dies, but order them in special sizes to do the type of swaging
I want done. Sizes like .429, .452 and .454 diameter
are the most common I like to use.
If you order from C&H their regular swaging sets
you'll most likely be getting their copper jacket lead
wire fitting stuff. These are not good for just bullet
shape changing...like I do. They are not the finish
bullet shape size needed in both dies...one is under size
and the other is the finish size.

My suggestion is to order the two dies in the finish size
diameter you want to change nose shape of bullet...but
that is just me.
If I didn't have this mini-lathe, (another home learning experience I'm still working on) there
wouldn't much progress in my hobby.
Here is the cut-down shortened Lee Classic shellholder so that the press's full handle stroke can
be utilized.
To the left is a full size unaltered Lee Classic threaded shellholder, to the right is the shellholder
cut into and sleeved to fit inside of the lower body. Two hex screws hold the two halves together.
These pictures and ideas are not intended for commercial use to manufacture these bullet ejector
assemblies. They are intended to share with the common handloader or hobbyist. Please don't
abuse the privileged of copying it for commercial use as a sellable item.
Thank you,
Swagerman"

Bullet Bump/Reform Dies

"Can someone provide some rough sketches of a bump/reform die that one would use in
benchrest to provide the best accuracy. I do my own gunsmithing and have the throating reamer
that I used on the rifle, plus have a full machine shop to make what I need. I just need a little
help with the parts. I have an RCBS Rockchucker and a Swage-o-matic press.
Thanks,
Scott Hamilton"

"Scott,
Here's how I have made a few bump dies. I readily admit this might not be the best way
to do it, but it worked for me.
Drill and ream your die blank to fit the pilot on your throater. (I use 7/8-14 threaded dies
for the Rock Chucker.) Ream the die with your throater to the proper depth - you'll want the
base of the bullet at least 1/2" into the bottom of the die when it finishes. Polish out the nose
section of the die all the way to the top, if you want the noses of the bullets larger than the pilot
hole. That's it for the die itself.

134
The easiest nose punches I've seen are turned a few thou smaller than the nose diameter
in the die, then center-drilled almost to the edge. Then a couple small dimples were drilled into
the sides of the 60 angle part of the center-drilled hole. In use, a hard bullet is run into the die,
a piece of buckshot is dropped onto the nose, the top punch is run in after it, and a soft mallet is
used to hammer the buckshot to match the nose of the bullet, and also deform the other side of it
into the center drilled hole. The two dimples help lock the soft lead nose piece into the top
punch. These don't last forever - you have to replace them once in a while, but it's quick and
dirty and it works.
Was I totally confusing?
Glenn Latham"

"Glenn, It helps to use a fully heat-treated bullet to form the soft lead in the return punch for the
taper die. That way the punch will match closer the nose profile to the next bullets to be
tapered/bumped. Otherwise the consecutive bullet noses will be deformed. I use the ones you
made with a little lube, Eds Red, and it tends to help the die clean itself. The bullets to be
tapered need to be soft enough to tolerate the taper process and prelubing and seating the gas
checks and lube helps to keep them from sticking in the taper die. This allows the return punch to
easily extract the tapered bullet. Also, the die can be adjusted for depth in the press to find the
right amount of taper to fit the rifle chamber for accurate shooting. I routinely heat-treat my
bullets after the taper process, without first prelubing. After heat treat, the bullets are lubed.

Bill McGraw"

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4.4 PAPER-PATCHED BULLETS
Ken Mollohan; William Iorg

Why Paper Patch Cast Bullets?
Ken Mollohan
Bore diameter muzzle loading target rifle bullets were often patched with paper, in one or
two or three strips oriented in the false muzzle. These lead bullets were swaged, often from two
cast parts; a hard rear part and a soft front part. Either the two parts were swaged together, or the
single part cast bullet was swaged to final dimensions.
This swaging meant that there could not be any grease grooves on the bullet, and without
grease grooves the bullets leaded the barrel. The only way to eliminate the leading was with the
paper (sometimes linen) patch.
When cartridges were introduced they were frequently loaded with paper patched bullets;
both the long, large caliber "buffalo" cartridges like the 45/90 and the shorter target cartridges
such as 32/40.
My suspicion is that paper patches were used because the bullets in these cartridges were
swaged, with no grease grooves, and the paper patches were needed to eliminate leading. I also
suspect that the use of paper patches was a matter of habit and tradition, with no substantial
advantage to the paper patching. Certainly paper patched bullets were replaced entirely by
lubricated grease-grooved bullets in factory ammunition.
Today the long range black powder cartridge and muzzle loader shooters use both the
paper patched bullet and the grease-grooved lubricated bullet.
The paper patched guys contend that the swaged pure lead bullet has no bubbles or
imperfections, has a higher ballistic coefficient because of the non-grease-grooved sides, and is
therefore more accurate.
The cast grease-grooved bullet guys seem to shoot equally as well with a much smaller
investment in equipment and less time spent in preparation.
Ned Roberts, in "The Muzzle Loading Cap Lock Rifle", said in 1940 that his choice for a
target rifle was the cast grease-grooved bullet, "....used without any kind of a patch which only
wears out the rifling and causes much extra work in loading without in any way improving the
accuracy."

Given the above, there are several reasons for paper patching bullets today.
Sometimes there is no suitable mold available in the proper diameter for some of the
older calibers. Or the only mold that fits the bore is too light or too heavy. Sometimes the bore
is out of specification for the cartridge. (Ive had a 7x57 Mauser with cut rifling so deep it
needed a 0.300 bullet.)
Paper patching offers a way to increase the effective diameter of a bullet to bore (or
groove) size while still providing good performance. It enables you to get good results with cast
bullets that would otherwise be so undersize theyd drop through the bore, and be wildly
inaccurate.
(As a side note, this also applies to jacketed bullets, which can also be paper patched, but thats
outside the scope of this discussion.)

Paper patching prevents leading and resulting inaccuracy at high velocity. Paper - though
combustible - will not melt. And the passage through a gun barrel is so brief that it doesnt have

136
time to catch fire. This may sound improbable to someone who knows that the gas temperature
is high enough to melt and etch steel, but if you quickly wave your hand through a flame, it
wont burn as it would if your hand was held in the flame. In the same way, the paper jacket will
survive a brief exposure to the high pressure, incandescent gas from the gunpowder and protect
the lead bullet from being etched. This etching is the source of the lead that eventually coats the
bore in poor loads.
Bullets cast from pure lead or soft alloys that will expand readily on game are very
difficult to drive at high velocity with any semblance of accuracy unless they are paper patched.
Paper patching will also upgrade the performance potential of harder alloy cast bullets,
enabling casters to reach magnum rifle velocities with excellent accuracy.
(Side note: This action of paper patching is very similar to why modern jacketed bullets perform
well at high power: The gilding metal jacket that surrounds the lead core protects it from the hot
gas, so that the bore doesnt get leaded. The copper jacket also offers structural reinforcement,
which the paper patch cannot offer.)

Most anything you can name has been tried for patching bullets at one time or another.
Even paper patching has taken many forms, from the traditional (and currently modern) wrapped
bullet to crossed strips of paper that enveloped the bullet as it was loaded into the false muzzle of
some black powder bench rifles. Ive read of patching with Teflon pipe threading tape, masking
tape and even thin leather (including of all things, fish skin!) Ive personally played with a 30-06
using cast bullets wrapped with household aluminum foil with fairly decent results, but it sure
takes a LOT of wraps to build the diameter enough. That darn foil is THIN!) Patching per se
has a long and honorable history with firearms projectiles. The Pennsylvania / Kentucky rifle
would not have been so accurate or fast loading without patches. Ive also emulated the PA/KY
rifle by using denim patches to load round balls (i.e. buckshot) into cartridge cases for modern
rifles. This works surprisingly well if the patches are lubricated, and a tight fit in the unsized
case, even with loads with notably more snap than the usual round ball squib loads. A patched
RB will do a fine job on squirrels and similar small game, whether its driven from a pea rifle
with FFFg, or from a 32-20 with Unique.
An excellent source of information on paper patching is the series of articles first
published by Col. Harrison in the NRAs American Rifleman magazine and later published in
his book: "Cast Bullets"..

How to Paper Patch Bullets
Ken Mollohan

First of all, I recommend that you get your feet wet with a low velocity big bore rifle like
a 45-70. This will give you a very forgiving setup to make success come more easily, and
nothing builds confidence and skill like getting good results from the very beginning. My initial
PP experience came about because I couldnt find a suitable bullet to enable me to reload for an
11.43 MM Vetterli-Vitali rifle Id picked up. For that matter, neither could I find a suitable mold
that was anywhere near the right diameter to be patched up to fit the bore properly. Lacking
proper components, I set the rifle aside to rust in dignity until I noticed one of the old Ideal mold
designs for casting paper patching bullets: It was little more than a smooth hole drilled into a
solid block of metal, with an ejection pin at the bottom and a sprue cutter at the top.
Hmmm. I had plenty of sprue cutters ..

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A little digging through my bits gave me one that was a loose slip fit in the bore, and it
wasnt long before I was casting some rather unusual, but quite effective custom bullets for the
Vetterli. At first, I spent a lot of time looking for a exactly the right paper as specified by the
articles in the RIFLEMAN, but I was out in the country, with no ready supply of specialty items
like that. In frustration, I decided to see what I could do with what I had on hand: Ordinary
printer paper. It took a while, but I finally got a bit of thin sheet steel trimmed at the approved
60 degree angle, and just wide enough to wrap exactly twice around the bullets. Then the
problems really began.
When the paper was wet, it wrapped more than twice: There was always some overlap. I
finally figured out that the wet paper had a lot more stretch than when it was dry (DUH!), and I
needed to wrap it on the bullet without pulling it tight in the process. But then the darn thing
would almost always be so loose after drying on the bullet that it was too delicate to lube and
load.
I dont recall where I read it, but someone recommended using a clear soft drink (Sprite, I
believe) instead of water or saliva. This did the trick: Apparently a small amount of corn syrup
is enough to hold the wraps together, and stick the paper to the lead without affecting results. It
also keeps the tail from unwrapping when you clip it off after drying.
Now things began to pick up: I could wrap my bullets to a good fit in the bore, and the
wrapping was handleable enough to lube easily by hand. I used straight Alox 2138F, and it
worked fine. The Alox - Beeswax blend also worked well.
So I had proper sized and lubricated slugs, even though I had no sizing dies. Cases were
(substantially!) reworked 348 Win, and yes, I had to swage the bases to enable them to chamber
in the rifle.
Considering the age and original loadings for the rifle, I used smokeless loading data for
BP 45-70 rifles. The resulting accuracy ran about 2.5 to 3 MOA (iron sights), which wouldnt
win any bench matches, but sure wasnt a handicap in the deer woods either. Velocity? I dont
know. I didnt have a chronograph then, but the gentleman whose farm hospitality I was
enjoying expressed some curiosity about the old gun, so I let him shoot it. The pure lead slug
had no problem penetrating about four or five feet of pasture, and I suddenly found myself on the
defensive, and my friend became concerned that the rifle was too powerful, and might constitute
a safety hazard when the bullet exited a deer.
Dont misunderstand: I later learned that smaller bores and higher velocities would need
greater care in selection of paper and bullets. But thats at the upper end of the learning curve,
and Im just trying to encourage you to give it a try by showing that good results can be had with
the most elementary procedures and materials.
One innovation Ill recommend harkens back to the tedious process of properly wrapping
the paper patch around the bullet. Its slow work, and its easy to damage the PP in the process,
especially if you happened to be a klutz like me.
But while preparing a batch of .30 caliber PP slugs one night, I was struck at the
resemblance of a row of drying bullets to a row of cigarettes. Out of curiosity, I dug out an old
cigarette-wrapping machine that tobacco companies used to give away with a can of tobacco.
Im not sure but I think the brand was Prince Albert, and someone told me they are still available
in a good tobacco store today. This particular machine consisted of a sheet of rubberized cloth
stretched over a tinplate arch. A handle with a small roller flips back and forth under the
rubberized cloth. In use, one simply depresses the cloth at one end of the machine to form a

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small trough into which is places a small sheet of paper and the tobacco. A quick flip of the
handle wraps the paper snuggly around the tobacco, and a cigarette emerges from the other end.
Dropping a cast bullet on the (damp) paper instead of tobacco will result in a perfectly
wrapped bullet, with little effort or time. All you need to do is twist the tail and set it aside to
dry. For uniformity of results, consistent placement of the paper and bullet is important, but
thats easily done too: The paper is aligned using a small mark on the rubberized sheet. I
position the bullet by sliding it until the tip touches the side of the machine. Just drop in the
paper and slug, flip the handle and twist the tail. Its that fast and easy. Give it a try.

Oh, by the way, another trick I developed later to simplify the uniformity of patch bullets
was to simply patch the entire length of the bullet, with enough left over to twist and seal the
base. Once the bullet is dry, you can take a single edged razor blade and use the sharp edge to
roll the patched bullet across a firm surface. (Roll so you arent unwrapping the paper
patch.)The razors edge will cut off the excess patching, and leave you a clean edge. If your
chamber and cast bullet design permit (mine did), doing this cutting at a groove like the front
lube groove or the crimping groove will enable you to get very consistent and uniform patching.
Its sure a lot less trouble that the exacting care needed to roll the patch on uniformly by hand (or
by cigarette machine.)
Ken Mollohan

PAPER PATCHING
William Iorg
I have been shooting paper patch bullets at full power in modern firearms for quite
awhile.
My favorite bullet is a paper patch specific bullet from NEI. #38 167 grain. This bullet
has a slight boat tail, which helps to fold or twist the patch, as it is not hollow base. I shoot this
bullet in the .307 Winchester, an M -94 B.B. It is just as accurate as most jacketed bullet loads.
I have paper patched the Lee 170 grain flat nose gas check bullet. I leave them as they are
patched, generally around .312" to .314". I have sized many of them down when using thick
patch paper. I run them through the Lee push through bullet sizing die. Prior to sizing I use the
Lee cartridge case sizing lubricant. This is a die maker's wax. I coat the applied patch with the
wax and allow it to dry prior to sizing. After sizing the patch looks as if it is ceramic. If you are
not reducing the size too far the patch will not be loose on the bullet after sizing.
We have found that bullets lubed with the Lee case sizing lubricant are VERY tough and
water-resistant. We regularly feed them through the tubular magazines of both Winchester and
Marlin lever action rifles.
You should experiment with both folded and twisted patch tails. To fold start at the joint
of the rolled patch and fold inward in four quarters. This forms a paper gas-check-well sort of.
I have not tried many glued patches. When I did I used the Chase patch system and did
not have a folded or twisted tail. I left the bare base flush with the bottom of the patch. I did not
have much luck with glued patches. I have also tried gummed computer labels in the same
manner.
You should find that the gas check shank is helpful in twisting or folding your patch.
Our best accuracy has been with softer lead alloys. For hunting bullets I sort out .22 rim
fire bullets from scrap lead. These are soft enough to be easily deformed by the seating stem. I

139
use a Lyman M -die and Lyman seating die with the closest fitting seating stems whenever
possible.
I have not used paper patch bullets in a gas operated semi-auto rifle before. I have tried
them in the 18" ported barrel of a Marlin 1895 Guide Gun. The resulting accuracy was less than
satisfactory.

P. S. I messed this up and it did go through which is just as well. I had meant to comment on the
1 1/2 turns of paper. I suggest two full wraps. It makes for a tougher patch if you are sizing
down. If you can step out ahead of the firing line after a few shots and take a look at your patch
pieces. You will be surprised at the size of some of them.
William Iorg

HOW TO MAKE A PAPER PATCHED BULLET MOLD
Ken Mollohan
Id like to share a trick thats so old its been just about forgotten, and is probably new to
a lot of todays shooters. Decades ago, the old Ideal company (now Lyman) used to sell a very
simple and elegant mold for making paper patched bullets. Its very easy to make something
similar, and the ones Ive made have all worked well. Heres how its done.
The tooling youll need isnt much more than a drill press or a lathe, and a few simple
hand tools like files and taps. The old Ideal design was simply a vertical hole drilled into a solid
block of iron, with no lube grooves or gas check. The hole had two diameters: The "bullet
diameter" was most of it, and at the very bottom was a smaller diameter hole that keeps the nose
/ ejection pin from falling out. This pin also served to close the bottom of the mold when pouring
lead. I used a spare sprue cutter from a mold I'd ruined trying to enlarge the nose portion. I just
located the sprue pivot so that the pour hole was centered over the cavity.
Clamp the mold-to-be in a good vise if youre using a drill press, and anchor it well to
assure concentricity when you drill the various holes. Drill the smaller hole through the mold
first. It will act as a pilot hole for the larger ("bullet diameter" hole later. Diameter of the ejection
pin hole is not at all critical. I suggest at least 1/8, and something less than the diameter of the
bullet as the maximum.
The major ("bullet") diameter is easy to determine: I just used the largest twist drill that
would slip into the bore of my rifle. If this is a really loose fit, you might be well advised to find
someone with a lathe to bore the mold instead of just drilling it. When you drill the larger
diameter hole for the body of the bullet, leave at least ~ 1/4 inch length of the small hole for easy
operation of the ejection / nose pin. Drill a hole about 50% longer than you think you will need
in a bullet. This will leave space for the end of the ejection pin, and let you adjust the bullet
length / weight. You may have problems with ejection if the hole isn't smooth, so feed the bit
into the mold very slowly and use a good grade of cutting oil for a good finish. Polish with fine
sandpaper if you need to. You can also lap or bore the hole to make bullets that are a precision
fit to you gun.
Now you need to make the nose / ejection pin. It is just a steel rod turned to be a slip fit in
the bullet diameter hole, and machined on the end to whatever nose shape strikes your fancy. The
rear of the nose / ejection pin should be machined to be a slip fit through the smaller hole, just as
the larger end should be a slip fit in the bullet diameter portion. You will need something to keep

140
the ejection pin in the mold. I threaded the end and used a nut, but the pounding from ejection
eventually buggered the threads. I recommend drilling a small hole and putting a cross pin in it.
The ejection pin should be long enough that there is still some sticking out of the bottom when
the nose portion is against the sprue cutter.
Now drill a small hole in the side of the mold (not into the bullet cavity) and thread it to
attach a handle. I'd recommend about 5/16" or so, but it's not critical. Slip a wooden insulating
grip on the other end and you're done.
Now if I haven't confused you enough, maybe a description of how to use it would
augment the following sketch to help clarify its construction: Bring your lead alloy to casting
temperature, and pre-warm the mold. Close the sprue cutter and pour the alloy. Wait for it to
cool and strike off the sprue just as you would with any ordinary mold.
Now turn the mold upside down over a suitable soft cloth or a bucket of water (whatever
your needs suggest) and rap the ejection pin that is sticking up from the bottom of the mold.
This will drive the bullet out of the mold. The bullet should have a nose that duplicates whatever
you cut into the end of the ejection pin, but it will probably be longer / heavier than you want.
Adjustment of bullet length / weight is simple: Measure the bullet length and trim the base of the
first decent bullet until it is the weight you need. Nothing fancy: Even a pocket knife will do for
this. Just take the trouble to keep the base fairly flat as you trim it. Now re-measure the length
of the bullet. The difference will give you the adjustment needed so the mold will throw the
bullets you need.
Jog down to the hardware store and buy a few washers that will fit into the bullet
diameter hole, but not in the smaller hole. You may have to buy slightly oversize and turn them
down. Remove the keeper pin from the nose / ejector pin and add an appropriate height of
washers below the bullet diameter portion, and reassemble.
Depending on the fit of the parts and your workmanship, you may find that a bit of
powdered graphite might improve ease of using this mold.

Footnotes:
1. You might want to experiment with different nose shapes: It would be simple enough to make
different ejection pins for round nose, wad cutters, semi-wad cutter or even spitzers. You could
also drill the nose / ejector pin and insert a small pin to make hollow point bullets of whatever
size and shape strikes your fancy.

2. This design was originally intended only for making bullets to be paper patched to groove or
throat diameter, but Ive also made some very nice two-diameter bullets in them. Although I
haven't gotten more ambitious than two diameters, the same basic principles could be used to
make a mold producing any increasing series of diameters or tapers, should you wish to make
bullets with a bore riding nose and a throat diameter body, etc. Just drill / bore the mold to
whatever diameter(s) you want for the areas behind the bore riding nose portion. Ideally, this
should be throat diameter, or at least not less than groove diameter, though tapers to guide
seating the bullet in the bore / throat are obviously feasible.

I've also had very good luck using the two diameter versions in moderate loads with nothing but
a good wax wad behind the bare 'as cast' lead bullet. If you're just looking for light plinking
loads, make a two diameter mold like this, with the bullet nose of bore diameter, and with the

141
body at groove diameter or slightly larger, and use wax wads below the base to avoid leading
problems. Even though they arent patched and have no lube grooves, they will usually work
pretty well in a decent bore with just the wax wads for lubrication until the loads get above about
1200 FPS or so. The wads I used were (usually) yellow beeswax softened enough with Vaseline
that I could cut a wad by pressing a sheet over the loaded case before seating the bullet. The
wads were often ~ 3/16 thick, but I got decent results with much thinner (down to ~ 1/16)
wads, though I dont recall exactly which loads worked with which wad thickness. Youll just
have to experiment. Another possibility would be to knurl the bullets and dip in melted lube.
This has worked pretty well in some commercial bullets, but its a bit more trouble than Im
willing to take personally.

3. I see no reason why a suitable length of copper or brass tubing couldn't be precut and dropped
into such a mold before pouring the lead, thus enabling one to make "jacketed cast bullets". I've
used 5/16" bands cut from common copper tubing to provide a 'jacketed' bearing surface for .30 /
.32 caliber rifles (conventional molds). (Not original, BTW, but it worked very well.)

Of course, this would depend on the availability of suitable tubing diameters, but most hobby
shops sell quality telescoping brass tubing in very fine graduations: You should be able to find
something usable as a jacket for almost any bore diameter. If you decide to try this, Id
recommend using a tubing cutter, to leave a slight diameter decrease on both ends of the tubing.
This would assure the tubing doesnt lose its core when you shoot it.

4. That telescoping Hobby shop brass tubing can also be used to build up case diameters and
make very good cases for most any rifle or pistol you can name. Handy stuff. Ive used it to
make any number of oddball or unavailable cases. You just need to find a case with a suitable
rim and length. (You can just turn oversized rims down with a lathe if you dont have a good
fit.) Build up the base diameter with short sections of this tubing until it fits your chamber. Then
just fireform the case. As the case expands, it will expand in front of the tubing built-up area and
lock it in place permanently. The result is a very usable case, albeit of somewhat less case
capacity than the originals. (Loading data will have to be adjusted accordingly) But at least you
can get some of these proud old warriors shooting again. Sometimes you can even increase the
length of an otherwise suitable case. Ive had good luck by slipping tubing over a short case and
slipping a short section of the next tubing size over them both. When fire formed, the resulting
case will sure look odd, but it will have the right outside dimensions, and the expansion of the
original case will expand the longer tubing, which in turn, will expand past the short ring of
larger tubing. This makes a mechanical interlock that holds the package together just fine. Its a
lot of trouble, but sometimes theres just no other way. Things are different nowadays, but older
cases were once all but impossible to come by, particularly in a reloadable Berdan primed form.
I once used techniques like this to form 577/450 Martini cases out of 30-06! And they lasted
through many, many loadings.

Regards,
Ken Mollohan
"Molly"

142

Sprue cutter
Ejection Pin
Cross pin to retain ejector pin

Handle with wood grip
Steel block or bar

Spacers or washers to adjust
bullet length / weight

143
4.5 HEAT TREATING LEAD BULLETS

HEAT TREATING CAST LEAD BULLETS
Tom Gray
Believe it or not, cast lead bullets can be made much harder by heat-treating. Whenever a
stronger bullet is needed, heat-treating wheel weights is a way to take the common wheel weight
alloy and make it just as hard as the most expensive alloys available to bullet casters.
Why heat-treat bullets?
For every alloy hardness there is a limit to the speed at which the bullets can be shot. The
harder (tougher) they are the faster they can go. In my case, I was shooting in the Cast Bullet
Association registered matches at 100 and 200 yards. As such, I wanted to shoot 30 caliber
bullets as fast as I could to minimize wind drift. I didn't care about expansion, I just wanted to
get the bullet to the target as fast as possible before the wind blew it off course. It's no secret that
velocity with cast bullets is limited to the strength of the bullet. To increase the strength, you
either have to use an alloy rich in tin and antimony or heat-treat the lead. Rich alloys such as
Linotype, Monotype or Foundry type are quite expensive as compared to the commonly
available wheel weights. The neat thing about wheel weights is that they are cheap, contain all
the alloying elements necessary to be heat treated, and are commonly available. We've
mentioned making rifle bullets hard but pistol bullets can also benefit by heat-treating. In some
cases, such as with the magnums, wheel weights at a hardness of 11 on the Brinell scale can be
made strong enough to take the velocity of say, a 357 or 44 magnum. By simply heat-treating
wheel weight bullets they can be made as hard as needed for little or no cost.
Cost?
Linotype runs around 75 cents to a dollar a pound in my neck of the woods. Higher alloys
such as Mono and Foundry type are even more expensive. Wheel weights can be gotten for free
or for as little as 15 to 25 cents a pound.
Availability?
Almost everyone drives a car these days. And when they put new tires on the car, the tire
shop saves the old wheel weights. In most cases, if you take your own container down to the
shop you buy your tires, they will either give you lots of wheel weights or charge you a nominal
fee like 15 to 25 cents a pound. If you're a smooth talker, you can usually get them for free.
Are heat-treated wheel weight bullets as accurate as those made from a richer alloy?
They most certainly are!!! When I decided to start shooting HTWW's (heat-treated
wheel weights) I shot them exclusively for two years in competition. I can tell you from direct
experience, that they shot just as well as alloyed bullets and maybe a little better. Why better?
When you go to a higher alloy, you are adding tin and antimony. These two alloying elements
are both lighter than lead. Thus adding them to make the bullets harder also makes the bullets
lighter. When they are lighter, their BC (Ballistic Coefficient) goes down. This means that they
lose velocity faster and drift more in the wind than a bullet of the same shape but heavier. Tests
that I've conducted showed that HTWW bullets had a BC of about 6% greater than Linotype
bullets. When you are shooting in competition, every little bit helps and I won many matches
with these bullets.
How do you heat treat bullets?
There are two ways that are most commonly used. One is to water drop and the other is to do it
in an oven.

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Water dropping is done by dropping the bullets right out of the mould into a pail of room
temperature water. This method will usually yield bullets with a hardness of 15 to 22 Brinnell.
Or, about the same as the Lyman # 2 alloy on up to that of Linotype. The final hardness you will
get will be determined by how hot the bullet is when it hits the water. If you cast real hot and
fast and your bullets fall from the mould easily, you can get bullets as hard as 22 BHN. If you
cast slower and your bullets have time to cool before they hit the water, they will be less hard. In
this method, speed and temperature are the critical elements of the process.
There are a couple of advantages and disadvantages to water dropping as compared to
oven hardening.
On the disadvantage side, they will not get as hard as can be gotten in an oven. Also,
there will be a greater spread between your hardest ones and your softest ones in the same
population due to bullet temperature changing from one casting to the next. It's hard to keep the
same rhythm and to make things worse, the mould may get hotter as you cast causing the last
bullets to be harder than the first. To make matters worse, whenever a bullet hangs up in the
mould, it will cool off sufficiently to make it considerably softer than its brothers. Nevertheless,
very good, medium hard bullets can be made using this method. One other disadvantage is that
there is a chance of damaging the bullets as they fall thru the water and impact with the ones in
the bottom of the pail.
On the advantage side, water dropping is relatively simple and easy to do. It doesn't take
much time to set up a pail of water and drop bullets into it right from the mould. As long as you
aren't pushing the velocity envelope, you will probably never see any difference in performance
on target.
How do I water drop?
Get yourself a 5 or 6-gallon pail and fill it with room temperature water. Colder water is
not necessary. Place a towel or sponge on top of the water so that when you drop the bullets
onto it, it will interrupt their fall into the water so they don't impact the others in the pail. Make
sure it just breaks their fall and doesn't cause much delay of the bullets getting into the water.
They should just bounce off, not lie on the sponge. Some enterprising casters have made a set of
slanted steps in the pail under the water so that the bullet hits the first one, rolls off onto the
second one and then falls slowly to the bottom of the pail with no damage to the bullet banging
into the others. In most cases, it you aren't making match grade bullets, you can just put a rag in
the bottom to cushion the fall and sort out the ones with dented bases later.
A word of caution.
Never set the water filled pail in a location where water can splash into the pot of molten
lead. Just one small drop is all it takes to blow several pounds of lead all over you and the
surrounding area. You could be severely burned or worse yet lose an eye. Always wear a
protective face mask or glasses and keep your exposed skin covered with heavy clothing and
gloves. Also, make sure that any water that gets on the mould is dried off before bringing the
mould anywhere near the pot. The way I do it is to set the pail behind me where I have to turn
around to drop the bullets out of the mould. That puts me between the water and the lead pot.
This method is relatively safe and doesn't slow you down to any degree. After the bullets have
cooled, remove them for inspection and processing. Wait about 12 hours and they should be
ready to shoot.
How to oven heat-treat.
The nice thing about oven treating is that the heat treat process is much better controlled and
bullets can be made that are just as hard and tough as those made from a rich alloy. Using this

145
method, I've produced bullets as hard as 32 on the BHN scale and was able to drive them at 2500
feet per second with sub minute of angle accuracy. How's that for performance with a cheap
alloy?
The equipment:
All thats needed is a common kitchen oven and a sink full of tap water. I've used my
wife's oven in the kitchen with very good success. The hardest thing was convincing her that
those nasty lead bullets weren't going to hurt her oven and that we weren't going to die of lead
poisoning! The trick to getting bullets hard is to get them as hot as possible without causing any
damage from slumping or dents from lying against each other. When they are quenched at the
hottest temperature they can stand, they will get up to 30 BHN with no sweat. The temperature
that is needed to do this is around 450 to 460 degrees F. This temperature is easily reached in the
common household oven. One thing to watch is that the oven temperature dial is calibrated. It's
not uncommon to find the actual temperature in the oven up to 50 degrees off from what the dial
indicates. In my case, I happen to have an industrial digital thermometer that has a probe that I
can put in the oven among the bullets. If you don't have such equipment available, don't despair.
All you have to do is put a couple of bullets in the oven lying with half their length hanging off
in space. Keep increasing the temperature in 10 degree increments in the oven till one of them
slumps or the nose breaks off and falls away under it's own weight. Then, after noting that temp
on the dial, back it off 10 degrees and try heat-treating some bullets. Remember, for maximum
strength, you want to get them as hot as possible without getting them so hot that they slump or
get dents from lying against the container or each other. With good temperature control you
should be able to approach 460 deg. And get very hard bullets. I would first suggest shooting for
450 degrees till you get the process worked out.
When I first started heat-treating, I made some simple trays out of wire cloth by bending
the sides up to form trays that were approx. 6" by 10" and a half an inch deep. I took some coat
hanger wire and made a bail type handle on each end to pick it up with. I've found that I could
stack the bullets horizontal in the basket two deep without incurring any damage when they were
hot. The sweet thing about this setup is that when quenching in the sink full of water, the water
comes up thru the bullets very quickly and uniformly and the bullets will all come out with the
same hardness. The hardware cloth, sometimes called "wire cloth" can be purchased at a
hardware store. I used the kind with about " squares. Think of the wire they use to use in the
bottom of rabbit hutches to let the little balls fall thru!! These things dont have to be expensive
or elaborate to work.
The way I do it is to place about a hundred bullets in each tray and place them in the
oven. I've already pre heated the oven to the desired temperature. I then let them heat soak for 45
minutes to make sure that they are heated uniformly all the way through. I usually place some tin
foil above and below the bullets to keep the direct radiated heat from the bullets. If direct
radiated heat is allowed to hit the bullets, the ones on the top will get hotter than the ones on the
bottom and thus you will end up with different hardnesses from one bullet to the next even in the
same production lot.
When they have heat soaked for a sufficient time, (usually 45 minutes), I put on a pair of
welder gloves and very quickly open the oven door, grab a tray of bullets and move directly to
the sink where they are dunked into the tap temperature water without delay. They should sizzle
when they hit the water. At that point in time, I prepare another tray with bullets and put it in the
oven.

146
The next thing I do is to process the bullets that were just quenched while the next batch
is getting hot. The reason I do this is because the bullets take about 12 to 15 hours to get up to
full hardness and are still quite soft in the first half hour after the quench. Adding gas checks and
sizing/lubing while they are still around 11 BHN makes it a lot easier on you and the equipment.
My tests have shown that processing them within the first half hour has no effect on the
hardening process. You do them while they are soft and let them get hard later.
The Hardening Process.
I'm no metallurgist. So I'll leave it up to the experts to explain the technicalities of what
is happening to make the bullets get harder. It has to do with grain growth. Whenever a wheel
weight bullet is taken up to a certain temperature (let's call it the critical temperature), a process
is set in motion inside the bullet alloy that causes it to change and make the bullet harder and
tougher. This doesn't happen instantaneously such as with ferrous metals when they are
quenched in heat-treating. With WW bullets, it starts as soon as they are quenched and they
continue to get harder for the next 12 to 15 hours at room temperature. During that time, "grain
growth" is taking place. I know this to be true, as I've tested them every hour after quenching and
noted when they reached the peak hardness. There's a lot of information out there that may
contradict my data, but that's what I've found to happen with my alloys in my oven.
Many people are concerned that heat-treated bullets will lose their hardness over time.
This is true, but it takes a long time for them to lose enough hardness to make any difference.
I've tested my own bullets a year later and they went from maybe 30 BHN to 28 BHN. That's
not much and anyone who lets their bullets lie around for a whole year has a personal problem
and need to shoot more!
What if I want bullets that are softer than 30 BHN?
No problem, there are two ways to do this. The first is to soften (draw or anneal) them
back to the desired hardness. This is accomplished by placing them in the same oven and
heating them for a period of time. The longer they are in there, and or, the hotter the oven, the
softer they will get. In other words, this drawing back process is both time and temperature
dependent. Again, this takes some experimenting to get the process down so that you get the
hardness you are going for. In this case, the bullets don't need to be quenched but can be allowed
to air cool back to room temperature.
The second method is one that I worked out that yields predictable and repeatable results.
It has to do with the temperature that you run the oven. Back when I had more free time than I
have now, I worked out the process to do this. By figuring out what hardness you want in the
end, you have to find the right quench temperature to yield that hardness. I found that up to a
certain temperature the bullets just lay there and nothing happens. Then after crossing that
(critical?) temperature, they start to get harder and harder as the quench temperature increases.
I've included a graph at the end that shows the hardness values that I achieved at different quench
temperatures. As you can see, the final hardness can range from 11 BHN 30 BHN. I've got to
confess that I never really used it much as I always shot bullets in my benchrest gun that were as
hard as I could make them. But, for someone who requires an inexpensive bullet at a certain
hardness, (such as 22 BHN to equal linotype) referring to the graph for the right quench
temperature is an easy way to get it. Note: this graph was developed using my alloys and I think
that it's fair to say that other alloys may yield different results. I suggest you experiment with the
process a little to get it adjusted to your own particular alloy.

147
Attached is a graph that I developed from the test I conducted by quenching at different
temperatures. As you can see, nothing really happens till you reach about 410 degrees and it
appears to be a straight-line progression after that. I experimented quite a bit with quenching at
445 degrees and found the results are predictable and repeatable. This yielded a hardness of 26
to 28 BHN, which is what I wanted for my match bullets.
Do I need a special alloy to heat treat?
The answer is NO. Wheel weight alloys contain everything that is necessary to respond
to heat treatment. The secret is to have a little arsenic in the alloy. Without that, the process
won't work. Fortunately, wheel weights already contain enough arsenic that your heat-treat
needs are met. I suggest adding some tin to the wheel weight alloy so as to make them easier to
cast. What I do is add from 1/2 % to 1 1/2 % tin by weight to the wheel weight alloy and it
makes much nicer castings. It's really worth it and doesn't add much to the cost or detract from
the heat-treat-ability of the metal. You want to arrive at about 2% tin content for best casting.
Since WW's already have about a half percent tin, you only need to add a maximum of 1 1/2 %
more to reach the ideal 2% level.
That's about it. Without making this any longer, I think you have enough information to
start making your own cheap hard bullets. Remember; the whole process is dependent on
temperature and how quickly you get them from the mould or oven into the water.

148
BULLET QUENCHING
By Dave Goodrich

Having just recently joined the CBA and discovering the CBA forum, I was very excited
to begin learning about cast bullet shooting on a higher level. I consider myself a knowledgeable
caster. I have been casting my own bullets for over 25 years, both as a cost saving measure and
as a confirmed muzzleloader. We muzzleloaders just like doing things ourselves, and as a group,
we tend to never buy what we can make.
Joe Brennan had asked the CBA list for a short instruction on bullet quenching, the act of
heat treating bullets by dropping them into water directly from the mold when casting. As I have
used this method with success for many years and many thousands of bullets I offered to detail
my process.
Bullet quenching, sometimes called water dropping, works well and is very simple. I use
a 5 gallon bucket, a metal colander, and an old bath towel. The basic premise is this. You put the
colander into the bucket, add water, and start casting. As each bullet is ready to fall from the
open mold you hold the mold over the bucket and allow the bullet to fall into the water. Sounds
simple enough right? There are a few caveats I have discovered over the years, and here are my
solutions.

You must be careful to keep water away from the hot
mold. I have always used an old bath towel over the
bucket with a hole cut into it. The towel should be
draped into the bucket so as to allow a gentle slope
for the bullet to roll down and into the water. This
little water which might splash back up out of the
bucket is generally caught by the towel.

I have also experienced bullets being damaged when
they hit the bottom of the bucket or hit other bullets. I
use a big enough bucket ( five gallons ) so that I can
maintain a water level high enough to slow the bullet
down sufficiently to stop any damage. I have found 8
inches of water to work well for me.

Assembled bucket-colander-towel

Bucket

149

Getting the bullets out of the bucket can be a chore, the
smaller the bullet, the worse the chore. I use a metal
colander that nearly fills the bucket. This allows the
bullets to be removed simply by lifting out the colander.

Using this simple setup I have cast thousands of 357, 32-20, and 303 British bullets and
quenched them without problem. There is one side effect you should know about. The simplicity
of bullet quenching comes with a price. Your final BHN can and will vary depending on your
casting technique. We all know that consistency is key to good bullet casting. Time in mold,
alloy temp, the physical timing of pour-cool-cut-drop all play a part in casting proper bullets.
Quenching from the mold will increase any deviation you have in your final BHN.
To show this I cast several hundred bullets for my 357 using Lyman #357446 and then
tested them for BHN using the LEE Hardness Tester.
BHN testing occurred at two weeks after casting. The testing was done with a timer to ensure
consistent time under the indent ball of the tester. All bullets were at the same temperature, and
all bullets were tested at the same time. Note that there are two things I did to ensure accurate
test results. First, I did not read any results until all testing was complete, so as to not influence
how I performed the test itself. Second, the LEE tester provides a microscope to read and
measure the impression the tester makes into the lead. The act of holding the microscope itself
can cause problems. Measurements can vary depending on light angle, movement, and the angle
of the microscope.

To reduce the chance of error, I purchased a metal doll stand
from Wal-Mart. After a bit of coaxing, I was able to create a
fixture to hold the microscope rock steady and in the same
position each time. This I hoped would increase my accuracy,
and more importantly, provide a higher measure of
repeatability. If you have a LEE tester, I highly recommend
this method.

When casting, the time the bullet is in the mold can vary
depending on the size of the sprue, or if the bullet hangs in
the mold and requires an extra tap to dislodge it. In addition,

Colander

150
bullets that are quenched can be affected by the height of the mold over the water. For that
matter, the BHN of the bullets nose could change depending on whether the bullet's nose, or the
base, entered the water first.

Sample # BHN BHN

AS
CAST
QUENCHE
D
1 11.0 19.3
2 11.0 24.8
3 10.4 24.8
4 9.8 13.4
5 9.8 22.7
6 11.0 20.9
7 11.8 20.9
8 10.4 22.7
9 9.8 24.8
10 11.8 20.9
11 10.4 20.9
12 11.8 24.8
13 10.4 24.8
14 11.0 22.7
15 11.0 15.4
16 11.0 19.3
17 11.0 20.9
18 11.0 22.7
19 10.4 20.9
20 10.4 20.9
21 11.0 24.8
22 11.0 20.9
23 11.8 22.7
24 11.0 13.4
25 11.0 22.7
26 10.4 16.6
27 10.4 22.7
28 10.4 19.3
29 10.4 23.8
30 10.4 22.7
AVG. 10.77 21.27
S.D. 0.56 3.16

The results of testing show that the BHN can vary greatly. Note that the as cast BHN has a lower
SD. While the same variances in casting technique can affect bullets not quenched, the bullets
that are allowed to air cool are in effect being annealed and the variances in casting technique are
minimalized. When the bullets are water quenched, and variances in casting are literally frozen
in time.

151
Does this matter? That depends on your requirements. I have never noticed any effect of
having my BHN vary from quenching. I still enjoyed 1 in groups from two 357 revolvers at 25
yards. My 32-20 would still hit a ram at 200 meters all day long. I never experienced any
leading, so the quenching was working. Your needs and results may vary.
For me heat treating allowed the use of plain wheelweight metal to be used in max
velocity 357 magnum loads in my Colt Lawman with plain based bullets, something I couldn't
do without heat treating. I also was able to load my M arlin 32-20 above it's normal potential
(note this was a MODERN Marlin 1894CL) with H4227 and shoot all day. Nearly any other
bullet metal I experimented with left leading after thirty to forty shots. Using heat treated
wheelweight metal I could shoot all day with just about any decent commercial lube and have an
easy time cleaning the bore.
I believe it is safe to say that for general plinking and relaxed target shooting, if the
accuracy meets your needs, then why worry. Bullet quenching offers a simple low tech way to
increase your alloy hardness with a minimum of fuss and bother.

"I just read Dave's article on bullet quenching out of the mould. This was well written and the
data was nicely presented. Nice job Dave! We need more of this kind of stuff.

I too have done some experimenting with quenching out of the mould, albeit quite a few years
ago. At the time, I was looking for stronger (read that as harder) bullets for magnum pistols and
for standard velocity rifle loads using wheel weight alloy. As I recall, my BHN results closely
paralleled those that Dave experienced.

When I discovered that BHN (Brinnell Hardness Number) readings were varying all over the
place, I decided to investigate the cause and effects. I had purchased and was using an LBT
tester of the first type that Veral sold and it seemed to give very repeatable results that agreed
with the readings that I should find with pure lead, wheel weights, Linotype and Foundry Type. I
had each of these alloys on hand to use for test samples. Once having some confidence in the
testing procedure and results, I proceeded to test cast bullets after calibrating the LBT tester on
the 4 alloys I mentioned above.
Just as Dave found, I too found that the average BHN reading from dropping bullets into a
bucket of water out of the mould ran an average of 22 BHN. This was sufficient hardness for
magnum handgun loads and for rifle loads in the range of 2200 fps. However, the fact
that BHNs varied so widely continued to be a concern.
As a result, the first thing I looked at was the amount of time it took for the bullet to enter the
water after casting in the mould. If I had a balky/sticky mould and bullets hung up and failed to
fall out right away, I found that those bullets were not as hard as ones that fell right out of the
mould into the water immediately.

The second thing I did was to monitor the temperature of the melted lead in the pot. I found that
by weighing each bullet immediately when it was cast and comparing that bullets weight to the
temperature of the lead in the pot at the instant it was cast, any change in pot temp. caused a
change in the weight of that bullet and it's size. When quenching out of the mould, we know that
if the bullet was hotter, it would achieve a higher BHN level given all other variables were held
in check. I also found that to control weight variations, I needed to control the pot temperature.

152
Just throwing a cold, one pound ingot into a 20 lb capacity pot made a dramatic difference in the
pot temp. and the bullet that was cast from it at that instant.
I then suspected that mould temperature had something to do with the as- cast- size and resultant
BHN reading. To study that variable, I attached a thermocouple to the mould blocks themselves
and again weighed each bullet as it was cast and compared it to mould temp. at the instant of
casting. I attached the thermocouple to the mould by first crimping a spade lug electrical
connector to the twisted pair of wires from the unit. I then drilled a hole in the mould where it
wouldn't interfere with the cavities and tapped it for a 6-32 screw. I then just screwed the spade
lug connector to the mould so as to get a heat transfer to the thermocouple. I wish I could
remember the temp. readings I got but it was a long time ago and age related condition called
"CRS " has set in. I do recall that the mould temp. was not too far below the melt temp. in the
pot.
What I discovered was that the big variable to bullet weight and the resulting hardness was the
effect of mould temp. at the time it was injected with the alloy. As we all know, head pressure
also plays a part so I used a ladle with the same amount of lead in the ladle each time. What
really caused the biggest variations in mould temp was the casting rhythm, or in other words,
how fast you cast and how consistent you keep the time between cycles constant. If I cast faster,
bullets became heavier and harder. If I slowed down they weighed less and didn't achieve the
same hardness. We are talking weight variations of 1 or 1.5% and hardness variations from
maybe 17 BHN to 23 BHN.
In summary, I think that perfectly usable bullets can be cast using the quench from the mould
process as long as certain variables are controlled.
Having a melting pot that regulates the melt temperature closely really helps. Not dropping
cold ingots into the melt helps. One thing I found was that if you pre-melted the lead in another
pot and ladled it into the pot you were using from, melt temps. were a lot more consistent. A
friend of mine with a commercial bullet making business had casting machines that had two
pots. One melted the ingots and the other side was fed pre-melted lead and metered it into the
moulds.
Keeping a consistent rhythm to you casting helps keep the mould temp. consistent. Consistent
mould temps. relate directly to consistent weights and consistent hardness after quench.
Having a mould that is properly tuned so that the bullets fall immediately into the water is very
important. If bullets are sticking, stop and fix it before proceeding.
The whole key to producing consistent bullets with this process is maintaining consistency in all
the operations and using a good mould. If this is achieved, there is no reason a person cannot
produce good quality lead bullets. "
Tom Gray

HEAT TREATING LEAD ALLOYS AND THE EFFECTS ON BHN
By Dave Goodrich

When Joe Brennan first asked the forum for help testing bullets for BHN, I eagerly
volunteered. The test itself gave me a reason to purchase a lead hardness tester, something I had
put off for many years. I ordered the LEE tester, as I thought it would be the most versatile. The
price helped, but was not the determining factor. The test went well, and much was learned. But
the results left me with more questions than answers.

153
There have been articles on heat treating bullets for many years, in almost every
reloading magazine. Joe was curious why so much print was given to heat treating, when so few
CBA competitors actually seem to use heat-treated bullets. I volunteered again, offering to test
the effects of heat treating on BHN.
The First Test
The test I envisioned would involve three alloys; common wheel weights, Lyman #2, and
range scrap. Alloys that most casters would have available, and could benefit from heat-treating.
Each alloy was used to cast 100 bullets.
#NOTE - After some discussion with other casters it was decided that the test should be
done with only wheel weight alloy. Lyman #2 is not normally used for heat treated bullets and
range scrap can vary widely depending on what bullets are used at each range. So while the
following tests were done on all three alloys, I will only talk about the results found using wheel
weight alloy.
The bullets were cast in batches, then culled and sorted. Ten bullets were tested in "as
cast" condition, 10 bullets were quenched in room temperature water, directly from the mold,
and 10 bullets were heat-treated. The process of heat-treating used was a common method. The
bullets were heated in a 450 degree oven for 1 hour,
then quenched in room temperature water.

All the bullets were color coded, numbered, sorted, and
kept in separate containers, so as to not risk confusion
when testing the BHN of each bullet.

BHN testing occurred at 72 hours after casting, and
again at 10 days after casting. The testing was done with
a timer to ensure consistent time under the indent ball of
the tester. All bullets were at the same temperature, and
all bullets were tested at the same time. Note that there are two things I did to ensure accurate
test results. First, I did not read any results until all testing was complete, so as to not influence
how I performed the test itself. Second, the LEE tester provides a microscope to read and
measure the impression the tester makes into the lead. The act of holding the microscope itself
can cause problems. Measurements can vary depending on light angle, movement, and the angle
of the microscope.

To reduce the chance of error, I purchased a metal doll stand
from Wal-Mart. After a bit of coaxing, I was able to create a
fixture to hold the microscope rock steady and in the same
position each time. This I hoped would increase my accuracy,
and more importantly, provide a higher measure of
repeatability. If you have a LEE tester, I highly recommend
this method.

The results of the test were an eye opener, to say the least,
and not at all what I expected. Results showed far too much
variation to suit me. This is lead after all. Two pieces of lead

154
from the same pot should have the same BHN, logic dictates it. The results were erratic enough
that I threw out two of the tests, starting over, recasting and heat-treating the bullets again. The
second test showed the same variances. As a programmer, I know that any result that cannot be
duplicated, cannot be trusted. If I have a known process, and I change one variable, I should be
able to predict the new result with accuracy. If not, then my process is flawed, or I have a
variable that I have not taken into account. I believed in the process, and my test controls were
good, so I set out to find the missing variable.

Test one results
==================================================
SampleCast BHN Quenched BHN Heat Treated BHN

1 10.10 19.30 27.20
2 10.10 13.40 27.20
3 10.40 17.90 27.20
4 10.70 11.80 27.20
5 11.00 14.30 27.20
6 10.40 16.60 27.20
7 10.40 12.50 27.20
8 10.40 14.30 27.20
9 11.40 20.00 27.20
10 10.70 15.40 27.20
11 10.70 11.80 27.20
12 11.00 13.40 27.20
13 10.70 17.90 27.20
14 10.10 19.30 27.20
15 10.40 14.30 27.20
16 10.40 20.00 27.20
17 10.70 19.30 27.20
18 11.00 16.60 27.20
19 10.70 12.50 27.20
20 10.70 12.50 27.20
21 10.70 12.50 27.20
22 11.00 19.30 27.20
23 10.40 15.40 27.20
24 10.40 14.30 27.20
25 10.70 13.40 27.20
26 11.00 13.40 27.20
27 11.00 20.00 27.20
28 11.10 20.00 27.20
29 11.00 21.00 27.20
30 10.70 13.40 27.20
-----------------------------------------------
Avg 10.56 15.55 27.20
SD 0.31 2.98 0.00

155
I reviewed the test process several times, looking for any variables I did not attempt to
control. Looking at the test results, I began to see a trend. The wheel weight bullets that were
quenched had the highest SD, 2.79 BHN. The wheel weight bullets that were heat treated, had an
SD of only .09 BHN. I also noted that the only batch that had an SD of 0 were the heat treated
wheel weight alloy, when tested after 72 hours. Could the act of casting change the BHN of the
resulting bullet?
When casting, the time the bullet is in the mold can vary depending on the size of the
sprue, or if the bullet hangs in the mold and requires an extra tap to dislodge it. In addition,
bullets that are quenched can be affected by the height of the mold over the water. For that
matter, the BHN of the bullets nose could change depending on whether the bullet's nose, or the
base, entered the water first. Too many variables here for my liking.
The Second Test
I designed a new test to remove the act of casting from the
process. Instead of testing bullets, I would test the ingots
directly. I would also file a flat smooth surface onto the
ingot, to ensure that I was testing the alloy only, without
any remaining effects of the casting process. I determined
that I could slant my ingot mold 45 degrees and cast an
ingot much like the shape of a house roof, and file off a
flat surface suitable for testing. (Note, the instructions that
come with the LEE tester also recommend filing the
surface before testing).

All ingots were cast within minutes of each other. The ingot mold was preheated and kept
at that temperature while each ingot was poured. Two ingots were poured at the same time. Once
cooled, each ingot had the top, or peak of the roof, filed flat to provide a smooth testing surface.
Half of the ingots were then "normalized". I put these ingots into a 450 degree oven for 1 hour.
They were allowed to cool naturally, in a draft free area. All six ingots were then marked and set
aside for 72 hours.
After 72 hours, each ingot was then tested 5 times, then dated. Next, I heat-treated all of
the ingots. They were arranged carefully into a metal colander, so that each ingot shared an equal
space. The colander was put into a 450 degree oven for 1 hour, then immediately quenched in
room temperature water. The ingots were again set aside for 72 hours, then tested again.
I now had two ingots. One tested in it's "as cast" condition, and one tested after being
normalized. Measuring each test showed a large improvement in BHN consistency! I had found
my variable. The SD fell to zero in all tests except, the "as cast" tests. Clearly, normalizing made
a difference. The act of casting, and it's variables, do affect the resulting BHN of a bullet.
Test Results
"As Cast" condition
===================================================
Wheel Weights
As Cast Heat Treated
BHN 72 hrs BHN 72 hrs BHN 10 days
Avg 14.74 29.90 27.20
SD 0.48 0.00 0.00

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"Normalized" condition
=====================================================
Wheel Weights
Annealed Heat Treated
BHN 72 hrs BHN 72 hrs BHN 10 days
Avg 11.80 33.00 27.20
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00

There is one variable still out there. Notice that in all results, the BHN of the wheel
weight alloy dropped after 10 days. I have no explanation for this anomaly. The test was done
again, and the same result was seen. I am open to suggestions.
I now had a way to ensure that all bullets would be the same BHN before loading. But
does it matter? How much of an effect does the BHN of a bullet have on accuracy? And more
importantly, how does heat treating bullets effect accuracy verses using an alloy that already has
the required BHN?
I noted that when reading about heat treated bullets the author always makes the
statement "Never size your heat treated bullets as that will remove the effects of heat treating"
(sic). This always has laid in the back of my mind as an unanswered question. We are heat
treating our bullets to raise the BHN, yet sizing the bullet removes the effects. What a minute,
don't we also talk about shooting cast bullets a few thousandths over bore size? Are we not sizing
the bullet as soon as it enters the throat? If we are (we are), would that not remove the effects of
heat treating?
I have just spent three months finding a way to ensure that all my bullets would be as
close to the same BHN as possible, why go to the trouble if the act of entering the barrels throat
removes the effects? Clearly heat treating works to reduce leading and allow higher velocities.
That has been proven many times over. I know this myself as I have heat treated buckets full of
357 semi wad cutters with great success.
The Third Test
Another test was called for. I needed to know if the barrel throat and the act of resizing
the bullet removed the effects of heat treating. Another 100 bullets were cast, normalized, tested,
and then heat treated. After two weeks the bullets were tested again and the results recorded. In
order to test the BHN of the bullet at the point it contacts the barrel (or the sizing die) I needed to
test on the base band. Unfortunately this does not give a proper test result. Since the base band is
not flat the resulting test dimple is egg shaped. I decided to go ahead and record the size of the
dimple across it's shortest side. I would still be able to see any change in the BHN, I simply
would not be able to relate the measurement to an actual BHN value.
I now needed a way to send the bullet down range with as little damage as possible. I
used a light load of Unique and fired the bullets into a stack of old lawn cushions three feet thick.
This proved entirely adequate. After firing 100 rounds at 25 yards, 61 rounds were recovered.
Of those 61 rounds, 34 were found to be in perfect condition not having run into another bullet or
left the Dacron stuffed cushions.

157
Those 34 bullets were then washed in mineral spirits and tested again on the base band.
The results were interesting. As I suspected, the trip through the throat and down the barrel does
remove some of the effects of heat treating.
*Note that the first column is the results of normal BHN testing before the bullets were
processed.
*Note that the column rows are not related. Sample 1 - column 1, is not the same bullet as
sample 1 - column 2. There was no certain way to identify individual bullets for this test.

Testing bullet hardness after firing.
===============================================
BHN Annealed Heat Treated After Firing
1 10.4 0.068 0.044 0.048
2 10.4 0.068 0.044 0.052
3 10.4 0.068 0.046 0.050
4 9.80 0.066 0.044 0.060
5 10.4 0.068 0.044 0.056
6 9.80 0.066 0.046 0.064
7 9.80 0.066 0.044 0.062
8 9.80 0.066 0.044 0.064
9 9.80 0.066 0.046 0.058
10 10.4 0.068 0.044 0.062
11 10.4 0.068 0.046 0.064
12 10.4 0.068 0.048 0.064
13 9.80 0.066 0.046 0.058
14 9.80 0.066 0.044 0.054
15 10.4 0.068 0.046 0.060
16 10.4 0.068 0.046 0.062
17 9.80 0.066 0.048 0.060
18 10.4 0.068 0.046 0.058
19 9.80 0.066 0.044 0.060
20 9.80 0.066 0.044 0.060
21 9.80 0.066 0.044 0.064
22 9.80 0.066 0.050 0.056
23 9.80 0.066 0.044 0.066
24 9.80 0.066 0.048 0.056
25 9.80 0.066 0.048 0.062
26 9.80 0.066 0.052 0.060
27 11.0 0.072 0.050 0.064
28 9.80 0.066 0.050 0.058
29 9.80 0.066 0.048 0.048
30 10.4 0.068 0.048 0.052
31 10.4 0.068 0.046 0.060
32 9.80 0.066 0.046 0.056
Avg 10.0 0.067 0.046 0.059
SD 0.33 0.001 0.002 0.005

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So why does heat treating work? I think we first have to understand what heat treating
really is. It is not a replacement for a harder alloy, heat treated bullets are a different animal.
When we quench a bullet in water we are not changing the BHN of the bullet. In fact the
core of the bullet remains nearly the same. You can see for yourself by heat treating a bullet and
then filing .030 off the nose and doing a BHN test. When we heat treat a bullet we are in effect
case hardening, only the surface of the bullet is affected. The resulting BHN measured on the
surface of the bullet is only a measurable result of the heat treating, the true BHN of the bullet as
a whole is not changed.
The next question that comes to mind is "do I need to expend the effort to control my
resulting BHN when heat treating"? I have never seen a loss in accuracy from simply dropping
cast bullets in water, and my previous testing showed that quenching resulted in the widest SD of
any other method of heat treating. It is possible that the simple act of heat treating is all that is
required? The resulting BHN not being that important so long as the bullet has been altered by
heat treatment? I think it is possible that the BHN is simply a result of the heat treating and the
case hardening is doing the real work of deterring leading.
More testing is in order.
Conclusion
I do not believe that testing cast bullets can provide a meaningful answer on which to
base alloy mixing decisions, or to determine the alloy used. To really know the BHN of your
alloy, I believe an ingot should be cast and normalized, to provide an accurate BHN
measurement. Then bullets cast from that ingot and normalized. Only then can you be certain
that your BHN is consistent across all bullets in the batch.
However, testing cast bullets for BHN can be useful. I believe BHN testing a random
number of bullets from a batch can provide meaningful insight on your casting technique. If you
can cast 100 bullets in a session, and 10 bullets all test within a low SD, I think it proves your
casting technique is consistent and you can be confident in your bullets. However, if your bullets
test with a large SD, maybe you have become lax in your casting and it might be time to pay a bit
more attention to your process.
I also think that normalizing bullets after casting has promise. In the game of accuracy,
we are willing to buy custom molds, methodically prepare and prep cases, trickle powder
charges, and sort and weigh each bullet. Why not give the same consideration to our bullet's
hardness?
It is also my belief that heat treating a bullet reduces leading because the base of the
bullet is not affected by the trip down the barrel. The 'case hardened' bullet base acts much like a
gas check, protecting the bullet from the pressure and heat of the burning charge. It certainly
would not take much to increase the alloy's ability to withstand the heat and pressure. Many
shooters have used wax wads, lube wads, even plastic wads to achieve the same result. How
much consideration should go into managing the resultant BHN? The real question is, will it
matter? I don't have an accurate enough rifle to determine if a large BHN SD will affect
accuracy, but when I do, testing will resume.

WHEELWEIGHTS AND HEAT TREATING CAST BULLETS
Bill McGraw
I use some 429421 bullets cast along with all my RN and SP rifle bullets to measure the
BHN before and after heat treating. I have a few FN rifle CB's that I can more accurately
measure BHN, but I rarely use them. My WW alloy was from an 1800# supply we melted down

159
many years ago. Part of it had 1% Tin added. BHN of both WW and WW+1% Tin was 12 BHN
within a week of casting bullets. BHN immediately after casting was about 11, and maximum
BHN has been 13. I no longer use straight WW; I mix mine with 6 BHN roof sheeting or cable
sheathing at 1:1 or 1:2 for softer alloy that casts much better, cuts sprues cleaner, and heat treats
to 27-28 BHN from 450F; 465F will get a few more BHN numbers, but is not needed. I get 9
BHN with 1:1 and 8 BHN from 1:2 ratios. After annealing the noses, the nose BHN will be
nearly as cast; the base BHN will be reduced by 3-4 BHN but does not reduce the effectiveness
of hi-vel hunting loads.
I use an old LBT BHN tool that has been calibrated and checked with another. I assume I
am within a few points of a correct BHN, if not accurate. I have used a mix of WW:Foundry type
of 1:12 giving about 13.5 BHN. Heat treated at 450F gave 31 BHN and after 7 years still gave 28
BHN. However, the noses after annealing gave 11, not 13.5 BHN. Regardless of that baffling
result, I was more surprised at the 28 BHN reading after 7 years in my shop with temperatures
from freezing in winter to high 90's in summer. Some of these were successfully test fired last
week at 2150 MV in my 308 Win. using the RCBS 30-165 Sil CB. My Foundry type alloy has
some copper content but I do not attempt to remove it; it can be mixed with WW at 4:1 ratio
WW:FT and heat treated to well above 30 BHN. FT by itself casts poorly and tends to have large
voids and a purple "color" tint. The WW:Pb alloys tended to reduce BHN to 23-24 from 27-28
BHN after a year. I have kept several dozen samples of alloys, some as cast and others heat
treated and can measure them for long-term BHN changes. I have been able to heat treat to 35
BHN with a mix of WW:Linotype at 4:1 ratio, but 450F is about the maximum temperature
possible before slumping of the alloy occurs. I tend to use 425F for this mixture. It makes very
good looking bullets, and they age well without the oxidizing that straight WW has after a year
or more of storage. There are many factors I can't verify and one is the exact alloy. I use bullet
weight as a factor of each mould, "color" and texture of the casting, and BHN as tested to
estimate the alloy. I don't attempt to measure the exact temperature each melts or starts to harden
as temperature is reduced. I have not found linotype to harden with heat treatment; if it does, it
must not be pure linotype and must have Arsenic in a trace amount. I am neither a metallurgist
nor an engineer. I have read most of the usual publications for casting in re to alloys and heat
treatment. I don't subscribe to a lot of nonsense I've read or seen on the various lists and there is
plenty of nonsense about alloys. Bill Ferguson and Dennis Marshall are two I respect; C.E.
Harris and Bill Davis are two others I believe report accurate articles on alloys. I have a small
amount of chemically "pure" lead I have used to measure the volume of my moulds; the same is
done with used linotype. I have some Tin, but rarely use it; it does not improve casting with my
WW:Pb mixtures. I have a large supply of linotype "rules" that is still in the paper wrappers; I
have not used any of that supply but assume it to be rather pure linotype or a super mix to
"improve" used linotype. My current kitchen oven is accurate to +/-5F. I check the temperature
with grocery store oven temperature gauges. Some kitchen ovens can cycle up and down by 25F
or more. It is best to test a few sample CB's to the maximum temperature for slumping and then
reduce the temperature by 10-15F just to be safe from melting or slumping any CB's. I have
annealed CB's in the kitchen oven just for testing the effects of oven temperatures of 450-250F
with timing periods of 5 minutes to 30 minutes. One effect I noticed of alloys is that heat treating
at 450F and oven cooling to room temperature reduced the as cast BHN by 1 or 2 BHN points;
this tells me that CB's cooling on a pad after casting do not cool consistently, that oven cooling
without quenching will give a more consistent BHN reading. Merrill Martin reported on this
effect.

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5.0 BULLET LUBRICANTS
With a bullet large enough to seal the throat and any reasonable bullet lubricant; at
velocities under 1600 fps you will not have any leading problems. At higher velocities you may
need a "better" bullet lubricant.
Cast bullet shooters spend countless hours experimenting with and agonizing about bullet
lubricants, with no discernable progress.
Equipment lists from the CBA national matches show a wide variety of bullet lubricants
being used by these experienced shooters, demonstrating that no consensus "best" lubricant has
been found.

BULLET LUBRICANTS AND ACCURACY
Heres the deal. If, with a good lubricant, your gun averages 3 at 100 yards for 5 shots,
another bullet lube aint going to fix it. I know youll try, but it wont work.
If, with a good lubricant, your gun averages 1 at 100 yards for 5 shots, another lubricant
may reduce your groups by a bit, but Ive never seen it happen.
Without getting embroiled in the morass of statistics, let me say that a hell of a lot of
groups must be shot to demonstrate a small difference in mean accuracy around 1.
I am extremely suspicious of any reports of a "new" bullet lubricant producing better
accuracy than an established lubricant such as the NRA ALOX formula.
Some shooters have reported better accuracy when LESS lube is used, in both revolvers
and rifles. I have found that when I lube only one grease groove on 31141 and 311299 bullets
there is no leading, most of the time. I have also tried lubing only the groove above the gas check
with Eagan and NEI 22 caliber bullets with no leading. I haven't yet seen increased accuracy
with less lube, but the experiments continue.

WHY LUBRICATE CAST BULLETS?
We lubricate cast bullets because the bore will lead sometimes if we dont. This ruins
accuracy and can be a pain in the neck to clean up. So we think that the bullet lube acts as a
conventional lubricant reducing or eliminating friction and galling. But there are some things we
know about lubes and shooting that call this into question. Here they are:
With a big enough bullet, that is, one large enough in diameter to fit the throat correctly, a
good lubricant such as the NRA Alox/Beeswax formula or most of the other commercial
formulas, and rifle velocity at 1600 fps or below, the gun will not lead and accuracy will be
excellent. Leading is caused by shooting bullets that are too small for the bore. Small diameter
bullets will lead no matter what lube is used; large diameter bullets wont lead with any
reasonable lube.
Unlubricated bullets shot with fillers (i.e. Cream of Wheat, or CoW) from the top of the
powder to the base of the bullet with reasonable loads will not lead. I cant get them to shoot
accurately, but they dont lead. Theres no lube and no leading. The same is true when very little
CoW is used, with the space between the powder and the CoW being filled with a tuft of Dacron.
Norm Johnson is shooting unlubricated revolver bullets, with good accuracy and no
leading. These are target velocity loads, well fitted to the throats, in revolvers.
Grease grooves in bullets are not necessary, at least at lower velocities. The Alberts
Scheutzenplinker bullets had no grease grooves and shot well. I have rifle molds in 30, 32 and 45
caliber with no grease grooves, and they shoot very well. I have also gotten good results using
cast bullets (with and without lube grooves) lubed by nothing more than a soft wax wad below

161
the bullet. Its limited to low velocities, but it works fine. That being said, unless I am
experimenting I generally lube my cast bullets and recommend that you do the same.

HOW TO LUBRICATE CAST BULLETS
Hand Lubricating
Lubricate the bullets by hand; smear the lube into the grease grooves and all over the
bullet. Its a little messy, but it is easy and fast.
Liquid alox tumble lubricating
The only equipment required is a pint plastic ice cream container, a pair of tweezers, and
a piece of waxed paper. Put the bullets in the container, squirt in some Liquid Alox, shake the
bullets around gently to cover them with lube, take them out with the tweezers, stand them up on
the waxed paper, and the next morning peel them off the paper when the Alox has dried. Thats
it.
Sometimes this lubricant will gum up the bullet-seating die. You'll know it when this happens.
To avoid this, put the lubricated bullets on a paper towel, sprinkle a little talcum powder on
them, and roll them around with your fingers. The bullets will be coated with talcum, won't gum
up the seating die, and will smell very nice. Powdered mica is said to work as well, but doesn't
smell as nice. I have had barrel fouling when using talcum coated liquid alox lubed bullets. I
suspect that the fouling is a mix of lube and talcum. Use the very least amount of talcum to avoid
this fouling.
The disadvantage of Liquid Alox is the overnight drying time required, which may not
be convenient. (I am probably the only person in the world who waits to cast bullets until the
morning of the match.)
Lubricating in a lubrisizer
Alox in stick form works well in a lubrisizer, as do most of the other stick lubes. (Some
of the stick lubes are very hard and need to be heated in the lubrisizer to flow. Heaters for
lubrisizers are available, and it has been reported that putting a lit 60 watt light bulb on a drop
cord next to the lubrisizer reservoir will warm up the works after a few minutes and let the lube
flow.) It is advisable to relieve the lube pressure while heating the lubrisizer because the heat and
pressure can fracture the lubrisizer casting. If your equipment is in an unheated building, a small
heat lamp bulb also works wonders, especially if installed in one of those clamping reflectors
from the local hardware store.
If you want to lubricate bullets without sizing them, get a die that is big enough not to
size the bullets, run them through, and youre ready to go. I use this method for some bullets, but
you have to adjust the amount of pressure on the lube to keep it from squirting up. It really takes
very little pressure to move soft wax lubes. The disadvantages are the cost of the lubri-sizer, dies
and nose punches. Advantages are speed, cleanliness and ease of operation. . There are other
methods of lubricating bullets without sizing, see the nearby articles.
When I'm done with the lubrisizer I back off the reservoir pressure screw about two full
turns with the small ratcheting wrench that comes with the machine to prevent slow extrusion of
lube into an empty set of dies.

"With Lyman equipment, be careful to use only dies fairly recent manufacture: Years
ago, it was common to find dies that would shear one side of a cast bullet, and leave it
unbalanced. But since sometime in the late 1950s or so, all Lyman dies have been made with a

162
uniform taper that swages the lead bullet more uniformly. If theres any question, just wipe out
the top of the sizer and look inside. Tapered swaging dies will appear smooth and uniform. Dies
that shear bullets will have a visible step or shoulder just inside the mouth of the sizing die.
Excessive sizing with the step dies that sheared bullets produced bullets that were
unbalanced and inaccurate in proportion to the sizing, because of more lead sheared off of one
side of the bullet than the other side. The more sizing, the worse the resulting accuracy would
be. This led to the adage that though sizing was a necessary evil, the less sizing, the better; and
shooting unsized bullets was by far the best for target accuracy. But Col. Harrisons research
(published in the American Rifleman) exposed this problem, and led to the adoption of smoothly
tapered dies that reduced bullet diameters much more uniformly. Bullet sizing - though
theoretically still undesirable - is now sufficiently consistent that I have obtained accuracy of one
and a half MOA from 45-70 bullets sized down from 0.460 as cast to 0.445 for an 11 MM
Mauser."
Ken Mollohan

"The following applies to the Lyman and RCBS design lubrisizers, but not to the Star
design lubrisizers. If you run into trouble because the lube pushes up under the bullet while you
are on the extraction stroke, you are using too much pressure on the lube reservoir. The fix for
this is really pretty easy. The optimum tool for this is a box-end wrench that fits the pressure
screw. Some folks use a -inch breaker bar with an appropriate socket because it is easier to
deal with.
Start with no pressure on the lube reservoir at all. Run a bullet down into the sizer and
hold it down with moderate pressure. Now increase pressure on the lube reservoir until you feel
some resistance, then back off on the lube pressure screw by a full turn. Then extract the lubed
bullet from the sizer. You should get little or no upwelling of lube under the bullet and if you get
any at all you need to back off another turn or so. Now try another bullet into the sizer, turn the
pressure screw one turn to increase the pressure and one turn to relieve the pressure and then
extract the bullet from the sizer. You should get full lubrication as desired and no (or negligible)
extra lube under the bullet. If there is a bit of lube under the bullet just ignore it as long as it
doesnt increase in volume with each bullet.
This sounds like a lot of busy-work, but it becomes second nature and does not
particularly slow down the operation."
John Bischoff

How To Pan-Lube Bullets
Any lube will work with this method. I use Darr lube for lubing many revolver and rifle
bullets from 22 to 45 caliber. Darr lube is (officially) half paraffin and half Vaseline with a
teaspoon of RCBS case lube. Paraffin comes in one-pound
packages and Vaseline comes in twelve-ounce plastic
bottles, so I mix the two containers worth and add a little
Marvel Mystery Oil until the lube is a pretty pink and soft.
Bullet lube doesn't like being heated up too much, so
all our heating is going to be done in water, sort of a double
boiler process. I heat the lube cake pan in a frying pan with
about half an inch of water in it.
Put the bullets in a cake pan of lube that is in the

163
frying pan. When the lube melts, stand the bullets up with a pair of tweezers and turn off the
burner. Let the bullets and lube cool down.
Take the cake pan out of the frying pan; let everything cool down to room temperature.
The lube and bullets MUST be at room temperature before the next step.
When the cake pan, lube and bullets are at room temperature, put the cake pan in the
freezer for a short time. Paraffin based lubes take about 3 minutes, beeswax in the lube increases
the time required. Take the pan out, turn it upside down, and see if the cake of lube and bullets
falls out of the cake pan. If it doesn't fall out, back in the freezer for a minute, then try again.
If the lube splits or cracks, then the lube got too cold and you must put everything back in
the frying pan and melt the lube again.

Allow the lube and bullets to warm up to room temperature. The lube and bullets MUST
be at room temperature before the next step.

Pick the cake up and push the bullets out with your thumb.

Now you've got a cake pan of lube with holes and no bullets. Here's it is, ready for the next set of
bullets. You might need to add some more lube at this point.

Pan lubricating, tweezers method

You will need a bread tin, a frying pan, a pie pan and some
lubricant-I use Darr lube.
Put an inch of water in the frying pan and put it on the
stove. Put the bullets on top of the cold lubricant in the bread
tin. Put the bread tin in the frying pan.

164
Put the pie pan on top of the bread tin as it heats up, a slightly
warm pie pan mandatory.

Set the heat on low, and when all the lube is melted take
the bullets out of the lube with tweezers and stand them
up on the pie pan.

When you put the bullets on the pie pan you want the lube to
drool down and make a shallow puddle of lube around the
bullet. You do NOT want the lube to form a donut at the base
of the bullet, which sometimes happens when the cookie
sheet is cold.

You must put the bullets on the lube when it is cold, and heat
up bullets and lube together, this method won't work unless
the bullets are as hot as the lube. You don't want the lube very hot; just above the melting point is
fine.

Pick the bullets off the pie pan, scrape the lube off the pie
pan with a putty knife, put the scrapings in the bread tin and
you're done. All of the grease grooves will be filled and the
bullets will be covered with a film of grease.

How to make sheets of lube.
Some shooters use wax or lube wads under the bullet when loading cartridges. A sheet of
lube is needed, and I've used some embarrassingly complicated ways to make lube into sheets for
this purpose. That all ended when Bill Lancaster told me
how HE did it, while we were talking at the Trail Glades
Range in Miami. This is what is called an "Elegant"
solution. I went to the Salvation Army Thrift Store for a 9-
inch pie pan, and here's how it worked out.

Here's a frying pan on the stove, with about a half inch of
water in it. Any heating operation with lube should be done
in a double boiler setup to keep the lube from burning.

165

There's the pie pan, with about half an inch of water in the
frying pan.

That's a lump of lube in the water in the pie pan. When
that lump melted, the lube didn't cover the top of the
water. As lube was added, eventually the melted lube
covered the water. It took about three times this much
lube to make the lube puddle cover the water. Note that if
you take the trouble to use the same weight of lube for
each cake, you can keep the thickness of the cake
uniform. And increasing or reducing that weight will
adjust the thickness of the cake up or down in proportion.
Keep the heat as low as possible.

The lube is melted. Now turn the heat off. Go and read a
Lyman Manual, mow the grass and generally leave it
alone to cool down and harden.

The lube is now
solid. The edges will usually pull away from the pan after
the cake has cooled, freeing it for use. If it doesnt, you
can put in the refrigerator for half an hour, which will
generally do the job.

If all else fails, you can cut the lube sheet away from the edge of the pie
pan with a table knife.

166

Here's the sheet of lube, ready to make lube/grease wads

The edges of the hardened cake will be thicker than the
rest. Just trim the edges and put the cuttings in a bag to be
added to the next batch. Add the Swiss-cheesed remainder
of the cake when youve used it, and recycle them into the
next cake, with just enough make-up lube to replace what
youve used. Pressing the mouth of the loaded case onto
the sheet of lube will cut a wad out and leave it in the case
mouth. Some folks prefer to leave the charged case in the
loading block, and simply press the cake over the mouth of
the case to cut the wad out. The details of using the lube or grease wad are given elsewhere-just
make sure that the wad isn't touching the powder and that it is not free to rattle around in the
case. You must understand the proper and safe procedures before loading with a lube wad!

Ken Mollohan:
Another method of making uniform sheets of lube is to melt the lube in a double boiler as
above, but fill a CLEAN square milk bottle (or other bottle with flat surfaces) with cold water
and briefly dip it into the molten lube. The lube will congeal into uniform sheets on the cool
surface. Thickness of the sheets will vary somewhat with the temperature of the bottle, the
temperature of the wax, and the length of the immersion. But its really pretty easy to develop a
consistent technique.
Pull the bottle out of the boiler, and use a sharp knife to trim the hardened lube off of the
bottom, where it will have formed a bead. Then set it in the refrigerator for a few minutes until
one of the sheets cracks. (Cracking will occur automatically with all but the very softest lubes,
because after it hardens, it will continue to shrink as it continues to cool. Eventually, the
shrinkage will pull the hard lube sheet off of the bottle. )
Then just trim it, lay it flat and dip the bottle again to repeat. Return trimmings to the
double boiler for re-use.
The Kake Kutter pan lubricating method
Ken Mollohan
Reference the pan lubricating technique described above. Sometimes the wax cake didnt
harden enough to release the bullets easily, and sometimes it was TOO hard and you couldnt
push the bullets out by hand.

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Lyman used to sell a device called a Kake Kutter to deal with the situation. It was just a
fancy wad cutter, and worked on the same principle. You can make your own by just cutting the
base off of a fired case, or by cutting a port in the side of the case a bit larger than the bullet.
Then chamfer the case mouth. This will give you a funnel shaped cutter that you can push down
through the soft wax and free the bullet. It tends to get messy pretty quickly with soft lubes, but
its easy enough to clean by just warming it slightly and wiping it out.

BULLET LUBRICANTS AND THEIR RECIPES
Thompson-Center, in their literature, says that no petroleum-derived ingredients should
be used with black powder guns. Many black powder shooters agree. To be on the safe side, I
use no petroleum-derived ingredients for cleaning the guns or lubing the bullets. "Pam" and
Mazola oil work fine for cleaning the guns, after the hot water washing; and canola oil, peanut
oil, Crisco and other ingredients make fine bullet or patch lubricants.
"Midway" is a mail-order supplier of shooting and reloading equipment. In their Bullet
Casting catalog #1 for 2002, they list the following bullet lubricants for sale: Alox (several
makers), Lee Liquid Alox, Lyman Black Powder Gold, Lyman Ideal, Lyman Orange Magic,
Lyman Super Moly, RCBS Pistol, RCBS Rifle, Rooster Red High Velocity Rifle, Rooster Red
Zambini, Saeco Gold, Saeco Green, SPG, Thompson Bear Cold, Thompson Bear Heat,
Thompson Blue Angel, Thompson PS Black Powder and Thompson Red Angel.
After thoroughly testing these and the other readily available bullet lubricants, some
dissatisfied shooters mix up their own lubes.
In the cast bullet game, the concocting of bullet lubes using strange and hard-to-obtain
ingredients is a rite of passage for us all. Weve all done it, it doesnt hurt anything, and its
something to talk about. Its a shame that weve never found the secret lube.

ALOX LUBE
Alox lube is half Alox 2138F-a commercial lubricant and half beeswax. This is the NRA
formula that Col. Harrison came up with many years ago. It is available from several
manufacturers including Lee, Lyman and Javelina.
Lee and Lyman make liquid Alox, and it works well.

"The formula for Alox 2138F (no longer available) is as follows:
Material Wt %
Melt in a double boiler:
Alox 350 7.00 (The exact amount isnt critical)
Slowly stir in
Petrolite C-700 3.00 (Microcrystalline wax)
Blend until fully melted and dissolved.
Add slowly with good mixing:
Alox 350 90.00 (A total of 97 parts Alox 350 IS important)
Blend until uniform. 100.00 Alox 2138F

To make the NRA lube, you can now add 100 parts weight of melted clean, pure yellow beeswax
to the preceding.

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The NRA lube can be molded as you may desire. Ive found it convenient to just pour it into
small cans or even muffin tins. When I need to refill a sizer, it is simple enough to set the can (or
a muffin sized block in an aluminum measuring cup) in simmering hot water to melt the lube, and
pour it into the sizer. Allow to cool well before using.
Alox 350 is one of a series of "oxidized petroleum fractions" (i.e., partially burnt grease)
originally developed by Alox Corp, of Niagara Falls, NY. However, they are now defunct, and
the Alox line has been taken over by Lubrizol Corporation, who discontinued the Alox 2138F as
too low in sales volume, but continues to offer the Alox 350 and a number of other Alox products,
including the stuff sold by Lee as "Liquid Alox". You should be able to find them on the net
easily at: http://corporate.lubrizol.com/
Ken Mollohan

DARR LUBE
This is named for Barry Darr, the barrel and mold maker and inventor. The formula is:
one pound of Vaseline plus one pound of paraffin and a spoon full of RCBS case lube. (Bud
Welsh wrote that only the true Vaseline should be used. I never saw the difference between
Vaseline and a generic brand.) I buy a 12-ounce container of Vaseline and a pound of paraffin.
The paraffin comes four sticks to the pound, is available in the supermarket and is used for
canning. I put the Vaseline and three of the sticks of paraffin (12 ounces) into an aluminum bread
baking tin; I mostly forget to put in the RCBS case lube. This gives me equal parts of Vaseline
and paraffin. I put the bread tin in an inch of water in a frying pan-an impromptu double boiler.
Dont overheat the Darr lube-if it smokes, throw it away. I make a new batch of Darr lube each
year. I think the lube loses some qualities as it is repeatedly heated and cooled, and in a year a
lot of debris accumulates in the bottom of the bread tin.
Lately I've been putting four sticks or 1 pound of paraffin, a 12 ounce container of
Vaseline, and a couple of squirts of Marvel Mystery Oil together to make Darr lube. It works just
great.
The black powder cartridge rifle gang uses SPG lube. They love it. I've never used it.
Several people have told me that SPG lube is Darr lube.
I was one of the lucky participants in the wonderful 2006 beeswax purchase, ending up
with enough beeswax to last several lifetimes. I gave half of it away, and still have more than I'll
ever use. Because I had it, I added it to my Darr lube, and fiddled with various recipes. I can't
help myself. At the end of this, for pan lubing, I find Darr lube works better than any beeswax
concoction I tried.
The cake comes out of the pan after ~ 3 minutes in the freezer from a room temperature
start. The beeswax recipe cakes didn't want to release from the pan.
The bullets push out of the Darr lube cake easily. The bullets are reluctant to leave the
beeswax formula cakes.
The Darr lube stays in the grease grooves on the bullets. Some beeswax recipes had the
lube pulling out of the grease grooves when the bullet (finally) pushed out of the cake.

EMMERT'S LUBE
Buck Emmert developed this for Schutzen shooting.
"I have used Emmert's home made lube for fifteen years successfully in Black Powder Cartridge
Silhouette use. It is simple to make up:

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50% Pure Natural Beeswax
40% Crisco Solid Shortening
10% Canola Oil
I have recently modified it by using only 5% Canola Oil and adding 5% Anhydrous Lanolin
It lasts longer and stays in the bullets grooves over time in better fashion. Lanolin is GOOD.
This is a superb Schuetzen lube (plain base cast lead bullets up to 1500 fps or so).
I am now using it for most of my pistol and revolver loads, also.
All of the above percentages are by melted volume. Melt in a double boiler as overheating it is
damaging. It works well in lube sizers and also is a dandy pan lube."
R. Dale McGee
JUNIOR DOUGHTY'S "411 Lube"
Four parts beeswax
One part lithium grease
One part Dextron ATF
Just melt and mix. If the lithium grease is a little hard to mix, just use a whisk or spatula.

SOME OTHER RECIPES
There are thousands if not millions of recipes for bullet lubricants. Experimenters love to
talk about waxes and oils and soaps and the qualities of each. Here are some of the ingredients:
Steam cylinder oil, sperm oil, (think of the whales!), castile soap, Ivory soap, Crisco,
mutton tallow, hog tallow, beef tallow, deer tallow, Japan wax, bayberry wax, Cosmoline, rosin,
plumbago, oildag (graphite suspended in oil), ozocerite, yellow laundry soap and lanolin.
Some lubricants and recipes:
Beeswax softened with Marvel Mystery Oil and/or other oil and/or Vaseline and/or
Crisco.
Paraffin softened with Marvel Mystery Oil and/or other oil and/or Vaseline and/or
Crisco.
Lithium grease or silicon grease from the auto parts store.

Harry Popes lubricant recipe:
Beeswax 2 oz.
Bayberry wax 4 oz.
Mutton Tallow 6 oz.
Steam cylinder oil 2 oz.
Acheson Graphite #1340 170 gr. Or 2 heaping teaspoonful
Melt together in a double boiler arrangement whereby the container with the waxes sits
in a pan of water. The heat must not be allowed to be applied to the wax container directly. Heat
until all the waxes are dissolved and stir the mixture as it cools until it becomes too thick to stir.
Even so, the Graphite will probably settle out of the mixture.

Another Pope Lubricant:
Beeswax 65%
Beef Tallow 35%
Add Oildag and adjust for the rifle.

A Leupold formula:

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5 oz. Japan wax (carnauba wax)
5 oz. Yellow beeswax
2 oz. Ozocerite wax
3 or 4 teaspoonfuls of graphite
Melt the above in a double boiler arrangement. Stir thoroughly.

Some recommended lubricants from A. C. Goulds Modern American Rifles:
Winchester Repeating Arms-Japan wax or beef tallow
Marlin Firearms Co.-Clear tallow 4 parts, beeswax 1 part
Massachusetts Arms Co.-1 part beeswax to 3 parts tallow
Ideal Manufacturing Co.-3 parts beeswax to 1 part common cylinder oil, also, beef tallow
with enough Vaseline with it to soften as desired.
Sharps Rifle Co.-1 part beeswax to 2 parts sperm oil, by weight
Smith & Wesson-Melted tallow
Bullard Repeating Arms Co.-Fill grooves with beef tallow or Japan wax.

SHOOTING CAST BULLETS WITHOUT LUBRICATION
With help from Ken Mollohan and Bill McGraw
Most cast bullets come with lubricant grooves, which we fill with our lube of choice
before shooting.
When I look at bullets recovered from the backstop, the grooves are still pretty well filled
with lube. Ive thought that this lube wasnt needed, and that maybe the grooves could be much
shallower.
I have been shooting lubricated cast bullets with no grease grooves for a few years now,
with excellent accuracy and no leading. The objective here was to design a bullet without grease
grooves in hopes of having a high ballistic coefficient and thus less wind deflection. That
worked.
Norm Johnson is shooting pistol bullets without any lube as a standard practice. He
cautions that the bullet must fit the throat of the cylinder.
I have read in passing that Ken Mollohan is shooting cast bullets with no lubrication at
high velocity; without leading and with acceptable accuracy. I hope to read about this in the Cast
Bullet Association newsletter when I can get the appropriate back issues.
In the distant past I shot some 30-40 Krag loads with unlubricated cast bullets and a
cream of wheat filler, without leading.
I removed all lubricant from 20 sized, gas checked and lubricated 311299s, and loaded
them in 300 Winchester Magnum cases with Remington 2 1/2 Large Pistol primers and 17 grains
of Unique. The cases were neck-sized in a Lee Loader die, and belled in a Lyman M die so
that the mouth of the case touched the chamber neck. I always M die the case mouth until
resistance is felt on chambering the case. I think that I see accuracy deteriorate when gas comes
around the case mouth and down the neck. I wipe each case off after firing, making sure that
theres no gas leaking and staining. The bullets were seated to an overall length of 3.455, which
is a little longer than will allow the cartridge to freely enter the chamber. This length mashes the
front of the front band of the bullet into the leade or ball seat or throat or whatever were calling
that tapered part of the chamber from case neck diameter to the rifled bore. The bullet is a tight
fit in the taper, because that shoots best for me in my guns.

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The rifle is a Savage Tactical rifle (Im a little embarrassed at the Tactical, but thats
what it says.) It has a Weaver V9 Widefield scope set at 9X.
I had loaded some fixed ammunition with lubricated bullets and the same load, and I fired
that when I got to the range, at 100 yards. Groups were normal. I cleaned the rifle and made sure
there was no lead in the barrel. When I get clean/grey patches out of the barrel with no stripes of
black or dark grey, theres no lead.
Then I shot two 5 shot groups with the unlubricated bullets. The first group was slightly
over 2, the second a little over 3. Accuracy had deteriorated, which goes along with leading.
I cleaned the gun, which had as bad a case of leading as I can remember, about 8 ahead
of the action. It took perhaps 30 minutes and 10 Lead Away patches to get the lead out of the
barrel.
I wasnt too surprised at the leading, but I was surprised at the cases. Starting with the
fourth case, there was lead on the outside of the case neck. Maybe a quarter of each case neck
was covered with lead, on the average. The lead was thin, some wiped off, but some took a
fingernail and a lot of scraping to get some off. This is what I know.
Heres what I think. There was no lead on the first 3 case necks. The case necks were
expanded so that no gas leakage would occur. There was lead on the last 7 case necks. I suggest
that some lead was melted and kind of gassy, it was a vapor when it blew around the case mouth
and back over the case neck and deposited itself on the outside of the case neck. Im reminded of
vapor deposition, a process of gettering or sputtering a metal in a vacuum such that the metal
vapor deposits itself on a surface. Thats how the gold/chrome colored metal printing gets onto
advertising pens and other items.
If there was no vapor going on, then the bullet must have melted, flowed around the case
mouth, got onto the case neck, hardened into a bullet again and gone to the target. Editors note:
The lead may also have come from an accumulation of etching from the gas action of previous
shots.
I like vapor.
What about the case neck M dieing? I think the vapor went around the case neck after
the neck had expanded-ironed out the belling-and then contracted. Else I cant understand how
the lead got around the case mouth.
Im kind of thinking that lead deposited 8 down the barrel for the first three shots, then
the fourth shot and on had the powder gas vaporize the barrel leading and deposit it on the case
neck, after the case neck had relaxed.
But I dont know.
I agree with Norm Johnson when he says that we dont understand what the lubricant
does.

Response by Ken Mollohan
Actually, I think we have some very good evidence concerning what a 'lube' does in a
cast bullet load. Consider the following:
1. Unlubricated lead bullets (even though dead soft) can be fired without leading at fairly
substantial velocities in air rifles.
2. Dr. Mann (and a few others) have obtained decent results with unlubricated bullets, but only
under conditions with fillers or when the bullet was a very precise fit in the throat.

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3. Otherwise, unlubricated cast bullets can be used in a firearm without leading ONLY if
velocities are kept low.
4. Unlubricated cast bullets can be fired all day long (even at high velocities) without any
evidence of leading with Cream of Wheat (and other fine granular materials) as fillers.
5. I have noticed on many occasions that the appearance of leading and lead flashing at the
muzzle (when shooting normal lubricated bullets) coincided with substantial enlargement of the
land marks on recovered bullets. These enlargements can be shown to originate with the side of
the land that pushes the bullet to rotate it, because flame etching marks on the bullet grooves are
noticeably longer and more severe on the NON-pushing sides.
Notice the pattern here: Every single instance where bare lead can be used successfully
is under some condition that eliminates or minimizes the exposure of the projectile to flame. In
example one, there is no flame (unless you are getting dieseling).
In example two, the base of the bullet is exposed, but not the sides -and the velocities are
generally low enough to avoid abrasive enlargement of the grooves.
In example three, loads are light, and so is the pressure (and flame temperature) trying to
get past the bullet.
In example four, the fillers have been shown to form exceedingly effective and solid
firewall structures behind the bullet.
Once, many, many years ago, I tried to find out what was causing leading. The theories
of the time included lead 'rubbing off' on the steel and similar absurdities. I tried just about
everything you can imagine to make lead adhere to clean steel: Compression in a hydraulic press
to 60,000 PSI wouldn't do it. Rubbing the lead on smooth steel wouldn't do it. Rubbing it on
rough steel would remove the lead, but it was just a loose, non-adherent dust. Spinning the bullet
against the steel using a variety of drills, etc left nothing that wouldn't wipe off with the finger.
So bullet velocity wasn't the problem. In short, I have not found any set of conditions that will
produce leading that does not involve flames - or at least high temperatures. All the evidence that
I'm aware of seems to support a scenario that goes something like this:
Upon ignition, the gunpowder quickly converts into a ball of incandescent gas at high
pressure which drives it against the base of the bullet. If the load is light, and/or if the bullet is a
very good fit in the throat, the gas cannot leak past in significant volume to do any damage, so
the load is reasonably successful. However, as the load is increased, velocities and pressures also
increase. If the bullet is not a press fit in the throat, some gas will escape around the bullet
before it begins to move. Abrasive land enlargement becomes significant, and opens channels
along the bullet for flame to escape. This flame can easily exceed the melting point of steel, and
it has little trouble etching low melting lead alloy from the sides of the bullet. These molten
droplets of etching are blown forward of the bullet, and then are ironed onto the steel wall of the
bore as the bullet passes.
(Now step aside for a moment, and go talk to someone with some experience with
welding or soldering. They'll tell you that even the slightest trace of grease or oil on their
materials will reduce or even prevent adhesion, and that for a good job, the metal MUST be
clean as a whistle!)
I believe that - with reasonable loads -'lubricants' prevent this by fouling the steel bore,
reducing the surface tension, and preventing the molten alloy from wetting and adhering to the
bore.
However, as loads are increased even further, several factors begin to act against the
lubricant. For one thing, as temperature of the flame goes up, so does the temperature of the lead

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etch droplets - and their surface tension goes down accordingly. Eventually, their surface tension
will be lower than that of the lube, and the droplets will be able to adhere to the steel. (The weld
/ solder expert above doesn't even begin to work with temperatures like these!) Also, many
waxes and wax like materials will completely evaporate at high enough temperatures, and some
of them may not be able to stay around long enough to wet the steel.
There's a lot more evidence that I could cite, but the short version is that- I believe-'lubricants'
really don't lubricate anything. They just contaminate the steel surface and prevent lead from
being soldered to the bore. Does anyone have anything they think I'm overlooking?
Molly

Bill McGraw said:
Any unlubricated CB must have a proper fit in the chamber, a substantial gas check, not
just a Hornady GC. If the chamber will allow it, a much larger CB diameter or a tapered bullet
with a large base band would be ideal. In many cases the chamber will not allow such a larger
CB to chamber. We have many compromises in dealing with ammunition.
Lubricant's property is to eliminate leading and other fouling by preventing larger
amounts of flake or vapor lead from sticking to and building up substantially with subsequent
rounds fired; all fixed ammo gas cuts to some extent; breech-seated ammo very likely does not
gas cut but lubricant is still used in that discipline. In other words, lube is needed any time there
is inadequate gas sealing, and that is most or all of the time. I think that is a simple enough
explanation of the process of leading and lubricant's role in its use in our CB technology.
In order to prevent gas cutting with unlubricated CB's, some kind of additional GC with
the HGC or PB designed CB's is needed. Mustafa Curtess and I still have some of your 30 and
45 cal NGG's (no-grease-groove bullets) and we are still testing them rather successfully. In my
Trapdoor the 45 NGG is somewhat too small diameter to fit properly; therefore I have used
cornmeal filler as a gas check with several powders suitable for 45-70 with low PSI loads that
are recommended for the weaker actions, 17K PSI typical and NMT 25K PSI. I separate the
powder from the cornmeal with a thin card wad and top off the cornmeal with another card wad
and have used the PVC (vinyl) wad as well under the bullet; the PVC wad does a much better job
than the card wads I have used.
I have rolled the NGG in anhydrous lanolin for a thin coat, just enough so that it will pick
up a light coat of motor mica; that must be considered a lubricant using an NGG. I don't use
Unique or Red Dot type powders with the cornmeal filler to avoid excess PSI spikes. I have not
had any fouling and have gotten approximately 3 MOA accuracy with the NGG with cornmeal
filler and using 4895-S, 2230-S and RL-7; there are others I could have used but got reasonable
accuracy with the RL-7.
I tried using Unique with grease cookies and avoided gas cutting, but the grease cookies
were difficult to handle. Wax wads were as difficult as well. Using cornmeal filler does reduce
the MV to 900-1000 MV in the trapdoor. I have not attempted any higher MV's to prevent any
damage to the Trapdoor action. I do get some unburned powder in the chamber but use a
flexible plastic brush to brush out the chamber.
I have made my own lubricants for many years and find that beeswax, anhydrous lanolin,
and Neatsfoot oil are among many of the animal, plant and insect compounds that are necessary
for the "anti-flux" property that we need for the "gas check" effect and prevention of
accumulated fouling in the bore. Steve Hurst uses the "anti-flux" term to best describe lube's
effects. Other non-polar compounds have been added to lubes with some benefit, but I avoid

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them if possible. Other than CB alloys, I believe that the JB's could benefit some form of
lubricant to keep the bores much cleaner and consistent with many rounds fired in matches or
varmint hunting.
Bill McGraw

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6.1 CAST BULLET RELOADING

HOW TO ASSEMBLE A CARTRIDGE
It is easy to cast bullets and shoot them with reasonable accuracy. Use a proven cast
bullet design in a common caliber with a load that keeps velocity under 1000 fps in pistols or
1600 fps in rifles, and accuracy isnt hard to find.
Safety
Safety should be of primary importance in the mind of the cast bullet reloader. Here are
some things to watch out for.
Remember that youre touching lead bullets. Wash your hands before eating or drinking
or smoking.
Dont reload or shoot if youre tired or grumpy or worried or in a hurry. Put the
equipment away and stop.
If anything goes in hard or easy or feels funny or looks funny-stop and figure it out.
Always start with the scale and powder measure zeroed. Do not ever throw a charge from
a powder measure that you didnt set in the past few minutes. You may think you know what the
measure is set for, but your memory is fallible.
Always check the powder type against the loading manual and/or your notebook. After
you check, sit back and close your eyes and ask yourself if the powder charge makes sense. Do it
every time.
Low velocity cast bullet shooting is based on small charges of fast burning powders.
Small charges mean that a double charge wont overflow the case. Keep cases upside-down in a
loading tray until charging them with powder. Never put powder in a case that you didnt pick up
upside down. Always look in every case with a flashlight after charging with powder.
A rifle case that is too long can jam in the chamber, squeezing the bullet and causing
extremely high pressures. Measure cases for length and trim them if required. Lee makes very
inexpensive case trimmers that require no adjustment or measuring.
Make the first cartridge and try it in the gun. If it is tight or chambers hard or does
anything unusual, stop and figure out what is going on. You dont want a hundred cartridges that
wont go in the gun. We all know about that.
Dont eat or smoke or watch TV or talk on the cell phone or read the paper or drink beer
while you reload. It takes all your concentration. If youre sick of reloading, stop.
Record keeping
Get a notebook and write down everything that you do. Only by writing everything down
in a notebook will you learn how unreliable and deceptive your memory is. Write down the
bullet number and alloy and cartridge case headstamp and powder type and charge and primer
and OAL and everything.
Measure every, yes every, group that you shoot during your experimenting, and
write down the group size and distance and everything you know about the load and group
including the date and temperature and every darn thing. If you dont write it down youll either
forget, or worse, your creative memory will take over.
For more on recording reloading information, see "RECORD KEEPING" AND "M54
WINCHESTER WORKBOOK EXAMPLE".
Reloading manual
I recommend the Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook, First through third Edition and at least
one more manual to verify the other manual.

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Assembling the cartridge
The steps required to assemble a cartridge are these:
(Assuming that the cases have been checked for length and are less than or equal to the
max. dimension.)
1. Remove the fired primer, clean the primer pocket and prime the case.
2. Full-length size the case if necessary to allow the cartridge to chamber easily. Some
auto loading and lever action rifles may require full-length sizing. In my experience the
Thompson-Center Contender pistols require that cases be full-length sized for reliable operation.
If full-length sizing is not required, then neck-size the case; otherwise the bullet will fall
into the case.
3. Bell the mouth of the case.
4. Charge the case with powder.
5. Seat the bullet in the case.

(One of the editors reminded me that checking each case for split necks, other damage, or
incipient case head separation should be part of the reloading process.
At first I agreed, but then, after thinking about it, disagreed. A split case neck is easy to
see, and makes itself known during the resizing and "M" dieing steps; when a marked reduction
in force required to push the case into the die is felt.
(Ken Mollohan: In my experience, this is true, but primarily when the neck is already badly split.
I have seen quite a few incipient splits that were not caught by differences in processing forces.
My personal practice is to simply insert my fingernail into the mouth of the case as I pick it up,
and spin the case. Even the smallest nick or crack will catch on my fingernail, alerting me to take
a closer look. Rarely, a split will occur that does not reach the mouth of the case, but this is
always caught by the processing force variations mentioned above.)
I was shooting yesterday and found a case with a split neck. I wipe each case off with a
rag after taking it out of the gun. It was very obvious that something was wrong when I wiped
the case, the split neck was easy to detect. I can't remember the last time I had a split neck, it
doesn't happen to me with cast bullets very often.
Other case damage is obvious. I love my cases, wipe each case off after firing, and
examine any case that is dropped to the ground for damage. With autoloading pistols or rifles
that fling cases about, inspecting cases for damage is necessary.
Examining cases for incipient case head separation involves strong light and feeling the
inside of the case with a tool or paperclip for any groove that signals trouble.
I've seldom seen split necks on rifle cases, see them now and then on pistol cases.
I never see other damage to cases since I don't shoot autoloading guns.
I've never had a case head separation using cast bullets and don't recall ever reading of
one.
So, for cast bullet shooting, I don't believe that the suggested rigorous case inspection is
mandatory.)

A note on orientation
Some cast bullet reloaders use the principle of orientation in reloading and shooting. If a
mark-a light and small punch mark-is made in the nose of the bullet mold, then the bullet will
have a mark or dimple. If the cartridge is put in the chamber of the gun so that that mark is
always in a certain position, (Ex: 12 oclock), then the bullet is oriented with the chamber. The

177
bullet can be oriented with the headstamp of the cartridge case. (Ex: A small file notch is cut in
the case rim over the R in R-P of each case, and the mark on the bullet is lined up with that
notch.) The sizing die can be oriented in the press, the case can be oriented in the shell holder,
and the case can be oriented in the priming process-the opportunities for orienting abound.
While there are a lot of good shooters who believe that orientation makes a difference in
accuracy, I believe that orientation is a minor contributor to accuracy. If your rifle is shooting 2
five shot groups at 100 yards, orientation isnt going to make it shoot 1. I wish it would.

A note on crimping
Some cast bullets have crimping grooves at the forward end of the bullet. Crimping is the
process of swaging the case mouth into the crimping groove. Some pistol die sets have Taper
Crimp dies that crimp with a taper of the front end the case into the bullet.
If cast bullet cartridges are loaded into the magazine of a lever action rifle, the cartridges
will most probably need to be crimped or the magazine spring pressure and recoil will force the
bullets into the cases.
Sometimes cartridges loaded into box magazine rifles will have bullets push into the case
under recoil. These cartridges need to be crimped.
Revolver cartridges need to be crimped to keep the bullets from coming out of the case as
the gun is fired, and hanging up the cylinder.
Unless the application requires it, dont crimp, because crimping overworks the case and
diminishes accuracy.
Reloading Presses
I have a Huntington Die Specialties Compact Press that I've used to full length size 300
WM cases, and form 300 WM from 375 H&H, and form 6.5X55 from 30/06. But it ain't easy.
This small press uses standard dies, and works great for the apartment/condo dweller or at the
range.
The Lee Loader also works well at the range-the 310 tool less so because of the die
changes required.
For serious work, without a lot of grunting, a larger reloading press is necessary. I've got
a Lee Challenger press bolted to a piece of angle iron that is bolted to a concrete wall. I bought
the press for just under $30 in 2003 from Mid South, a mail order reloading supplier. I just ran a
30/06 case into a 6.5X55 die to see how hard it is, and it isn't hard. Of course, I'm extremely
strong.
Reloading presses are available from many makers, at prices up to $250 or so. I haven't
had much luck with "C" presses and prefer the compound linkage press like the Lee Challenger
or RCBS Rockchucker. The key to making a press work is to bolt it to something that won't
move. The upstroke will lift any table or bench off the floor.
Progressive presses are used for large scale reloading. I have no experience with progressive
presses.
My plan is to use the $30 Lee Challenger press until it breaks or wears out, then buy an
expensive press. If I live long enough.
I use dies from any maker, they all seem to work fine. Carbide dies are wonderful for straight
wall pistol cases. Lyman "M" dies are used to "bell" the case mouth to accept cast bullets without
shaving lead. Some shooters, (not I) forget to lubricate a case, rip off the rim and the case sticks
in the die. I use an RCBS "Stuck Case Remover" to get the case out of the die. For the advanced
shooter, there are specialized dies that present the opportunity to spend lots of money. For most

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shooters, a 2-die rifle set or 3 die Carbide pistol set of dies from a major manufacturer will work
fine.
Measuring Tools A 0-1" Micrometer Caliper and 0-6" Dial or Vernier Caliper are handy for the
beginner and mandatory for the advanced shooter. Vernier calipers have been pretty much
replaced with dial calipers that are much easier to read. I find a dial caliper easier to read without
a magnifying glass, I need the glass to read the vernier on the 0-1" micrometer caliper ("set of
mikes").
A 6" (or any capacity) dial or vernier or electronic caliper reads to one-thousandth of an
inch, .001" A 1" capacity micrometer caliper has a vernier on the barrel allowing readings to
one-ten-thousandth of an inch, .0001". As an example, a 45/70 case is supposed to be 2.100"
long, and is easily measured with a 6" dial caliper. But 30 caliber bullets have dimensions
varying from .297" to .314", and are best measured to .0001" with a 1" capacity micrometer
caliper.

BELLING CASE MOUTHS
If a single case is used for shooting using the breech seating method, then after a while
the case neck gets dirty and then powder particles blow back between the case and the chamber.
Eventually the case will have dents where the powder particles are. Ultimately the cartridge case
will begin to collapse as gas blows around the case.
This condition is easily avoided by slightly belling the case mouth every few shots. If the
case neck is kept polished, and is wiped clean every shot, then inspection shows the beginning of
gas blow by and signals the shooter to bell the case mouth.
When competitively bench rest shooting with single shot rifles I bell the case mouth
slightly for each shot. (Con Dearth is the only other shooter that I know of who does this.) This
step is just one in the procedure which I try to follow faithfully for each shot. I believed that this
step made velocities more uniform, but had never rigorously tested that opinion. My goal is to
have the case be a snug fit in the chamber, to feel definite resistance when chambering the case.
This requires some experimentation-a little excess enthusiasm will make the case impossible to
chamber.
When testing loads or rifles, I wipe off the case between shots and bell the case mouth
every time I load it.
Case necks can be belled using a variety of tools. A reloading press with a Lyman M
die does a good job, but is sort of cumbersome at the range. Rotating the case on a leg of a
Simmons style re-decapper will do it, as will twisting the case on an appropriately sized pair of
scissors or needle-nosed pliers. The object is to increase the diameter of the case mouth, the very
end, so that the next shot will expand the case and eliminate blow by of gas.
This condition of blow by of gas is most obvious when using the breech seating method
of loading, but occurs with fixed ammunition also. A higher PSI load with a faster powder may
reduce or eliminate the blow-by; of course, it must be an accurate load.
My Pope-Arisaka showed wide velocity variations and poor accuracy until the case
mouths were belled so that the empty case was a snug fit in the chamber. The last test resulted
in: without belling-9 shots at 200 yards in 6 3/4 inches (1 shot was lost)
with belling- 5 shots at 200 yards in 2 5/8 inches, this group about 9 higher than the first group.
While testing a New England Firearms Handi-Rifle in 30/30 on May 14, 1995; I noticed
several unusually high velocity readings. I was using one case, seating the bullet in the case

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with my fingers before putting the loaded cartridge in the rifle, and was belling the case mouth
every few shots. The results of testing:
Remington Large Pistol #2 1/2 primer
311299 Lyman bullet sized in a .312 sizing die (which changes diameter of the bullet
only .001 or so) lubed with Alox lube.
Wolf No Grease Groove bullet lubricated with liquid Alox

IMR 4227 Bullet Avg. Velocity Standard Deviation
13 grains Wolf 1307 feet/second 16.3 feet/second
13 grains 311299 1372 feet/second 32.9 feet/second
14 grains Wolf 1450 feet/second 39 feet/second
14 grains 311299 1394 feet/second 11.9 feet/second

I was not happy with these results and with the wide velocity swings, and decided to see
what effect belling the case mouth had on velocity.
Using the Wolf bullet and 14 grains of IMR 4227, and carefully belling the case mouth
before each shot so that there was definite resistance to the case going into the chamber,
velocities were:
1625, 1694, 1663, 1673, 1649, 1613, 1676, 1632, 1637, 1665 Average = 1653, S. D. = 25.7
I then stopped belling the case mouth, velocities for four shots were:
1655, 1391, 1369, 1358
Then ten shots for average velocity:
1402, 1368, 1407, 1371, 1389, 1387, 1380, 1376, 1383, 1391 Average = 1385, S. D. = 12.6

There was no obvious visible evidence of gas blow by on the last 14 shots. The case was
wiped off after each shot.
Accuracy has been averaging about 2 for five shots at 100 yards with this rifle. No
detectable difference in accuracy was seen between the first ten and last ten shots.
The elevation difference between the higher and lower velocity groups is small, perhaps
an inch and a half or so, certainly less than I would have guessed.
While this is not a rigorous test, the velocities for the original test (1450 f/s), with belled
cases (1653 f/s) and not-belled cases (1385 f/s) are different enough to strain my credibility.
I think we should bell the case mouth every time a cast bullet is loaded.

HOW TO MEASURE MAXIM UM CARTRIDGE LENGTH
The overall length of a cartridge is important.
If the cartridge is too long, then chambering and then removing a cartridge from the gun
can result in the bullet sticking in the rifling, the cartridge case being removed from the gun and
the powder being spilled all over the inside of the gun. The resulting mess is a bother to clean up.
Conversely, if the cartridge is too short, accuracy may suffer. Best accuracy is most
frequently found with the bullet close to the origin of the rifling.
Different bullets will have different maximum overall lengths (Max. OAL) in the same
gun.
A given bullet will have different Max. OALs in the same cartridge (Ex: 30/06) in
different guns.

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Heres how to measure the Max. OAL for a given gun and bullet combination.
1. Close the action of the gun and put the cleaning rod with brass screw all the way into
the barrel from the muzzle until it touches the breechblock or bolt.
2. Wrap a 5 piece of masking tape on the cleaning rod starting 1 outside the muzzle.
Then with the cleaning rod all the way in the gun, the masking tape will be visible 1 outside the
muzzle and will be 4 inside the barrel.
3. With the cleaning rod all the way in the barrel, mark the masking tape at the muzzle.
4. Put a bullet into the chamber of the rifle. Push the bullet into the rifling with a pencil.
Push with one finger on the end of the pencil until the bullet wont go in any further. Now take
the cleaning rod with brass screw and put it in the muzzle of the rifle. Gently push the rod in
until it touches the nose of the bullet. Mark the masking tape on the cleaning rod at the muzzle.
5. Take the cleaning rod out, and measure the distance between the marks. This is the
maximum overall length of a cartridge with the given bullet for that gun.
6. Do this several times until you are confident that your answer is correct. Make a sketch
of the case and the bullet with dimensions.
John Alexander uses this method with the cleaning rod and two shaft collars.
1. Start with both collars on the rod.
2. With the rod against the bolt face or breechblock, push both collars against the muzzle
and tighten the screw on the shaft collar furthest from the muzzle.
3. With the bullet pushed into the bore with a pencil, place the rod screw against the
bullet tip, push the other shaft collar against the muzzle and tighten the screw in the shaft collar.
4. The distance between the collars is the Max. OAL.
An alternative method is to slightly deform = make oval the mouth of a fired case. Put the
bullet in the case mouth, seated way out. Put the case in the gun. The bullet will meet resistance
at the rifling and be pushed back into the case mouth. Remove the case and measure Max. OAL.
Do this several times until you have confidence in the resulting measurement.

Ken Mollohan: This is an excellent description of basic principles, but it falls slightly
short in those cases where it is desired to seat the bullet into the throat / rifling. This is not an
uncommon situation as such seating reduces gas blow-by and gives better alignment of the bullet
and the bore of the rifle. The difference is seldom great in terms of OAL, but can be very
substantial in terms of good groups.
My personal preferred definition is to determine the distance that the OAL can be set
without causing undue interference with closing the action of the rifle, usually a bolt. I usually do
this in a series of steps:
1. I load a round with much of the bullet body projecting from the mouth of the case, and
make note of how far the bolt has to go before the action will close. I withdraw the round and
seat the bullet about 3/4 of this distance into the case and try again. Then I repeat the withdraw
and seat the bullet deeper procedure, deepening the bullet seat (and reducing the OAL) by
gradually screwing the seating stem deeper into the die until the bolt will at least begin to close
without noticeable resistance.
2. This repeated seating usually damages the lead band of the bullet, making the OAL
reading at this point just a good approximation. Now I produce several rounds seated to this
OAL, and continue the process, using a different round for each trial. I turn the seating screw
down in increments of one turn at first, and finish up with 1/4 turn increments to find my final
setting. This is all very empirical, but it works very well. I usually find that the cam action of the

181
bolt will let me seat the bullet out by the length of the lead band, or nearly so. My max OAL is
thus slightly greater than the preceding procedure will provide.
3. Then I like to refine that OAL by sizing a bullet somewhat smaller and trying again. If
I come out with substantially the same max OAL, it tells me that Im really measuring the
distance to the end of the throat, but with a less than ideal diameter selection. So Ill adjust the
diameters until I get a sudden sharp reduction in apparent max OAL. That tells me that Ive
exceeded the throat diameter, and I need to standardize on one step smaller for this particular
gun.
This brings me to the second method I sometimes employ with a new rifle / bullet:
Simply pinch the neck of a fired case somewhat oval, and hand-start a sized bullet in it. For 30
cal, I use a 0.311 dia slug for this crude approximation, and refine it later. Chambering this
dummy round will seat the bullet into the throat, and give me something very close to the final
OAL value for this combination. I then use the dummy to adjust the seating die by running the
seating stem down until it makes contact with the bullet. This will almost always bring me within
a few thousandths of the optimum OAL for this bullet, at this diameter, in this rifle.
A further caveat is that all of the preceding discussions assume that the distance from the
breech to the rifling or throat is THE determining factor in measuring OAL. This is not true. It is
often the case that the guns clip length will not accept or feed a cartridge that will chamber
easily. Similarly, some lever action rifles feeding mechanisms wont accept rounds grater than
factory length. These restrictions also apply to handguns as well.

COOKBOOK LOADS THAT WORK IN ANY GUN
Each rifle is a law unto itself, what works in one rifle wont work in another. Ive
heard and read that for the past forty-odd years. Its not true. There are simple recipes that
produce reasonable accuracy in all rifles of a given caliber.
The name of the reloading and shooting game is the same. You must perform each step
precisely the same way each time to get accuracy. This is another theme running through the
literature that is at least partly wrong. If you do the wrong thing consistently, the gun wont shoot
accurately. The important thing is to perform the correct steps in reloading and shooting. Then
consistency starts to pay off. Precisely controlling the composition of the casting alloy doesnt
help if the bullet is too small for the gun.
There are hundreds of variables in the rifle/loading/shooting equation, such as powder
type and quantity, bullet alloy, primer type, and so on.
Some of these variables are very important, but most are of little or no importance.
Small changes in alloy composition, powder charge, seating depth or bullet lubricant will
not make large changes in accuracy.
Accuracy can vary substantially with the bullet used. It is not unusual to find that bullets
from one cavity of a two-cavity mold shoot better than bullets from the other cavity. Bullets must
be big enough, as big as or bigger than the throat of the gun.
For the beginner, success with cast bullets comes easiest with reloading and shooting
calibers of 30 and above. Some reloaders can get excellent accuracy from the smaller calibers;
but it is difficult. The degree of difficulty increases as the caliber decreases. The 22 Hornet is
particularly maddening, each 3/4" 100 yard five shot group is followed by a 3 pattern.
Here is a cook book for getting a rifle of .30 to .45 caliber to shoot.
-Use a bullet that fits the gun, and that is not too long.

182
-Cast the bullets from any reasonable (mostly lead) alloy. Wheel weights work fine.
-Use Alox or Liquid Alox or Darr or any commercial lube.
-Clean the primer pocket every time the case is deprimed.
-Every now and then clean the front half-inch of each case so it is bright and shiny.
-Slightly bell each case mouth before reloading.
-Seat the bullet out as far as possible while allowing the cartridge to be removed from the
gun without de-bulleting.
-Shoot from a comfortable bench position.
-Use Remington Large Pistol Primers, #2 1/2 or other large pistol primers.
30/30 Winchester, 30 Remington, 303 Savage
Use bullets from 150 to 180 grains. Lyman 31141 and 311291 are good choices.
Powder Type: IMR 4227 Powder Charge: 12-15 grains
Powder Type: SR4759 Powder Charge: 12-15 grains
Powder Type: Unique Powder Charge: 7-10 grains
308 Winchester, 300 Savage, 307 Winchester, 303 British, 30/40 Krag, 7.7 MM Japanese
Use bullets from 150 to 220 grains. Lyman 311299/314299 are good choices
30/06
Use bullets from 150 to 220 grains. Lyman 311299/314299 are good choices
30 Caliber Magnums, Norma, H&H, Winchester, Weatherby
Use bullets from 150 to 220 grains.
In 3 different 300 Winchester Magnum rifles, the Lyman 311299 with 24 grains of IMR 4227 or
15 grains of Unique averaged five five-shot groups under an inch at 100 yards.
.32/35 Stevens and Maynard
Use bullets around 165 grains depending on the twist.
Powder Type:IMR 4227 Powder Charge: 11-14 grains
.32/40 Ballard and Winchester, 32 Winchester Special, 32 Remington, 33/40, 33/47
Use any bullet from 165 to 210 grains. Some rifles won't stabilize the heavier bullets.
8 mm Mauser
Use any bullet from 165 to 210 grains.

183
.38/55 Winchester and Ballard, 375 Winchester
Use bullets from 250 to 330 grains.
Powder Type: SR 4759 Powder Charge: 15-19 grains

.45/70 Govt.
Loads for the 1873 Springfield Trap Door and other weak actions.
Recommended powder charges for the Trap Door Springfield have been reduced in
Lyman loading manuals over the years. I don't know if the guns are getting weaker with age, or
if we're learning more, or what. The Lyman 47th Reloading Handbook does not have Unique
loads for cast bullets in Trap Door Springfields.
I have used the Lyman 457191 and 457193 bullets with 14-15 grains of Unique and
Dacron or toilet paper wad in many .45/70 rifles, including Trap Doors, for years. I have also
used 21-24 grains of SR4759 with the same bullets and Dacron or toilet paper wads in the same
rifles, including Trap Doors, with no problems and excellent accuracy.
Because I don't know what caused Lyman to stop recommending Unique, I don't dare to
recommend Unique in the Trap Door, and instead suggest SR 4759 in charges of 19 to 23 grains
with bullets weighing from 300 to 525 grains.
(We used to shoot Trap Door Springfields with a minimum of equipment. A plastic
mallet, a Lee base and punch de-priming set, a powder scoop made from a small cartridge case
with a wire handle soldered on (or one of the Lee set of powder scoops), a funnel and a plugged
cartridge case were all that was required.
Here's how we did it:
-Deprime the fired case with the Lee base and punch (originally we used an ice pick with
the point filed down).
-Clean the primer pocket with the Lee punch, start a primer in the primer pocket with
your thumb, put the case in the rifle and close the door. The trap door will seat the primer.
-Remove the case from the gun and bell the case mouth lightly by turning it on the end of
the hammer.
-Put a bullet in the chamber and then put in the plugged case. Close the door on the
plugged case and the bullet will be breech seated.
-Remove the plugged case from the chamber.
-Scoop a charge of powder into the primed cartridge case, put the case in the rifle, and
shoot. It's easier to do than to explain.
Fiddling with the powder scoop charge and the length of the plugged case improved
accuracy.
We sometimes shot 5 and occasionally 10 shot 200 yard groups around 4 inches using
this loading method.)
Loads for all strong .45/70 rifles
Use bullets between 300 and 525 grains. The Lyman 457191 at 300 grains gives good accuracy
to 300 yards with minimum recoil in most rifles.
Powder Type: SR 4759 Powder Charge: 19-26 grains
There are the recipes. The rifle will shoot with good accuracy using these recipes, if it
will shoot with any load.

184
CHAMBER PRESSURE
Thanks to John Bischoff for his help.
When gunpowder is set alight by the primer it burns and makes a great deal of gas with a
great deal of pressure. This gas pressure is what sends the bullet down the barrel on its way to the
target.
Smokeless gun powders vary in burning speed from fast through medium to slow.
Bullseye is a fast powder, burning quickly even in a short revolver barrel. IMR 4895 is a medium
powder, good for target loads in cartridges around 30/06 size. IMR 4831 is a slow powder,
producing high velocities in large capacity cases.
One end of the cast-bullet-rifle-shooting crowd (my end) uses fast powders for low
velocities. Powders include IMR4227, AA#9 and H108 in cartridges such as 308 Win, 32/40 and
32 Miller Short. Velocities run 1400 to 1600 fps. These fast powders burn quickly, peak pressure
occurs toward the breech end of the barrel.
The other end of the cast-bullet-rifle-shooting crowd uses slower powders such as Varget,
N133 and N135 in cartridges such as the 30 BR. Velocities are reported at 1700 to 2200 fps,
sometimes higher.
It is difficult, dangerous and improper to attempt to get high velocities with fast powders
or low velocities with slow powders. Increasing charges of fast powder yields small velocity
increases and large pressure increases. Reducing charges of slow powder introduces the
possibility of a pressure excursion. It has been reported that reduced charges of slow powder
caused extremely high pressures and damaged cartridge cases or rifles.
With less-than-full charges of some medium-slow and slower powders there is
reported to be a second pressure peak which occurs when the bullet is maybe half way to the
muzzle. It is suspected that this is the peak which results in burst rifles. Nobody has yet figured
out what causes that second pressure peak, though there are several conjectures.
It is thought that choosing powder charges which fill at least 85% of the case tends to
avoid this problem. On the other hand, a few powders, notably H4895, seem to work just fine
with a mere 60% of whatever a full charge would have been for the bullet being used.
Opinions abound. Until you can afford to damage your rifle and maybe yourself, stick
with the recommended powders and charges from the good loading manuals.
Here is a drawing showing
how I think of chamber pressure in
a gun.
(Thanks to Tim Kuntz for the
drawing)
The traces are of Fast, Medium and
Slow powders.
Somewhere in here the bullet starts
to move, and somewhere else the
barrel ends. I think of fast powders
and short barrel revolvers, slow
powders and long barrel rifles, and
my choice for cast bullets, fast
powders with low velocities in
rifles.

185
We are told that the energy and velocity imparted to the bullet is proportional to the area
under the curve of chamber pressure (x) vs. bullet travel (y). This could very well be true.
Chamber Pressure is measured in three ways, with a copper or lead crusher or with a
strain gauge. Detailed explanations of these methods may be found in the 47th and 48th editions
of the Lyman Reloading Handbook.
Pressure measurements made with copper or lead crushers are in COPPER UNITS OF
PRESSURE = CUP, (infrequently LEAD UNITS OF PRESSURE = LUP)
Pressure measurements made with strain gauges are in pounds per square inch = psi (or
sometimes, across the water, in those baffling metric things). The Lyman handbooks report
pressure in CUP, other sources use psi. To confuse the novice, thousands of pounds of pressure
are sometimes abbreviated to "ksi", so 20,000 psi would become "20 ksi."
The Lyman 47th Handbook has a table of CUP and psi values for a series of cartridges
(pg. 93) and says (pg. 92) "It (the table) clearly points out that it would be an error to assume any
correlation between the two test methods."
However, I found this on the Internet:

http://www.steyrscout.org/intballi.htm
"New statistical data analysis suggests that for most cartridges ANSI/SAAMI Maximum
Average Piezo (PSI) and Maximum Average copper crusher (CUP) taken in a "standard" barrel
can be related by the following formula which has an R^2 value (a statistical measurement of
certainty) of .927.
(1.51586 * CUP) - 17902.0 = PSI
While the relationship is generally within Kpsi (it assumes that the CUP was determined using
ANSI/ SAAMI standards) one should not rely on this conversion for absolute maximum loads."

The Lyman 47th Handbook table, pg. 93, shows both CUP and psi pressures for a set of
cartridges. This table was developed by the Hercules Powder Co.
I applied the formula to the CUP pressures in the Lyman table and the formula worked pretty
well.
The left three columns in this table duplicate the Lyman table.
"ESTIMATED PSI" shows the pressure estimated using the formula above, from the
CUP values in the Lyman table.
"ESTIMATED PSI/MEASURED PSI" shows percentage values indicating how close the
estimated pressure is to the measured pressure.
The largest percentage is 110.77% (estimated pressure was 110.77% of measured
pressure), the smallest percentage was 87.65%, and average was 100.5%.
Given the fuzziness of chamber pressure measurements this appears to be a reasonably
accurate method of converting CUP to PSI and the reverse.
Heed the warning on the Internet cite-"one should not rely on this conversion for absolute
maximum loads."

186

MEASURED MEASURED ESTIMATED ESTIMATED PSI/
CUP PSI PSI MEASURED PSI
22-250 Rem 53000 62000 62439 100.71%
222 Rem 46000 50000 51828 103.66%
223 Rem 52000 55000 60923 110.77%
6MM Rem 52000 65000 60923 93.73%
243 Win 52000 60000 60923 101.54%
25-06 Rem 53000 63000 62439 99.11%
257 Roberts 45000 54000 50312 93.17%
257 Roberts +P 50000 58000 57891 99.81%
270 Win 52000 65000 60923 93.73%
7MM -08 Rem 52000 57500 60923 105.95%
7X57 Mauser 46000 51000 51828 101.62%
7MM Rem Mag 52000 61000 60923 99.87%
280 Rem 50000 60000 57891 96.49%
30 Carbine 40000 40000 42732 106.83%
30-06 Spr. 50000 60000 57891 96.49%
30-30 Win 38000 42000 39701 94.53%
300 Savage 46000 47000 51828 110.27%
300 Win Mag 54000 64000 63954 99.93%
303 British 45000 49000 50312 102.68%
308 Win 52000 60000 60923 101.54%
8X57 Mauser 37000 35000 38185 109.10%
8MM Rem Mag 54000 65000 63954 98.39%
338 Win Mag 54000 64000 63954 99.93%
35 Rem 35000 33500 35153 104.93%
45-70 Gov't. 28000 28000 24542 87.65%

CONCENTRICITY
Ric Bowman
I spent one whole shooting season working with one rifle, '03 Springfield, and some 15
sets of reloading dies.
By far, with no exceptions, the arbor press dies by Wilson will make the most concentric
ammo. You just have to have them adjusted for your chamber and size of bullet. For modern 7/8
X 14 screw-in dies, brass preparation was very important:
1. Polish the inside of every neck with 0000 steel wool and keep it mirror bright
2. Chamfer the neck well
3. After adding powder, wipe inside of neck with Imperial sizing die wax sparingly
Loading techniques:
1. Use an "M" die exactly the same size as the bullet, the case will spring back just
enough to hold the bullet in the neck
2. If the bullet was made to use Lyman press on gas checks, use them; it made for
Hornaday crimp on gas checks, use them.
3. Anneal your gas checks if they are hard

187
4. Use Lee die "O" rings between your dies and the press, the die should wiggle when
pushed from the side
5. Use the same brand of shell holder as the press and make sure that the ram, shell holder
and press are square with each other.
6. Each seating die is an individual, as no brand makes all good ones or all bad ones
At the end of the year, in a nice NM barrel, all ammo with 0.003 runout, or less, shot in
the same group size. Ammo with greater than 0.004 runout were measurably larger on the 100
yard target.
There were several groupings of dies that would consistently make ammo of 0.003 runout
or less, but any time you had to force the bullet into the neck, run out increased.
Bullets were Lyman 311299 and Lyman 311284, cast from WW's +2% tin, and sized
0.311 to fit the ball seat between the case neck ledge and the 0.309 throat. Seated so that the top
driving band was hard against the 0.309 throat. Noses of both bullets were engraved by the lands.
The rifle is a 1934 Springfield NRA Sporter with a Star gauged barrel. While NM and
Sporters have standard chambers, the throats are smaller and about 0.025 longer with a different
contour than issue throats. The chambers are also burnished to a finer finish. At least that is my
experience after making chamber casts as of 5 from 1924 thru 1934 barrels.
Scope is an early Unertl 14 power. The load is 20.0 grains of SR4759, weighed on an electronic
scale. All groups were 10 shots on the 100 yard small bore target used by the CBA.
The same 100 pieces of WW brass was used, primer pockets uniformed and neck turned
to even out about 1/2 the area after FL resizing in a Wilson press die.
Primers (ww-LR) were all from the same carton, and there were 30 left, if memory serves
me, so I shot about 970 rounds all together. That doesn't count dummy rounds made up to try
seating and concentricity test with the run out fixture.
Bullets were both '299 and '384 as that is what I had weighed and sorted in 0.1 grain
groups. Only the bottom lube groove was lubed with Grey's 24. Both shoot equal groups and
neither was more consistent than the other.
Smallest group was 0.82 inches, but four more sets of this die combination averaged a
little over 1.1 inches. This was a Redding FL resizer set 0.080 above the shell holder, a RCBS
seating die that I sent back to have the punch set up for the 311284 bullet and a Lyman "M" die
(31 caliber L) polished down to 0.3105. Shell holder was a Texan #1 in my Texan turret press.
That just happened to be my best combination that would hold run out to 0.003 or less. BUT it
would still throw a round out of the run out criteria if there was dirt or bullet lube in the die to
cock the bullet during seating.
The largest combination that I shot was from a Lee collet die, Lyman 30 caliber "M" die
and a Lachmiller (sp) seater. Runout was random 0 to 0.006 but something unseemly was
happening to the bullets on seating or on trying to orient the case and bullet in the chamber,
something I always do.
Groups were 8 rounds in 1 1/2 or so and flyers out to about 2 1/4".
I'm not a statistician (we all know what Mark Twain said about numbers right?) so didn't
keep all the data. I was looking for general principles and what I needed to make the best ammo
for my Springfields.
My conclusions:
In a tight chamber and throat, run out makes a difference, but as the chamber is bigger, it matters
less, relatively.
Know your tools and dies.

188
Don't bend your bullets trying to seat them in too tight of neck.
Read my original post for general tips and advice.
HTH, Ric
Attached is my fixture. It is a commercial model, but unmarked. It is made from three
one inch bars and bored for a common rod that the bars slide on.
The bars are adjustable along the length of the rod. I try to place the center bar 1/4 inch behind
the shoulder to use the maximum length of the case for
a reference line. The end bar has the dial indicator
mounting rod and the indicator is infinitely adjustable.
The whole thing sets on the base of ground plate glass.
See picture #1.
The case rests on four stainless steel ball bearings
centered over the bar. The case then rotates on these
bearings. The dial indicator digit then rides on the
chosen part of the neck. This gives you a "relative" run
out compared to the line between the ball bearings. As
long as you have everything tightened down, it is
100% repeatable and reproducible. I roll the back of the case to move the digit over the neck.
You can also add a magnetic base and
second dial indicator, that I do for brass to
check on how square the base is to the
body. Now, to check bullet run out, you
seat a bullet, move the digit to some point
on the bullet, roll and read the run out. The
major problem is that cast bullets are not
round! Run out on the nose of bore riding
bullets that I make can be up to 0.006 "
depending upon the mould. A well lapped
and polished mould with good technique
will make bullets about 0.001 or 0.002"
run out over the whole circumference of
the bullet. (I have worked a little with
these and can't prove that rounder ones shoot better groups than not rounder ones if you orient
the bullet to the bore, for nose riding designs.) If possible, I try to read from the top driving band
of the seated bullet. For short nose designs or ones with the top driving band at least 50% up the
length of the bullet, I think this gives a reasonable reading for bullet run
out. To compare run out between rounds with cast bullets, you have to read from the same
relative point on the bullet. This requires that the bullet and case be oriented in the same relative
position to each other. I use a point 90 degrees from the casting line on the side that doesn't have
a punch mark on the nose. All of my testing has been with Model 1903 Springfields. The
extractor is adjusted so that when the case is chambered, the hook is floating in the groove and
doesn't touch the case. I have no idea at all if any of this makes a difference with Remington type
actions that have a clip extractor and spring loaded ejector pushing on the bottom of the case!
Ask any questions, as I don't know how well I have explained all of this.
Best wishes,
Ric

189

TARGET AND HUNTING AMMO, THE WAY I DO IT
Bill McGraw
For the best results, make some match brass from your favorite brand, deprime, clean in a
case cleaner, weigh out how many you want of equal weight, +/-0.5 grains or less. Neck turn (for
bottleneck cases) to equal neck walls, 0.009-0.015 depending on use, uniform the primer
pockets and flash holes, and weigh them again to be sure they remain within your weight
standards. If you want to load them in orientation as Frank Ole Duke Marshall did, then a
small file mark on each rim will help identify the orientation for chambering. Neck size or FLS
depending on the rifle action used. Try to keep the neck tension so that the bullets will not be
deformed on seating or so that they wont be debulleted if the loaded rounds need to be
extracted.
Select a bullet mould or two that fits your rifles chamber and throat as has been
described in other articles. The alloy you use will depend on your local supply and the intended
use for target or hunting whether for handguns (revolver or semi-auto), or rifles (bolt action,
lever action, or semi-auto). The alloy should be repeatable as close as possible for each furnace-
full. I try to keep a large supply of cleaned WW, Pb (6 BHN cable or roofing sheathing), some
Tin (Sn), and maybe some linotype or other type metals for making up some harder alloy for
auto-pistol ammo. My favorite alloy is WW : Pb at 1:1 or 1:2 ratios without adding any Sn. It
ranges from 8-9 BHN and is suitable for lo-vel revolver and some rifle loads and is what I use
for most of my heat-treated-quenched and nose-annealed hunting ammo (HT-Q NA). I tend to
HT-Q most of my alloy for all shooting as long as the bullets are fitted well for the guns
chamber throat or cylinders as the hard alloy shoots best with minimal or no fouling. I HT the
bullets at 450F for 45 minutes (verify the temperature with a separate temperature gauge in the
oven) and quickly quench the container in cold tap water. I use a coffee percolator aluminum
strainer, the one with holes in the bottom. Use oven mitts to pick it up and transfer it quickly to a
plastic pail of water; dont drop it in, just gently put it in the water. Then dry the bullets on a
towel until they are dry; age them at least 30 hours, 72 is best. The BHN should be 27-28. If any
sizing or tapering is needed, do that first; seating gas checks is best done after HT-Q. The HT-Q
NA bullets with the 1:2 ratio will have a nose BHN of 8-9 and a base of 24-26; the base loses a
few points of BHN with the nose anneal process. To anneal the nose of an HT-Q bullet, place the
bullet in a small bottle cap, metal cap is best, so that the base is covered with water; then heat the
nose with a flame from a torch-type butane lighter (tobacco shops) or other source of flame.
Typical propane torches have too much velocity and are balky to use. There are various types to
use; Radio Shack may have some. I also use a Dental Lab grain alcohol hand-pumped torch that
works well. A FN bullet with a drop of water on the nose will boil off the water within about 5
seconds and another 5 seconds will anneal the nose quite well. It is entirely possible to melt the
nose; some timing is necessary to get consistent results. Verify the nose and base if you have a
BHN tool; if not, use side-cutters to cut sample bullets to test the hardness of the nose compared
with the base hardness; the difference is obvious. Now, once the process is working, just repeat
the process until you have 10 or 15 HT-Q NA hunting bullets; they are ready to seat gas-checks,
lube and ready to hunt. You dont need any complicated ovens or special trays for quenching or
nose-annealing.
Bullet lube is not a major factor, but use what you like. I do not prefer any with paraffin,
but use beeswax, anhydrous lanolin, and Neats-foot mixed to suit me. I have made a number of
lubes over the years and tried many factory lubes; none seemed to make any difference once

190
everything else is done right. Hard lubes arent necessary; softer seems to work better for all
applications.
I use either Winchester or Remington primers for all powders and get the most consistent
ignition with all charges. I have used CCI and Federal and they have their places for my pistol
ammo.
My favorite powder for pistol loads is AA#2 (two) and it works unusually well for target loads in
rifles; a 30% of case capacity is about maximum and a 20% is a good starting load for working
up to a load that will headspace the cartridge, and I expect the charges to open the case necks
consistently; note the wall thicknesses abovethin opens quicker than the thicker ones. AA#2 is
obviously not a rifle powder and there are no book loads for them. Other powders just dont
work as well; Ive tried all the Hercules flake-types and they work OK up to a point, then foul
the throats with alloy. Others, 2400, 4227, 4198 are good ones but the PSI must be high enough
to headspace and open the necks consistently.
For high velocity target, hunting and long-range target loads in bottle-necked cases, I like
to use a powder that fills the case for 100% density. AA3100, 4831, and 4350 of either brand
works well. Just make sure the load is a safe book load. I have used 4895, 3031, 4064, 4320
single-based stick powders and they work well, but when working up the loads I get to a point
where increased charges dont shoot as well; MVs are lower. In 250 Sav, 308 Win, and 30-06 I
can range from 2400 fps with 308, and 2550-2850 fps with the others depending on bullet weight
and powder choice. My 30-06 loads are the 314299 (fitted), 58-AA3100 for 2550 fps; with 58-
4350 the RCBS 30-165 Sil for 2850 fps; in 250 Sav 42-3100 with 90 gr custom CB for 2775 fps.
All three will shoot into 1.5 MOA out to 600 Yds, but hunting effective range is not more than
300 Yds, and in reality is 150 Yds in hunting conditions.
On white tail deer the HT-Q NA bullets are as effective as any partition bullet. The bullet
nose expands on entry and the shank will travel straight thru without tumbling and will generally
exit thru 30 + inches of animal. They are effective. FN CBs do not necessarily need to be nose-
annealed unless shot at lower MVs as with a 30-30 Winchester. At close range, the RN and SP
CBs do not need to be nose annealed as long as the MV is high, about 2550 MV.
Standard disclaimer. All data is to be verified with loading manuals. Eye and hearing
protection is required. Work up all loads carefully.
William W. McGraw, Dec. 22, 2005

191
6.2 CARTRIDGE CASES

HOW TO CARE FOR CARTRIDGE CASES
Bench rest shooters sometimes use one case, and frequently use a set of 15-20 cases
during a match. Offhand shooters will use many cases during a match. What follows below
applies to both bench rest and offhand shooters.
Always chamfer the inside and outside of the case mouth to remove burrs and sharp
edges. Tools are available from RCBS, Lee and many others.
Always clean the primer pockets when repriming. This can be done with one of the
available tools, with a screwdriver, with the scraper built into the Simmons style de/reprimer, or
with a small Allen wrench.
Always wipe off each cartridge case before reloading. Make sure to clean both the
forward edge of the rim and the base of the case. Wipe off each cartridge case after firing at the
bench. This will alert you to blow-by caused by the case neck not sealing to the chamber wall.
Some bench rest shooters segregate cases by weight. The theory is that weight variation
means case volume variation means velocity variation means less accuracy. Selecting a dozen
cases with the same weight isnt difficult and may increase accuracy.
Primer pocket uniforming is the process of making each primer pocket the same depth.
The tool used is called a primer pocket uniformer; these tools are available from Sinclair,
Lyman, Midway and others. I uniform all primer pockets. I cant prove it helps, but it cant hurt.
Flash hole deburring is done with a flash hole deburrer available from Sinclair, Lyman
Midway and others. This is done from the mouth of the case, and removes any burrs that have
been thrown up when the flash hole is pierced in the case. I deburr flash holes on all cases. I
cant prove that it increases accuracy, but I do know that there is a wide variation in the amount
of material removed from case to case in the same lot.

HOW TO TRIM CASES TO LENGTH AND WHY
We trim cases to the same length for several reasons.
In rifles or rifle-like single shot pistols, cases that are too long can cause high pressures
and perhaps damage the gun.
Variations in case length cause variations in case mouth belling with an "M" die.
Variations in case length equal variation in seating depth, bullet pull and (perhaps)
accuracy.
In revolvers, the same M die problems exist in addition to problems with crimping the
bullets.
Auto-loading pistols like the 1911 Colt and the P08 Luger headspace on the case mouth.
This means that the cartridge goes into the chamber until the case mouth meets a step in the
chamber. Thus case length for these pistol cartridges is important, and cases should be trimmed
to the specified length to assure proper functioning of the pistol.
----------------
"Joe, this paragraph is in error. The 30 Carbine is the only cartridge that I know of that
actually headspaces on the case mouth. Its OAL is important; if it is too long, the round will not
chamber and if too short the round may not fire the primer. I check the OAL of fired cases and
trim to a specific OAL (for my rifle) so that the FLS case lengthening will not be too long,
approximately 0.018 longer after FLS. When trimmed as such, I keep the brass separate from
other brass. FLS brass can be trimmed to longer OAL to fit but will be slightly shorter after

192
firing (+/-0.018). The 45 ACP and 9MM PB do have a chamber cut for case mouth headspace,
but most brass is too short to work in that manner. The extractors on these pistols control
headspace. Some 9MM brass can be too long as there are several versions of 9MM OALs
besides the 9X19MM Luger, the 9X21 and 9X23MM (perhaps another longer one) could be too
long. The 9X18 (380 ACP) might fit and fire in a 9X19 chamber."
Bill McGraw

The paragraph above, beginning "Auto-loading pistols like..." describes the planned or
theoretical method of headspacing. See "1911 HEADSPACING METHOD--Norm Johnson" for
more. I don't know which of the guns (and there are many) that supposedly headspace on the
case mouth do, in reality, headspace on the case mouth. I believe that in this context, Case
Trimming, it is proper to recommend trimming these cartridge cases to the "book" length. Other
procedures are for the advanced caster/reloader.
----------------
Case trimming is done to get cases to the "right" length, to make the case mouths square
with the case long axis, and more importantly, to get cases to the same length. The right length is
about ten thousandths of an inch less than the chamber length. The chamber in your barrel has a
step at the forward end, where the cartridge case is supposed to end. The step is to a smaller
diameter called the "throat", which is a little over bullet size. We don't want the case so long that
its mouth interferes with the step, because that interference can cause large increases in pressure.
If the case is too long it will jam into the bullet as the cartridge is put into the gun, and this
jamming will raise pressures, causing inaccuracy at the least and a blown up gun at the worst.

WHEN TO TRIM CASES:
Ken Mollohan
ALL cases should be checked for correct length before loading, including unfired, factory
new brass.
All cases in a batch should also be spot checked after firing and before sizing by simply
trying to insert a jacketed bullet into the mouth of the unsized case by hand. This is a check to
see if the case neck is too thick, or if its elongated to the point that the mouth is crimped by the
end of the chamber. Thick necks are rare indeed unless youve had to form your cases from
another cartridge, and this can / should be corrected by neck turning or reaming as part of the
forming process.
In either case, the slightest resistance indicates that the cases are not safe to load until the
problem has been corrected. Usually, the entire batch of cases needs to be trimmed again. If
trimming solves the problem, the jacketed bullet will go in easily and the case is OK to load - at
least from this aspect of case inspection. If the jacketed bullet still encounters some resistance,
try deburring the case mouth and/or turning the neck.
This elongating growth is an absolutely unavoidable result of loading and shooting. The
pressure from firing the load causes the brass case to expand, exactly as a balloon expands from
the pressure of your lungs. When you resize the case, the expanded brass is squeezed down and
elongated for much the same reason that toothpaste comes out when you squeeze the tube.
How to minimize trimming:
While some case growth is unavoidable, there are ways to minimize the problem, and
even eliminate it for all practical purposes. Since the elongation occurs when the case is sized

193
down to a smaller diameter, the way to reduce elongation is to reduce sizing. There are several
ways to do this:
1. Use moderate pressure loads. Just as higher pressure will make the balloon expand
more, so will the case expand more with higher pressure loads. Use enough pressure to
get the job done, but you dont need to use more than that. Higher expansion means
more elongation when the case is sized.
2. When you size, dont over-do the process. The purpose for sizing is to make the case small
enough to operate (feed, chamber, etc) easily in your gun. But most guns will work fine with
cases that have been only partially sized. Instead of screwing your sizing die down hard against
the shell holder, back it off a turn or two and see if the case still chambers easily. Less sizing
equals less elongation of the case. The less one sizes, the less one will need to trim. Partial
sizing, or neck sizing alone is frequently practiced to provide better centering of the round, but it
has the advantage of minimizing the working and elongation of the case as well.
My practice is to adjust dies to size cases until they will chamber freely, and then screw
the sizing die down 1/4 turn more, to compensate for the occasional case with more spring-back
than usual. The only real reasons for full length sizing are if your chamber is not round (very
rare) or the ammo needs to fit several different rifles.
3. With moderate loads and modern, relatively precise chambers, most guns will readily
accept their own fired cases without any sizing at all. If so, dont bother to size them!
Get a neck sizer and reduce only the neck so the bullet will be held firmly. In principle,
this will also result in some slight elongation, but for all practical purposes, I find that no
trimming is necessary for neck sized cases. Oh, I still check an occasional case with a
jacketed bullet, just in case, but I have yet to find a problem.

Note: The brass that you trim from the end of the neck doesnt appear by magic, nor does it
grow like grass. The elongation of the brass case is at the expense of the thickness of the brass
wall thickness. Every time you size a case, it is a scientific fact that its walls are slightly thinner
than they were the last time you sized it. And so is the safety factor of your load. My personal
recommendation is that you keep track and do not trim a batch of cases more than twice. With
moderate loads, theyll last almost forever before they need a third trimming. At that point,
youve gotten your moneys worth from them. Consider the cost of replacement brass as a very
cheap insurance premium.
Ken

Case Length Measuring Tools
The McMillin-Hyer case length gauge is a NO GO gauge. If the case fits in the gauge, it
is not too long. If the case does not fit in the gauge, it is too long and must be discarded or
trimmed to length. Case length can also be measured with a dial or vernier caliper. Precision dial
calipers are probably the best tool to use, are not overly expensive, and may be used for many
other measurements.
Case Trimmers These vary from the simple Lee tool to complex powered machines. The Lee tool
works perfectly, satisfies the needs of the beginner inexpensively, but is not adjustable.
I use a Forster Case Trimmer with accessories for case neck turning. This tool does a fine job of
trimming cases to length, and turning case necks.

194

CASE LENGTH VS. ACCURACY
In the Nov./Dec. 2001 ASSRA Journal article: The Importance of Case Length in Cast Bullet
Accuracy, the author stated that short cases yield less accuracy than cases close to maximum
length with cast bullets. The mechanism proposed is that the unsupported bullet in the gap
between case end and chamber end will be expanded by the firing pressure, then the expanded
section will be swaged down as the bullet moves through the throat-and the expansion/swaging
will be uneven and cause inaccuracy. This article opened up a potential accuracy-improving easy
and inexpensive shortcut. The article did not include any supporting data, so I imagined that
what was put forth was a hypothesis.
To test this hypothesis I needed a rifle that shot fixed ammunition at high enough
pressures, with sufficient accuracy, and for which extra long cases could be made or found.
The only rifle available to me that met these criteria was a Savage Tactical rifle with synthetic
stock in 300 Winchester Magnum, fitted with a Weaver 3-9X telescopic sight. I owned this rifle
for about four years, and it was reasonably accurate with cast lead bullets at slower velocities,
1200-1500 fps.
(We are told, and I believe, that cases that are too long will jam bullet and case neck into the
throat of the rifle and cause very high pressures on firing.)
Pressure must be sufficient to expand the bullet into the space left by the short case. Expansion
of the bullet under the gas pressure on firing is sometimes called "obturation".
In a private communication with the author, he said obturation of lead-alloy bullets
occurs at about 1500 psi times each Brinnel hardness point, e.g., a Brinnel hardness 10 bullet
requires about 15,000 psi peak chamber pressure to achieve sufficient obturation to essentially
fully seal the bore
With wheel weights reported at 9-12 BHN, the pressure required to obturate would be
13,500 to 18,000 psi.
A pressure of greater than 18,000 psi was required. The Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook, third
edition, shows a 187 grain 311334 bullet in the 300 WM with 17.5 grains of Unique at 1605 FPS
and 26,400 psi. The load given below of a 208 grain bullet and 17 grains of Unique should
produce at least this pressure, which exceeds the obturation threshold.
After several weeks of experimentation I found a load that shot accurately at higher velocity:
The 311299 bullet was cast of newly melted wheel weights, weighing 208.5 +/-.5 grains, sized in
a .314 die, lubed with the NRA alox-beeswax formula and gas checked (Hornady).
This bullet has three bands and two lube grooves along with the gas check shank. As
loaded, the first band is out of the case with none/little of the first lube groove exposed.
17 grains of Unique was used with no filler, Remington L.P. #2 1/2 primers, LOA = 3.455.
I loaded one case at the range, sizing the neck in a Lee sizer, expanding the neck in a
Lyman M die and seating the bullet with the Lee loader.
I used this load and loading method for all groups shot in this test.
Extra long cases were made from Federal 300 H&H Magnum cases full-length sized in
300 WM dies and trimmed to about 2.660.
The chamber would accept a case of 2.648, .028 longer than the published case length
and .033 longer than the trim-to length.

195
Being chicken, I trimmed the cases to 2.643. After extensive firing, the cases measured
2.621" to 2.630. What happened was that the tapered 300 H&H case had blown out to fill the
chamber and shortened during firing.

The first test with short cases.
On March 13, 2002, using the load noted above and one R-P case measuring 2.605 long,
I shot five 5 shot 100 yard groups that averaged 1.132":

The test with a long case made from a 300 H&H Magnum case
On March 21, 2002, using a case 2.630 long made from a 300 H&H Magnum case and
the load noted above, I shot five 5 shot groups averaging 1.468".
After shooting, the 2.630 case was 2.626/2.628 long, it had blown out and shortened.
The problem was that the 300 H&H cases were tapered, and a 300WM case formed from
them and trimmed to just fit in the chamber, shortened after firing. I needed longer cases.

The test with a long case made from a 375 H&H Magnum case
I went to the Internet and asked for samples of 375 H&H Magnum cases, which dont
have the taper of the 300 H&H. Alston Jennings was kind enough to send some. I formed three
of the cases to 300 Winchester Magnum, leaving the necks long.

On March 27, 2002, with one case formed to 300WM 2.642" long and the same load, I
shot five 5 shot groups averaging 1.438"
After these 25 shots the case length was 2.646.

The test with the long 375 H&H Magnum case trimmed short
I then trimmed the case to 2.605 and shot five 5 shot groups averaging 1.036", same
load as above.
After these 25 shots the case was 2.608 long vs. 2.605 before the shooting.

Lengths of 300 WM cases
"Book" case length 2.620
"Book" trim to 2.610
My rifle chamber length: 2.648"
Formed from 300 H&H, case length: 2.630" after firing, 2.626"/2.628"
Formed from 375 H&H, case length: 2.642" after firing, 2.648"
Formed from 375 H&H, case length: 2.605" after firing, 2.608"

Table of group sizes fired with 300 WM cases of different lengths, inches.

Date 13-Mar-02 21-Mar-02 27-Mar-02 27-Mar-02
Case Length 2.605" 2.630" 2.642" 2.605"
First 1.378 1.117 0.978 0.880
Second 0.821 1.073 1.497 1.627
Third 1.111 2.224 1.099 1.106
Fourth 0.986 1.653 1.399 0.785
Fifth 1.364 1.271 1.438 0.784
Average 1.132 1.468 1.282 1.036

196

All these groups were shot at a pace determined by the time required for reloading the
one case. No wind flags were used, the rangemaster stopped the shooting after each 15 minutes
of hot line for target change. The gun was cleaned once at the end of the day.

Comments and Conclusions
I dont like to use cases that are close to the maximum possible length. If the case
lengthens slightly, then excessively high-pressures will be experienced as the bullet and case
neck are jammed into the leade/throat/ball seat..
The average group size for the 20 groups was 1.23. Six of 20 were under an inch.
Pressure was high enough, bullet hardness was low enough (new wheel weights) and the
bullet had an exposed section outside the case about 1/8 long ready to expand or obturate. I
believe that the results are germane to all cast bullet shooting disciplines. There were no called
flyers in 100 record shots from the bench. There was one stranger in the third group shot on
3/21/02.
I see no accuracy improvement using longer cases. The hypothesis failed this test.
One test doesnt establish the fact, but I have seen no data supporting the hypothesis that longer
cases improve accuracy in soft cast bullet shooting. If longer cases do produce better accuracy, I
want to know it. I would welcome any other data on either side of the issue.
Since writing the above I have worked with a Savage 12BVSS in 223, forming brass
from 222 Magnum cases because the chamber/brass on hand combination resulted in a gap
between the end of the case and the end of the chamber. I was not able to detect an improvement
in accuracy.
And I've been working with my Martini bench rifle and a M54 Winchester rifle, both in
30/30, both with "long" chambers. Using Buffalo Arms "long" 38/55 brass, I've formed 30/30
brass about right for the chamber.
I was not able to detect an improvement in accuracy with longer cases in either of these
guns. I'm still trying.
Jeff Bowles mentioned (on the CBA Forum) that he makes (from 30/06) 308 Win cases
that are .0015" from the end of the chamber and that this enhances accuracy.
Frank Marshall, in "Neck Length and Accuracy In Cast Loads", TFS March-April 2005,
page 174-9, mentions seeing substantial accuracy improvements when using cases with "long"
necks-not to exceed the chamber case length of course.
Here are some other test results with "long" and short cases:

"The rifle was a Winchester Highwall, a hunting weight (8 1/2 - 9 lb with scope), 22" Bauska bbl
and a 6x18 Bushnell Banner.
The loads and groups were as follows:
Sept. 24 '01 - 31141 - 20:1 - 12.5 gr H110
38 - 55 brass 1.25"
30 - 30 brass as above 2.3", 1.65"

Sept. 25, '01 - Lee 311155 - ww +2% - 28 gr Ammomart #44
38 - 55 brass 1.3" Called flyer, 4 in 0.75"
30 - 30 brass as above 1.60"

197
Oct. 6, '01 - 311403, - 20:1 - 8.3 gr Unique
38 - 55 brass 1.37"
30 - 30 brass as above 2.1", 2.8"
I started out with only 5 38 - 55 cases, so testing was a little skimpy. These cases were trimmed
by trial & error to just fit the chamber length. The 30 - 30 cases were trimmed on a lee case
trimmer to their standard length. The length difference was visually obvious, but I have no
means of measuring it. Three different loads, different powders, different bullets, different days
seemed indicative to me that I should buy brass.
It seems to me that similar results were had with my son's rifle, a rolling block with a 4x12
scope, but I'll really have to dig for those results.
In a similar vein, there was enough difference to be obvious even with iron sights when I
reloaded 30 - 40 Krag with 303 British brass, then acquired 30 - 40 brass later. This was 35 or 40
yrs ago, and I don't have a real record of it.
Hope this is of some use to you."
Grouch (Ron Haralson) on the Jouster cast bullet forum

"We have a compromise in dealing with case length in a chamber that appears to be too long.
From what I did with making 308 Win from 30-06 brass, I found the max OAL for my chamber
that would lock the bolt on firing yet chambered easily without any constriction of the case neck.
From that experience only two things could have occurred: one, that the primer strike drove the
neck into the transition and increased PSI or, two, that the cases actually stretch temporarily on
firing. If there was any other explanation, I couldnt find it. As for accuracy, the factor that
makes a difference is the condition of the chamber fouling from low PSI loads. An extra long
chamber wont hurt accuracy as long as the extra chamber neck length is kept clear of any
fouling that might be deposited."
Bill McGraw

"With cast bullets, it is particularly helpful to keep the trim length within about .010" of your
chamber dimension so that when the cartridge is fired, the bullet does not enlarge (obturate) to
chamber neck diameter just ahead of the case mouth.
Depending on pressure and bullet hardness, the bullet can upset into the chamber neck area just
ahead of the case mouth, then the remainder of the bullet will shoot through this ring of lead.
With cast bullets, an indication of this is when a portion of the above mentioned ring of lead
sticks to the case mouth and is withdrawn as the case is extracted. The unwanted obturation
damages the bullet's integrity and leaves a varying cylinder condition that, at best, is not
conducive to good accuracy. Under some circumstances, subsequent rounds fired in that
chamber could cause increased pressures.
The above can happen even to jacketed bullets with short necked cases and/or long cylinder
necks.

See the photo of the resulting anomaly where there was a .050" space
between the case mouth and the end of the chamber neck. The jacket
expanded, and then sheared as the rest of the bullet passed through
it.

198
God Bless!"
Norm Johnson

HOW TO ANNEAL CARTRIDGE CASES

Brass "work-hardens". Work-hardening is what happens to a paper clip when you bend it
back and forth until it breaks, except that the case neck will split instead of breaking. Annealing
softens the brass and removes the effect of work hardening. Brass is annealed by heating it and
then cooling it. There's some metallurgy going on here, changes in the crystalline structure of the
brass, that is beyond me. (The grain structure becomes smaller and allows more stretching from
shooting and resizing without large grain faults becoming splits and cracks. Bill McGraw)
We anneal, (some say that "stress relieve is the more proper term), cartridge cases for two
reasons that I know of.
First, when forming cases from another case, sometimes annealing is necessary to keep
cases from splitting during the forming process. For example, when I make 11.15 X 58R Werndl
cases from 348 Winchester, I must blow out the case to fit the Werndl chamber. I find that
annealing the 348 Winchester cases before blowing them out keeps the neck splits to a minimum.
Without annealing, most necks split.
Second, when cases are resized and fired several/many times, the brass work hardens and
starts to split, particularly in the case neck. A batch of cartridge cases that starts to show split
necks can be rehabilitated by annealing the necks.
Now, Mike Barrett points out that if cartridge cases are resized "properly", in a die that
sizes the neck the minimum workable amount; then there's no/little work hardening, case necks
don't split, and there's no need for annealing case necks.
For example: Case necks fired in my C. Sharps 45/70 measure .4845", round and
consistent. Sized case necks measure .478". Loaded case necks are .482" at the largest point.
Mike's position is that I'm sizing the brass down too much, that sizing it to .480"/.481" would
work the brass less and still allow the case to hold the bullet tightly enough.
John Alexander brings up the Lee Collet Dies, that allow the adjustment and fiddling that
minimizes case neck sizing and eliminates the need for case neck annealing.
Then there are the neck sizing dies and bushings available from Wilson and Redding that
allow, through the choice of the bushing dimensions, minimum neck sizing and no need to
anneal.
So, with the proper resizing equipment the need to anneal case necks is eliminated or at
least greatly reduced. I'd guess eliminated.
If you don't have the proper (and maybe either too expensive or unobtainable) sizing
equipment, and if the case necks in a batch of cartridge cases start to split; then you may wish to
anneal the necks of those cases.
Only the neck of the cartridge case should be annealed, the bottom of the case should not
be annealed because softening the base of the case could result in a dangerous case failure. Do
not let the base of the case get very hot at all!
The minimum heat is all that should be applied to the case neck. Shooters have
recommended using a candle, an alcohol lamp, or putting the case neck in (just) molten lead
alloy in the lead pot. I have used a Bernz-O-Matic torch.
Tom Gray points out that cartridge case brass does NOT need to be quenched in water to
be annealed or stress relieved. I think that holding the case in your hand while heating it, then

199
dropping it in water, will keep you from overheating the case or from the heat affecting the
cartridge base.
After writing this article and receiving comments from other shooters, I begin to wonder
if annealing case necks is worth the bother, possible danger and possible loss of consistent neck
tension affecting accuracy. Most brass is fairly cheap today, Lee Collet Dies are available for
many cartridges at low cost; maybe we'd be better off using "proper" neck sizing equipment or
just tossing the brass when case necks start to split.

There was an extensive thread on 'annealing' cartridge necks on an e-list a while back. The
upshot of that thread was that cartridge necks do not need to be "annealed" but merely "stress-
relieved".
The consensus on how to stress-relieve cartridge necks, and the way Lake City Arsenal does it, is
to heat them and let them air-cool. At the arsenal, the cases are paraded past a row of gas
flames. The speed at which they are run thru this gauntlet controls how hot they get, and the case
necks are never allowed to get hot enough to glow. Further, the really knowledgeable gentlemen
over there averred that a plain old alcohol lamp flame was more than adequate, and dunking the
necks into molten bullet alloy (far below the temperature at which metal glows) was also
perfectly adequate but possibly a bit messy.
They advised that one heats the neck and shoulder area and observes closely to see the slight
discoloration of the metal as it proceeds from the neck to and past the shoulder. When the
discolored area is about the same size as it is on milsurp brass it is time to remove the case from
the heat source. If one likes, one can drop it into water, or one can just drop it into a pan for air-
cooling. Either way results in the same degree of stress-relief in the case neck. If one is holding it
by the base with one's fingers, one is going to drop it one way or the other when the fingers can't
take the heat.
I used to get my case necks to glowing with a propane torch and drop them into water. Since that
thread I just rotate them in the torch flame until the discoloration gets past the shoulder and
drop them into a metal pan for air-cooling. I get the same results either way, but now I don't
have to dry them out.
Best regards
John Bischoff

Cartridge cases are made of brass. Not copper. They are made of a certain kind of brass
called "cartridge brass" where metals are described.
If you ever heated your brass case necks to red hot, you would find that you had no neck
tension to speak of. I know as I've annealed a lot of brass different ways and made a gauge to
measure neck pull using a polished mandrel the same size as the bullet. Brass is a non-ferrous
metal and does not respond to quenching like ferrous metals do.
It IS good to quench to stop the heat flow into the base of the case where you don't want
any annealing to take place. But, quenching will have no measurable effect on the amount of
anneal that the neck gets.
(Heating cartridge case necks to red hot) has been proven to be wrong if you are trying
to stress relieve the necks and extend their useful life. Heating them to full red will hurt accuracy
and it will take a lot of work hardening to get them back to normal neck tension.
Tom Gray

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"Contrary to Toms experience, I have found that completely annealing case necks IS a
viable way to extend the life of much used cases, but given the cost of a case, by the time you
have used a case so much that it needs to be annealed, you really arent gaining much. Youre
caught between using high pressure loads that make it necessary to anneal, after which you
should use midrange loads anyhow, or using midrange loads to begin with, and have little need
to anneal.
I still fully anneal case necks on occasion when I suspect Im getting irregular bullet
release. Ive tried all of the methods outlined above, but find that I am allergic to getting burnt
fingers by dipping the neck in a pot of lead, or holding the case while I rotate the neck in a
propane torch flame. This allergy manifests itself as frequent and sudden sharp pain in my
fingertips, which is usually followed by odd noises emanating from a cloud of blue air in my
immediate vicinity. To avoid this inconvenience, I have reverted to the old stand-em-in-an-inch-
of-water-and-play-a-torch-over-their-necks technique on those rare occasions when annealing
seems called for. Frankly, this is not very often at all. Brass is generally so plentiful and cheap
that the cost per shot (with reasonably moderate loads) isnt worth calculating, even if you dont
anneal.
Granted, this reduces release values to the point that it MAY produce substandard
ignition, but thats not too hard to deal with by seating the bullet to engage the rifling. What this
WILL do is guarantee a uniform if low release for experimental purposes. And I have
obtained some excellent results by my standards - with such fully annealed cases. Granted, Im
not a bench rest contender, and am not likely to ever be one: My rifles are mostly sporters and
hunting guns. But Ive gotten 100 yard CB groups of an inch and less from a 30-06 deer rifle
(and others) with completely annealed case necks.
I will also note that contrary to some reports, I have had some very good accuracy
results with heavily annealed cases. I used a Lee target reamer to make some 06 National
Match cases to uniform thickness, and annealed them dead soft to guarantee a uniform release.
While I realize that the initial development of internal pressure is important, it can be achieved
by seating the bullet into the rifling as well as by a tight neck grip. Sure worked well for me.
My only real use for annealing now-a-days is to preserve some oddball cases that are
hard or expensive to find, and to relieve the stresses that fire forming or other strenuous case
modifications can introduce. I recall (MANY years ago, before odd cases were a recognized
market) being forced to form some 577/450 from 30-06 cases. The alternative was to just let that
classic old rifle gather dust and rust - which isnt going to happen to any of MY rifles. But I had
to stretch the brass so much that a new 30-06 could be dropped down inside the formed case.
Without serious annealing, Id have never succeeded. And if I had, the cases wouldnt have
lasted very long. As it was, I only had about thirty percent case failure in the forming, and the
cases stood reloading for years."
Ken Mollohan

HOW TO TURN CASE NECKS, AND WHY
With fixed ammunition, the relationship between case mouth, bullet, and chamber must
be such that there is room for the case to expand and release the bullet on firing.
(Ken Mollohan says:" With commercial chambers and ammunition, there is seldom a
problem. But after repeated resizing and firing, cases can lengthen to exceed the length of the
chamber."

201
I have checked chamber length in military and factory rifles by slugging the neck-throat,
and in all cases find the chamber length greater than the specified maximum. I have checked new
and reloaded cartridge length and find that these are commonly shorter than the published "trim-
to" length. I have not found a cartridge case that is too long for the chamber in many
examinations, but Ken's caveat is well taken and should be kept in mind. See "Case Length vs.
Accuracy".)
If there is not enough room, if the cartridge jams into the chamber and is unable to
expand and release the bullet properly; then very high pressures can result. There are case length
gauges available to let you know when your cases need to be trimmed, but its easy and simple to
just measure the length with a caliper. But if trimming doesnt solve the problem, then you have
a situation where the cartridge case brass is too thick to go into the chamber easily.
Its easy to check. If a bullet drops freely into a fired case, then there is no problem. If
the bullet is a snug fit in a fired case that is not excessively long, then there may be a problem.
Measure the chamber neck (with a chamber cast or slug), and compare that dimension to the
diameter of a loaded cartridge case. There should be a minimum of two thousandths (.002) of an
inch clearance between the loaded case neck and the chamber neck.
If there is not enough clearance, you must either ream the inside or (preferably) turn the
outside of the case necks to provide proper clearance.
Some writers recommend turning case necks to uniform thickness to increase accuracy.
The theory is that uniformly thick case necks will give uniform bullet pull/ bullet release force on
firing, and more uniform velocity and accuracy.
There are dedicated tools used exclusively for turning case necks, and some case
trimmers, such as the Forster mentioned above, have attachments that turn case necks. Again, the
beginner doesn't need to turn case necks, the more advanced shooters gain slight accuracy
increases by turning case necks to a uniform thickness.
Hand-held outside neck turners are available from several makers.
There's general agreement that outside turning case necks is better than reaming them.

THE STEP NECKED CASE
One of the nicest things that can happen to a shooter is that he runs into a gun, bullet and
set of cases that present an interference fit; a fixed cartridge wont fit in the chamber in the rifle
because the bullet has expanded the case neck too much.
Find the depth that the bullet will go into the
rifling without undue force. Turn the outside of the case
neck to where the base of the bullet should be. That
gives you a case with a two-outside-diameter neck and
a step on the outside. Load the case with 5 grains of
Unique, fill the case with Cream of Wheat, smear
grease on top to hold it all together and shoot it in the
rifle. (You may have to do this several times, and
finagle a bit to get the case neck to expand.) You will
get a case with a two-inside-diameter neck and a step
on the INSIDE, and into which bullets may be seated without any resizing. Then all you have to
do to reload is reprime, charge with powder, seat the bullet by hand, and shoot. I have had this
condition with 30/30 and 45/70 rifles, and its wonderful.

202
"Wouldnt it be easier on the brass and simpler all around to remove brass from the INSIDE of
the neck as needed to permit a seated bullet to chamber properly?" John Bischoff

"I don't think that we can buy reamers in all the different sizes needed. Outside turning with my
Forster case trimmer with turning gear allows me to turn the outside to ANY diameter needed,
then end up with ANY outside diameter wanted." joe b.

This is a very old technique, and it has even been used in military (Carcano) ammo to keep
bullets from being pushed back in the case during handling and feeding. A similar technique is
to neck size a case, and then expand generously to NEARLY the bottom of the neck with a Lyman
step expander. Done right, the small neck diameter from the sizing die will remain at the base of
the neck, while the rest of the neck is a slip fit for the bullet. This approach is often used when
case forming, to blow the shoulder of a case forward. The round doesnt headspace on the short
shoulder, but it headspaces on the bullet, which is a tight fit in the throat." Ken Mollohan

NICKEL PLATED CARTRIDGE CASES
Ken Mollohan
The history of nickel plated cases is that they were intended as a more corrosion resistant
case than ordinary brass cases. There were some environments that were pretty harsh on brass
cases, like seashores and cops who sometimes left loaded ammo in leather cartridge belts for a
decade or two. The organic acids in the leather has been known to corrode the brass to the point
that officers couldnt remove the rounds, of if they did get them out, they were so cruddy they
wouldnt chamber. So manufacturers started giving them a more resistant nickel finish just for
these situations. (These folks werent reloaders, so flaking and die scratching werent issues.)
However, they were so shiny and pretty that folks who really didnt need the corrosion resistance
were buying them for their eye appeal. But sometimes they gave some problems in the reloading
process, as described below.

While they look snazzy, there are reports that nickel plated cartridge cases will scratch
the insides of sizing dies, and that they are brittle and crack easily/frequently. Other reports say
that these cases respond poorly to attempts to anneal the necks.

"I used nickel cases in the '70's for PPC and kept them when I started shooting NRA Bullseye
later. These were ex-law enforcement cases and once fired.
A. Will they scratch the inside of dies? Yes, especially the unhardened older dies and with spray
on lubes and RCBS lube. If cases are tumbled, washed and lubed with Imperial Sizing Die wax,
they will not. I went to Pacific Chromed dies and never had any more problems. They do not
need this if used with carbide insert dies.
B. Are they brittle? Yes, more so than plain brass cases. Most dies size the cases too much and
this makes them crack sooner. Sizing dies that only size the minimum amount have less cracking
problems.
C. Can you anneal them? You can anneal the brass, but you are not having any effect upon the
plated metal. It will always be as hard as originally applied.
D. The other problems? The plating can also flake off a case and adhere to the inside of the die.
This will scratch every case until removed.

203
I still use plated 357 cases to identify rifle loads from pistol loads, but would not use them in
preference to plain cases."
Ric Bowman

"Can't speak to the die scratching, as I use carbide for the pistol cases, but they did seem to
develop mouth cracks sooner than regular cases; however this was 30 years ago when I was
shooting a lot of pistol and brass may have improved since then. Today I use nickel in the 7 & 30
BR, 30-30, .308, '06 & 45-70. The bottle necks are all sized in the collet dies, so very little
working of the brass and the 45-70 in a Lyman neck die with Imperial lube, and again very
minimal working on the brass. I run a brass brush thru the neck/mouth first, size and then thru
the "M" die. Can't recall losing a case to cracks on any of these and they stay cleaner longer
(outside). I like them."
Keith

"I do not seem to have had the problems with nickel plated cases that others have had. I have
gone so far as to neck down .357 Magnum cases to .256 Winchester Magnum with no problems
what-so-ever. The nickel coating is very thin, as evidenced by the wear on some many times
resized .357 cases. Some have nearly all the nickel worn off, but show no chipping or pealing at
all and are still functioning well.
God Bless!"
Norm Johnson

CARTRIDGE CASE TUMBLERS AND CLEANING CASES
I don't have a case tumbler, never had one, and never tumble cleaned any brass.
I love my brass. I wipe each case off after firing.
I wash pistol cases every ?3? firings, with the primers out and pockets cleaned. This gets the lube
and unburned powder out of the brass.
I brush inside rifle case necks with a brush in an electric drill.
I've never found any quantities of bad stuff in my brass, although it has been reported that
some rifle cases acquire a BIG buildup of "stuff" in the case.
Some pistol shooters tumble clean to get the dirt etc. off the brass.

"..... I feel that when I clean my pistol brass in a case tumbler it will be done much better than if I
sat and processed a couple of hundred cases by hand. They are in the tumbler when I am doing
something else, like casting or reloading.
And when done, they are ready and do not need to sit for hours to dry out.
While some like to run the tumblers until the brass is bright as new, I just try to get it clean,
usually an hour and it is done. And I might even tumble the cases two times. This would be the
case for bottle neck cases. Once to clean, the second time after sizing, to clean the lube off. There
never seems to be a shortage of things to do while the machine is cleaning the cases.
Sometimes I use walnut grit for cleaning and cob for lube removal, sometimes not, depending
upon how dirty the cases are to begin with.
If I had a target rifle and had neck turned the cases and all those other little tricks to improve
accuracy, I might give the cases individual care. But not for pistol cases that try to hide under
leaves and any other object present at the range."
Duane Mellenbruch

204

"I have two tumblers: one vibratory and one sealed drum. I have them because I shot a lot of
black powder cartridge and it is by far the easiest way to clean cases. I've never worried about
my cases being "factory new" though I know several shooters who spend more time making
loaded rounds pretty than they do making them accurate. But then again, confidence is often the
tie breaker so who am I to judge?
If I can toss a hundere pieces of brass in a tumbler and go do something else, the cost of the
tumbler is priceless to me. If the brass ends up shiny to boot, all the better.
On a side note, for really ugly cases put them in a sealed drum tumbler with two cups of water, 1
teaspoon of Cream of Tatar, and a handful of brass tacks (not plated steel!!) and they will come
out looking like they were just drawn. I do that after my black powder cartridges get overly dirty.
For a vibratory tumbler I prefer walnut media. It doesn't give the pretty shine that corncob
media does but it will cut the fouling better, and in less time."
Dave Goodrich

"I shoot perhaps 500 rounds of .45 ACP per week. I like clean and shiny cases. Therefore, I use
the liquid cleaning method to get them that way. It works for me. If I did not mind tarnished
brass, then I could roll the empties between folds of a damp towel and be done with it."
Dave Daniels

"I go through perhaps 2000 pieces of brass for my pistols every month.
....I know if I washed my cases and wiped them I would never be able to take care of that many
cases and still have time to shoot. I use corn cob with jewelers rouge and it cleans them good
enough for me....."
Jacob Lancaster

"One real good reason for using a tumbler is for cleaning the stuff off your cases that causes
"corrosion". I use that term loosely, meaning the greenish stuff that forms inside and outside the
necks if the cases sit too long.
I also use a sonic cleaner on cases. This cleans out the crud on the inside of cases that reduces
powder capacity. If you are making sure all your cases are the same, you might consider making
sure the internal capacity of those cases are also the same."
Bill Warner

"I don't load the old straight cases, except for 45-70 - and dern few of those, dang it. All my
cases are 32, 38/357, and 44 revolver/45ACP stuff and 222 thru 350 Rem Mag bottleneck rifle
stuff. I use Midway polishing compound sometimes, but mostly I use Bon Ami cleanser as the
abrasive as it is much softer than all the other brands. Never use anything but Bon Ami from the
household cleanser department - the other brands are far too harsh on the brass. In every load of
brass, I add about a tablespoonful of mineral spirits and a couple spritzes from a squirt bottle of
Orange Magic or one of the similar preparations. The Orange Magic and the mineral spirits
give the brass a lovely jewelry-like finish and they keep the dust down too. I think maybe the
Orange Magic doesn't help much, but it smells nice. For skuzzy old brass that was picked up
from the ditch bank after lying there for a year, I put a bit extra Bon Ami and run it overnight or
longer. Relatively decent brass that has been fired three or four times and gotten a bit dirty only
needs to run for a couple hours.

205
As part of the case inspection process I clean/punch out the flash holes and run a rod down into
the case to be sure there's no bits of media left in there. Usually the primer pockets get scraped a
little at the same time, but I'm not concerned if I miss some.
The drum sifter does a really good job of rattling loose all the media but for long rifle cases with
small necks like 244 Rem and 223 I think it pays to be sure. Leaving a gob of media in there and
then adding the powder charge would make for much higher pressures than anticipated because
there would be less empty space to absorb some of the powder gases. I don't want to embarrass
myself, and I sure don't want to strain the old Remington Rolling Block.
I use the same batch of walnut media for a very long time before I throw it away and begin using
a new batch. I don't know why I throw a batch away, because it is still working just fine - but it
starts to look really nasty so I get rid of it.
I don't wash any cases or even get them wet with water. If they seem to need it, I put a half gallon
to a gallon of cases (rifle or pistol) on a towel and splash some mineral spirits on them and slosh
them back and forth in the belly of the towel. This removes all the lube, grease, crud, dirt, sand,
and other gunk really well and really easy. They dry very fast and there is little or no residue."
John Bischoff

"Like John Bischoff I have the Midway tumbler and media separator. Both work very well. I also
shoot a lot of black powder in .45-70, .45-90, and, now, .50-70. I found John's method of
cleaning is the easiest, least expensive, and most effective that I've tried. The only difference is
the cases must be soaked and washed first to remove most of the black powder fouling. Tumbling
even badly tarnished cases in Walnut with 3 to 4 caps full of mineral spirits and a tablespoon of
Bon-Ami makes them look almost new and it only takes a couple of hours. It works as good or
better than the treated media and is a lot cheaper and it is almost as good as ceramic media.
Ceramic media does a better job of cleaning the primer pockets and inside the case in these large
bore, straight cases but can be a real pain with small cases or bottlenecked cases so I stick with
walnut."
Jerry Liles

"I have a Dillon and have used it since the late 1980s. It is very large and handles both standard
media and the ceramic with liquid, very well I might add. It is not, however, the most efficient
vibratory cleaner. The sides are tapered straight outwards towards the top and there is a flat lid
on the machine; that is at the crux of the inefficiency.
A friend of mine, a dealer, has a long history of scrounging brass from anywhere, separating it
into calibers, and polishing it. Subsequently he sells the stuff for a nice profit. I have been at his
home and in his store where tumblers run nearly 12 hours a day for months on end. This has
been
going on for years now and here is what he tells me:
The best of the case vibratory cleaners, in his long experience, are the Thumlers; they will stand
the hardest usage. Most vibratory cleaners are made with an eccentric on a shaft that produces
the vibration and that also sets them, inexorably, on a path to self-destruction. The best of the
cleaners seem to have the bearings that will stand the out-of-balance running. In addition, the
shape of the bowl is critical to efficient cleaning. The best cleaners are those that have circular
profiles, here understood to be the vertical profile; those that have a sort of doughnut shape
produce the best circulating motion in the media. The better the circulating motion, as the
contents churn around, the better the cleaning.

206
I'll take his word for it because he produces more cases than anyone with whom I have ever had
contact.
My friend also uses only corncob media. Not all corncob media is created equal, as some of it is
produced so that it has a better, harder, finish before the grit is put on it. He buys his ground
corncob plain, in 50 lb bags and adds the grit. He seems not to worry much about what grit he
uses, as the last I bought from him was some sort of automobile polish in gallon jugs that he had
gotten at a going-out-of-business sale. It works fine.".
Geo. B. Carpenter

"I shoot BPCR Silhouettes using nickel plated Remington brass that's well over 10 years old
Several years ago I started using a wet tumbler and ceramic media to CLEAN the brass because
I got tired of leaning over the sink and scrubbing out each individual piece. I use A Thumbler's
Tumbler (Tru-square Metal Prods.) AR-6 that's has about a 2 qt capacity. It's filled about half
full of media, and will hold about 100 cases. Once the cases are in, I fill it with water and a
squirt of Palmolive dish detergent and let it run for about 2 hours. Dump it all into a colander,
rinse the media and brass, remove the brass and put it in a bucket of clean hot water to rinses
the cases thoroughly, then let them dry.
I'm going into all this detail so you understand the next step........when dry, I throw them in a
vibratory tumbler with corn cob media to remove the dried soap residue, which, it seems, I'm
never able to completely rinse away.
Now, the brass comes out bright and shiny.......but that's a by-product of the CLEANING method,
not my intent. Most of the shininess is because of the nickel plating.
My unplanted brass, for 40-70SS, 40-50 Sharps BN and 38-55 get the same treatment and
DON'T come out shiny. They have acquired a patina of their own, but are not blackened or
corroded. The point of all this is the fact that tumblers can be helpful and labor saving additions
to your reloading equipment without the intent to make the brass shiny."
Tom Ireland

"Black powder people go to the trouble and expense of using ceramic beads and polishing
compound in a tumbler because they have proved, to their satisfaction, that clean interior case
necks promote consistent neck tension. Consistent neck tension relates positively to consistent
accuracy."
R. Dale McGee

"I'd like to add a sorta semi-on-topic note: For me, the case tumbler serves two distinctly
different functions:
1. They clean the brass, and
2. They polish the brass.
Polishing is nice: I don't think anyone really objects to nice shiny cases unless they're in a
hunting / camo situation. But it really doesn't serve a serious function other than cosmetic.
On the other hand, clean is not only nice, it's quite important: Dirty brass will scratch dies &
chambers, and seldom offers really good accuracy, to say nothing of the best accuracy.
But it's possible to clean cases without polishing them, and it can be done easily, quickly and at
very low cost.
A very weak solution of phosphoric acid is quite safe for your hands: Phosphoric acid is in most
soda pop, so far from being toxic, you can actually drink dilute solutions. And it's not hard to

207
come by: If you don't have a chemical supply house nearby, you can use Naval Jelly, which is
mostly thickened phosphoric acid with a little soap added.
How weak? Well, I don't bother to actually measure, but about a tablespoon of acid in a gallon
of water works well for me, but it's NOT critical. I usually add a bit of ordinary household dish
detergent too, but it's not really necessary.
Just take your dirty cases and drop them in the acid solution. The effect is immediate and
thorough: All traces of green corrosion will disappear within moments. Even range salvaged
cases that have corroded black will turn a coppery red in a hurry. This solution also loosens any
mud, crud, grit and grime that has found it's way in or on the case, making any follow-up
cleaning (if needed) much easier.
While this solution works very quickly, it seems entirely safe for the brass: I've left cases sitting
in it for a week with absolutely no evidence of ill effects.
When the action seems complete, pour the solution down the drain, and catch the cases in a
colander. Rinse them with tap water. Hot water will speed the drying process quite a bit. Then
pour them into an old towel. Now holding the ends to support the cases in a hammock, pour
them back and forth in the towel to remove almost all the water. Then let them sit overnight (or
longer) to dry out inside. Its best to use deprimed cases for this, but if you dont, just deprime a
few cleaned cases when you are done, Deprime a few to make sure the primer pockets are dry
too.
Your cases are now ready to be lubed, sized and loaded whenever you want. They are obviously
clean, but some of the dirtiest cases, with black corrosion will have a copper look. This can
often be wiped off with the finger, but if you really dislike it, it's much easier to polish the cases
after they've been cleaned like this, if you want bright and shiny."
Ken Mollohan

"Cleaning Brass with a Liquid Cleaner

There is some benefit to using a liquid cleaner to clean your brass. However, there is quite a bit
more to the process than one encounters using a vibratory cleaner with dry media.
Cleaning with liquid is a multi-step process.
First, you place the cases, water, and cleaner in the tumbler (Thumbler's Model B tumbler; $1??
from Cabela's). Fasten the end cap (six wing nuts) and place the drum onto the rollers and turn
the unit on. After approximately one hour, slightly more if the brass is REALLY tarnished or
dingy, stop the process and dump the contents of the drum into a strainer. Be sure NOT TO USE
KITCHEN UTENSILS!!! NEVER use anything for case cleaning that will be used for food
preparation or eating. I use a cheap plastic kitchen strainer that I bought for 99 cents. My drain
bucket is a five gallon pail that wall plaster came in.
Next, rinse the cases with clean water. Swish them around to get any residual cleaner and soap
off and rinse them some more. Cases can be left out in the sun to dry, or placed on an old towel
near the furnace, or you can put them on a cookie sheet in the oven on low heat. (Again, use this
old cookie sheet ONLY for this process.)
YOU CANNOT LOAD THESE CASES UNTIL THEY ARE COMPLETELY DRY! This is one
reason that many prefer the dry media method.
From the moment you take the cases out of the tumbler, you can see that they sparkle. They will
continue to sparkle as long as you have rinsed them thoroughly. Failure to do so may result in
some tarnishing.

208
At the moment, I have not tried removing the primer before liquid cleaning. I am sure that the
primer pockets will be much cleaner than with the dry media if I did, and there will be no grit to
plug the flash hole, however, if I put the cases into the press to deprime them, I am just likely to
continue the process and load them without cleaning at all! :-)
This process takes a few hours or even a day or two to accomplish. Drying the cases is the
longest part. Patience is a virtue, one that I have just a little of, but I am working at it.
I suppose that you want to know what cleaner I use? Well, it is this:
Water to cover cases in the drum.
One quarter cup of lemon juice. ($1.39 qt at the local grocery.)
Dash of dish detergent -- a little goes a very long way.
Well, that is the whole deal. Simple and inexpensive for ingredients. But takes more time.
OTOH, my cases really shine and the time spent on the process is background time, time that I
am doing many other things. Oh, and another benefit is that there is no toxic dust to ingest lead
from as you sift the cases out of the dry media. You will, of course, have to dispose of the used
cleaner in a safe manner.

As far as this more involved process, I have space to do it, and I generally process cases in
groups anyway, so this is no burden to me. I always have several hundred .45s ready to load at a
moment's notice, so hundreds more drying near the furnace is no problem."
Dave Daniels

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6.3 PRIMERS AND PRIMING TOOLS
American primers come in two diameters, large and small. In both large and small sizes,
there are pistol and rifle primers. Each of these also come in magnum and standard strength
versions Thus, there are large rifle, large pistol, small rifle and small pistol primers.
LARGE pistol and rifle primers are of the same diameter, however the HEIGHT differs.
My primer pocket uniformer literature warns that LARGE RIFLE primer pockets should be
.128" to .132" deep, and that LARGE PISTOL primer pockets should be .118" to .122" deep.
It would then follow that using LARGE RIFLE primers in cases made to use LARGE
PISTOL primers could result in the primer being above the case head, a potentially dangerous
condition.
If you make sure that your primers are BELOW the case head, you'll be fine.(My
Remington # 2 1/2 Large Pistol primers measure .121" to .1245"high, and #9 1/2 Large Rifle
primers measure .131" to .133" high.)
SMALL rifle and pistol primers are the same diameter and height.
Some manufacturers make primers that are specialized; these include Magnum or high
power primers, and Bench Rest, (probably) more carefully made primers. Remington,
Winchester, Federal, CCI and others manufacture primers.

Depriming The Case
Primers may be removed in the press, in the sizing/depriming die. Some reloaders prefer
to remove primers as a single first operation. Tools are available made by Jerry Simmons and
Werner Wolf that both deprime and reprime cartridge cases. A much less expensive depriming
tool is the Lee Punch and Base set used with a plastic mallet.

Repriming The Case
When a primer is fired, it leaves a brittle, black crust inside the primer pocket. This crust
can build up and present problems when seating new primers. At the very least, it can act to
cushion the firing pin impact, and give weak ignition. Always clean the primer pocket before
repriming. It only takes a moment, and doesnt require anything more than running a toothpick
around the inside. Ive also used a very small screwdriver for this. There are a variety of
commercial scrapers and brushes available for this too.

The Lee priming tools are excellent and inexpensive. Priming can also be done with a
Lyman tong tool and dies, or with a reloading press and primer arm.

You should be able to feel the primer bottom out in the
primer pocket as you prime the case. Dont force the primer any
further, just feel it in until it seats. The primer should be below or
at the very least level with the base of the case. Feel the base of the
case with your finger; it is easy to tell if the primer is below the
base. If you cant feel it, put a straight edge on the base and see if it
touches the primer, or stand the case up on a flat surface and see if
it rocks on the primer.

210
DONT SHOOT IT IF THE PRIMER IS ABOVE THE BASE! There is a real danger that the
gun will go off as you chamber the cartridge.
Take out the primer, clean the primer pocket and try again. Drop the removed, live primer
in a tin of oil to deactivate it. Never try to re-use a primer. The depriming could well have
cracked the priming pellet, which could fallout, giving you a misfire or a hangfire.
Remington primers sometimes seem to fit Remington cases better than some other brands
of cases. Primers and cases made by the same manufacturer sometimes seem to go together
better than primers and cases made by different manufacturers. This is not always true, and it is
not of great importance, but it argues for Remington cases if Remington primers are used.
I have had only one lot of cases that had primer pockets too shallow to allow primers to
fit flush with or below the base. These went in the trash and new cases fixed the problem.
It is frequently said that changing primers can dramatically change accuracy. I have never
found that to be true, I wish it were that easy.
For cast bullet loads below about 1600 fps, I use Remington 21/2 Large Pistol primers
exclusively. I cant prove that they shoot better, but I think they do, in cartridges including the
45/70 and 300 Winchester Magnum. (since I wrote this I can't find any Remington primers and
have been using Winchester WLP Pistol primers with good results. I like those nickeled primers,
though.)
I believe that primer selection is a lesser important variable in reloading cast bullets, and
that sticking with one brand of primer makes the most sense.

Over-Primer Wads
Some Black Powder shooters have reported using wads over the primers. This is claimed
to reduce the variation in velocity with these black powder charges. Some smokeless powder
shooters like to use wads to prevent tiny granules of ball powders from entering the primer
pocket. Ive not seen any real studies on this, but they feel that theres a good chance that these
granules of powder cant help but add to the force of the primer. And since there would be
granules running in and out with handling, feeding, etc, the ignition would vary. A disk of paper
at the bottom of the primer pocket eliminates this possibility.
One method is to place a piece of paper, such as newsprint, inside the case-over the
primer-before the powder charge is put in the case. There have also been reports that sometimes
these wads have been found in the case or even in the barrel after firing. It is conceivable that a
paper wad in the barrel or in the case might affect the accuracy of the next shot. Some users of
these wads in black powder loads have reported that they no longer use them, and have begun
using Remington 2 1/2 Large Pistol primers.
A second method is to place a piece of paper-perhaps newsprint again-between the
primer and the primer pocket when re-priming. When the primer is seated through the paper, the
edge of the primer will cut out a piece of the paper and put it below the primer in the primer
pocket. This method eliminates any possibility of the wad ending up in the case or barrel after
firing. I have never used an over-primer wad.
Most reloading dies deprime the case in the sizing step, and most presses have a
provision for repriming on the upstroke at that step. I de-prime pistol cases and some rifle cases
in the press with the appropriate die.
I don't prime in the reloading press because I think that I have to clean the primer pocket
and priming by hand, as an individual operation is better. I deprime most rifle cases with a Lee
punch and base set (or a Simmons De/Re primer or a Lyman #2 tool made around 1890). I prime

211
most cases with the Lee Auto Prime, a wizard tool. RCBS and Sinclair make repriming tools for
a lot more money than the Lee. A guy gave me an RCBS priming tool and I gave it away to a
guy who gave it away.
(The Lee Loader uses a punch and base system for priming that now and again results in
a loud bang. About three of these bangs cause most beginners to spring for the $13 Lee Auto
Prime.)

"The bangs are caused by the seating tool design, which is intended to seat the primer
just a trifle below the head of the case, as it should be. However, sometimes a long primer -
possibly in conjunction with a short primer pocket - will bang as it is being seated.
Interestingly enough, there have been occasions when I only needed to load a round or
two. Or perhaps it was an odd case that wouldnt fit my tools. Either way, a primer can be
easily and safely seated with nothing but a steel rod, a hammer and a hard, flat surface. Simply
place the appropriate primer on the surface, and set the deprimed case over it. The slight
rounding of the primer pocket will enable you to easily feel the primer slip into the top of the
pocket. Youll have to hold the case in place with one hand while you insert the steel rod with
the other. (The rod must project above the mouth of the case.) Then pick up the hammer and
drive the case down over the primer, until the case is flat against the hard surface. The primer
will be exactly flat and even with the base of the case.
Although this may appear hazardous, I have never once experienced a bang in some 3
decades of intermittent practice. A little reflection should explain why: the primer pellet IS very
sensitive to being impacted. But when driving a case down over it, the primer pellet is not
compressed or impacted! It remains between the tip of the anvil and the bottom (inside) of the
primer cup. It cant come under any impact or compression until the anvil has been firmly
seated at the bottom of the primer pocket. And the process is such that no matter how hard you
pound with the hammer, you simply cant drive the primer any deeper than that."
Ken Mollohan

PRIMER TESTS
C. Dell
I have been told many times down through the years that if a gun has a light hammer fall the
groups fired with that gun will string up and down. I had always assumed that this was true as the
persons reporting this effect were very respected men who had done a lot of really serious
shooting.
Back before the primer shortage developed I had made a test rig to test primers all by themselves
(a stand alone test of primers). Basically I was able to hit primers with a very repeatable force
and was determining how much force it took to reliably fire them as well as the velocity that they
would impart to a specially made pellet. Results were determined by measuring the velocity of
the pellets about fifteen feet from the muzzle of the test rig.
This testing was discontinued when the supply of the desired primers for testing dried up.
These tests have not at this time been resumed. Two observations were, however, made from the
data collected at that time. One: the observed average velocities were not affected by how hard
the primer was hit. Second: about one primer in five regardless of make or grade was to a
noticeable amount deviant from the group average. This took the form of either being
significantly higher OR lower in velocity than the average.

212
These properties were discussed with various shooters during the time that supplies of the
various primers were not available. I was often asked if the same results would be observed if I
were actually shooting cartridges loaded with powder and bullet. There was at that time no
practical way that I could test this idea. As a result the question was left hanging with no real
answer.
Recently a method was conceived that would readily permit study of this as well as other
questions. I had a spare Douglas 32-40 barrel blank with a 1-12 inch twist that could be devoted
to a test program. A breech system was devised that would permit various firing pin impacts on
the primer to be studied. It is not a fast system but permits one shot to be fired about every two
minutes. Bullets are weighed, lubricated and swaged so that they are as uniform as can
practically be made. All of the shots in the test were fired from my rail gun at a range of 100
yards. This test was designed to equate obtained accuracy with primer impact.
It was determined that six five shot groups under three different striker impact forces would be
studied. The cartridge case was my 32-357 Magnum which was developed back in about 1971
but not really used until about 1993 when I received a barrel blank from Ken Bresein that was
cut with Pope style rifling. It is the cartridge that my current competition gun is chambered for.
The bullet is a 200 grain basic bullet from a Colorado Shooter's Supply mold. the bullet is
subsequently lubricated and swaged before shooting. The swage is one of my own design and
build. The powder charge for this test is 8.1 grains of Accurate Arms #7. Primers for this test
were the Remington 7 1/2. One cartridge case was used for all shooting in this test. Powder
charges were cast from a Redding M 3 BR powder measure and not individually weighed.
Groups were evaluated by two methods, extreme spread of the two widest bullet holes and by the
mean radius concept which studies all of the shots in the group.
In studying the velocity of all the shots fired on the record groups it was interesting to observe
that about one shot in five was deviant from the group average by more than five feet per second.
As most groups did not have an extreme velocity spread of more than ten feet per second this
was considered significant. The deviance occurred both ways from the average velocity of the
group. Some deviant shots measured a low velocity and others a high velocity. When more than
one deviant shot occurred within a given group of five shots it would raise or lower the group
average. Because of this, all comparisons were to the overall average velocity as all shots were
fired under basically the same conditions of loading, temperature and load.
I will report the average velocities of each of the 30 shot study groups and the final
average velocity for the total 90 shots of the test.
In a similar manner I will report the average velocity spread within each set, the average
standard deviation, the average extreme spread and the average mean radius. All averages taken
on six five round groups.

Phase I Phase II Phase III
Light Moderate Heavy Average
Impact Impact Impact Overall
Average Vel. (fps) 1227 1227 1228 1227
Avg. Velocity Spread (fps) 8 9 11 9
Avg. Vel. Std. Dev. (fps) 4 3 4 4
Avg. Extreme Group Spread (") 0.695 0.700 0.750 0.720
Avg. Mean Radius (") 0.281 0.252 0.276 0.270

This I believe shows beyond any reasonable doubt that accuracy is not affected one way or

213
another by the force of the firing blow. If the primer goes off it goes off and the amount of
energy transmitted to the powder is not affected by the impact energy of the firing pin. Even
those primers that had to be hit twice in order to initiate ignition showed no difference from
those that went off on initial impact.
While I believe that this eliminates one source of alibis for groups that are strung out up and
down, it is one less thing that we as shooters of various old and new guns have to be concerned
about. After completing this series of tests I can say without hesitation that accuracy is in no way
affected by the force of the firing pin impact on the primer.

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BERDAN PRIMERS
Reloading Swiss GP11 cartridges
Pete Schroeder
Reloading BERDAN primed cases is a bit more bother than Boxer primed cases, but not
that much more so. The main problem is removing the spent primers. There are special tools sold
to pry out used BERDAN primers, and articles on the internet telling how to make such a tool
from a file or screwdriver; but I use water pressure.
The original Swiss primers are held (crimped) by several small dimples in the primer
pocket. This makes primer removal a bit harder with once-fired brass. However, these primers
will come out with one or more sharp blows as described later. Once the original primers are
removed, I scrape off these little dimples with a tapered screwdriver notched to fit over the anvil.
Thereafter, the replacement primers come out quite easily.
Tools to remove the primers
BLOCK ... a 5/8" X 1.75" deep hole is drilled in a 2X4 block. Then a 1/4" hole is drilled on
through. This will hold the cartridge case.

ROD ... a 5/16" X 3.5" steel rod is slightly tapered using a drill and fine emery cloth. This takes
about one minute and only has to be done once, of course.

FACE CLOTH and PLASTIC WRAP ... an old face cloth on top of plastic wrap is used to catch
the water. PLIERS [to hold the rod so you don't hit the thumb] and HAMMER, and a thin
wooden STICK to poke out any primers stuck in the block.

215

Steps to Remove Primers

1) Fill Cases with Water

2) Insert Rod in Case

3) Lightly Tap to Line
Up Hammer

4) One Sharp Tap to Remove
Primer

216

Re-Priming

I don't know if it's necessary, but I scrape out the primer pocket and scrape the face of the
anvil with a small screwdriver and poke out the fire-holes with an opened safety pin before full
length resizing. Any distortion of the case caused by the primer extraction process is corrected by
the resizing die. I usually discard one or two cases each session (36-42 rounds/session) due to
cracked cases. The crack usually occurs just above the web, but some times near the mouth. I
have never annealed the cases. I load fairly light [40g 4895 with 150g surplus M2 bullets]; the
primers might be harder to extract if I used a hotter load.
The Russian BERDAN primers [bought in a lot of 5,000 from PMC/Eldorado Cartridge
in Nevada] are a mite larger than the Boxer large rifle primers, but they work in a hand-held Lee
Autoprime okay. They seat a little deeper than the original Swiss primers, but they work.

5) Pull Rod out of Case and
Dump Water in Sink

6) If a primer is stuck in the
Block, push it out with the
stick

7) Let cases drain on a paper towel
for a minute

8) Dry in the oven at 150 degrees F

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6.4 POWDERS AND POWDER MEASURES
Use a good reloading manual to find starting loads and types of powder to use. I strongly
recommend the Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook, First through Third Edition.
Alliant, Winchester, IMR, Accurate, Hodgdon and others make smokeless gunpowders.
Wads
This discussion of powders makes mention of wads that are used to hold the powder against the
primer. You must understand that many shooters have written that shooting cartridges with wads
over the powder has caused rings in their rifle chambers. The ring is described as an annular
ring in the forward end or mouth of the chamber. I have never ringed a chamber in thousands of
shots fired with wads. Be aware that there is a risk
Powder "Bridging"
Sometimes, with some powders, all the powder doesn't come out of the measure when the
measure is operated. The next charge or the next can then be much larger than the planned or
"set" charge. The powder gets hung up in the measure and doesn't come out on the first try, but
comes out along with the proper charge later.
While charging cases with SR4759 using a Lyman 55 powder measure on 10/16/04, I had two
instances of the powder not all coming out of the measure after flicking the knocker. This is two
out of eighty-eight cases charged. I didn't measure the first instance. Note that this has happened
many times in the past, 10/16/04 was the first time I ever measured what happened.
In the second instance, the measure dropped 5.6 grains of powder into the scale pan after flicking
the knocker
After operating the handle and flicking the knocker again, the measure dropped 21.7 grains of
powder into the scale pan. The powder that didn't come out before came out then. The desired
charge was 14 grains of SR4759.
On 11/29/05 while testing a Lyman 55 powder measure there were two hang-ups. The charge
was 18 grains of SR 4759.
One hang-up was charges of 4.3 grains, .4 grains, 0 = zero grains and 68.2 grains.
The other hang-up was 7.8 grains, 0 = zero grains and 41.9 grains.
While testing a powder measure designed and made by Mike Barrett, I had SR4759 hang-
ups several times, to the point where I stopped testing the measure with SR4759.
In February 2006, while testing a Lee Perfect powder measure and old 20 mm cannon
powder-sorta kinda 4831, John Alexander had a hang-up or bridging problem.
R. Dale McGee reported having powder hang-ups with 700X powder.
There have been reports of Red Dot powder hang-ups.
These experiences and reports suggest that some of the high-pressure incidents reported
may be caused by powder bridging in the measure, with the next charge being excessive.
You MUST look in each charged case with a flashlight!
There are many powders suitable for cast bullet reloading, more than anyone can test in
any reasonable shooting career. The powders listed below are ones I have used and tested over
the years. They work for me, and theyll work for you as you get started.
Powders can be broadly classified as Fast and Slow based on their burning rate. Fast
powders include pistol and shotgun powders that are designed to burn quickly. Slow powders are
designed for maximum velocities in long barreled rifles.
Many cast bullet reloaders use fast powders. Because fast powders are used in small
charges, it is possible to double-charge a case without having the powder overflow the case.
When using fast powders, it is mandatory that the reloader use a light and look into every

218
case to make sure that none are double charged. Every time. Or youll blow up a gun.
Double charges of fast powders are dangerous.

"When checking the charges in bottlenecked cases it is sometimes inconvenient to get a
good look at the powder down inside there. It is much easier to use a probe of some kind. I have
taken a twenty-penny galvanized nail and chucked it in the electric drill, then spun it against the
grinding wheel to reduce the nail heads diameter enough so that it will easily pass thru a 30
caliber case neck. Then the pointy end is likewise ground flat and square. Now I have a probe
that will enter 22 caliber cases with the small end and 30 caliber and up cases with the big end. I
filed a series of marks on the shank so it is easy to tell when the charges in a loading block are
all the same because the same mark is always at the case mouth.
Checking the charges in 38 Special and larger straight cases is easy if you use a short
piece of 3/8 inch wooden dowel which has been marked with suitable calibrations on the side.
Drop it into the charged case, note the mark nearest the case mouth, and repeat for the rest of
the cases. I also use the dowel to check the charged case in my Lee Loadmaster without
removing the case from the press."
John Bischoff

Some cast bullet reloaders use slow powders, generally to get higher velocities. Fast
powders will give lower velocities. Increasing the charge of a fast powder will increase pressure
more than velocity; so dangerous high pressures result before high velocities are reached.
Increasing charges of a slow powder will increase velocity and pressure sort of simultaneously. It
is difficult to double-charge a case with a slow powder without the powder overflowing the case.
Be aware that there have been reports of high pressure incidents when using small charges of
slow powder. Dont use less than the recommended starting load of slow powders.
Small charges of fast powders dont fill up much of the case, and sometimes the gun is
sensitive to the position of the powder in the case. Rifle shooters can minimize the effect by
raising the muzzle before each shot, this places the powder back against the primer.
There are so many powders suitable for reloading with cast bullets that the average
reloader doesnt have time enough to adequately test them all. Here are some comments on
powders that I have used with some success.
These are all fast powders except IMR 4895:
IMR 4227
Does not seem to be very sensitive to position, and I have almost always been able to get
good results using it without a wad. Works very well in single shot rifles and in cartridges from
223 Rem. to 45/70.
H 4227
Hodgdon makes this powder that is almost the same as IMR 4227. It seems to work as
well as IMR 4227. I now use IMR 4227 exclusively for the sake of consistency. Either powder
will work, but you should stick with one or the other. (In late 2006 I read that Hodgdon will stop
making H4227 and continue making/selling IMR4227. Hodgdon bought IMR in the past year.)
SR 4759
This is the most accurate powder for over-37-caliber cast bullet shooting that I have used.
There are two problems with this powder:
First, SR 4759 has big kernels and it can be difficult to run through a powder measure.
For bench rest shooting charges must be weighed.

219
Second, this powder can be hard to find. For some years it wasnt made, now it is, but
there are shortages from time to time.
This powder does seem to be sensitive to position, and I have generally had better results
with a wad than without. Another way of saying this is that I have been able to get good accuracy
with SR 4759 and a wad, and almost as good accuracy with larger charges of SR 4759 and no
wad.
Light charges of SR 4759 used without wads frequently leave unburned kernels of
powder in the barrel. I get better accuracy more consistently when I increase the load until no or
almost no unburned kernels are left in the barrel. Using a wad with a proper load eliminates the
problem. SR 4759 was discontinued by Dupont many years ago, and re-introduced a few years
later. In 1993/1994 SR 4759 was again unavailable for a few months. We were nervous. I have
no idea whether SR 4759 will become unavailable again, but many shooters have laid in a
substantial supply. I have never found a powder to give as good or as consistent accuracy in the
38/55 or 45/70 as SR 4759.
Accurate Arms #9 (AA #9)
This powder has become quite popular in the past few years. I have used it in my .30/30
bench gun with excellent results. This is a "ball" powder that measures easily and very accurately
through the powder measure.
Alliant Unique
This is an amazingly versatile powder; it can be used in handgun cases and rifle cases all
the way up to the 45/70. Unique gives me almost as good accuracy as does SR4759, without
weighing the charges. For all but the most demanding shooting I use Unique in the 45/70 at
ranges up to 600 yards. It also works well in the 30 calibers, the 7MM TCU, 6.5X55 and 243. It
works well in every cartridge case from 22 Hornet to 45/70.
Alliant 2400
Gives good to excellent results in .30 and .32 calibers. Bill Crowley came to a match at
Old Colony a few years ago and cleaned our clocks using 2400 and a rifle he made himself.
Several of the more fickle of us immediately broke out the 2400 and tried to work up loads, with
little success. But it worked for Bill.
Alliant Red Dot, (and infrequently Blue Dot and Green Dot)
These are used by some shooters in the smaller calibers. Ed Harris wrote about a
universal load of Red Dot for many cartridges.
IMR 4198
This was used more in the past than it is now. It doesnt meter well through the powder
measure because of the large grain size. This powder is excellent in other applications, but it
wont do anything for me in lead bullet loads that other powders wont do better.
IMR 4895
This is a slower powder that works well with reduced charges. It is said that 60% of the
starting load for a jacketed bullet is a reasonable starting load for a same weight cast bullet with
this powder. I like IMR 4895 because I sometimes get good results at higher velocities than I can
get with faster powders.
The "Next" container of powder
When a container of powder gets low, I pour the remainder into the next container of
powder, and roll the container around, mixing the old and new. When a container of Unique gets
low, I pour it into a new container of Unique, and roll and turn the new container. I kind of think
that this mixes the new and old, and reduces any variation from lot to lot. I asked for comments

220
about this practice on several of the Cast Bullet forums, and was cautioned about surplus
powders. I don't use surplus powders, and never have. Canister powders, the powders available
from the big time makers like IMR and Alliant and Hodgdon and Winchester, are somewhere
between identical and almost identical from lot to lot. Surplus powders have identifying
numbers-like "WC 820", but it seems that there can be wide variation, lot to lot, of surplus
powders with the same identifying numbers. Loads have to be worked up for each lot. In the case
of these surplus powders, it was recommended that we do NOT mix the little bit in the current
container with the next container of powder. Some claim that gunpowder makes a good fertilizer,
and recommend putting that last bit on the cabbages.

Powder Measures vary in price from the reasonable to the frightening. The Lee Loader
comes with a powder dipper. Lee also makes a set of 15 dippers for under $10 that will serve the
careful beginner well. I use the dippers now and then; they work very well for duplex black
powder loads with over-powder cream-of-wheat fillers.
A scale is necessary to set a powder measure.
I use the Lyman 55 powder measure out of habit; I bought my first in 1960. It works well
most of the time, gets a little crunchy with SR4759 or IMR 4895, but they all do. I'm not sure
that lots more money means a lots better measure.
It tells us that flicking the knocker should be done when the handle is down-when the
measure is delivering the powder. Some folks flick the knocker when the handle is up-when the
rotor is being filled. I'm an Up Knocker.
And it reinforces my belief that every case should be inspected with a flashlight after
charging.
Scales come in many brands. I've never had a bad one. I use an RCBS 10-10 scale out of
habit. It stores in itself and has a cover, so it can be transported to the range without damage.
There are also several brands of electronic scales available costing two to three times as
much as a beam balance scale. An electronic scale will speed up bullet or powder charge
weighing. Many shooters use electronic scales. I don't. There have been reports of accuracy
problems with some electronic scales.

"When checking the charges in bottlenecked cases it is sometimes inconvenient to get a good
look at the powder down inside there. It is much easier to use a probe of some kind. I have taken
a twenty-penny galvanized nail and chucked it in the electric drill, then spun it against the
grinding wheel to reduce the nail heads diameter enough so that it will easily pass thru a 30
caliber case neck. Then the pointy end is likewise ground flat and square. Now I have a probe
that will enter 22 caliber cases with the small end and 30 caliber and up cases with the big end. I
filed a series of marks on the shank so it is easy to tell when the charges in a loading block are
all the same because the same mark is always at the case mouth.
Checking the charges in 38 Special and larger straight cases is easy if you use a short piece of
3/8 inch wooden dowel which has been marked with suitable calibrations on the side. Drop it
into the charged case, note the mark nearest the case mouth, and repeat for the rest of the cases.
I also use the dowel to check the charged case in my Lee Loadmaster without removing the case
from the press."
John Bischoff

221
THE ASTOUNDING POWDER MEASURE TEST!
I tested eight mechanical powder measures: Lyman 55, Hornady Lock 'n Load Bench
Rest, RCBS Competition, CH4D, Lee Perfect, Redding BR30, Harrell and Belding & Mull.
In addition, tests were performed by John Alexander, Dave Goodrich, John Corney,
Larry Talley and others. All the test data is in an EXCEL workbook. For a copy write
joeb33050@yahoo.com.
Five powders were used: SR4759, a tubular large-kernel powder; IMR4198, a smaller-
kernel tubular powder; Unique, a flake powder; IMR4227, a very-small-very-short kernel tubular
powder, and Accurate No. 9, a ball powder.
The measures were tested for "Repeatability", the ability to throw charges of about the
same weight;" Settle Down", to see if a lot of charges must be thrown before the measure settles
down and throws consistent charges; "Head", to see if the height of powder in the measure
affects the average charge weight-and to see if baffles are of value; and "Slope", to see if charge
weight variation increases as the weight of charges is increased.
The Belding & Mull measure was tested for "setting repeatability".
Repeatability
I measured the repeatability of a powder measure by calculating the standard deviation,
(SD), of the weights of the second set of 30 charges (charges 31-60) thrown with the measure
during the test. The first set of 30 charges lets the measure settle down. Or so I thought.
This table shows the SD, in grains of powder, of the measures and powders tested.

REPEATABILITY,
THE STANDARD
DEVIATION OF
SETS OF THIRTY
CHARGES
CH4D Redding Harrell B&M RCBS Lee Hornady Lyman 55 AVG.

AA#9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.032 0.000 0.043 0.037 0.014
IMR4227 0.025 0.032 0.038 0.102 0.000 0.051 0.031 0.061 0.043
UNIQUE 0.145 0.127 0.150 0.100 0.129 0.142 0.139 0.185 0.140
IMR4198 0.138 0.177 0.103 0.125 0.169 0.141 0.170 0.114 0.142
SR4759 0.128 0.099 0.151 0.127 0.146 0.157 0.135 0.205 0.144

AVERAGE 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.091 0.095 0.098 0.104 0.120 0.096

Price $71.10 $136.50 $225.00 $186.95 $102.99 $19.49 $109.99 $68.95
Source CH4D Midsouth Buffalo Buffalo Midway Midway Midway Buffalo
Arms Arms Arms

All measures tested will dispense charges of AA#9 ball powder and IMR4227 small-
kernel extruded powder with great repeatability.
No measure tested will dispense charges of Unique, IMR4198 or SR4759 with equal
repeatability.
What repeatability is required?
What seems to be important is the range of the powder charges, the highest weight of
powder minus the lowest weight of powder in sets of charges.

222
I suspect that the lower the range, the more accurately the set of loads will shoot.
We have the SD, and can use that and some math to get the range.
Here's a table of ranges in grains, SDs and percentages.
See the bold numbers. With a SD or standard deviation of .15 grain, 10% of the time
sets of 5 charges will have a range (highest weight minus lowest weight) of .5 grain or MORE.
( The range for SD under .1 grain is low enough that thrown charges, without weighing,
are acceptable. SD above .25 grain suggest that there's something wrong with the measure.
Hence the entries shown with SDs from .1 grain to ,25 grain.)

n=10 n=10 n=10 n=10 n=25 n=25 n=25 n=25
n=5 n=5 n=5 n=5 n=20 n=20 n=20 n=20
SD 50% 10% 5% 1% 50% 10% 5% 1% 50% 10% 5% 1% 50% 10% 5% 1%
0.10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6
0.11 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6
0.12 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7
0.13 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.14 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8
0.15 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.16 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9
0.17 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.18 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0
0.19 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1
0.20 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.2
0.21 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2
0.22 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3
0.23 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3
0.24 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.4
0.25 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4

Unique has an average SD of .140 for all the measures tested. Five percent of the time a
set of five charges or shots will have a range or spread of .5 or half a grain. For ten shots, five
percent of the time the range will be .6 grains, for twenty shots the range will be .7 grains.

In my opinion, based on these results, no measure tested will dispense charges of
big-kernel extruded powders or Unique repeatably enough for bench rest match shooting
or load testing. Weighed charges are required for any powder-powder measure
combination that dispenses charges with a standard deviation above .1 grain.
(For their help with the statistics, special thanks to Jeroen Hogema of The Netherlands;
and Professor Steve Morrison, Chairman, and Professor Kamran Dadkah, of the Economics
Department at Northeastern University in Boston-where I went to school during the last ice age.)

How to estimate the STDEV of any powder-powder measure combination
Put the powder in the measure, throw twelve charges, returning each to the reservoir.
Throw, weigh and record a minimum of thirty charges, returning each to the reservoir.
Calculate the standard deviation using a (scientific or statistical) calculator or EXCEL or
a friend or write in to the CBA Forum for assistance.

223
Dippers and repeatability
Hoping that the Lee dipper would dispense charges of SR4759 and similar powders
accurately, I worked with the 1.9 cc dipper for a while, then threw thirty charges using each of
three techniques.

Average Wt.(Gr.) STDEV (Gr.)
Dip and slightly shake 20.7 .259
Dip and tap on the container edge 20.6 .222
Dip and scrape with a business card 19.5 .260
The dipper method has a much larger STDEV than the measures-isn't the answer.

Settle Down
After the first six to ten charges are thrown there is no settling down or compacting of the
charges, and charge weight does not increase. Thus, I no longer have to throw thirty to fifty
charges before throwing keepers. Here's a chart showing the average weights of the first thirty(1-
30) charges thrown, and the second thirty(31-60). If there was a "settle down" effect, then we
would expect to see the 31-60 weigh more than 1-30. We don't and there isn't.

RCBS
Comp.
Small
Chamber
Redding
BR 30 Lyman 55 B&M
Hornady
Lock 'n
Load B.R.
Lee
Perfect CH4D AVG.
AA#9 1-30 12.6 12.9 14.2 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.5 14.0
AA#9 31-60 12.6 12.9 14.2 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.5 14.0
IMR4227 1-30 11.6 12.4 12.2 12.3 12.7 12.7 12.3 12.3
IMR4227 31-60 11.6 12.4 12.2 12.3 12.7 12.8 12.3 12.3
UNIQUE 1-30 12.2 12.1 12.4 12.5 11.6 12.3 11.7 12.1
UNIQUE 31-60 12.4 12.3 12.4 12.6 11.5 12.4 11.6 12.2
IMR4198 1-30 20.3 20.2 19.8 20.0 20.3 19.7 19.8 20.0
IMR4198 31-60 20.2 20.4 19.8 20.0 20.2 19.7 19.8 20.0
SR4759 1-30 17.4 19.6 20.5 20.0 19.9 20.1 19.5 19.6
SR4759 31-60 17.3 19.5 20.4 20.0 19.9 20.0 19.5 19.5

AVG. 1-30 14.8 15.4 15.8 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.6 15.6
AVG. 31-60 14.8 15.5 15.8 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.5 15.6

Head
Powder height in the reservoir does not affect the average weight of charges thrown.
There is no purpose served in placing baffles in powder measure reservoirs, or in putting funnels
in the reservoirs. This is counter to advertising claims made for several measures.
Here's a chart showing the average weights of charges thrown with a lot of powder in the
measure (31-60), and a little powder in the measure (61-90).
If powder height in the measure affected average charge weight, then we would expect to
see heavier charges in 31-60 than in 61-90. We don't and it doesn't.

224

RCBS
Comp.
Small
Chamber
Redding
BR 30
Lyman
55 B&M
Hornady
Lock 'n
Load B.R.
Lee
Perfect CH4D AVG.
AA#9 31-60 12.6 12.9 14.2 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.5 14.0
AA#9 61-90 12.6 12.9 14.1 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.5 14.0
IMR4227 31-60 11.6 12.4 12.2 12.3 12.7 12.8 12.3 12.3
IMR4227 61-90 11.6 12.4 12.2 12.3 12.7 12.7 12.3 12.3
UNIQUE 31-60 12.4 12.3 12.4 12.6 11.5 12.4 11.6 12.2
UNIQUE 61-90 12.4 12.2 12.1 12.5 11.6 12.4 11.6 12.1
IMR4198 31-60 20.2 20.4 19.8 20.0 20.2 19.7 19.8 20.0
IMR4198 61-90 20.4 20.5 19.7 20.0 20.3 19.7 19.9 20.1
SR4759 31-60 17.3 19.5 20.4 20.0 19.9 20.0 19.5 19.5
SR4759 61-90 17.4 19.4 20.3 19.9 19.9 20.0 19.4 19.5

AVG. 31-60 14.8 15.5 15.8 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.5 15.6
AVG. 61-90 14.9 15.5 15.7 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.5 15.6

Slope
I was surprised to find that charge weight variation increased as average charge weight
increased. The more powder in a charge, the more variation. The standard deviation of charge
weight varies from .001-.004 grains per grain of average charge weight; all depending on the
powder and measure.
Here is a table of slopes in SD grains, defined as change in SD over change in average
charge weight. For example the SD of UNIQUE in the B&M measure, increases .003 grains per
grain increase in charge weight. As the average charge weight goes up, the SD goes up. Heavy
charges vary more than light charges.

RCBS
Comp.
Small
Chamber
Redding
BR 30 Lyman 55 B&M
Hornady
Lock 'n
Load B.R.
LEE
PERFECT CH4D AVG.
AA#9 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002
IMR4227 0.006 0.003 0.003 -0.001 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.003
UNIQUE 0.002 0.005 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.006 0.001 0.003
IMR4198 0.003 0.002 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.001 0.001 0.004
SR4759 0.006 0.003 -0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
AVG. 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.001

Crunch
Some powders crunch more than others going through the measure; some measures
crunch with a given powder more than other measures.
One of the techniques I've used is to throw back the crunchers because it is obvious that
the non-crunchers are more consistent. Obvious, but not true. I can find no evidence that more
crunching leads to less weight consistency; for a given powder. SR4759 is a big-time cruncher. I
saw no connection between crunchy throws and weights. Non-crunchy weights were high or low
or average, just like crunchy throws.

225
The Lee Perfect measure doesn't crunch 99% of the time with any powder tested,
including SR4759; yet it is no more repeatable than other measures.

Bridging
Sometimes powder doesn't come out of the measure on one operation, but lots of powder
comes out on the next operation. The series of events varies, Ex: none-lots, or none-none-lots, or
none-little-none-lots.
I've seen this with SR4759 for years, never recorded what happened until recently. I have
reports on bridging with surplus 4831, Red Dot?, 700X, 4831, 4831SC, 4064 and Trail Boss. My
experience with bridging is only with SR4759, mostly because I rarely use the big-kernel
extruded tubular powders.
Bridging is caused by a too-small nozzle on the powder measure. Using the larger nozzle
or drilling out the nozzle fixed the bridging.
The way to absolutely eliminate bridging and the overcharges that may result is to weigh
every charge or to use the B&M measure.
I have come to suspect that some of the SEE (Secondary Explosion Effect) events may
have been caused by bridging in the measure and overcharging.

Micrometers
The Lee, CH4D, Redding, RCBS and Hornady measures have micrometer adjustments.
There were problems with all the micrometers except the Redding.
I misread the RCBS micrometer twice during this testing, by one thimble revolution. I've
had this same kind of error in the past with Lyman Super Targetspot telescopes. I think that the
clearance-the difference in diameters of the thimble and body causes part of the problem.
Looking at the micrometer and rotating the measure gives different views of any given line on
the body, from visible to invisible, covered or uncovered by the thimble.
The CH4D micrometer does not zero, bottom is at "251" on the barrel scale.
The micrometer isn't aligned, zero on the barrel is at about 3.5 on the thimble.
The Hornady Lock 'n Load Bench Rest micrometer barrel doesn't have a zero so you can't
zero it, and the thimble doesn't align to register with the barrel markings.
I now believe that one should never set any measure, micrometer or not, without
checking the charge weight on a scale. It is just too easy to make a mistake setting the
micrometer even if the notes and memory are in working order.

Knockers and Knocking
During this testing I've had several reloaders explain their preferred knocking techniques,
each of which, I was assured, ensured accurate charges. Knocking is whacking the operating
handle (or in the Lyman 55, the knocker) of the measure against the stop, top or bottom, a certain
number of times, with a certain ferocity.
I've used the Lyman 55 for many years, and it's the only measure tested that comes with a
built in knocker. I have knocked religiously since 1960, and if I mis-knock or knock incorrectly,
I throw the charge back in the reservoir.
After getting the measure to settle down, I threw thirty charges with the Lyman 55, with
and without the knocker, with each of the five powder charges. In every case the charges thrown
were heavier with knocking; however there is little evidence that the knocker charges are more
repeatable than the no-knocker charges. Here's the table.

226
All values
in grains
Average Average STDEV STDEV
Knocker No Knocker Knocker No Knocker
AA#9 12.5 12.4 0.018 0.000
IMR4227 11.0 10.9 0.047 0.049
Unique 16.3 15.6 0.133 0.152
IMR4198 22.9 22.4 0.118 0.156
SR4759 20.4 20.0 0.154 0.160

Average 16.6 16.3 0.094 0.103

I think that consistency in operating any measure-including knocking- may increase
charge repeatability; but I could not devise a test of consistency in operation. I know when I do
something different when operating a powder measure. I suspect that most reloaders know when
they do something different. Then it's time to return the charge to the reservoir.

Unique
Unique doesn't dispense very repeatably through any measure. I wonder how much the
charge weight variation has affected light rifle and handgun loads with this powder over the
years. I've used Unique in everything from the Hornet to the 45/70, and in 357 and 44 Magnums.
It's never the most accurate powder, but frequently comes in second or third. Maybe dribbling
and weighing might pay off.

Powder Measure Testing Protocol
(All calculations were done on samples of thirty charges. Thirty is the minimum sample
size for reasonably accurate estimations of mean (average) and standard deviation. )
With a new measure, follow all cleaning and assembly instructions, then run a pound of
powder through the measure.
Put powder in the measure, the object is to have a "lot" of powder in the measure. The
Lee and Lyman 55 measures were filled almost full. The Hornady and CH4D measures have
very large reservoirs, and had about three-quarters of a pound poured in. Set the measure for the
test charge, empty the measure, put the powder back in the measure, throw 60 charges, weigh
each one, return each charge to the measure, record the weight.
Pour most of the powder out of the measure, leaving about 1/2" of powder visible in the
reservoir. The object is to have the measure almost empty. Throw twelve charges, returning each
to the reservoir. Throw 30 charges, weigh each one, return each charge to the reservoir, record
the weight.
Set the measure for a "big" charge. Put a "lot" of powder in the reservoir, throw twelve
charges and return them to the reservoir. Throw 30 charges, weigh each one, return the powder
to the reservoir, record the weights.

Here are the approximate weights of "test" and "big" charges that I used:
"test" "big"
SR4759 20 grains 32 grains
Unique 12 grains 25 grains
IMR4198 20 grains 47 grains

227
AA#9 14.5 grains 55 grains
IM R4227 12.5 grains 49 grains

All charges were weighed on my RCBS 10-10 scale.

The Lee Perfect measure
I took the measure apart several times to clean out the working parts. The instructions
mention that "Extremely fine powders may leak very slightly at this setting. This causes no
harm" and advises us to tighten the Rotor Tension Adjustment screw. I tightened the screw as
much as possible still allowing the handle to work reasonably. With Accurate #9, a ball powder,
after throwing about 150 charges for the test, I swept up 38.4 grains of powder from the floor.
The measure leaks like a sieve. (The next measure tested was the CH4D, after about 750 charges
with five powders there was .6 grains of powder in the dustpan after sweeping.)
While testing Unique, throwing the "big" charges, the first 21 charges weighed from 23.8
grains to 24.9 grains. Charge 22 weighed 27.5 grains, followed by 27.5, 27.5, 27.8, 27.7 grains,
where I stopped.
I checked the scale zero, took the measure apart and cleaned it, put it together and threw
30 "big" charges without a hitch.
Something bad happened to the Lee measure while throwing the first set of Unique
charges, bad enough to give me the willies
I don't think that the Lee Perfect measure meets the threshold requirements for a
reasonable and safe powder measure.

Powder measure setting repeatability
The question is:" If one repeatedly sets a micrometer powder measure to the same setting,
how repeatable are the charges thrown at each setting".
I chose to test with AA#9 because this ball powder flows through the measure very
consistently. Set the measure, throw and weigh charges and we find that the charge weights vary
little if at all. Since charges of this powder can be thrown very consistently, it is appropriate for
testing the repeatability of settings of a powder measure.
The measure was an old Belding and Mull with a micrometer charge tube-the only
measure I had on hand then that had a micrometer feature. The micrometer has 25 divisions per
revolution. The threaded plunger that the thimble is on is marked every five threads from "5" to
"40".
I put powder in the measure and fiddled around until I had developed a procedure.
Loosen the thumb screw.
Turn the thimble UP a few threads.
Set the thimble to 10+0
Throw a charge
Put the charge in a 44 Magnum case.
Weigh the charged case.
Record the weight.
Put the powder back in the measure.
Turn the thimble DOWN a few threads.
Throw a charge.....

228
Continue, alternating between UP and DOWN.
Always approach the final setting from below.
(I put the charge in the 44 Magnum case and weighed the charged case because that procedure
kept me, left handed and with a tremor, from spilling the powder on the way to the scale pan.)
After thirty settings and charges, ALL the charged cases weighed 137.2 grains except the
fifth, that weighed 137.1 grains.
No powder measure has significantly better setting repeatability than this, none, including
the Harrell. Because the error or variation here was essentially ZERO, and it don't get any better
than that.
The thimble on this charge tube can be set to 25 different settings per revolution. I set the
measure in steps of five divisions, threw and weighed charges.
Setting Weight, charged case
9 00 135.2
9 05 135.6
9 10 136.0
9 15 136.4
9 20 136.8
10 00 137.2
10 05 137.5
10 10 137.9
10 15 138.2
10 20 138.6
11 00 139.1
From 9 00 to 11 00 there are 25 x 2 = 50 divisions, weight changed from 139.1 grains to
135.2 grains or 3.9 grains; so each division is 3.9/50 = .08 grains-eight tenths of a tenth of a
grain.
Then the micrometer can be set at finely divided settings, and the settings allow charges
that are repeatable. Set it to 10 00 and get charged cases of 137.2 grains, (almost) every time. Set
it to 9 01 and get charged cases of 137.28 grains, rounded to 137.3 grains, (almost) every time.
No measure can do better, as long as the weight of charges of powder is resolved no finer than .1
grain. Means, we might want 34.2 grains, or 34.3 grains, but we never want or need 34.25 grains.
I suspect that any of the micrometer powder measures, including the Harrell, have setting
repeatability with a standard deviation of well under .1 grains, which means that repeating this
test will show that all or almost all of the charges weigh exactly the same.
So if one was to sit down with some powders and a notebook, a table of micrometer
settings/powder charge weights could be written. And that would be handy at the range, no scale
would be needed to vary the charges of various powders, just "set it and forget it".
My opinion is that this is a dangerous practice because of the possibility of making
an error in setting the micrometer..

The RCBS Chargemaster 1500
This is an electronic scale attached to a motor-driven powder dribbler. The scale can be
removed and used alone.
I tested this with SR4759 and believe that this machine will dispense powder charges
with any powder that weigh within +/- .1 grain continuously.
Any jiggling and more grains of powder fall in the pan.

229
The Chargemaster must be put on a stable non-jiggling table or bench.
This machine does a good job of measuring charges of big-kernel extruded powder, better
than any mechanical measure tested.

230
6.5 WADS AND FILLERS
You must understand that some shooters have written that shooting cartridges with
wads over the powder has caused "rings" in their rifle chambers. The ring is described as
an annular ring in the forward end or mouth of the chamber.
It has been reported that using wads of cotton or kapok rather than Dacron will
eliminate the risk of ringing the chamber. Unfortunately, there have also been reports of
chamber ringing with both cotton and kapok wads.
It has been theorized that old barrels made of softer steels are more likely to develop
rings than new and stronger/harder barrels.
I do not use over-powder wads in antique rifles.
I have never ringed a chamber in thousands of shots fired with wads in antique or
modern or reproduction rifles.
Be aware that there is a risk.

I believe that we're better off not using a wad. Reloading time is reduced, we don't have
to make or buy the wads and that little bit of "I wonder if this one will ring my chamber" is gone.
That said:
What is written below is about smokeless powder loads. Black powder is a whole
different story, where the wads seem to be an important part of the load.
Some shooters use a wad pushed down on the powder to keep it next to the primer. The
velocity of the bullet varies with the position of the powder in the case at the time of ignition,
and the theory is that by holding the powder against the primer with a wad, variations in velocity
are reduced and accuracy is increased. The wads used for this purpose include pieces of toilet
paper and balls of Dacron. I use Dacron wads in some rifles. Dacron batting is available at stores
that sell sewing machines and supplies, it is used in making clothing as insulation between the
outer and inner cloth layers of the garment. It is a non-woven batting material, it is sold by the
running yard eight feet wide, and I won't live long enough to use the first yard I bought. I pull a
small bit of Dacron off the piece and tease it into a fluffy ball, which is big enough to make a sort
of tight fit in the cartridge case. The ball is about three-eighths to one-half inch in diameter. I
push it into the charged case with the pointy end of a ball pen, and tamp it down on the powder
with the blunt end of the pen. The object is to use as little as possible, to use the same amount
each time, and to have the ball big enough to hold the powder against the primer by friction
against the case wall. A piece of toilet paper about an inch square does the same job; just push it
down on the powder.
Some other shooters use a wad in the mouth of the case to protect the base of the bullet
and reduce the chance of the hot gases cutting the base of the bullet or blowing by the bullet. The
wads used for this purpose include plastic, cork, cardboard and balls of Dacron in the mouth of
the case. A few years back Merrill Martin got a lot of shooters interested in die cut plastic wads
in the mouth of the case. There was a lot of science involved, "Low Density Polyethylene" or
"LDPE" was the plastic of choice. Lindy Blaisdell used these wads for a while with good results,
but has since given them up. I tried them.
Old time black powder shooters used cork or cardboard or postcard wads in the mouth of
the case. I suspect that these wads were more to keep the powder from falling out of the charged
case than to protect the base of the bullet.
"Ramone" on the handloads.com forum says that he uses wads cut from Styrofoam plates
in the case mouth.

231
Yet other shooters use grease or lube wads in the mouth of the case that are supposed to
both protect the base of the bullet and lubricate the bore. "IPCO" wads were sold for years. These
were sheets of lube about one-sixteenth inch thick. You pressed the sheet of lube down on the
mouth of a charged case, leaving a round lube wad in the mouth of the case, and seated the bullet
on top. There are two possible problems with grease/lube wads. First, the wad may melt a little
and contaminate or "kill" the powder charge. A cardboard or felt or plastic or cork or ? wad
should be used between the grease/lube wad and the powder. Second, the wad may be free to
rattle around in the case, between the powder and the base of the bullet. The danger here is that
the wad will act as a projectile, whack into the base of the bullet on firing, and ring the chamber.
I don't know if this has ever happened, but recommend that users assure that any wad NOT be
placed on top of the powder leaving an airspace between wad and bullet, and not be free to rattle
around in the case.
Some grease/wax wads under an undersized bullet will keep a revolver from leading-I
have tried this and know it to be true. An undersized 429421 bullet in my M29 44 Magnum
revolver leaded in a few shots. With a CF Ventures "Soft Gas Check" leading was eliminated.
Grease/wax wads under a rifle bullet will eliminate leading. The 308403 bullet leads
furiously in my 30WCF M54 Winchester, but with a CF Ventures "Soft Gas Check" the leading
is completely eliminated.
The CF Ventures "Soft Gas Check" is a hard red material that is about 1/16" thick, and
comes in sheets about 3" X 6". I have not found any increase in accuracy using these wads, but
they do eliminate leading.
I have experimented with grease wads for years in smokeless and black powder loads in
rifles, and have never had as good accuracy with grease wads as without them. I know, it should
work, and many people will tell you that it does work, but I've never been able to make it work. I
think it comes down to this: An undersized bullet will lead. A grease or wax wad will frequently
eliminate leading, but won't make the bullet shoot accurately. A larger bullet will not lead and
will shoot accurately. Good luck.
Cream of Wheat is used on occasion as a filler in both black powder and smokeless
powder loads. Black powder loads in cartridge rifles should fill the case; there should be no or
almost no air space between the top of the load and the base of the bullet. The story is that bad
things will happen if there is an air space. Unless it is compressed slightly black powder won't
burn correctly, and velocities will vary a lot. Sometimes we want to shoot less than a full case of
powder. A .45/70 duplex load of ten percent smokeless and the case filled with black powder
with a 500 grain bullet is not a lot of fun to shoot. We can use less than a full charge of black
powder, while not having an air space, by putting Cream of Wheat on top of the black powder to
fill the case. It seems to me that black powder loads with Cream of Wheat burn cleaner than
without.
Cream of Wheat has also been used on top of smokeless loads. In bottlenecked cases
Cream of Wheat is said to cause high pressures, but I never noticed it. What I have noticed is that
Cream of Wheat on top of a smokeless powder load eliminates leading, even when the bullet is
not lubricated. However, I never had as good accuracy in smokeless loads with Cream of Wheat
as without, so I don't use it in smokeless loads at all now.

(Editors note: Ive played with Cream of Wheat loads a great deal. And while I have
had some excellent groups, it is true that this technology generally gives somewhat less accuracy
than conventional loads. Oddly enough, they seem a great deal more consistent if used with

232
UNLUBRICATED cast bullets. Why a bullet lubricant should detract from accuracy with these
loads, I cant even guess, but Ive seen it repeatedly. In its defense, Id like to note that Cream of
Wheat loads will often perform reasonably well at much higher velocities than conventional
loads, and I havent been able to get ANY leading with a Cream of Wheat load, no matter how
extreme the load, nor how poor the bore. Ken Mollohan as editor)

PVC WADS
I have never found a wad in the case mouth to increase accuracy. Cork or grease or
plastic. When breech seating, I have to use a wad in the case mouth to keep the powder from
drooling into the Martini action on my bench gun. This gun reliably leads after 10 record and a
couple of sighter shots, and has done so for 15 years, but it shoots very well and is worth the
cleaning.
Bill McGraw sent me some PVC sheets, and I've cut 30 caliber wads from them and
have been using them in the case mouth. The last three times out there has been no leading.
Yesterday, 8/23/2006, at 100 yards I got five shot groups of .9, .775, .8, .975 and .85, with two
different bullets. Total of 31 shots with fouler.
There was zero leading, not one flake, when I cleaned the gun. The bullet is breech seated but the
case goes AROUND the bullet in the chamber, so the wad is pushed down by the bullet base. So,
this .062" thick PVC wad has cured the leading problem, now I've got to get Bill to tell me where
he gets these sheets.
I might add that Soft Gas Checks also eliminate leading in this gun, but the accuracy doesn't
seem to be as good.

"Merrill Martin sent me a roll of the .062 PVC (Vinyl) some years ago when I couldnt find
any more locally. I had sent him some .041 thick sheets when he was using LDPE material and
he liked it so much he changed to PVC, now called Polly Wad material many use. I originally
found the material in a furniture fabric shop. I dont have an order number or spec sheet for the
identity other than what I sent Merrill long ago. The PVC material is much easier to cut wads
from than LDPE and LDPU, both being too hard unless cut with a proper cutter and a drill
press. I cut mine with a sharpened case mouth, deburred on the outside, and sized in a Lee Collet
Die for the correct diameter. I tap the case into a sheet of PVC over a backer of harder plastic to
protect the cutter and remove the wads with tweezers. I seat the wad small side down on the
powder; they are slightly tapered and enter the case mouth easier that way; Merrill disagreed
with my method. The wad should be .003 larger than the rifle throat and obviously larger than
the ID of the case mouth so that they fit snugly and dont drop into the powder charge.
The wads do not make an accurate target load betterhow could they? They do correct some
compromises we have with bullet fit, perhaps reducing gas-cutting and resulting leading. They
certainly make my low-vel target loads work well as well as some serious hi-vel loads shoot
accurately. I dont use them unless I have to correct a problem.
Tom Gray uses LDPE material. Perhaps it is a softer form but he swears by its merits."
Bill McGraw

"We shoot P Wads or PVC wads around here all the time. They do two things. They scrape the
powder fouling out of the barrel and also the lead fouling. You can go 60 rounds or so and not
get any appreciable amount of barrel fouling.

233
If a person has a less than perfect bullet fit in the throat, I've seen them pick up an extra 50 fps.
from adding a proper fitting wad. Make sure the wad is a thou or two larger than your bullet so
it stays in the neck. As a gunsmith, I've seen several ringed necks where the guy was not careful
and the wad wasn't against the base of the bullet.
If you have not fixed the initial problem of leading, you are still leading up your barrel but it is
now not allowed to accumulate.
You should not get leading with a proper cast bullet load. Sometimes this is very hard to
achieve.
You can buy PVC sheeting in 1/16" from MSC or one of the large tool supply catalogs. Check on
Production Tool, J&L industrial tool, Enco etc. I got mine from one of them but can't remember
who."
Tom Gray

"Once a guy wrote that the finest accuracy was to be found just before the point where leading
begins. I think his name was Marshall. Some call that tailoring the mix to the load or purpose.
If you do something that prevents that from happening, you would also push the accuracy point
farther out wouldn't ya? Change a variable and you have to adjust.
I once had a guy tell me that Teflon ruined the accuracy of his barrel. I have used Teflon many
times. It always ruined the accuracy of my loads. But once I adjusted the loads up, my accuracy
came right back. I take that back, I had one instance where I had to go back to a less slippery
lube to get accuracy to come back with that same powder because ignition was impacted that
much. I suppose that is the same logic described in the first paragraph.
One last thought. It is becoming a perceived fact that accuracy simply is not possible from a gun
/ load condition that leads. Some of my best accuracy loads will lead. And all loads will lead
eventually requiring cleaning. We just go with what is acceptable to us."
Bass Ackward on Cast Boolits Forum

DACRON WADS AND CHAMBER RINGING
Much has been written about "ringing" chambers when wads, particularly Dacron wads,
are used over powder.
BEWARE, use of Dacron or any over-powder wad is said to cause rings in chambers.
I have used Dacron wads for many years in cartridges from 223 Rem to 45/70, shooting
thousands -maybe tens of thousands-of shots, and have never ringed a chamber. I continue to use
Dacron wads, and recognize that there may be a risk.
I have read intricate explanations of how the ringing occurs, written by presumably
sincere folks who were substituting theory and/or conjecture for fact.
Ed Lander, a Massachusetts gunsmith at the time, said that he believed that chamber
ringing was caused by a chip catching in the reamer during the chambering process. He
suggested that repeated use of one cartridge case during breech seating allowed the brass to flow
into the ring.
I've read everything I can find on this matter, nothing has been convincing so far.

References:
"This Chamber Ring Thing", John Campbell, Precision Shooting, May 2000
Chapter 17B, "Chamber Ringing", C. Dell, "The Modern Schuetzen Rifle, 2nd Edition

234
"Chamber Rings and Natural Fibers", ASSRA Journal, Jul-Aug 1998, J. Campbell
"Chamber Rings, Another View" ASSRA Journal, Jul-Aug 2002, M.L.McPherson
ASSRA Journal letters etc:, Volume, No., Pg. Author
47,6,14 J. Campbell
48,3,20 H. Angus
48,3,23 J. Brennan
48,4,16 L. Thompson
48,4,17 J. Childs
50,4,22 J. Campbell

I went to several forums on the internet, including the ASSRA forum, asking for stories
about ringed chambers with Dacron.
There were many responses, a host of opinions, a few death threats, but these were the
only reliable stories I got about ringed chambers. Examples of the event appear thin on the
ground. I continue to search for stories, if you have one please send it.

Hi from Kim Williams in New Zealand. " I was using a .303 (A No. 1 Mk III* Lithgow
made in 1942) with 10 gr of 7625 powder and a grape sized wad of 100% pure cotton tamped
down with a pencil and a LEE 180 gr gas checked bullet, lubed 50/50 Alox and dipped in Lee
Liquid Alox, cases were DI 1943. Average 1185 fps. No problems with several hundred shots. I
increased the load gradually over a few weeks. At 11 gr, average was 1295 fps with 18 rounds
going into 2 1/2" x 4 1/2" at 100 yards. At 11.5 grain average was 1340 fps and 10 shot groups
at 100 Yds. were round and 2 1/2". At 12 grains 7625 my problems began. After about 3 shots of
the 12 grain load, extraction became hard and I noticed a ring in the neck of the case (about
where the base of the bullet was located) and when I looked inside the chamber, a corresponding
ring showing as a dark line in the chamber neck.
My thoughts were that the 12 grains of 7625 was too fast and too much and the flat
surface of the powder (held as such by the wad) made a very fast pressure spike which was
hitting the bullet base and making a ring bulge in the neck. It literally took only 1 to 3 rounds of
the 12 grains load to cause the ring - only those 3 cases showed the ring mark on the neck, the
previous week's cases at 11.5 gr. showed no signs. I still use the same barrel with 18 gr H4198
and no problems with extraction, even though the ring is still there. I still use a filler but have
gone off cotton or similar fillers. As they do not sell Cream of Wheat here in New Zealand, I use
Medium ground Semolina mixed with graphite powder (1 cup semolina to 1 teaspoon graphite
powder) and put in to halfway up the neck - I use a dipper for this. This is used with a 314299
gas check lubed with 50/50 Alox and then sized through a LEE sizer and then dipped in Lee
Liquid Alox. Total weight of bullet and projectile is 230 gr - not too far from the 215 gr of the
original jacketed Mk 6 bullet. Averages 2 1/2" 10 shot groups at 100 yards."
Hope this helps. Kim.

I have experienced one example of ringing in a rifle that I built myself. The rifle was a Falling
Block, the barrel was a 32" octagon chrome-molly blank. I chambered the rifle in .50-90, used
450 grain bullets and test fired it a number of times at the range with duplex black powder (Goex
Cart & 4759)... no problem.
I switched to Accurate Arms 5744 and a Wonder Wad and ringed the chamber badly on the first
shot.

235
I rechambered to .50-140, switched back to duplex loads and never experienced the ringing
again."
Voyageur on the ASSRA

Of the eight Schuetzen members in our club that have fired at least 30,000 rounds through their
rifle, only one has ever ringed a barrel.
All of our club members place the wad directly onto the powder charge. We all use either
Styrofoam wads or the material used for sealing against drafts under sill plates. However the
only member to use the floral foam for wads was the one who ringed his barrel. Coincidence?
Maybe.
All of the barrels in question were stainless steel and we all use the .357 Max case cut back to
1.470 which is tapered with a .223 die. We all use AA#9 / H108. However the ringed barrel was
chambered for a shortened 32-40 case.
So is there something to be learned regarding the material used for wads or the case design or
the combination of the two?
If ringing was due to pushing the wad down onto the powder then I expect the rest of us should
have ringed our barrels after over 30,000 rounds respectively.
Schuetzendave ASSRA

"I've been following the discussion on this for the past few months and guess I might as well fess
up. Yes, I did, in my 45-70 BPCR and I shouldn't have tempted fate. I've used some Dacron and
tp fillers, but not much, but am a fan of LDPE wads, most of which are used with full case loads,
and this goes back over the past 20 years or so. HOWEVER, in the BPCR I'm using smokeless
and hence the need for the filler.
The load was 25.0 gr 5744, Lyman "Mathews" 457676 @ 540 gr. seated to an OAL of 3.060. For
a filler to hold the powder back I've been using the .250 thick small bubble foam they use in
packaging material for cushioning, (referred to as fw) comes in sheets, you've all seen it. Cut
them (and the others) in the drill press with a short length of sis tubing, .035 wall thickness, with
the tubing chamfered from the id to od, so wad dia. is .480/.500. This weighs .2 gr and is seated
on top of the powder. No problem here, have shot 1000's and never found the wad. Still, with
this combo, some airspace between fw and bullet base. Now I come across some other foam,
3/8" thick, wt. .4 gr,(referred to as tfw) use that on top of the fw, no airspace, but notice many of
the tfw in front of the bench, showing little sign of having made that quick trip. All of these have
had the LDPE wad under the bullet, seated by same. Well, in a stroke of insight, (where was that
dope slap when I needed it) I thought the load might profit from a LDPE wad on the powder,
+fw,+tfw+ LDPE wad +bullet, hey no empty space and slight compression on the tfw that was
going thru intact. It ringed at the base of the bullet, though didn't realize it at the time. I'd fired
10 rounds. When I got to resizing the cases, noticed the ring, best I could measure on the case
was .003 o/s on the ring. Moral of this, DO NOT EVER use a LDPE wad anywhere but tight on
the bullet base.
Upside is I sent the rifle to Lee Shaver to have it setback and rechambered. Lee suggested
chamber relining, (was aware of barrel relining, but not chamber), which I agreed on. Rifle was
back in 1 week, shoots as good as before, and doubt if one could tell what was done even
knowing what had been done. No need to alter forearm as would have been required with the
"setback and rechamber" as the octagon turns to round right at the end of the forearm.

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Can't aye/nay on other fillers, I continue to use the fw, and have used it with 4759, 2015 in this
same cartridge. Hope this may be of some use to others, cuz, hey, it can happen."
Keith Johnson

"Well, as long as you're going to 'fess up, I may as well. About 20 years ago, before we were told
this was a bad thing, I used to load a Martini Cadet rechambered to .32/40 with 14.5 gr. of
IMR4227 in reformed .30-30 cases with a Rem. 9-1/2 primer and a Lyman 323470 (165 RNGC)
with a 0.10 grain Dacron wad seated on the powder. It was superbly accurate and fun to shoot.
After a while, I noticed that extraction was getting problematic. Investigation revealed that the
chamber had ringed at the base of the bullet after a lot of rounds. It's still very accurate but I
need to use a cleaning rod to remove the fired cases.
I was using fixed ammo, bullet was approx #2 Lyman alloy seated to just contact the
rifling, the Dacron puff (about 1/2" dia) was used per the recommendations of one of the
gunwriters (don't recall who) of the time for small powder charges. This was used from the start
of load development.
The Martini Cadet action makes it very difficult to get a good visual in the area as it is
not one of those drilled for cleaning from the breech, but extraction was initially good and
deteriorated the more that I shot it. The ring seems to be in about the middle of the case neck,
which would be the location of the base of the bullet. Accuracy is still superb with the 323470 or
319261.
Need to rebarrel one of these days,
Rick Shepardson"

I used Dacron for quite a while in 30-06 with small charges of W231 pistol powder and 311255,
a 119-grain round nose plain base bullet. All was well until I varied my technique slightly
without thinking about it. What I did, was push the Dacron through the case neck with a pencil,
ending up with a space between the tuft of Dacron and the bullet base. The only effect was that I
found melted toroidal masses of Dacron stuck to the rear web of the cases after firing. I dug
them out when reloading, and didn't think much about it except for wondering how it had
happened. However I then did the same thing with the same powder and bullet in 30-30, and it
was not so harmless. I got pronounced rings in the cases at the junction of the shoulder and
neck, which happened to be where the bullet base was. In the higher loads the neck ring was bad
enough to prevent extracting the case with the Marlin action, and I had to use a cleaning rod.

It seems clear to me that the Dacron was forming a compressed wad, and hitting the base of the
bullet as an internal projectile. With the strong 30-06 case, the wad just bounced off the bullet
and stuck to the rear web. With the thin 30-30 case, the wad damaged the case neck when it
impacted the bullet base. Incidentally the wad was not retained in the 30-30 cases as it had been
in the 30-06s.

So, my experience is that so far I've had no problems with Dacron tufts that completely fill the
airspace in the case, but I've had quite serious problems with Dacron tufts just pushed down with
a pencil through the case neck. I don't recommend use of Dacron at all, though I still try it from
time to time myself - but I'm very careful to ensure it springs up against the bullet base.

Geoff

237

Did the chamber of the 30/30 or 30/06 rifle get ringed?
How much Dacron did you use in 30/30. I use a teased ball about as big as a nickel in 45/70,
somewhat smaller in 30 caliber. Pushed down on the powder and tamped with a pencil. Almost
zero weight though.
May I quote this in the CBA book?
Thanks;
joe brennan

"Joe,
At that time I used the tufted bulk Dacron rather than the type that is in rolled sheets. The tufted
style seems to me to be more dense - you can't see through a small tuft of it, whereas you can
with the sheet type. The tuft was of a size to fill the cartridge case without teasing it out, or
compressing it either - just a case full in its natural state. Pushing it down into the case with the
pencil resulted in the front third of the case interior being empty.

As far as I can tell there was no damage to the chamber of the 30-06. The cases showed no sign
of being misshapen at the time, or subsequently. In the 30-30 if I hold fired cases up to a bright
light and rotate them, I can see a slight bulge at the shoulder-to-neck joint, in the same place
where the original ring occurred. There is no effect on case extraction, and as far as I know
accuracy has not been affected either. I am still using the same set of 30-30 cases, despite ten of
them having been ringed - they have been loaded 10 times now, FLS each time with the die
backed off about a third of a turn from shell-holder contact, and only two have been retired, both
due to shoulder cracks. They have never been annealed from new.
Of course you are welcome to use the report in the CBA book if you wish."
Geoff

"It was 30 years ago.
I bought the Remington 700 BDL 30/06 new and the chamber was correct, with no excessive
machining marks. It was fired with several hundred jacketed bullet loads before I decided to try
my hand at shooting cast. In addition to cleaning the bores, I always clean the chambers of my
rifles, and inspect them from the breech end with the muzzle pointed at a strong light. The
chamber was good before I started fooling around with the cast bullets. I only had about 2-3
years experience handloading at the time, so I was, admittedly, near the bottom of the learning
curve (as we all were at one time). I did, however, read everything I could get my hands on
regarding guns and handloading, and I tried to replicate most of what I found interesting in the
various magazines, handloading and cast bullet manuals, books and whatever else I could find to
learn from.

The bullet was the Lee 190 grain flat nose GC (looks like C309-170-F, but weighs 190), with the
GC, and the powder was a book load of Unique. I couldn't get my hands on anything else at the
time, so I know the primer was a CCI 200. Since the Unique wasn't giving me very good
accuracy, I decided to try the Dacron filler, as suggested in several of the articles and cast bullet
books I read. I don't remember any of the articles saying that the Dacron was to be inserted
loosely in the case, and when I inserted it, it didn't appear that the fluffy stuff had any possibility

238
of keeping the powder next to the primer (for good ignition, as the books said), so I pushed it
down until it seemed to remain in a position that I thought would help it serve its intended
purpose. It wasn't "packed", it was just pressed down so that it was a mildly expanded wad of
material on top of the powder that didn't move when the case was shaken. Accuracy didn't
improve appreciably, and upon cleaning the rifle, I found the chamber's new feature, a ring,
right where the bullet base was located in the loaded rounds."
Stew

"Ive used fillers and wads for decades. Ive used wax wads in the mouth of cases as
lubricants, and Ive used Dacron that varied from a tuft to all I could stuff in the case with a
pencil. Ive used them at high pressure loads, and with plinking loads. Ive used them with
straight cases and with heavily bottlenecked cases. For the most part, Ive had very good results
with them.
Ive also managed to ring a chamber slightly with a wad that was pressed down over the
powder, leaving a substantial air space before the base of the bullet. I was playing around with
squib loads that werent burning cleanly. The loads were using wax wads for lube, which were
installed by pressing a sheet of wax down over the charged case. The bullet wasnt seated more
than about inch, with the idea of letting it align itself with the throat. In any case, I was
extracting some pretty dirty cases, and had a lot of residue, and very low velocities. I decided to
see if better ignition / burning could result from confining the powder a bit more, so I used a
pencil to push the wad down tight against the powder at the base of the case. This was years
ago, and I dont even remember what the next shot did for power, impact, etc. I only remember
that when I inspected the bore for unburnt powder, I saw a slight ring just where the base of the
bullet would have been. Fortunately, it was at the very mouth of the chamber, and extraction
wasnt affected. I like to experiment, but testing-to-destruction was more expensive than my
wallet could stand, so I didnt try to evaluate any cause and effects. I just made a mental note
that I was NOT going to seat any wads like that again, and let it go at that.
FWIW, Ive read a lot of armchair ballisticians holding forth on explanations that involve
the light wad being driven at very high velocities into the bullet base, causing it to upset with
enough force to ring the chamber. Sometimes they blame an air column being pinched between
the wad and the bullet. Sometimes they say the wax wad itself expands or splatters when it hits
the base of the bullet, and its forward velocity is converted to sideways pressure that does the
evil deed. It all sounds reasonable until you give it some thought: The wax wad may or may not
expand when it hits the base of the bullet, but ringing is reported with cardboard and felt wads
too - and they sure dont expand. And I cant believe a sheet of paper or Dacron can be given
sufficient velocity to impact and upset the base of even pure lead, much less hard alloy bullets.
And even if they could, someone will have to explain to me why this is so different from ordinary
base upset, which some people go to a lot of trouble to achieve. I cant see that bullet base upset
from the impact of a pressure wave should behave so differently from base upset from the impact
of a felt wad.
Dont get me wrong: Im not calling anyone a liar. Im just pointing out that we really
dont have a handle on the underlying causes of ringing at all, except that it seems to require an
air gap between the wad and the base of the bullet. My recommendation is to avoid forming any
such gaps in your reloads until someone can prove out exactly what is going on here."
Ken Mollohan

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6.6 HOW TO WORK UP AN ACCURATE RIFLE LOAD
Load development
The three editions of the Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook are helpful in finding loads for
cast bullets, but in my opinion often show loads at higher velocity than gives best accuracy. They
also include some information that is just not true.
Other reloading manuals include loads for cast bullets, often at those high velocities.
Equipment lists from Cast Bullet Association and American Single Shot Rifle
Association matches show who used what loads and where they placed. I find these equipment
lists valuable.
There are a multitude of sites on the internet where one can read about loads and cast
bullets; these are also interesting, but sometimes incorrect information is presented.
Be careful, check other sources, be careful, and start low on the charge.
The only cast bullet shooting that I think I know about is the low speed end of smokeless
powder rifle shooting. There's a high speed end, with velocities around and over two thousand
feet per second. I've tried this, with some fair results, but the noise and recoil are bothersome and
I get a little concerned about bore wear and throat erosion. But that's just me.
To get good accuracy with cast bullets in rifles:
1. Cast good bullets, bullets that are completely filled out, with no wrinkles or holes or obvious
surface defects. Weigh rifle bullets after visual inspection and discard those that are more than
half a grain below the average-these probably have a hole or void. Use any reasonable lubricant.
Make sure that the gas check-if used-is on the bullet base firmly and square.
2. The bullet must be large enough. We are told that the bullet must fit the throat, and that is
probably true. At least it is said a lot. My experience is that the bullet must be BIG. Thirty caliber
bullets of .312" diameter on the base bands shoot well without any sign of leading in any thirty
caliber rifle I've had. I believe that rifle bullets three to five thousandths of an inch over groove
diameter work well most of the time. If the bullet is a bore-ride design, it is probably best if the
bullet nose is a-little-tighter-than-slip-fit in the bore ahead of the chamber. Note that the bore
dimension just ahead of the chamber IS NOT NECESSARILY the same as the bore dimension at
the muzzle. It doesn't seem to take a lot of jacketed bullet shooting to open the bore up a
thousandth of an inch or so in front of the chamber.
3. The brass must be in good condition. Case mouths must be chamfered in and out and square,
the brass should be of the same headstamp, trimmed to the same length; it doesn't hurt and may
help to uniform primer pockets, de-burr flash holes, turn necks and anneal the necks. It may also
help to select a set of brass that weighs within plus or minus half a grain. Any individual step
may not make much difference, but doing it all and having a set of forty or fifty cases that are as
close to perfect as you can make them will help some and give you a feeling of confidence.
4. The rifle must be in good condition, with a clean bore and no copper fouling, bright rifling, a
decent crown on the muzzle, proper headspace and in good working order.
5. Your sights and your age must be compatible. Any reasonable telescopic sight is suitable for
shooters of any age. Target iron sights with peep rear and aperture front are suitable for shooters
of any age as long as those who need them have the required glasses. I wear trifocals, and cannot
see the bull at all with iron sights and without glasses. With my glasses I can see and shoot fine
with irons. Open sights, particularly with a bead front sight, introduce a sighting error into
shooting that adds to the accuracy error. An older person, or one who has less than perfect sight,
using open sights, is not able to tell if the group size is caused by the load or the sights.

240
So we need good bullets, of the right size, good brass and a good rifle with appropriate
sights in order to get good groups. This isn't about a lot of money. Today we can buy a brand
new 308 rifle and a telescopic sight for fairly short money.
Don't try to work up a load when there's a howling gale, or when it's 14 below zero or
105 in the shade. Don't shoot in uncomfortably bright sunlight, or when there's heaps of mirage,
or when you don't want to be there shooting. Bud Welsh wrote that he only shot when the
temperature was between 30 and 80; this isn't bad guidance.
One of the best times to shoot is late on a summer afternoon, two hours before sundown.
Often the air is still, a lot of the heat is gone from the day and the sun isn't too bright. If you can
catch a still day with a light drizzle and temperatures of 40 to 70, you've got the best conditions.
Keep in mind that the object is to test the rifle/load combination, not your ability to dope
wind or mirage.
The best way to work up a load is to load at the range. That way you haven't loaded a
bunch of cartridges that don't shoot well, and you can load right there to shoot a lot of charges
that do shoot well. Load some starting loads at home, and then load increased charges at the
range. It requires hauling a lot of equipment around, but I think its worth it.
Some folks advocate the use of just one case while loading at the range. John Ardito
loaded one case on the few times I watched him shoot. Using one case slows the pace of
shooting and allows for barrel cooling. It also eliminates all case-related variables.
Start with the smallest powder charge listed. Increase the charge a half grain at a time.
Shoot at least two five shot groups with each charge. When you have a charge that looks
promising, shoot five five shot groups with it.
In rifle loads, do not use charges with any number to the right of the decimal point other
than zero or five. Use charges of (for instance) 12.0 or 12.5 grains; don't use charges of 12.2 or
12.8 grains, this is nonsense.
With cast bullets at 1600 fps or under, my experience is that there are a few "cookbook"
loads that will work in any gun-if anything will. The 32/40 is frequently shot with bullets from
165 to 210 grains, large pistol primers, and 14.5/IMR4227. I believe that most any cartridge
based on the 32/40 case will shoot well with this powder and primer combination and any
reasonable bullet. Then the 30/30, 32/40 and 38/55 will probably shoot well with Remington
Large Pistol primers and around 14.5/IMR4227. Maybe a little more, maybe a little less. I've
also found that 12.5/AA#9 works in at least the 30/30 and 32/40.
I recently got a Winchester Model 54 in 30 WCF or 30/30. Since my Martini bench rifle
in 30/30 likes 14.5/IMR4227 or 12.5/AA#9, Remington Large Pistol primers and the 311299
sized .312" and NRA Alox formula lubed, that's what I loaded for the M54 as fixed ammunition
with gas checked bullets. The first day, the second group was .625" for 5 shots at 100 yards. This
rifle will average a bit over one inch for five, five-shot 100 yard groups.
The message is that if you start with a proven common good load, you should get
reasonable groups out of the chute.
Now the proven load may not be the best load, but it should shoot reasonably well.
Reasonably well means that you should be able to average five shots in 2" or less at 100 yards
with either a telescope or target iron sights with an aperture front-post front if you're under 40
years old.
If you can't do that, then making marginal changes to lubricant or powder charge or
primer or seating depth or bullet alloy is not going to help. You're going to need another bullet. If

241
a bullet that is properly fitted to the gun doesn't work, you're probably in trouble. The solution
may be difficult to find but that is what makes shooting cast bullets the sport we like.
Here's another story. From summer of 2003 to summer of 2004 I tried to get a brand new
Savage 12BVSS target rifle in 223 Remington to shoot cast bullets. This gun, with either the NEI
80 grain, or Eagan 65 grain bullets, should be capable of averaging under one inch five shot
groups at 100 yards.
I shot it twice with jacketed bullets, 15 shots each time in three five shot groups. I lost
one shot off the paper /one group with a bad sight adjustment. Groups were .825", .55", .50",
.675" and .525"; an average of .615" for five shot hundred yard groups.
I fired over 3000 cast bullet shots, used three different molds, hard to soft bullets, two
primers, nine powders from Unique to IMR4350, two lubes and a wide variety of sizing die and
OAL settings. The gun doesn't like cast bullets.
My hobby is buying rifles, making them shoot cast bullets and then selling them. In 40
years I can count on my fingers the rifles that wouldn't shoot cast, and I can think of none that
would shoot jacketed and not cast-other than this Savage.
The message is that if you start with a proven common load, you should get reasonable
groups out of the chute. I expected this rifle to shoot averages of 1.25" early on, it didn't, and that
should have told me that there was something wrong.
Once the rifle shoots reasonable groups, there are two things to vary to improve accuracy.
Vary the powder charge up and down a half a grain at a time. If your 30/30 shoots under
two inches with 14.5/IMR4227, then try 13.5 and 14 and 15. Don't try 14.3 or 14.7, you're just
kidding yourself. Don't change anything else, just the powder charge.
Once you've found the powder charge that your rifle likes best, vary the seating depth.
Begin with the bullet almost as far out in the case as it will go, without de-bulleting if you have
to take the cartridge out of the rifle. Set the cartridge length shorter and longer-risk de-bulleting-
and shoot groups.
Then change powders.
Then change bullets.
WRITE IT DOWN!!!
Never hurry while reloading or shooting. If you don't have enough time, then stop. There's
nothing that makes me as nervous as a shooter in a hurry at the range.

Creighton Audette et al on Load Development
Bob Fitzgerald, an Old Colony shooter who knows his stuff, once told us that varying the
powder charge up or down a little didn't change the elevation of the shots on the target. I tried it
and found that Bob was right; half-grain and even full grain increases or decreases in the powder
charge made little or no difference on the elevation of the bullet on the target. Sometimes.
Here's the story. With a load that shoots accurately in a given rifle, varying the powder
charge up or down a bit does not vary the elevation of the bullets on the target. There are many
people who know, or think that they know, why this is. And they're not shy about telling
anybody who will listen. I don't know why it is, but I do know that it happens (sometimes)
because I've done the experiments.
Turn this around, and we get another approach to load development. If it is possible to
vary powder charges around accurate loads without varying elevation; then increasing loads from
recommended starting loads should show a range of charges where elevation doesn't vary, and in
there is where the accurate load is.

242
Creighton Audette is credited with devising this approach to load development, it is
sometimes called the "Ladder Test".
For a purely hypothetical example, let's say we've got a rifle in 297 Blooper and the
recommended starting load of LR2468 powder is 10 grains with the 165 grain cast bullet, and
maximum is 15 grains. We would load some cartridges with 10, then 10.5, then 11, then... to
maybe 14 grains. We would then shoot some of each at the same target, watching as the bullets
struck higher and higher on the target. At some point the elevation would stop increasing, maybe
at 13 and 13.5 and 14 grains. With charges over 14 grains the elevation increases-the shots are
higher on the paper.
Then we would know that somewhere in here, between 13 and 14 grains, was the most accurate
charge, and we would have found this with a minimum amount of shooting and loading.

WORKING UP A CAST BULLET LOAD
By Jesse Miller OD. CBA Competitor.
From time to time, we hear remarks from new cast bullet shooters, concerning a wish that
there was more information about how to work up an accurate cast bullet load. In as much as I
have some specifics in which I differ from a lot of the conventional wisdom, I offer the following
article as a variation on Joe Brennans works, as presented in Cast Bullets For Beginners And
Expert. (Published by The Cast Bullet Assn. , see castbulletassoc.org)
Lets get a few preliminaries on record first. I agree with Mr. Brennan in several respects, to
note a few:
His comments about range/shooting conditions.
Dont rush.
A point where changes of charge have little effect on impact point.
Selecting a bullet
This is to me the place to begin, and that is with a chamber cast. If you have on hand a
Brownells catalog, ( Also available on line at admin@brownells.com, or by mail at Brownells
200 South Front St., Montezuma, IA 50171; phone 800-741-0015), look up Cerrosafe. The
catalog discusses it, and CerroSafe is quite easy to use, and will give accurate measurements of
the chamber and bore sizes. Except that it is difficult to get an accurate measure of the land
diameter from the chamber cast. The chamber cast will tell you the best bullet sizes. I say sizes,
plural, because most CBA bullets are of two dimensions; rear driving bands, and front body. I
believe that these two dimensions need to be within .0005 Inch of a bore match, throat and lands,
to shoot well. Ideally, the rear driving bands should be a kiss fit to the freebore section of the
throat, i.e. That section ahead of the case neck mouth, before the start of the lands. Size the
bullet and gas check to this size, up to 0.0005 inch larger This dimension and the chamber cast
will tell you how thick to turn the case necks. Again no more than half a thousandth clearance.
The front body diameter should also be a kiss fit to the lands, that is close enough that a
chambered bullet will show some engraving by the lands of the bore, just behind the start of the
ogive. Finally, when chambered, it would be nice if the transition from front dimension to the
driving bands of the bullet were to match the taper at the start of the lands. However, I do not
believe this to be as important if the other dimensions listed above really fit. Using commercially
produced moulds (Available from various supply houses). But it may be necessary to custom
order a mould for the ideal fit.
it is not always possible to get a mould that will produce the above described fit. If the shooter
has a bullet mould, proceed with casting up some bullets

243
For gas check bullets, the metal should be between a Brinell Hardness of 18 and 22. Linotype
will give the harder range, with half and half Linotype and Wheel Weights the lower range.
Later, when the shooter has worked out some of the details of getting a rifle to shoot accurately,
he(she) can experiment with variations of the bullet metal.
Selecting a primer
If you have been hand loading for a period of time, you probably have a favorite brand. Go
ahead and use those primers. Or switch to large or small in that brand if necessary for the proper
size. Many experiments and experts say there is very little difference between primers; they are
all very good.
Selecting a powder
Generally, compared to jacketed loads in the same caliber, a cast load will be a lesser charge
of a faster burning powder. A powder may be selected from loading manuals (Lyman has
published has published several editions to their Cast Bullet Loading Manual).. that cater to
cast bullets. Another good source is to study the CBA Match reports; if you can find the caliber
of gun that you are working with. Observe the different powders that are being used, especially
the most common numbers (powder designation) reported. One or more of these should serve
well. No point in trying to reinvent the wheel. Make note of the three most used numbers.
Can not find any data
If you have Richard Lees book: Modern Reloading (Richard Lees Modern Reloading
Second Edition. Inland Press. Such books can generally be found at suppliers that cater to
handloaders); check out his Chapter 8, and especially the part that starts on page 91. Or: Locate
a common cartridge ( same caliber ), with similar case volume, one that you can find data for.
Or, locate a cartridge with a significantly different case volume. Then by ratio of case volumes,
calculate the probable minimum and maximum loads. Do not attempt to work with any powder
that is slower than #4895 in burning rate. Having selected one or more possible powders,
proceed to the next step, as described below.
String loads
My load testing technique
Assuming you have a cast bullet that is a good fit to your bore; load a string of each of the
most common loads, in half grain steps. Starting at the lowest charge, if working from a manual,
up to the top listed amount. Or if you are using data from the match reports, cover the whole
range and an extra half grain on each end, i.e. half grain under and over. Fire each string on a
separate target keeping a record of where each round hits, and its charge. Virtually all the
regularly used cast bullet loads are not gee whiz high pressure loads. So there is no need to
worry about safety in modern guns. Exception: a DOUBLE charge can be disastrous. Len
Wilson, a former CBA competitor, used to talk of Instantaneous Disassembly. Understand that
the release of varying amounts of energy in your mechanism will create variations in vibration
and harmonics of your gun.

244
To demonstrate; refer to figure #1.
This target was fired at 100 yards,
from a rifle cal. .308 Norma Mag.,
180 grain Hornady bullet, CCI
#250 primer, and H450 powder.
The numbers on the target
represent the sequence of firing,
and the charge in grains of each
round. Note that the results are
strung out over a height of almost 6
inches; but that rounds numbers 3
& 4 printed very close to one
another. I take this to represent a
Harmonic charge. Over the
years, this rifle has shot extremely
well using thrown charges in that
weight range. That charge range is
well within the accuracy potential
of many powder measures.
Incidentally, this powder was
originally selected with no data.
That was 1963 or 1964, and
Hodgdon had not yet published
data for H450. All I knew was that
it was of approximately the same
burning rate as H4831. This kind of
response is what to look for; and
notice it only took 5 rounds to get there; although there had been some previous indications that
this charge range would be a good place to begin testing.
As another example; I prevailed upon another CBA competitor, Gerald (Jerry) Jahn, to tested this
technique in his Heavy Class CBA competition rifle, cal. 30BR. He found that a string from 27
gr. to 30 gr., of VN133 shot into about a two inch area at 100 yards. By carefully monitoring
each hit, it appeared as if the steps between 28 & 29 gr. were in the middle of the group. Some of
the hits were so close, that without checking each shot impact, we would not have known which
was which. Using 28.5 gr. Jerry fired a one-hole group at 100 yards using thrown charges from
his RCBS powder measure. The bullet used in this process had the characteristics as described
above. Using this load, he shot the following months club matches and nearly won the shoot. If
this technique does not produce a base from which to refine your load; proceed to the next
section.
TIC TAC TOE chart
How do you decide between 3 primers, 3 powders and 3 different charges? Yeh how do you
do it? Well my approach is what I call Tic-Tac-Toe.
If you were to shoot 10 rounds each, that would be 3x3x3x10 = 270 rounds! Not impossible,
but certainly time consuming.
If you shoot 5 round groups, using only 2 primers with each powder and 3 charges with each
powder; mixing as follows:

245
Powder A Powder B Powder C
#1 Primer #1 Primer #2 Primer
Charge J Charge J Charge J

Charge K Charge K Charge K

Charge L Charge L Charge L

This assumes that the powders are all of about the same burning rate, that is close together on
burning rate charts. Note that each component has been used 3 times, and yet we have only 9
groups, or 45 rounds. Record the group size in each space matching the load. Then by cross
referencing, we can see which combos., gave the better groups.
Now it is time to select the best combos. I dont think primers will make as much difference
as the powder charge, so we could have skimped on primers and shot more charge variations.
Select the three best combos. Repeat the process using 10 shot groups ( 30 rounds), ( Most
statisticians will tell you that you need more than one or two groups to indicate which load is
best.) Again, do the Tic-Tac-Toe chart to further refine your load choice.
.It only took us 75 rounds (not 270) to get to get where you are ready to refine the powder charge
with variations of 0.5 grain or even 0.1 to 0.2 grains.
Now having arrived at a reasonably accurate load, it is time to refine it with several 10 shot
groups Now shoot several groups with the above minor variations. Keep records. Use group
sizes as just as important as SD. The more groups you shoot, the better will be your choice of
the load At this point, a Chronograph is useful in refining a load, if available. This provides
information on Velocity, and ranges of Extreme Spread and Standard Deviation.
Wishing you loads of Xs.

CHRONOGRAPHS AND LOAD DEVELOPMENT
I've had a Pact chronograph for 15 or more years. It has been most valuable when
preparing for a long range match with a bullet with an unknown ballistic coefficient (BC).
For Example:
We got the chance to shoot at 600 yards on the range at Camp Edwards on Cape Cod. My
C. Sharps 1875 in 45/70 with a Wolf No-Grease-Groove 446 grain bullet, Rem LP primers and
21.5 SR4759 with a Dacron wad was shooting well at 200 yards. I had no idea of sight settings
required for 600 yards. I went to the range with the chronograph and the gun and cartridges.
At 4 yards velocity averaged 1099 fps.
At 200 yards velocity averaged 1020 fps.
The ballistic program, "Balistic" version 4.0 by W. R. Frenchu gave me an estimate of
BC of .617 at standard temperature and pressure.

246
Plugging that BC into the ballistic program gave me a ballistics table and a trajectory
table showing that to be on at 600 yards the bullet would strike 84 inches high at 100 yards.
I sighted the gun in at 100 yards, the elevation was "3" or .150"(Rear sight divisions are
.050" with a vernier adjustable to .010" divisions.) Distance between sights is 34.5", so .010" at
the rear sight is 1.040" at 100 yards (100 yd = 3600"/34.5").
I needed 84" more elevation at 100 yards, 84"/1.04" = 80.8 X .010" on the sight = .808"
more elevation was required. The .150" at 100 yard zero + .808" additional elevation required =
.958" total sight elevation to be on at 600 yards.
My first 600 yard record shot was on the paper. If I understand my notes, after zeroing in
at 600 yards the elevation was .940" rather than the calculated .958, or about 20 inches lower
than calculated.
So the chronograph and some calculation and the ballistic program will serve to get you
on the paper at long ranges when you've never shot that gun/load at long range. My experience is
that it is not unusual for new shooters to have trouble getting on the paper at long range.
This process hasn't failed me yet.
If there are any things I know about my chronograph and shooting, they are: (normal
range of velocities)
Variations in velocity have little to do with group size
Individual velocities have little to do with where the bullet hits.
Higher velocity than average bullets can hit higher or lower or east or west of the center
of the group.
Standard deviations of velocity with n = 5 are statistically meaningless. n must >/= 30,
like it or not.
I've chronographed thousands of bullets, written down the velocities, done some statistics
to these sets of velocities, and learned very little about loads and accuracy.
I queried several internet sites about the use of chronographs, and got a number of
responses from long range cast bullet shooters stating that variation (Standard deviation or
extreme spread-each has it's champions, which flabbergasts me.)in muzzle velocity for long
range loads must be kept low for those loads to be accurate. Others chimed in suggesting that
short range accuracy isn't affected as much by variation in muzzle velocity as is long range
accuracy. I was almost sold, until I went to "Ballistic" by Frenchu.

Here's what I got (BC = .5):

At 1200 fps, 200 yard drop = 52.5", 1000 yard drop = 1699.5"
Difference at 200 yards = .6", at 1000 yards = 18.1"



247
It seems pretty clear that variation in velocity, at least at the lower velocities, are as
"important" at 200 yards as at 1000 yards.
I'm left with some folks who agree with me that in their experience small SDs don't make
for small groups, and who wonder, as I do, why not.
("Shooting Times", May 2007, pg. 27, "Velocity Versus Accuracy-Is There A Definitive
Relationship?" by Lane Pearce agrees with me that accuracy and small SDs are not related.)
Other shooters believe that the chronograph is a valuable tool in developing a load, and
that small SDs do indicate better accuracy.

" I only acquired my first Chrony a couple years ago. It gave me a window into what was
really happening with my handloads. The various handbooks list x grains of y powder and a z
grain bullet for w fps - but one never knows if one is actually GETTING what the books say.
Then too, if one wants to use a non-standard powder (H4831 in 222 Rem with a 60 grain cast
bullet) to achieve a gentler smoother acceleration, the Chrony lets one know how well the stuff is
working (2375 fps, a small SD, and 2 MOA).
One can use a chronograph judiciously to develop a load that is close to max with a powder for
which there is minimal data, such as the surplus stuff available from GIBRASS and others. Or,
one can verify that a moderate load with such powders really IS moderate.
I love chronographs."
John Bischoff

"Gas checks are hazardous to your chronographs.
I set up my Chrony at around 12 feet or so from the rifle muzzle.
When shooting 22, 24, 30, or other caliber gas checked cast bullets I find that the Lyman
brand gas checks come off at the muzzle or thereabouts and will damage the Chrony. Those gas
checks have chipped the plastic sky screens, cut off the 1/8 inch wood dowels I use when it is
cloudy and I don't need the plastic sky screens, dinged and dented the various vertical faces of
the Chrony including inside where it folds, damaged the readout liquid crystal cells, and
generally caused considerable damage and dismay.
The best fix for this is to go to a glass shop and ask for a piece of scrap Lexan at least
0.25 thick. Cut it big enough that it will protect the whole Chrony box, and use a couple pieces of
coat hanger wire to hold it in front of the Chrony (use the inner two sky screen holes)."
John Bischoff

"Like Joe, I don't use chronograph data for accuracy loading. After I read Harold R.
Vaughn's "Rifle Accuracy Facts" I knew that just measuring velocity was useless for determining
accuracy. There are just too many things happening in the barrel vibration modes to think that
just velocity is important.
I use it mostly for safely loading old cartridges that have little or no data available, i.e.
25 Remington, 455 Mark I, older wildcats. If I am using the same or similar powder and
approach the listed velocity, I know I am closing in on the same pressure level. There is not room
for even one round of over-pressure with these older guns.
By varying the velocity and bullet weight, you can change point of impact for fixed
sighted revolvers. Once you find what weight bullet and what speed "sights in" for your revolver,
you can change powders and just load to the right velocity, and it will hit the same point

248
of impact.
Lastly, I am just curious about how fast my best cast bullet match loads are going. Each
rifle seems to like a little different speed with the same bullet, but I have never found any logical
reason. They just are like women, no reason for something, it just is".
Ric Bowman

"I do see some good things about using a chronograph when working up loads with new
and unknown powders. By knowing your velocity with a proven good load, this velocity gives you
a good starting point when switching powders. Of course different powders might not shoot their
best groups at the same velocities but it does give you a starting point to work from.
A good example of the chrono being a big help was back when Scot sold their powder
line to Accurate and Accurate started selling 3032. Those of us using Scot 3032 simply started
using the new AA 3032 with the same amount of powder. Without a chrono, we would have never
known why the AA powder wasn't shooting as well as the Scot. The reason was that the AA
powder was quite a bit faster than the Scot and we were getting 200-400 more fps. Once the
velocity was reduced to the proven good point, the new lot of powder turned out to be every bit
as good as the original, maybe even better if you were using close to a full case of powder. Sure
wish we could still get the 3032 powder!
I agree that a good SD doesn't guarantee a good group.
I only dig out the chrono when I am working up new loads."
Dan Hudson

"I have had an Oehler 35P for some time now. My best 1000 yard loads are tested on it
after load work up at that range, they always yield a very low ES and SD they OFTEN DO NOT
SHOOT THE BEST Groups at 200 yards. I work up loads with low SD and ES then test them at
600 and 1000 and usually find what works the best there.
I am often asked to test various lots of powder by a major powder company and they
want to know the MV and the ES and SD for various types of powder, I assume this is to adjust
burn rates and such.
I love mine, as it's taught me a lot about load workup."
Kenny Wasserburger

"As one example, I was shooting reduced rifle loads, cast, and tilting the bbl up to position the
powder. Two of the shots were way outside of the velocity of the others.....I had forgotten to tilt.
It was easy to see the error on the chrono, which in turn explained why two shots were out of the
group. Without the chrono data, I might never have known what had happened."
mike in co on Cast Boolits

"I would have to say that a chronograph is an essential tool when one is working with a
(chose one) odd caliber, bullet and/or powder not found in a manual . If velocities are very
erratic or way out of the ball park then something isn't right and needs be corrected. It also help
to build confidence in a load if one Knows exactly what it is doing versus what one Thinks it is
doing."
The Nyack Kid on Cast Boolits

249
"I value my Pact I because it gives me a better "picture" of what my loads are doing.
With load data in the manuals varying so much, this can be a MAJOR help.
Working with my .35 Whelen Ackley, for which no data is directly available, I feel a lot
more comfortable knowing my velocity, since that CAN be a good indicator of if and when I may
be loading too much of a given powder. Could be useful in working with small charges of the fast
powders, too. Just another piece of equipment to keep me out'a trouble .... or at least TRY to do
so.
Everything a man can learn about his loads can be valuable, if only to perplex him with the
results. Still, it's really nice to know the velocity when we can't know the pressure. It's not the
same thing, but it's better than NOT knowing the velocity, at least.
Loads with very small ES's and SD's point to that load being very consistent, which
should mean that SOMETHING's going right with that load - a very nice sign when you get it.
It's just another tool to help us know what our loads are really doing, or at least a bit
more about them. I'm keepin' mine.
I DID learn to buy the ones with the remote sky screens, though. Shot my initial Chrony,
and went with the Pact I because of the remote sky screens. I make SURE there's plenty of
clearance NOW, and friends don't shoot over it casually until I look over their setup - not a
problem, since I always answer "Sure," when asked to use it, "As long as you'll get me another if
you shoot it."
Blackwater on Cast Boolits

"I have a Chrony set up in my tunnel so all it takes to measure the velocity is to turn it on
which I almost always do. I have data on thousands of loads. Most of them were part of my effort
to perfect a competition load for the 223. The best loads have horrendous variation in muzzle
velocity (SD = 20 to 70 fps) and ranges for five shot groups up to over 200 fps. - although most
are under 100).
I know the right load with less velocity variation should/might shoot better. The few I
have tried so far didn't. I am still looking. I could probably go back and compare SD or range to
five shot group size, or even best four out of five since I compulsively keep that too.
Since I'm not quite anal enough to keep data on individual shots, I cant compare
velocity to elevation but if there is a correlation it is hard to see. Time after time I have seen a
very high velocity shot go low or a very low one go high. I'm not claiming there is an inverse
correlation just that there is no obvious correlation with these loads and the rifle I am using. A
more systematic look at where the individual shots hit compared to the muzzle velocity might
show one.
These groups are at fifty yards and I don't doubt that velocity variation affects elevation
at longer distances. The only evidence I have is my groups at 200 yards in last year's nationals.
They had horizontal spreads that would have put me in the money but vertical spreads that were
awful. Wind is supposed to be the problem at 200 for my tiny bullets, according to others. Right
now vertical dispersion, which may or may not be because of velocity variation is more of a
problem."
John Alexander

250
CHRONOGRAPHS AND STATISTICS
(Three things that Dr. Oehler never told us)
Chronographs measure velocities, and calculate, among other things, the average and
standard deviation of a string of shots. These calculations are precise, with one digit to the right
of the decimal point at least. The chronograph manufacturers neglect to tell us three things,
(maybe more):
1. Conditions during measurement must be the same as conditions of use.
2. The calculated average velocity is an estimate, with error a function of the number of
shots and the calculated standard deviation.
3. The calculated standard deviation is an estimate, with error also a function of the
number of shots and the calculated standard deviation.
Let's call the numbers calculated by the chronograph the STDEV, standard deviation and
AVG, average. (We can also easily calculate the AVG and STDEV any set of numbers-like
velocities-with EXCEL on the personal computer.)

Conditions
The AVG and STDEV of a set of, say, ten velocities, can be easily calculated. If there are
ten guns involved, or one gun and five different loads, or two guns and four different bullets, or
anything but one gun and one load; some folks might wonder what that calculated STDEV or
AVG means. I'm one of those folks.
Any calculated statistic about a string of shots should be made with the same gun and the
same load on the same day= same conditions of heat and humidity. We kind of know this
intuitively. But what we don't intuit and what the chronograph manufacturers don't tell us is that
for any calculated AVG or STDEV to mean anything, the shots whose velocities are measured
must mirror the conditions under which actual shooting is done with that given gun and load.
My shooting/testing protocol at the Miami range is to shoot two sighters and ten shots for
record in a fifteen minute relay. If I want to know something about the average or variation in
velocities of a load shot under these conditions, then I have to shoot the ten record shots over the
chronograph, and use their velocities in the calculation. And I need to shoot and record several
sets of ten, to find the AVG and STDEV of the entire twenty or thirty or ?? shots.
Varmint (and egg) shooters shoot a lot of single shots out of a cold clean barrel. To
capture reasonable AVG and STDEV of these shots, the shooter needs to shoot and chronograph
a lot of shots from a clean cold barrel. Shooting twenty shots in twenty minutes with that varmint
(or egg) gun will allow calculation of an AVG and STDEV that is absolutely precise, and has
not much to do with the AVG or STDEV of single shots from a cold clean gun.
So the first new thing we need to know about chronographs is: Chronographing
conditions must match the anticipated shooting conditions for any calculation to have a
connection with reality.
Averages
The AVG of a string of shots, calculated by the chronograph, is an estimate of the
population average, that we'll call MU.
If we want to know the average height of third-graders at St. Ignatius grade school, we
can measure six of the ninety-four of them and calculate an average. We might not be confident
in that average; which is like the AVG from the chronograph. We might want to measure all
ninety-four third-graders, and calculate the average of the heights-that average is the true, real,

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underlying average and we call it MU. So in the chronographing world, AVG is an estimate
(guess) of MU.
If we know AVG and STDEV of a string of shots, we can calculate the bounds of MU to
any percent of sure. I use 95% sure. We find that Student's t distribution is very handy in this
exercise, and do some figuring. The result is this table, that shows the +/- factors for various
"n"s, where n is the number of shots fired in the string.
Let's say we fire 13 shots and get an AVG of 1200 fps and a STDEV of 20 fps.. The
table, next to n = 12, (number of shots -1) shows the +/- factor of .64. Multiply .64 times the 20
fps and get 12.8 fps. We can now say that we are 95% sure that MU is 1200 +/- 12.8 fps , or
between (rounding) 1187 fps and 1213 fps.

So the second new thing we need to know about chronographs is: The AVG is an
estimate of MU. The AVG and STDEV calculated by the chronograph coupled with the number
of shots in the string can be manipulated to show the low and high bounds of MU.

Standard Deviations
The STDEV of the velocities of a string of shots is a measure of the variation of the
velocities of those shots. Shooters believe that "The name of the game is the same" for accurate
shooting-that there should be little or no variation in any of the reloading or shooting activities.
Then we think it "good" if the STDEV of velocities is small. Elsewhere we discuss the
correlation (or lack thereof) between the STDEV of velocities and accuracy.
There is a standard deviation of the population (not a sample) of shots that could be made
with any given gun, load, conditions combination; the true or real or underlying or hidden
standard deviation.
An example: If we want to know the standard deviation of the weights of the people in
Bemidji, we might go there and weigh the first ten people we meet and calculate the standard
deviation of their weights. Probably some of us would hold that calculation suspect. We know
that there is a true or real standard deviation of the weights of the people in Bemidji, and we

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know that to find that number we could weigh every citizen at the same time and calculate the
true, real, hidden, underlying standard deviation-that we'll call SIGMA.
The STDEV is an estimate (guess) of SIGMA.
Any gun, load, conditions combination has a SIGMA, a real standard deviation; and
STDEV, an estimate of SIGMA. What your chronograph tells you is STDEV, an estimate of
SIGMA.
If we know the number of shots in the string, and the STDEV, then through the magic of
statistics we can say some things about SIGMA.
First is how sure we are about what we're going to say. "Sure" comes in percentages, we
can be 90% sure or 95% sure or 37% sure, or any percent sure. I don't think that being much less
than 90% sure is very sure, and far prefer to be 95% sure.
Next is what SIGMA is. We never know what SIGMA is exactly, we have to say that
SIGMA is between this number and that number.
An example from the Sharps notebook: On 10/17/90 I was measuring velocities at 200
yards. I shot thirteen shots, recorded nine, with an average of 997.6 fps and STDEV of 12.4 fps.
Taking the facts that there were nine shots and the STDEV was 12.4 fps, we dust off and employ
the ever-popular "chi squared" distribution to find that we are 95% sure that SIGMA lies
between a low of 8 fps and a high of 22 fps. Doesn't that 12.4 fps STDEV look extremely
precise? It is, and it is also vague. Precise, but vague. What comes out of the chronograph is
STDEV, an estimate of SIGMA.
So the third new thing we need to know about chronographs is: the STDEV calculated by
the chronograph coupled with the number of shots in the string can be manipulated to show the
low and high bounds of SIGMA.
Because the calculations and the chi-squared distribution itself have been found by some
to be stultifyingly boring (what's wrong with those people?); I have prepared a table of UCL
(high) and LCL (low) bounds of SIGMA for some values of STDEV and the number of shots in
the string.
The LCL and UCL bounds of SIGMA, the true, real, underlying standard deviation; for
some values of STDEV and n = the number of shots in the string. See the big bold entries. With
n = 10 shots in the string that have been chronographed, and STDEV from the chronograph = 12
fps, SIGMA lies between a LCL of 8 fps and a UCL of 22 fps. More correctly, if we
chronograph a series of 10 shots and calculate the STDEV to be 12 fps, then we are 95% sure
that SIGMA lies between 8 fps and 22 fps.

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Another way to look at the relationship between the STDEV and SIGMA, for various
numbers of shots in the string, is this graph. SIGMA lies between the lower and upper lines on
the graph. The lines are percentages of the STDEV calculated from the string of shots by the
chronograph. To go back to the example above, of a string of 10 shots with a calculated STDEV
of 12 fps. The vertical line at n = 10 shots in the string cuts the bottom graph line at about 70%.
Then 70% of 12 fps = 8.4 fps, rounded to 8 fps is the LCL bound. The 10 shot vertical line cuts
the top graph line at about 180%, and 180% of 12 fps = 21.6 fps rounded to 22 fps is the UCL
bound. We're 95% sure that if a string of 10 shots has a calculated STDEV of 12 fps, then the
true, real SIGMA is between 8 fps and 22 fps.

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More information about standard deviation estimates and a handy calculator for finding
LCL and UCL is on the EXCEL workbook "CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATOR OF
SIGMA SQUARED" in the appendix.

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Here's a table showing the muzzle velocities of sets of twenty-five shots fired with each
of two loads. One fouler was fired, then five shots each with loads A and B, alternating, in each
fifteen minute relay. A,B,A,B,...
The muzzle velocities of the record shots were recorded in EXCEL, then the STDEVs of
the "last five" shots and all the shots "so far". EX: See the bold 7.5, this is the STDEV of shots 6-
10, the "last five". Then see the bold 18.3, this is the STDEV of shots 1-10, all the shots "so far".
This real life example shows how calculated STDEV can vary.

LOAD A LOAD A LOAD A LOAD B LOAD B LOAD B
SHOT # MV(fps) STDEV STDEV MV(fps) STDEV STDEV
LAST 5 SO FAR LAST 5 SO FAR
(fps) (fps) (fps) (fps)

1 1486 1432
2 1444 1441
3 1498 1453
4 1488 1457
5 1511 25.2 25.2 1451 10.2 10.2
6 1485 25.2 22.5 1461 7.5 10.8
7 1500 10.4 21.3 1458 4.0 10.4
8 1505 11.1 20.7 1451 4.4 9.6
9 1494 10.0 19.4 1456 4.4 9.2
10 1494 7.5 18.3 1446 5.9 8.8
11 1464 16.0 19.1 1461 5.9 8.9
12 1463 19.2 19.6 1465 7.6 9.4
13 1481 15.3 18.8 1418 18.8 13.1
14 1492 14.8 18.2 1455 18.7 12.7
15 1506 18.4 18.3 1449 18.7 12.2
16 1541 29.4 22.2 1451 17.7 11.8
17 1548 29.7 25.6 1505 31.3 17.5
18 1507 24.3 25.0 1451 24.0 17.0
19 1529 19.2 25.5 1486 25.6 18.1
20 1471 31.1 25.5 1452 25.1 17.7
21 1531 29.7 26.0 1479 23.1 18.0
22 1521 24.7 25.9 1451 17.3 17.6
23 1490 26.6 25.4 1447 18.1 17.3
24 1485 25.3 24.9 1433 16.7 17.5
25 1497 20.1 24.4 1431 19.3 17.8

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6.6.1 RELOADING FOR THE SINGLE SHOT RIFLE
Bill McGraw
While conventionally loaded cast bullet cartridges are sometimes used, the single shot
rifle is commonly loaded using specialized techniques.
1. Ammunition that is pre-loaded, called fixed ammunition, can be shot in SS rifles.
2. Most SS rifles use breech-seated ammunition. The cast bullets are seated into the breech
with various forms of tools so that the bullet is fully seated in the chamber. Chamber
throats may be reamed so that the bullet is easily seated.
3. Cartridges are usually reloaded at the range and seated behind the breech seated bullet so
that the rifle is ready to fire.
4. Various wads of paper, card, cork, and vegetable can be used over the powder charge (not
directly on the powder charge but near it) and another can be used just inside the mouth
of the cartridge as a gas-check for the bullet base. Plastics are rarely used. A card wad of
thin material placed 0.1-0.2 over the powder charge has been proven safe to use
according to the late Charlie Dell; he also used a thin card wad in the case neck.
5. Variations in load data are no different for SS rifles than other types of rifles. Depth of
breech-seating, bullet alloy and hardness, tapering and diameters, lubricant, powders and
charges, primers, brass dimensions and match prepping make for many factors in
accuracy.
6. SS rifles appear to make the smallest groups and highest scores than any other type of
rifles. SS rifles are those that are made without magazines or turn bolts. They chamber
only one round of ammunition at a time. The actions are usually a form of falling block
with a lever operating the block; there are several types that meet the rules of the
matches.
7. Original rifles, modern reproductions, and a few modern actions are available with
custom barrels, stocks, and sights. Iron sights with apertures for front and rear sights are
used as well as scope sights. Bullet moulds and lubricators are usually custom-made to fit
the particular chamber; calibers range from 25 to 38 in most cases and the most popular
are 30 to 32 cal. There is also a 22 RF SS rifle match category. The quality of all rifles
and custom parts ranges from ordinary to high quality and expense. The difference in
accuracy is dependent on the ability of the shooter and experience as is the case in any
shooting sport.
8. Most targets are shot at 200 yds. Targets are 25-ring German targets and there are
specialized matches with different types of targets.
9. Time limits are relaxed/informal due to the re-loading of ammunition and time consumed
to load the rifles. The dress sometimes can be formal dating to the early 1920s.
10. To find more information on SS rifles and matches, contact the American Single Shot
Association (ASSRA) listed on the Internet. The Journal is one of the best sources for
load data and equipment.

HOW TO BREECH SEAT BULLETS
Breech seating is the process of pushing the bullet into the rifling of the barrel. After
breech seating, a primed and charged case is placed into the chamber and the gun is fired. Breech
seating is done mostly with single shot target rifles.
The underlying original reason for breech seating was that some of the old cartridges
such as 32/40, 32/35 and 38/55 have and had no neck. The chambers are straight tapers-theres

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no neck. To hold a bullet in the cartridge case, a neck was formed on the case. The chamber
didnt have a neck and accuracy was less than stellar because in low velocity loads the case did
not seal the chamber and gas blew back around the case.. Breech seating allowed the case to seal
the chamber, eliminating blowby.
The other advantages of breech seating are a reduction in labor required in reloading, and
almost infinite case life.
Single shot rifle shooters will tell you that breech seating the bullet about 1/16 in front
of the case gives better accuracy.
Here are the results for shooters who completed all group matches at the 2005/2006 CBA
National Matches. PBB = plain based bullet, breech seated. PROduction rifle, HVY = heavy
rifle, UNRestricted rifle. At least in these two years the breech seating more than held it's own
against the other, fixed ammunition classes.
2005 CBA Nationals
Summary PBB PRO HVY UNR
Average 5/100 0.631 1.290 0.782 0.769
Smallest 5/100 0.194 0.236 0.356 0.251

Average 5/200 1.750 2.585 1.952 1.960
Smallest 5/200 0.742 1.010 0.594 0.786

Average 10/100 1.009 1.629 1.162 1.014
Smallest 10/100 0.580 0.769 0.614 0.323

Average 10/200 2.951 3.214 2.486 2.589
Smallest 10/200 1.391 1.633 1.148 1.332

2006 CBA Nationals
Average 5/100 0.710 1.357 0.847 0.855
Smallest 5/100 0.186 0.495 0.151 0.259

Average 5/200 1.806 3.093 1.942 1.870
Smallest 5/200 0.862 1.075 0.742 0.482

Average 10/100 0.975 1.648 1.201 1.028
Smallest 10/100 0.662 0.688 0.558 0.420

Average 10/200 2.910 3.909 2.947 2.600
Smallest 10/200 1.356 1.284 1.474 1.141

Breech seating the old single shots slows me down (a good thing), I dont have to do any
reloading before the shooting session, and it draws interest from the other shooters.
It is often said that proper breech seating is with the bullet 1/32"-1/16" in front of the case
mouth. I breech seat some bullets in some guns where the bullet base is not as far in the chamber
as the case mouth; the cartridge case mouth goes AROUND the bullet when seated.
Heres my way to measure the correct bullet seating depth for breech seating:

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Put a bullet into the chamber of the rifle. Push the bullet into the rifling with a pencil,
push with one finger on the end of the pencil until the bullet wont go in any further.
Hold the muzzle of the rifle up to a light and look into the breech. If you see bits of light
coming through the barrel grooves around the bullet, the bullet isnt in the rifling far enough. Use
a plugged case to push the bullet a little further into the rifling, check for light, and keep on until
you cant see any light coming around the bullet. You now have the bullet making a gas tight
seal in the bore, which is what you want. (I have generally had better accuracy with breech
seated smokeless loads when no light came around the bullet as breech seated, but not always.
My Maynard shoots almost as well with light coming around the bullet as without.) Now take
your cleaning rod with brass screw (see the Appendix) and put it in the muzzle of the rifle.
Gently push the rod in until it touches the nose of the bullet. Put masking tape on the rod and
mark it at the muzzle. Knock the bullet out of the barrel, close the breech, and push the cleaning
rod in until it touches the breechblock. Put masking tape on the rod and mark it at the muzzle.
Take the rod out, and measure the distance between the two marks. This is the distance from the
nose of the bullet to the base of the case. Subtract the bullet length from this dimension, and the
result is the length of plugged case that will breech seat the bullet to the no-light condition. Do
this several times until you are confident that your answer is correct. Make a sketch of the
chamber and the bullet with dimensions. WRITE IT DOWN!
There are several methods of breech seating explained below, in increasing order of the
amount of work required. If a breech seating method leaves the base of the bullet below the end
of the cartridge case, then see if a cartridge case will go into the chamber around the bullet. If the
case goes in around the bullet, make a short plugged case of the appropriate length and youre in
business. This method works well for me in my Maynard.
DROP IT IN
On rare occasions there is a happy coincidence of bullet, chamber and brass dimensions
that allows breech seating with the charged cartridge case. I had a Peterson Ballard and a
Remington Hepburn, and Bob Bross has a German schutzen rifle which work this way. My
Werndl works this way. Drop a bullet in the chamber, push in the charged case with your thumb,
and shoot. The case pushes the bullet into the rifling with little resistance. Try this first, you may
be blessed.
PENCIL SEATING
If youre not blessed, try pushing the bullet into the rifling with a pencil or a dowel.
Sometimes, even with light coming around the bullet, you will get accuracy this way.
PLUGGED CASE/PUSHER
Use a plugged case and your thumb or a pusher to seat the bullet. A pusher for pushing
the plugged case into the rifle is just a length of (1/2-3/4 diameter) dowel with a round wooden
furniture drawer handle on the end.
Here's a breech seater or pusher made from a piece of quarter inch steel rod and a furniture
handle. The business end of the rod is filed round to fit the primer pocket in a plugged case. The
furniture handle is drilled a quarter inch about half way through. The bend was made by sticking
the rod between the planks on the bench rest and bending to fit the gun-a Martini. About $3 and a
half hour's work.

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Sometimes the bullet will breech seat easily. If the bullet goes all the way in and the breech will
close on the plugged case, youre in business. If the bullet goes part way in and the gun shoots
accurately, youre still in business.
BREECH BLOCK SEATING
If your rifle has an action which will push your plugged case into the rifle, such as a
Ballard, Stevens 44 or 44 1/2, Maynard, Aydt or New England Firearms Handi-Rifle, then put a
bullet in the chamber, push in a plugged case, and close the action. If you can do this without
undue strain on the rifle then you may be in business.
OLD TIME BREECH SEATER
The traditional breech-seating tool is a rod with a handle on one end and a cartridge case
on the other. The end of the rod is threaded, the cartridge case is a loose fit on the rod, and there
is a flat-ended nut on the rod inside the cartridge case. A bullet is put into the cartridge case, the
breech seater is put into the chamber, and the rod is pushed to seat the bullet.
MECHANICAL BREECH SEATERS
The most powerful bullet breech seater is a lever apparatus hinged to a rear sight base or
to the action mortice, which pushes a plugged case and the bullet into the rifling.
Accuracy can result with a properly designed bullet; breech seated using one of the
simpler techniques. I have often wondered if the more powerful breech seating techniques dont
deform the bullet.

"Some years ago I wanted to breech seat CBs in my bolt action rifles. I knew that a
plugged case worked in SS rifles and decided that this was the way to go. I used wood dowels,
some with an inverted gas check crimped on the dowels. Others were lead filled cases. Each was
adjusted for OAL for the different bullets in 30 caliber rifles, my 03 Sporter in 30/06 and 30/30s
in a Rem 788 and a lever action Marlin 336. The 03 was the main target rifle I used in BR
matches. After using the fixed OAL breech seaters, a friend, Phil May, made adjustable breech
seaters from cartridge cases using a discarded exhaust valve stem as the plug. The base of the
cartridge was drilled and tapped for the threaded stem, the stem being drilled and tapped
internally for two Allen screws, one to act as a lock screw and the other used to disassemble the
seater. The top of the stem was fitted to the base of the neck of the case and had a flat head screw
fitted to the stem as the adjustable part of the seater in the case neck. There was also a lock Allen
screw below the seater screw. To adjust the seater, the seater screw was adjusted up or down
and once the seating OAL was settled, the stop Allen screw was adjusted to stop the seater screw
from going out of adjustment. Both the 03 and 788 would not seat my bullets fully into the throat
and the base of all CBs would extend into the charged case necks the same as for the fixed
breech seater cases. Once the OALs were found for each bullet so that there was a good gas

260
seal, (no light could be seen around the seated bullet), the load data could be easily adjusted for
an accurate load.

The 03 became a 1
MOA rifle in a short time.
Even with a good gas seal I
used a variety of wads in the
charged case to improve
accuracy and reduce bore
fouling.
Many years ago these
seaters were featured in TFS
with an article and photos. Phil May and I had decided we needed to make another design so
that we could have indents and adjustment from the rear of the seater rather than from the front
as the Allen stop screw was difficult to set properly. We found that rather difficult and used the
ones we made.
These seaters allowed a bolt action rifle to find it's most accurate loads by loading one
case, (only deprime, prime, load the powder charge and add a wad in the neck), at the bench
with a variety of factors of bullet alloy, diameter, OAL and the usual powders, charges and
primers. It reduced the time involved in loading fixed ammo in the shop and subsequently finding
a load that was not accurate. It was readily apparent within 3 shots if a load was promising or
not. Once a target load was found, we could either breech seat at the bench for a match or load
fixed ammo for the same load data, although the OAL might be somewhat shorter. The plastic
vinyl, (PVC), wad was still used with the fixed ammo and I believed it solved much of the small
amount of gas cutting that occurs with even the best of match ammo."
Bill McGraw

HOW TO MAKE A PLUGGED CASE
A plugged case is a cartridge case that is filled with some material and that is used for
breech seating. The length of the plugged case determines how far the bullet is seated into the
rifling. It is often recommended that the bullet be breech-seated ~1/16" in front of the case
mouth. In some rifle/bullet situations it may not be possible to seat the bullet this far forward,
and the case may fit around the breech seated bullet..
One way to make a plugged case is to fill an empty cartridge case with lead alloy, and file
to length.
Another way is to put masking tape around the mouth of a cartridge case and then fill the
case with epoxy. The masking tape makes the process neater and allows the epoxy to extend
beyond the mouth of the case a little bit, 1/16th of an inch or so. After curing the epoxy is
trimmed to length.
A third way is to cut a wood dowel to length and put it in the case. If the dowel is too
loose, melt some bullet lube in the case to hold the dowel.

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Here are three plugged cases. Left is a
case with a piece of twig in it, cut to
fit. Center is a case filled with lead
and filed to length. Right is a case
filled with epoxy and filed to length.

Here are the cases from the side,
showing the different lengths.

BREECH MUZZLE LOADING

First Sergeant Charles L. Rice
Born Detroit, MI. Enlisted in First company Sharpshooters,
attached to Sixteenth Infantry, as Sergeant, Sept. 16, 1861,
at Detroit, for 3 years, age 22. Mustered Sept. 16, 1861.

Joined regiment at Hall's Hill, Va., Feb. 14, 1862. First
Sergeant. Commissioned Second Lieutenant Nov. 1, 1862.
Mustered Nov. 1, 1862. Commissioned First Lieutenant
Jan. 15, 1863. Mustered Jan. 15, 1863.

Discharged on Surgeon's certificate of disability Aug. 14,
1863.

Notes on the rifle in the photo of Sgt. Rice:
The rifle Sgt. Rice is holding is not an issue rifle such as
the Springfield or Enfield but a custom built target rifle,
possibly a Schuetzen rifle. The feature that identifies this
rifle is the false muzzle, clearly visible at the top of the
rifle. This makes it extremely unlikely that the rifle was a
photographers prop, as was common in period photographs.

Picture courtesy of Michigan State Archives
Courtesy of The Brady Sharpshooters site.

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The false muzzle was invented by the famous American telescope maker, Mr. Alvin Clark, while
he was experimenting with early telescopic sight designs. It was licensed to gun maker Edwin
Wesson. This false muzzle covers the muzzle, and contains a deeply chamfered crown and
tapered bore to start the ball easily and perfectly. Once loaded, the false muzzle is removed to
allow the ball to be fired from a perfectly square sharp muzzle, with no crown. A sharp muzzle is
proven to give best accuracy, but is impossible to load, and easily damaged by careless handling.
False muzzles have a protruding handle, called a sight block, which alerts the shooter if he has
failed to remove the false muzzle before firing. The false muzzle must be made from the barrel
blank, and cut rifled as part of the barrel. A lost false muzzle cannot be replaced. This is an
expensive feature, not found on lesser target rifles. It dates from the 1840 period. It provides a
great advantage in accuracy over the conventional crowned muzzle. It is unfortunate the rest of
the rifle cannot be seen clearly, particularly the rear sight (most likely a globe sight) and the
stock.

The cap lock or percussion muzzle loading target rifles frequently were equipped with a false
muzzle to eliminate or minimize damage to the bullet as it was loaded into the barrel.

Here's a modern day cap lock Schuetzen rifle belonging to Bruce Peglow. The barrel was made
by Jim Goodoien of Blaine, MN. Stock wood was provided by Dunlap Woodcrafts of Virginia.
Color case-hardening by Turnbull restorations, New York. The rifle was stocked and finished by
Bruce about four years back.

The false muzzle is a piece of rifle barrel about an
inch and a half long that mounts on the muzzle of
the barrel and is held in alignment with pins. In the
picture the end of the rifle barrel is on the left and
the false muzzle is on the right. The round doodad
sticking up from the false muzzle is intended to
block the sights, to keep the shooter from firing the
rifle with the false muzzle attached.

263

This photo shows the rifle barrel with the false muzzle and the short starter in place. The short
starter plug is machined to the shape of the bullet nose.
The false muzzle is tapered to ease entry of the bullet into the rifling of the barrel.

In use, the powder charge is poured into the barrel; the false muzzle is placed on the end of the
barrel, the bullet is started into the false muzzle, the short starter is placed over the false muzzle
and the bullet is started into the rifling by pushing the short starter into the false muzzle and
barrel. Then a ramrod is used to push the bullet down onto the powder charge.

The object of the exercise is to allow the shooter to load the bullet into the rifle barrel without
deforming the bullet in any way.
Percussion rifles using false muzzles and short starters were used from the time of the invention
of the false muzzle by Alvin Clark ca. 1840 to today, when the ultimate in accuracy of cap lock
target rifles is sought..

264
After the introduction of breech-loading rifles, some barrel makers made target rifles with false
muzzles. These barrel makers included George Schoyen, Harry Pope and Axel Peterson.
The method of loading a breech-loading rifle with a false muzzle is called breech-muzzle
loading.

Here are pictures of a breech muzzle loading Schoyen Ballard Schuetzen rifle, the false muzzle
and the tools that go with the rifle. Tools include a bullet mold, re-de capper, lube pump and on
the bottom, the short starter. . Photos courtesy of Val Miller.

Loading procedure:
An empty cartridge case is placed in the rifle chamber.
The rifle is stood up, the false muzzle placed on the end of the muzzle, a bullet is placed in the
false muzzle, and the short starter is used to push the bullet into the barrel.

The short starter and false muzzle are removed and a ramrod-precisely marked- is used to push
the bullet into the barrel and down to a specific distance from the muzzle.

The theory was that loading the bullet into the muzzle of the rifle and pushing it down to near the
front of the cartridge case would clean the bore of any black powder fouling and would eliminate
the dreaded accuracy-destroying fins. (Before I found the piece on First Sergeant Charles L.
Rice, above, I had never heard the contention that a flat, square, not-crowned barrel gave best
accuracy.)

265
The breech-muzzle loading technique has never caught on with the present day breech loading
Schuetzen rifle crowd, for a number of reasons.

With smokeless powder there isn't a need to scrape the bore between shots. I don't know what
happened to those fins, they don't seem to be a problem today.

When the throat end of the bore wore a bit, the bullet would end up falling into the cartridge
case, screwing up the loading process.
The act of mashing the bullet through the false muzzle into the bore, and then pushing it down to
the cartridge case-with a loaded and primed cartridge case in the chamber, is a terrifying
prospect. With no cartridge case in the rifle, the debris would get into the secret recesses of the
action. Thus, an empty cartridge case was used to catch the scraped-out fouling, then was
removed and cleaned out, and replaced with a loaded and primed cartridge case.

Shooting the false muzzle downrange was entertaining for the onlookers; less so for the shooter.
And finally, breech-muzzle loading is a busy and time consuming business, requiring the shooter
to stand up, move around, move the rifle around, fiddle with empty and charged cases, the bullet,
short starter and ramrod. In the end I suspect that it was just too much of a pain in the neck,
although it does impress the bystanders.

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6.6.2 HOW TO RELOAD FOR THE M1 RIFLE
Bob Steinberg
My cast load for the M1 was developed when I was a poverty-stricken undergraduate student in
the 60's. Bullet was 311284, cast out of wheel weights (which were much harder in 1968 than
they are today); Hornady gas checks, the then new-fangled Alox-Beeswax lube; and they were
sized to .309 for my rifle. Powder charge was 42 grains of WW II surplus 4831 that was sold by
Hodgden for $1 a pound; less if you bought it in bulk. Over the charge was 1/4 sheet of TP; old
FA or WW II contract ball cases; CCI 200 primer. The bullets needed to be seated deep (to the
"dirt groove) in order to fit in the magazine. There are a few "rules" violated here: powder
allegedly too slow for M1 gas system, bullet too heavy; bullet seated deeply into powder space.
The charge is so light that the op rod seems to get a long gentle shove instead of a sharp push. I
never had any difficulties with it. Like wise, the deep-seated bullets did not seem to seriously
hurt grouping. Groups (fired prone) went about 2-1/2-3" at 100 yards, about the same as the M2
ball that was around then. (this was not a "match" rifle) I may have had one or two failures
to feed in the hundreds of rounds that I fired. I used to break it down and clean after shooting
this load; and I would usually find a few flecks of lead on the gas piston that would brush off
with an old bronze bore brush: I cleaned the gas cylinder with a 16 ga shotgun brush and patches,
and never had a lead problem there.
Today I would start with 40 grains of new-production 4831; if you are using post-1970 wheel
weights, you will probably need to add some type metal to it. One thing you must never due
with the M1: never, ever load the bullet to engrave in the throat. You will be asking for a slam-
fire and the results won't be pretty.
BTW, the same load tweaked for the 03A3, and shot at 200 and 300 yards, got me my first
Master classification in 1973.

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6.6.3 RELOADING CAST LEAD BULLETS FOR HANDGUNS

SHOOTING LEAD BULLETS IN HANDGUNS
Norman F. Johnson
A number of handgun shooters get discouraging results in their initial attempts at cast
bullet reloading for some of the same reasons that new cast bullet rifle shooters experience poor
performance. These poor results are usually due to a lack of understanding of what is needed to
make cast bullets shoot well. In the following paragraphs I will attempt to bring into focus a few
simple rules that need be followed in order to allow even the novice cast bullet loader to produce
acceptable, if not outstanding, results. I will also attempt to dispel some old wives' tales that
seem to abide, mostly because glossy gun writers pass on these misconceptions to shooters
decade after decade.
The first and most important characteristic of the cast bullet is that its diameter be
properly fitted to the particular gun in which it is to be fired. Right up front I would like to make
a statement that knowledgeable cast bullet shooters have come to accept, quite correctly, as a
universal truism - undersized bullets, even those that are undersized by only 0.001" will very
often allow serious leading and its associated loss of accuracy.
The second statement that should be remembered is that hard bullets are not necessarily
desirable for your own particular loads - sometimes softer, even much softer bullet alloy, will
work better. We will expand on that statement in some of the following paragraphs.
Bullet Fitting
The chambers of firearms have a nomenclature that needs be to be understood. Starting
with the base, we have the main body of the chamber. Ahead of the body is the neck. In a
straight walled case the neck is merely a continuation of the main body and is indistinguishable
from it. The bottleneck case has a neck that is reduced in diameter to hold the bullet in a firm
grip. Since this is a handgun chapter, we will deal mostly with the straight case but the fitting
principle is the same for both case types.
Immediately ahead of the case neck is the chamber throat. This throat has also been
called the ball seat or bullet seat. The throat is either straight or has a very slight taper leading to
the forcing cone. The forcing cone is tapered from the end of the throat to the rifling origin. It is
the diameter of the throat that is all important in choosing the proper bullet diameter.
When the round is chambered and fired, hot, high pressure gases begin to push the bullet
out of the case and into the throat. It is here that, if a good gas seal is not realized, the bullet
integrity can be compromised. As the hot gases impact on the bullet base they also tend,
depending upon bullet diameter, to rush alongside the bullet between it and the throat wall,
scouring the bullet. This action is properly referred to as gas cutting. The gas cutting blows a
small amount of molten lead and lead vapor ahead of the bullet where some condenses on and
attaches to the bore wall. The bullet then runs over the deposited lead, further degrading the
bullet. In severe instances, enough lead can be deposited within five rounds to completely ruin
accuracy.
Leading that is caused by gas cutting is easily diagnosed by examining the forcing cone
of the firearm. If leading is apparent there, it is from gas cutting. If the leading occurs down the
barrel or near the muzzle, it is a bullet lube problem; either not enough lube or one that is not up
to the challenges of high velocity shooting. Lube failures are rare in handgun loads because of
the relatively low velocities.

268
Gas cutting is eliminated, or at least significantly reduced, by making sure that the bullet
diameter is no more than .0.0005" less than throat diameter. If the bullet is larger than throat
diameter, as long as the resulting cartridge is not too large in diameter to chamber easily, it will
work just as well regardless of the glossy gun writers claims about leading and excessive
pressures. I have for many years commonly used bullets that are up to 0.007" over nominal
bullet diameter in handguns where throats are grossly oversize. Unfortunately oversize throats
are not an uncommon condition of either old or new firearms.
Remember, however, that it is not a safe practice to use oversize bullets that result in a
cartridge that does not chamber easily because the neck must be allowed to expand slightly for
safe bullet release. To attempt to use a cartridge so loaded is to risk generating excessive
pressures.
Bullet Hardness
Many are under the impression that hard bullets work best. Very often, the exact opposite
is true. In many cases, use of softer bullets would be to one's advantage. The reason is that the
softer alloys are more easily bumped up to fill the throat (obturate) when the powder is ignited.
While depending upon bump-up of soft bullets cannot ever be as dependable as correct bullet
fitting, it can help in some small number of instances.
Forcing cone leading is nearly always the result of oversize cylinder throats or undersize
bullets, not because the alloy is too soft. In fact, sometimes, for a given powder charge, a softer
bullet will shoot more accurately because softer alloys will allow for more complete obturation
(bumping up) and reduce or eliminate gas cutting.
Correct bullet hardness for revolver target loads is about 8-12 BHN, depending upon the
charge giving best bullet stability and the chamber pressure generated. The usable maximum
chamber pressure of an alloy is a function of its Brinnel Hardness Number. As a rule of thumb,
optimum chamber pressure for adequate obturation is about four times yield strength.
Within the range of alloy hardness used for typical as-cast or heat treated bullets (from 5-
30 BHN), yield strength is approximated by the BHN multiplied by 480. This means that a soft
alloy of 8 BHN, such as factory swaged lead bullets will stand up to about 15,000 CUP (8 x 480
x 4=15,360), and an alloy of 12 BHN will stand up to about 23,000 CUP. This corresponds to
the pressures generated by 4-6 grains of fast burning pistol powders such as Bullseye, 231, Red
Dot, Green Dot or 452AA, which are all well suited for the .44 Special.
My favorite all-purpose alloy is a mixture of indoor-range backstop lead (mostly .38
wadcutter and .22 rimfire bullets) mixed with about 1 part in 20 of Linotype to provide some
minimal tin to improve casting. This stuff makes a nicely filled out soft bullet of 11 BHN. By
the way, this soft alloy also shoots well in moderate .30 cal. rifle loads up to about 1500 fps, and
is without peer in the slow big bores, such as the .45-70.
Revolvers
In a revolver the throats are the areas in each cylinder chamber immediately ahead of
the portion of the chamber where the brass case rests and into which the bullet projects. If the
bullet is sized so that it is a gentle force fit in the throat, all else being equal, your accuracy
potential will increase greatly.
Measure the throat diameters and slug the barrel. If you have a gun that has throats
smaller than the groove diameter, (fortunately, an infrequent condition) there is not much hope
for reasonable accuracy. From an accuracy standpoint, revolvers will not tolerate an undersize
lead bullet rattling down the bore.

269
When you slug your barrel, note if there is a tight spot or area anywhere in the barrel.
Pay particular attention to the back of the barrel where it enters the frame. A tight spot here is
common and can size down your bullet. This situation can be remedied by lapping the bore.
Proper bullet fit in a revolver can do wonders. I can beat all my shooting buddies any day of the
week; not because I am a better pistol shot, but because I fit all of my ammo to each particular
gun - a decided advantage. I learned this way back when the Redhawk first came out. Through a
series of very fortunate circumstances, I ended up with a matched set of the first year run. With
their badly oversize .434" throats and using conventional ammo, the very best that I could get
from them was 2" machine rest groups. By fitting bullets properly, they will now do 3/4" groups
all day, even with full house loads. This dramatic improvement was realized in all my revolvers
and I became a better shot overnight than I ever thought that I would be. It really is worth the
effort.
Some revolver chambers have all six throats that are virtually identical, while some vary
0.0006 - 0.0007". Most hold 0.0003 - 0.0004" variation which is good enough, in my
experience. Very carefully running an oversize soft slug through all six throats will give one the
diameter of the smallest throat. This diameter is optimum for bullets fired in that gun.
You may very well find that your bullets shoot better with no sizing. My bullet sizer is
virtually retired these past 15-20 years. Many bullets, as they fall from the mold, are already
undersized for many modern production revolvers.
Tip - I fit most of my revolver bullets so that they will be a push fit into the throats and
then load the cartridges so that bullets reach way out into the throats for good initial guidance;
that is, with the bullet and bore axes perfectly collinear.
For those who load their rounds so that the bullets crimp at the crimp groove, rather than
having them extend way out into the throat, oversize bullets, even those that are larger in
diameter than the throats, can provide a definite advantage. There will be virtually no gas
cutting, no matter what the bullet alloy.

Where a really long blunt bullet is loaded way out into the cylinder, the diameter determination
is a little more crucial. I shoot mostly heavy (long) blunt bullets in revolvers because they allow
me to load really long, to within 0.1" of the front of the cylinder face. This is important to me
because, given a snug fit, the bullet holds its axis in nearly perfect co-linearity with that of the
bore for an ideal launch situation. The chambers themselves are usually pretty sloppy so that
conventional ammo will not lay coaxially in the chamber. Not good!
My Blackhawk came with .4545" throats and a .449" bore. That is a ridiculous mismatch, yet I
shoot .454 - .4545" bullets in it, in both target and "boomer" 350 grain hunting loads. In
addition, all of my .44 throats run at about .434" so most of my .44 bullets are made to .4335 -
.434" area, again depending on the gun.
There is one caveat to the "big is good" situation, however. If the bullet is so large in diameter
that the resulting cartridge experiences chambering interference, the situation is NOT GOOD.
This is because the case neck must have a little room to expand for safe bullet release. For this
reason, for the inexperienced reloader, it is prudent to keep bullet diameter pretty close to that of
the revolver's smallest throat.
Autoloaders
For the autoloaders, most of which do not have a throat, any bullet diameter which is just
large enough to prevent leading, up to that which just allows free and easy chambering of the
loaded round, will work about equally well.

270
For instance, my 1911 target gun will shoot .452" bullets w/o leading. However, because I
use lots of .454" bullets for my revolvers, and because the .45 ACP cartridges loaded with .454"
bullets chamber freely, I do not bother to size them at all for 1911 use. All will hold the 10 ring
all day long. No exaggeration! Very satisfying!
Fitting of the bullet to the chamber throat and proper powder selection (meaning as slow a
powder as will give one desired velocities) will do wonders for leading characteristics and
accuracy.
The first step in determining bullet diameter needed for optimum accuracy results in a self-
loader such as the 1911 is to measure the chamber diameter as well as to slug the bore. If your
molded or commercial bullets are about 0.001" larger than the slugged bore dimension, try those
for accuracy. If it is acceptable, you are already there. If not, measure the brass thickness for the
lot of brass that is being used. Choose a bullet that will make a cartridge that is about .002" less
than the measured chamber diameter. In other words, choose a bullet that will make a cartridge
that will drop freely into the chamber. Here, the intent is to assure that little or no gas cutting
occurs before the bullet is sealed into the bore. Do not force a round into the chamber for fear of
causing soaring pressures because the brass cannot expand sufficiently to release the bullet
safely. I find that the largest diameter round that will fall freely into the chamber is safe.
For my .45 autos, this diameter is about 0.453 - 0.454". My .45 revolvers require 0.454 -
0.456", depending on the gun. For the .45's, if one has a mold that casts .455" bullets (.45 Colt
molds), he is well on his way because, although seldom necessary, they can always be sized a
little.
For those who are serious about shooting their cast bullets accurately, having a custom
mould made is well worth the effort and expense. Custom makers like LBT will make custom
molds to your specified diameter(s) for only a few dollars more than those that come from the
big commercial houses.
One further observation: When these larger than nominal diameter bullets are used, and
when a roll crimp is employed, sometimes there is a slight bulge produced right at the crimp.
Because the resulting cartridge will not drop freely into the chamber, this can give one the
impression that the bullet diameter is too great, and the unknowing reloader might reduce bullet
diameter thus negating his efforts to minimize gas cutting. The solution is to use a taper crimper
judiciously. The taper crimper does have the unfortunate ability to size down the bullet if it is not
properly adjusted, so approach your die setting carefully.
God Bless!
Norm

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MORE ABOUT SHOOTING LEAD BULLETS IN HANDGUNS.
by Adrian Pitfield

To develop accurate cast bullet loads for handguns means we need to control the problems
associated with gas cutting. The pictures below will help to illustrate this point. The pictures
show samples of a 180 grain PBTC bullet fired from a Smith & Wesson Mod. 27-2 in .357 Mag.

Worst Case: The bullet shows severe signs of gas cutting.
Slight groove engraving can just be seen on the front driving
bands, but all signs of the grooves on the rearmost band have
been abraded. Such loads can be expected to give serious
leading problems and accuracy will fall off very quickly after
several rounds have been fired.

Good Case: The bullets show clear groove engraving on
all driving bands from front to rear. Slight gas cutting can
be seen on the rear band and is confirmed by bullet
diameter measurements in this area. No gas cutting could
be detected by diameter measurements in front of the lube
groove. The width of the groove engraving on the front
driving band is wider than at the rear, indicating a mis-
match of alloy hardness and chamber pressure just after
powder ignition. This could be due to one or more reasons
which will be discussed later. Nevertheless, accuracy with
such loads should be good and leading minimal.

Best Case: This
shows the ideal situation, no sign of gas cutting or
alloy yielding to chamber pressure. This ideal set-up
might be difficult to achieve in practice without
resorting to some tricks better known to the
dedicated cast bullet shooter. I admit to resorting to one
of these tricks and actually used a powdered shot
buffer ( similar to Buffer Mix #47 from Ballistic
Products Inc.)

272

The four major ways of controlling gas cutting are as follows:
Bullet Fit see previous chapter 6.6.8 by Norman F. Johnson.
Bullet Hardness see previous chapter 6.6.8 by Norman F. Johnson.
Powder Selection
Bullet Selection

The four items mentioned above are listed in descending order of importance based on my
experiences gained over the last 20+ years.
Powder Selection: Before selecting a particular powder from a reloading manual we should have
a fairly clear picture in our minds as to what happens after the firing pin strikes the primer. As
the powder charge burns, the gas pressure builds up and the force acting on the bullets base
causes the bullet to move forward after the moment of inertia is overcome. As the bullet
progresses along its path it makes contact with the grooves of the barrel and is forced to rotate
about its own longitudinal axis. The strain on the bullet and its acceleration is directly related to
the gas pressure and reaches a maximum as the chamber pressure peaks. The question, whether
the bullet can successfully withstand this ordeal is not just a question of alloy strength, but also
where the bullet is as the chamber pressure peaks. A fast pistol powder will mean that the
pressure will peak before the bullet has travelled very far. Depending on the seating depth and
length of the bullet on the one hand and the chambers throat on the other, this could mean that
the bullet has only just started to engrave the rifling as the pressure peaks. It is the area of
bullet/groove contact which has to take the strain caused by the acceleration of rotation ( Ref. 1
and 2.). Sticking with the example of the 180 grain PBTC in the .357 Mag. bullet travel at P max.
will vary according to powder charge and type

Fast (like N320) = 0.3-0.4 ( powder charge 4.3 to 5.4 grain; P max. 18,600-28,200 psi)
Medium (like 3N37) = 0.4-0.5 ( powder charge 6.0 to 7.5 grain; P max. 18,000-28,600 psi)
Slow (like N110) = 0.4-0.5 ( powder charge 13.5 to 14.5 grain; P max. 27,900-30,600 psi)
Source: QuickLOAD software from Hartmut Broemel, Babenhausen, Germany.

Generally, fast powders are used for plinking and target loads, whereas the slow powders are
used for hunting and maximum loads. Even when considering target loads, it is worthwhile
considering powder burn rates somewhere between fast and slow. Slower powders will not only
achieve a given velocity with lower pressure, but also allow an increase in bullet/groove contact
before P max. is attained. This can be very beneficial if the target bullets are made from a soft
alloy or even of the hollow-base variety. Often the low charges of fast powders in target loads
can burn dirty. A change to a heavier charge of a slightly slower powder can eliminate this
niggling effect.
Here in Germany most of the major shooting associations require certain power factors for
centre-fire handgun events. The trend is definitely leaning towards the heavier bullets combined
with medium burn powders. Powders like the N340 and 3N37 are becoming very popular and are
often be used in a wide range of calibers from 9 mm Luger through to .44 Rem. Mag. Even some
shooters are using these powder types in the .45 Auto with good results.
Bullet selection: The discussion in this paragraph will be limited to bullet form and weight and
not touch on bullet hardness since this has been reviewed already. The most popular bullet forms

273
for hand gunners are the semi-wadcutters(SWC), round nose(RN), roundnose-flatpoint (RNFP)
and the truncated cones(TC). All of these bullet forms can be used for accurate loads, although in
certain guns a particular weight and form will work better than others. A good starting point for
cartridge length is .010" under maximum permissible length with this gun and bullet and not the
maximum length written in the manuals. This helps to ensure that bullet /groove contact is
optimised during powder burning. There might be some exceptions here, especially in semi-auto
pistols where a longer cartridge length might be permissible from the chamber dimensions, but
will not fit in the magazine and/or cycle properly. Of course trying to maximise cartridge length
can be difficult when using shorter and hence lighter bullets. The seating depth with such bullets
might not be sufficient to give consistent combustion, especially when using anything slower
than fast powders. I think it is appropriate to make sure that bullets are seated to more than .250"
into the case. Usually accuracy is easier to achieve with bullets with a short nose section and
having a wider front driving band. The short nose section helps promote the ratio of bearing
length to overall length and a wider front driving band has more flesh so to speak and is useful as
the bullet begins its travel into the grooves and lands.
In loads where a certain power factor is required and successive shots need to be fired quickly,
heavier bullets have an edge over lighter bullets. The recoil tends to be more tameable and the
gun doesnt kick so high allowing a quicker/easier recovery of the sight picture. Competitive
shooters here in Germany are going more for the 140/150 grains in 9MM; 170/180 grains in .357
Mag. and 300 grains in .44 Rem. Mag. Gas check bullets are not really necessary for target
shooting if the bullet fits and the chamber pressure and alloy strength are well harmonised. If
there is any mis-match for these conditions a gas checked bullet can work wonders in controlling
the level of leading during a shooting session. On the other hand soft gas checks or shot buffers
can also be used with similar effects.
In working up an accurate load there might be some signs of bullet tipping on the target - small
crescents can appear around the shot holes. This could either be, that the bullet diameter is a tad
too small or that the velocity was not high enough to stabilize the bullet. The latter cause is more
likely with longer bullets being fired at distances of 50 yards and more. Try sizing bullets larger
to start with and if problem still exists try increasing powder charge. Alternatively, switch to next
slower powder to increase velocity without dramatically changing chamber pressure.

Ref. 1. Cast Bullets by Col. E.H. Harrison (ret.) NRA publication, page 14 Is jumping the
rifling likely ?
Ref. 2. The Bullets flight from powder to target by F.W. Mann M.D., page 368 Kinetics of
spin

CAST BULLETS IN REVOLVERS
by Adrian Pitfield
It is assumed that the revolver concerned is capable of decent groups with either jacketed or
plated bullets to demonstrate that it is a good-shooter so to speak. Before starting any load
development with cast bullets, check the bore diameters of the cylinder and compare this with
the forcing cone diameter of the barrel. Decent accuracy can be expected with the cast bullets as
long as the cylinder bores are equal or larger in diameter than the forcing cone. If the forcing
cone diameter is larger than the cylinder bores accuracy will be disappointing, but it is nothing a
competent gunsmith could not put right. I like to check the correct bullet diameter by driving
soft, oversized bullets or roundballs through the cylinder and checking the diameter. Then

274
confirm this by choosing the a bullet with this measured diameter and then drive these bullets
through the cylinder using a wooden dowel. They shouldnt fall through freely, but should need a
moderate steady force to drive them through. Make sure the cylinders are really clean before
doing this test otherwise there is a good chance of misreading the results. I then like to check the
maximum cartridge length with this bullet/gun combo. Make up a dummy round it goes
without saying of course no powder or primer of nominal length. Having chambered the
dummy then measure and note the distance from the tip of the bullet to the front face of the
cylinder using a digital caliper. Then insert a naked bullet into the same cylinder and gently push
forward until the bullet nestles against the cylinder throat. With the bullet held in place measure
again the distance between bullet head and the front face of the cylinder. Now calculate the max.
cartridge length for this gun and bullet. For initial testing choose an overall length of max. less
.010".
Unfortunately, most loading manuals do not highlight the most accurate loads, but tend to
concentrate on max. loads. Sometimes they will also give starting loads. The best information
can be gleaned from studying match reports and some internet sources are quite useful. Try to
identify which powders are most popular with the accuracy crowd. After finding a popular load
and after checking with the manuals that the load is not too excessive, make up 5 series of 5 or
10 rounds each with powders charges varying from 10%, -5% , +0% +5% and +10% of chosen
load. Start by firing the rounds with the lowest powder charge first and work through to the
highest charge in order to identify the powder charge giving best accuracy. In the second stage
repeat the test, or fine tune the powder charges to confirm initial testing. Having done this, in the
third stage we then alter bullets seating depth to see if accuracy can be improved some more.
After finishing each shooting session check the cylinder and forcing cone for telltale signs of
leading. If leading is occurring this does not necessarily mean that chamber pressure is too high
or that the bullet alloy is too soft. It sounds like a paradox, but often the bullet alloy is too hard or
chamber pressure not high enough. Sometimes switching to a softer alloy or increasing the
powder charge by 5 or 10% can work miracles. If you
switch alloys from say 16 BHN to about 10 BHN it is often
necessary to reduce the powder charge by 5-10% to get the
same accuracy as with the harder alloy.

My personal experience with 180 grain cast bullet in BHN
= 16 (50% Linotype :50% pure lead) and 7,5 grain 3N37 in
my S&W Mod. 27 will lead lightly after 20-30 rounds.
This picture shows the leading.

In later testing I found that increasing the powder charge to 8,0 grain eliminated the leading.

275
I now use BHN = 10 alloy ( 20:1 Pb:Sn) and accuracy was
improved by backing off to 7,0 grain and no leading to boot.
See the picture that shows no leading.

Just to see whether this no leading result was just a pressure
effect I repeated the test with BHN = 16 bullets surprise,
surprise I still had leading with BHN = 16! See the leading in
the barrel.

For light loads where no minimum requirements on velocity or
energy apply concentrate on low bullet weights (BHN range 10-16) and fast burning powders
like Bullseye.
For moderate loads where a certain powder factor is required and shooting is usually at 75 feet or
less concentrate on heavier bullets (BHN range 10-16) and powders with a medium burning rate
like Longshot or 3N37.
For maximum loads at longer distances concentrate on the heaviest bullets
( BHN range 16-22) with slow burning pistol powders. If accuracy is not quite there consider the
use of gas-check bullets or resorting to Soft Checks or alternatively a shot buffer to eliminate gas
cutting.

A REVOLVER AND CAST BULLETS
I do not know much about handguns or casting or loading for them.
Around 1970 I had a Ruger Blackhawk in 44 Magnum that I shot faithfully every weekend some
300 to 400 rounds. I spent most of my spare time during the week casting and reloading. The
load was the Keith 429421 bullet in wheelweights, sized .430" and lubed with the black Lyman
lube, Remington 2 1/2 primers and 9 grains of Unique. (The first time I shot that gun, first shot
with factory loads, I had cuts on the web of my hand from the hammer, the top of my trigger
finger and the top of my second finger from the trigger guard. Bleeding nicely from all.) I had

276
read the Elmer Keith books, and shot a lot from a sitting position, knees up and supporting my
hands and the gun, back against a tree or my car. My targets were balloons tied to rocks at 100 to
150 yards.
At other times I've had and shot a Colt New Service in 45 Colt, a S&W M27 with 8 3/8"
barrel in 357 Magnum, a M14 in 38 Special, the obligatory Luger and many other revolvers and
autoloading pistols.
A few years ago I bought a nickel-plated well-used M29 with an 8 3/8" barrel and
a Simmons 4X scope. I experimented with this revolver and several bullet molds, keeping good
records of what I tried and the resulting accuracy.
Summary-Here's what I think I know:
Bullets much smaller than the chamber throats lead the barrel on revolvers.
Lead in revolver barrels decreases accuracy.
Proper size or oversize bullets eliminate leading, and are the easiest way to solve the leading
problem.
CF Ventures Soft Gas Checks and Cream of Wheat (COW) fillers eliminate leading, at least for
slower velocity loads; and shoot with reasonable accuracy.
Slower powders reduce leading.
Faster loads shoot more accurately than slower loads. At least with SWC bullets.

CAST BULLETS IN SEMI-AUTOMATIC PISTOLS
by Adrian Pitfield
To develop accurate cast bullet loads in semiautomatic pistols the same basic principles that
apply to revolvers are used. Some pistols will not function properly with all bullet forms.
Usually, it is the short nosed SWCs which can cause problems in as much as the action will not
cycle flawlessly. Sometimes altering the bullet seating depth can help, if in doubt make up some
dummy rounds and cycle the action manually. A good easy way to check the bullet diameter is
to insert the cast bullet nose first into the chamber of the barrel, push forward until it rests firmly
in the throat. Now take a small flashlight and shine it into the chamber and now look down the
barrel from the muzzle end. If no light is seen, this is a sure sign that the bullet is sealing
perfectly in the throat. If the chamber has a very short and sharp throat angle with hardly any
free-bore to speak of, you might see some signs of light. This could be an indication that the nose
section is making contact with the grooves before the bullets body can make an adequate seal.
Examine the bullet for groove marks on the nose section. Make a dummy round with this
bullet diameter to see if that combination of bullet diameter and case wall thickness is not going
to be too tight for the chamber. It often pays to choose a slightly larger bullet diameter, then this
often helps reduce the number of flyers observed on the target during the test shooting. Check
the maximum cartridge length with that particular bullet and gun in a similar fashion as
described for the revolver. Check that the overall length will fit into the magazine and cycle
freely when the slide is operated manually. Sometimes if the ejection port is kept small, as in the
case of some target pistols the unfired cartridge can not be ejected freely by manual operation. If
the cartridge is simply too long reduce the cartridge length gradually until magazine fit and
cycling problems disappear.
Usually, cartridge case volumes of typical semi-auto calibers are often smaller than the volumes
of the corresponding revolver calibers. Just compare 9 mm Luger vs. .38 Spec. or .45 ACP and
.45 Colt! This means that the chamber pressures will rise faster and be higher than for revolver
cartridges. This is compensated to certain extent by using lower powder charges than in the

277
revolver. But, the effects of changing the bullet seating depth can be just as significant. Seating a
bullet 0.020 deeper in the 9MM. Luger can cause the chamber pressure to rise by anything from
3,000 to 4,500 psi. comparable figures for the .38 Spec. would be about 1,000 psi! This makes it
slightly more difficult to extract really consistent and good accuracy from the small case volumes
like the 9 mm. Luger. This can be best done by avoiding the very fast pistol powders like
Bullseye or N320 and similar. These powders are okay in the large brethren cases like the .45
Auto with light bullet weights. Similarly, for these pressure reasons the bullet alloy needs to be
fairly hard say 14-16 BHN for the 9 mm. Luger. Again, with larger case volumes the softer bullet
alloys of say 10 BHN can work very well.
Locating specific load data for pistol calibers with lead bullets can be difficult. The Lyman
Reloading Handbook for Pistol & Revolver is a good starting point, but it has a strong focus on
fast pistol powders at least the second Edition from 1994 does. Also, it lacks the more modern
powders. Other reloading manuals tend to focus on the jacket bullet types more than the cast lead
bullets. Anybody seriously interested in reloading should really consider obtaining a ballistic
software product like QuickLOAD. Of course this cannot replace nor should it replace the official
reloading manuals from the powder manufacturers, but it certainly helps to show and illustrate
the chamber pressure curves for the various powders. The reloader gains insights to what can and
will happen to pressure and velocity by switching powders or varying the powder charge. The
library on cast bullets is fairly large and existing cast bullet data files can be modified and saved
in a special personal bullet data files. There maybe other similar programs available in the USA,
but I admit this author is biased. He is living in Germany and although he has no personal ties or
benefits from the software, the designer of the software, Hartmut Broemel lives only about 1
hours drive from the authors house.
In working up the loads for semiautomatics watch for any telltale signs of leading especially if
accuracy starts falling off fairly quickly. As for revolvers try increasing the powder charge by
say 5% or consider using a softer alloy at least for those large case calibers. If with either
remedy the leading does not disappear or is reduced consider switching to the next slower
powder. Here in Germany it is the VihtaVuori powders which tend to dominate the market and
are most popular. Serious target shooters are increasingly using the N-340 and 3N37 when it
comes to cast bullet loads. Some of the reasons have been outlined already and an additional
reason is the trend of using heavier bullets especially where power factors are involved. Two
other reasons being cited are:
a) These slower powders are often claimed as being cleaner. This is often judged on the amount
of smoke produced at the muzzle or the cleanliness of the spent cases. This is often quoted by
shooters using indoor facilities.
b) Loads with such powders are less temperamental. That is to say that small changes in
reloading procedures affecting crimp and bullet seating depth etc. do not appear to have big
impacts on target accuracy.

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1911 HEADSPACING METHOD
Norm Johnson
The .45ACP 1911 was designed by John Browning to headspace on the case mouth but in fact it
rarely works this way. The case head is really held against the breech by the extractor. To prove
this to yourself, measure the length of a dozen .45ACP cases. You will discover that the cases are
all (even newly manufactured ones) considerably shorter than SAAMI specs call for. The
resultant headspace clearance would be greater than the maximum allowed, yet the ammo will
shoot fine with no stretching of cases or incipient head separation, even after many firings.
Since 1911 barrels from Colt and other suppliers are normally chambered longer than necessary,
and with the additional complication of the short cases, some of us seat our bullets to a length
that allows the cartridge to headspace on the bullet. This approach allows for a more consistent
firing pin strike and therefore a more consistent powder burn. Accuracy is dependent upon
consistent ignition more than many shooters realize; a good reason, incidentally, to keep the
firing mechanism of pistols clean. Modern rifles, having a much stronger firing chain, are not
quite so subject to congealed lubricants and imbedded dust.
To accomplish the above headspacing approach, remove the barrel from your 1911 and then
alternately seat the bullet deeper into the case and drop it into the chamber until the case base is
just flush with the lip that protrudes from the barrel. Do this with each bullet type that you use in
that firearm and either record the OAL or keep a dummy round as a reference. If you seat the
bullet too far out, the pistol will not lock up properly and therefore will not fire when the trigger
is pulled.
Some will respond that the above will call for a cartridge that is too long to properly fit in the
magazine. However, the above procedure has been used by the author for about 35 years with
about every bullet imaginable in approximately 14 .45 ACP barrels and magazines have accepted
all without exception. As a matter of fact, in all instances, the bullet could be seated too long in
its case to allow proper locking of the action before magazine interference became a problem.
God Bless!
Norm

"I have used the "headspace on the bullet" for the .45 ACP for over twenty years. In a five year
period, I shot 75,000 rounds. The method works - my findings parallel Norm Johnson's."
R. Dale McGee

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6.6.4 LOADING AND RELOADING WITH BLACK POWDER

ABOUT BLACK POWDER
Black powder comes in "F"s, where Fg or "one F" is the coarsest = biggest grains,
progressing through FFg, FFFg to FFFFg or "four F" = very fine small grains.
In very general terms, F is used for the largest bore rifles and big smooth-bore guns; FFg
is used for big bore rifles and pistols, FFFg is used for small caliber rifles and pistols, and FFFFg
is used for priming charges in flintlock guns.
Black powder is said to almost explode rather than burn like smokeless powders, so some
suggest that shooters should limit the amount of black powder kept on hand and/or store black
powder in an outbuilding rather than in the house. I have kept as much as four one pound cans of
black powder in the cellar without any problem, but it takes only one surprise to make a convert.
Or a corpse.
There are several substitutes for black powder on the market now, such as Pyrodex and
Triple 7; both Hodgdon products. I have used Pyrodex and it seems to work just like black
powder. Opinions differ about these black powder substitutes; some shooters claim that they
aren't as accurate as black powder; others claim wonderful accuracy with the substitutes.
Some say that Pyrodex, and maybe other black powder substitutes, is more corrosive than
black powder. One shooter says that Pyrodex exhibits the characteristic that after cleaning and
oiling the gun, some remaining fouling rusts the barrel.
Black powder, and to some degree the substitutes, is very corrosive in gun barrels. The
residue or fouling is said to be "hygroscopic", a highfalutin word meaning that the fouling
absorbs water out of the air. It also contains a lot of salt residues from the gunpowder. This
water/salt fouling mixture is what so corrosive, causing rust. Cleaning should involve a lot of
very hot water and patches and then thorough oiling. This isn't a problem, just takes a little time
and elbow grease.
There is a lot of agreement among shooters with the Thompson Center (TC) story that
petroleum based cleaning products should not be used with black powder or the substitutes.
TC sells special "Bore Butter" lubricant and a cleaning product.

Paul Brasky: "You can make moose milk(patch lubricant) from 5-7 parts water to 1 part
water soluble machining oil with a capful of Mr. Clean/Lestoil added. It will also clean your
bbl."
44Man: "Don't use any smokeless solvent in the BP barrel. Clean with plain water,
Birchwood-Casey BP solvent, Simple Green mixed 50-50 with water, Anti Freeze mixed 50-50 or
any other type made for BP. Once clean it will rust fast so run hot water through it, dry it and
coat the bore good with something that will prevent rust. (The anti freeze mix is the best to keep
rust down, but make sure you still oil.) LPS-3 works good as does Birchwood Sheath, Ballistol,
M-Pro 7 CLP or even a good gun oil."

R. J. Talley: "Clean using simple hot water and dish soap. Cheap and really effective.
With the hooked breech on that gun simply remove the barrel wedge and remove the barrel.
After removing the nipple, set the breech end of the barrel in a bucket filled half way with very
hot water and a teaspoon of dish soap. Take a patch and wrap it around a cleaning jag and then
pump it up and down in the bore. You will feel the water flushing through the barrel. Then,
change over to clean soap-free hot water and do the same again. Run a couple of dry patches

280
through, let it sit 10 minutes or so to dry completely and then coat with either Balistol or Crisco.
Wipe the exterior down with a damp rag, oil with any good gun oil, (petro based is OK here)
reinstall the nipple and you're good to go. Water and BP are brothers. Nothing cleans it as well
nor is anything better at removing fouling. Some guys make their own lube using Crisco and
bees wax or lamb fat and bees wax. I've used both and both are very good. The easy route is to
buy some TC lube. It works well."

A product called "Ballistol" is frequently mentioned; it is not petroleum based and is
recommended for cleaning and then oiling/preserving BP guns. Ballistol may be successfully
substituted for the water soluble machining oil mentioned above.
Black Powder Cartridges
In the black powder world the word "cartridge" has three meanings.
First is the cartridge made for muzzle loading military or hunting rifles and for the
revolvers. This is a paper device meant to hold the powder and ball and speed up reloading. In
the case of the military rifles it was ripped open with the teeth, the powder was dumped down the
bore, the paper followed, and the bullet was rammed home on top of the powder and paper. The
revolver cartridges were placed in the chamber and rammed home.
Second is the cartridge made for breech loading rifles such as the early Sharps, that is put
into the chamber whole. These are made of (nitrated) linen or paper, sometimes with combustible
paper.
The plan for the Sharps linen cartridge was for the block to shear off the rear of the
cartridge as it was closed; exposing the powder to the percussion cap or other primer..
Third is the brass cased cartridge as we know it today, as used in the later Sharps,
Maynard and Remington rolling block rifles for example.

BLACK POWDER CHARGES, WEIGHT VS. VOLUME
It has been said that with BP, for accurate shooting, consistent charge volume is more
important than consistent charge weight. The explanations have to do with the BP absorbing
water, and/or the BP having "fines" = very small grains.
Does Black Powder absorb moisture out of the air?
I experimented with GOEX FFFG twice.
The powder gained 7% and 8.4% in weight in 24 hours in a container with 1/2" of water
in the bottom, powder in a bowl.
The powder returned to it's original weight in six hours in a dry atmosphere.
Dry powder would not gain weight outside in a very humid Florida atmosphere.
I conclude that black powder will not absorb (much) water in any reasonable
environment.

"Historically, black powder has always been a volume measurement. Pioneers didnt
carry powder scales with them to measure the amount of powder to pour down their rifle barrels.
However, to obtain good accuracy from black powder, one other factor is pivotal when
loading a firearm. That factor is compression.
With muzzle loading firearms, the amount of powder used was a resultant of how much
velocity the shooter wished to obtain. In reality, the muzzle loading firearm provides an
unlimited chamber with the only velocity limit being how much powder can be burned within the
barrel.

281
Cartridge firearms using black powder alter that concept because they have a very
limited chamber capacity. Increasing the powder amount and the compression; substituting a
finer granulation of powder or decreasing the weight of the projectile will provide additional
velocity. Those changes will also affect accuracy more in a cartridge rifle than they would in a
muzzleloader.
The initial advice given to any new muzzleloader is usually to start with a low powder
charge and keep increasing it until you get the desired accuracy for a desired distance. The
second instruction should also be to maintain the same amount of compression for each loading.
Long-range muzzleloaders often use a spring-loaded device that fits over the end of their
ramrods to easily show them the amount of compression they are applying. Straight-line force
limits the amount of compression they can achieve.
Black powder cartridge loaders on the other hand, have unlimited compression available
to them through the use of compression dies in presses with compound leverage. Is that a
benefit? All nineteenth century black powder cartridge manuals unequivocally state that when
loading cartridges, the powder should be compressed but not crushed. When heavy compression
was required, the manuals recommended using powders that were specifically created for the
government using heavy compression and not sporting rifle powders.
Following the guidelines of the nineteenth century manuals Ive had very good success
loading black powder cartridges. Volume and compression are the criteria I use to develop a
quality load. I first determine the maximum overall length that my cartridge may be and still fit
into the chamber. Then I determine the weight of a powder charge on a scale that will give me a
powder column of a height that will allow me to add the desired compression I want. The
compression amount will vary with the powder granulation and manufacturer. I use the weight
of the powder (to get as close as possible) the volume I desire for THAT PARTICULAR LOT OF
POWDER. That brings us to the weight versus volume issue.
Each lot of black powder will not weigh the same amount per volume as other powder
lots. You have suggested that one reason for the difference is the water content and I wont go
into that issue because it has already been debated in this thread. Two factors not touched upon
are the density of the charcoal used in making the black powder and the amount of compression
used to force the water out of the mixture to form the cake.
The type of wood selected to make the charcoal affects charcoal density. In addition, the
amount of moisture the wood had access to during its growing cycle also affects its density. A
dry growing season provides a more dense wood than a rainy growing season. Nature controls
the wood density.
Black powder is a mechanical mixture and water is a major part of the manufacturing
process. The water is forced out of the powder mixture by a pressing process. If the mixture is
compacted very hard to extract the maximum amount of water, the process is considered hard
pressing. Lesser pressure results in light pressing which produces a less dense powder cake and
a powder that is less dense.
It is not uncommon to get powder from two different lots that will be very close in weight
and volume. However, I have experienced volume variations of a quarter inch while obtaining
identical charge weights. The black powder cartridge shooter who wishes to maintain accuracy
should weigh the powder charges to obtain a specific volume. Once that ideal volume is
determined, the weight of future powder lots should be adjusted to provide that ideal volume. I
advocate weighing the powder charge because unlike the muzzleloader, the cartridge rifle has a
very limited chamber. Depending upon your skills with a powder measure, a significant weight

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deviation can also result in a significant volume deviation. Remember that the powder is
initially dropped into a chamber or charge tube (one volume measurement) and then into the
cartridge case (a second volume measurement which might not be identical to the first)."
feather on ASSRA

"I've shot with shooters in State; National; and World Championships and have found
that some weigh charges, while others measure by volume when loading black powder
cartridges.
There seem to be a few in each group that turn in some impressive scores.
I measure by volume and only weigh several thrown charges to write down the data.
I measure the gap in the powder measure so that I can reset for that exact charge the next
time I'm loading that particular cartridge. By setting the powder measure to .001" on the gap
you are pretty well assured of throwing the same volume the next time that you reload. You must
keep pretty good notes for each rifle that you load for, as each is an individual in its own right.
If you switch from one "lot" of powder to another "lot" of powder, though it's the same
manufacturer and the same grade of powder, it will be a different load.
Some of the shooters that are going to the big matches and using some of the black
powder made overseas claim that they don't have that variation from "lot" to "lot." Me, I'd
rather buy American powder, if we don't support our one last manufacturer and it goes out of
business it makes it that much easier to cut off our supply.
Each different "lot" of powder must be worked with to find the right combination for your
particular rifle.
There are many different cast bullet designs out there to choose from, some have worked
for me, while some have not.
In preparing for a big important match my shooting partner suggested trying a can of his
"lot" of powder that had been exceptional for him. It worked out much better than the "lot" I had
been using. In calling the manufacturer, I asked about a recent "lot" that had come out with as
identical results from their testing as the earlier "lot." I was given the recent "lot" number and
gave a distributor friend of mine a call, he checked his magazine and found that he still had
some from that "lot" in stock and my order was placed.
To make a long story short, the powder arrived and loading it exactly as I had using the
can of powder that my friend gave me, it didn't work the same. By varying the charge with an
additional few grains, the load came together nicely.
I place a card wad over the volume measured powder and then run it through the press
utilizing a compression plug. The bullet rests on the card wad and retains the same OAL.
The method mentioned in the old loading manuals talks about using a scoop to dip into
the powder and then scraping the top off, before pouring the powder into the shell.
Even the early Duplex powder measures dumped charges that were volume measured.
In going to a long weekend match I'd take 400 rounds and sometimes come home with nearly
that many empty shells to clean.
Volume measure for black powder works, as does weighing each charge for some
shooters.
I'll probably continue to volume measure for my shooting pleasure, but you can weigh
yours and we'll go to the range to enjoy the day burning black powder together.
My all your shots be center hits!"
Remington Raider, ASSRA

283

"I loaded up some loads and shot them over a chronograph and recorded the load and
taped that on a glass pint wide mouth jar and covered the jar with window screen and set it on a
shelf out in the machine shed for several months to see what happens to black powder sitting
open with extremes climate changes.
After a couple of months I loaded some rounds and shot them over the chrono graph
again and found the same velocity's within 3 or 4 fps + or - as before the powder was left out.
Now mind you I don't have the test equipment as a test lab has to measure the moisture
level but my test told me enough that I wont worry about leaving a can of powder open for a day
or so."
Kurt on MSN BPCR

BP has varying densities.
" I have come to the conclusion that the reason b.p. is recommended to be measured by
volume is because not all black powders have the same density. In other words an = volume of
Goex and Swiss typically do not weigh the same, and there can even be differences between lots.
For example, if I set my powder measure to dispense a certain volume, these are the actual
weights in grains of the powders / lots I have on hand:
Goex FFG = 40.0
Kik FFG = 38.2
Swiss FFG = 45.
I have found the best thing to do, is to determine what volume is required for my
particular application. I shoot a fair amount of .44-40 and .45 Colt b.p. cartridges.
If I'm using Goex, I like a volume that will require a compression of .18"-.20" on a settled
powder charge. If I'm using Swiss, I shoot for about .06-.10 compression of a settled powder
charge.
Once I have determined the volume needed of a certain powder, I will weigh it for
reference. Then, when I load additional cartridges using that same powder and lot no., I will
double check the actual weight to make sure that the powder measure is set for the correct
volume.
I can then choose to either weigh each charge or load directly from my powder measure
set at the required volume.
Works every time"
W30WCF on the CBA forum
About Fines
"The relative amount of "fines" in powder is something that varies with brand. I use
Swiss almost exclusively and for all practical purposes, it doesn't have any fines. Some of the less
premium brands I suspect have more. Some folks have discussed "screening" their powder to
eliminate the fines.
High wall Jack on MSN BPCR

"A lot of shooters are now putting their powder through brass sieves in order to removed
fines from the likes of GOEX and Elephant brands."
Jeff Brown

284
"I can only offer the following experience that I had with one lot of powder. This particular lot
of powder had numerous fines throughout every can. When a charge was poured through a drop
tube into a cartridge case, all the fines would be at the mouth of the case. Because they were
lighter than the specified granulation, their progression through the drop tube was slower than
the larger, heavier granules. What was actually produced was a duplex load of 2F powder
against the primer and an unmeasured 4F charge against the base of the bullet. Targets shot at
with this ammunition showed patterns and they werent even close enough to be called groups.
The powder only became usable after I sifted the fines out of each container."
feather on ASSRA

Short Range Round Ball Muzzle Loaders
Most agree that for short range muzzle loading round ball shooting, charges dispensed by
volume work just fine.
"Keep in mind RB shooters can and do measure by volume, when a grain difference
doesn't affect the accuracy, it's just too dang easy to go by volume."
Dave Goodrich

: 'The statement "I recognize that the precise volume or wt. of BP isn't critical, or so I'm
told" is correct when used on muzzle loaders because the ball or bullet is always rammed down
to contact and stop against the powder. It may or may not be true loading BP cartridges."
Black Prince on Cast Boolits

BP and Target Muzzle Loaders
"In my experience BP in a round ball off hand muzzle loader 2 gr makes little difference
on the target, however in a round ball bench gun gr can make a difference at 50 or 100 yards.
Now a slug gun is a different beast; 1 or gr can and does make a difference; it can make
a 10 ring group into an X ring group at 200 yards, I have seen a half grain do the same, though
that has only happened a couple of times in 18 years. Temperature and humidity is crucial in a
slug gun as they are the most temperamental guns I have ever shot, must be why I love shooting
them. Most of the slug gunners weigh their charges, while round ball shooters use volume
measure."
Ed Stutz

"I used to weigh my charges for my Rigby ML and, after a year or two, switched to
volume charges with no discernable result.
I used Pyrex glass test tubes with cork stoppers which made for easy use on the range. I
always loaded down a dry tube (after wiping one wet, one dry per shot) with a small funnel
soldered to it.
I also went from weighing and swaging to just weighing the bullets, again with no
discernable loss of accuracy."
Miles Fenton

"I have seen it suggested that volume measuring is sufficient is done CONSISTENTLY as BP
burns relatively inefficiently so minor variations are of little consequence."
Jeff Brown

285

Black powder cartridges
"In a cartridge, volume is more important. The amount of space filling the cartridge will
have a greater affect on accuracy than the weight of the charge. Weight matters, volume is a
hold over from the old days when everyone carried a powder horn with a measure attached. You
will find that most shooters who are serious are weighing charges for a match."
Dave Goodrich

"Years ago, when I got my second lot of elephant powder I loaded it by weight and came
up with a charge that was much smaller in volume than I got from the previous lot. The new lot
was denser. Instead of having .15" of compression I loaded the same weight and got about zero
compression. It shot terrible.
As I upped the charges it shot better and better. Maybe a coincidence, but when my
charge was the same volume as I had for the first lot, I got the best accuracy. In establishing an
accurate load for lot #2, volume was a much more important factor. It doesn't always happen
that way, but it does often enough to get folks thinking volume is everything.
However, once a volume load is established, I'm still going to weigh each charge - again,
because my volume throws are not consistent enough in weight for me."
Al on MSN BPCR

"What is important is that the powder column, no matter how you measure it, is sufficient
to make a minimum of contact with the bullet base. If you use a wad, it counts as part of the
column. If you compress the powder, you'll have to factor that in. Don't worry about powder
absorbing moisture. Take reasonable care of it and you'll be fine. Take reasonable care in your
loading techniques and procedures and you'll be fine. Leave an air space between the bullet base
and the powder and you may not be fine."
Black Prince on Cast Boolits

"Since granules of BP vary in size much more than smokeless (unless screening your BP)
the concern is to have the proper volume so as to seat the bullet without any air space. It can be
58 grain or 60 grains by weight, as long as the volume is the same per cartridge. Better BP's are
more consistent in weight/volume ratios. Screening is even better."
WBH on Cast Boolits

"I would also say that from a PRACTICAL standpoint, there will NOT be a measurable
difference on the target when charges vary by as much as 0.2 grains or a bit more in weight.....
IF..... powder compression is kept constant.
However, when charge volume variations cause a powder compression change, then we
see immediate changes in MV and group size in rifles. This is likely due to the primer brisance
getting through the powder column differently when there is a change in the grains interstices.
My own tests indicate that with a given size BP charge a slight variation in compression of the
"settled" powder column height does affect chrono speeds in a small but measurable amount.
Therefore in order to obtain minimum variations in MV it is vital to start with a reasonably
consistent charge volume not having more than 0.2 gr. to perhaps 0.3 gr. weight difference
between charges."
Dick Trenk Yahoo BPCR

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Summary
My conclusion, after reading the responses to the question on various forums, is
that what matters is the load column height; the height of the powder and wad/s and bullet.
Consistency here, with powder VOLUME constant even if powder weight varies, gives
best accuracy.
With long range and target muzzle loaders capable of fine accuracy, including slug guns;
the powder weight is more important. In these guns, the load column height is controlled as the
gun is loaded, by the shooter.
I think that the volume vs. weight controversy results from varying densities of BP within
a brand as lots change, and between brands of powder.
I think it's all about those varying densities and the need to maintain constant and proper
column height and compression in cartridge rifles; and has little or nothing to do with water.

HOW TO RELOAD BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGES
Black powder is an explosive, unlike smokeless powder. If a pile of smokeless powder is
ignited, then it burns. If a pile of black powder is ignited, then it explodes. (I'm told.) Great care
must be taken in storing and handling black powder. It is said that black powder should not be
metered through a powder measure with a plastic hopper because the plastic could generate static
electricity and a spark, exploding the powder. To solve this problem, Lyman makes a black
powder measure with a metal hopper. Ive thrown thousands of charges of black with a Lyman
55 powder measure with a plastic hopper, with no explosions. Maybe Im just lucky.
Cartridge cases and rifle barrels shot with black powder will corrode if they are not
cleaned right after use.
I drop fired cases into a plastic jug of water with some vinegar added. When I get home I
decap the cases and wash them in soapy water, rinse and dry; and have no problem with case
corrosion.
I clean the rifle barrel with patches wet with a solution of water and dish soap, and then
oil the bore. When I get home, I clean the gun again with Marvel Mystery Oil, and have no
problem with bore corrosion. (I think other bore cleaners would work as well as the Marvel
Mystery Oil, but they dont smell as good.)
It is generally but not universally agreed that cartridges loaded with black powder should
have no air space between the powder and the bullet. It has been reported that high pressures and
damaged rifles can result from this air space. For safety, do not leave any air space in your
cartridges.
Fairly soft cast bullets are used in black powder cartridges. Bullets of 20:1 lead: tin or
softer are frequently reported. I have had reasonable results shooting bullets cast of wheelweights
in black powder rifles.
Black powder leaves a lot of residue or fouling in the barrel after firing. This fouling will
quickly destroy accuracy if it is not dealt with. The fouling is hygroscopic = loves to absorb
water, and varies in hardness with the humidity of the air. Wiping the bore with a wet patch after
each shot will solve the problem, but is sort of inconvenient and takes time. Using proper
lubricants in proper quantities can minimize but not eliminate the fouling problem. The hot
lubricant at this time is SPG lube, many shooters swear by it. It has been rumored that SPG
lube is Darr lube.

287
Many shooters use a blow tube to soften the fouling between shots. The blow tube is a
cartridge case with a piece of plastic tubing finagled onto the primer end of the case. The primer
hole is drilled out much larger. After the shot the blow tube case is put in the chamber, and the
shooter blows a set number of times through the plastic tube and on through the barrel. The water
in the breath is absorbed by the residue, which is softened and blown out of the barrel on the next
shot.
Black powder burns more consistently, and accuracy is improved if it is densely packed
into the case. Many shooters use a drop tube to increase powder density. A drop tube is
commonly a 30 piece of metal tubing with a funnel on one end. The bottom end goes into the
case-only into the mouth of the case-and the powder charge is poured into the funnel. The
difference between using the drop tube and not using it can be readily seen; there can be a
difference of an eighth inch or more in the height of the powder in the case.
Some shooters compress the powder charge in the case using a die or some other
mechanical arrangement. A wad is used over the powder before compressing it.
Various materials and thicknesses of wads are used over the powder. Materials include
card (like postcard or cereal box), cork, plastic and grease. Some shooters contend that a grease
wad should be separated from the bullet base by a card wad, lest the grease wad stick to the
bullet and affect accuracy. A grease wad should always be separated from the powder by a card
wad. Wads can be made with the appropriate arch punch from your good hardware store, or can
be purchased. Grease wads can be punched out of the sheet of grease with the cartridge case
mouth-these sheets of grease can be purchased or made with an extruding machine. I have made
grease sheets by melting the grease in a big frying pan, dipping the bottom of a Pyrex cake pan in
the grease and taking the Pyrex pan out and letting it cool upside down in the refrigerator. When
the grease is cool I remove it from the Pyrex pan with a putty knife, making a pretty big sheet.
Some experimenting is required and the Pyrex pan must be cool.
Some shooters use a filler between the bullet base and the top of the powder for shooting
reduced loads. Since there can be no space between the powder and the bullet base, some filler is
required if a reduced load is desired. (Shooting fully loaded 45/70 cartridges with 525-grain
bullets wears on me very quickly.) I have used Cream Of Wheat as a filler with good results for
reduced loads.
There are substitutes for black powder that dont require the expensive shipping of black,
and are less corrosive and safer to store. The most common is Hodgdens Pyrodex. These
substitutes can generally be used volume for volume for black, but read up on the substitute
before using it. In some matches these substitutes are not allowed.
Duplex loads have a small priming charge of smokeless powder put in the case first,
followed by the main charge of black powder. A smokeless charge of ten percent of the black
powder charge is often used. Duplex loads burn much cleaner than straight black powder loads,
and frequently are more accurate. I have used H110, RX7 and SR4759 as priming charges; I
thank any but the fastest powders will work well. Again, in some matches, duplex loads are not
allowed.
The overall length of the cartridge is established by trial and error. Youve got to fiddle
with the amount of powder and the height of the powder column in the case affected by the drop
tube and/or compression, the wads used, and the bullet. The cartridge has to be short enough to
fit in the gun and be removed without pulling out the bullet. The cartridge should be long enough
to have he bullet near the rifling.

288
The beginner might start with FFg black powder and a well-lubricated bullet, with a card
wad over the powder. Keep the bullet tightly on top of the wad and vary the charge to find the
maximum practical overall length. Wet some patches with soapy water and push a patch through
the bore after each shot. Shoot the next shot with the bore wet. WRITE IT DOWN, and
experiment from that base.

WATER-PROOFING BLACK POWDER
Ken Mollohan
All black powder is hydroscopic, and will absorb moisture from the air to one degree or
another. (See above discussions.) The cry of Keep your powder dry, boys wasnt just good
advice for Danl Boone or the colonial Minutemen, it was an absolute necessity. Damp
gunpowder either burnt very poorly, or it didnt burn at all. Picture yourself facing the enemy
with a gun that wont shoot and nothing but a bayonet to fight and defend you and yours with -
especially if the enemy had dry powder, and their guns WOULD shoot.
Though modern guns are vastly superior in materials and tolerances, they still depend (for
the most part) on exactly the same BP propellant. And it is still just as sensitive to moisture as it
ever was. A flintlock isnt the best choice for hunting in rainy weather - and I speak from sad
experience.
Im not too philosophical when Im annoyed. I have a tendency to try to do something
about the problem if I can. And I thought I could fix this problem too. I was a paint chemist,
and I had access to a huge inventory of commercial chemicals and materials to work with.
Pigments are used for many purposes in paints, and there is an incredible variety of types and
properties. One type is called Arc Silica, and its available from companies like Dupont and
Cabot. Its strange stuff. A bag holding five pounds of arc silica is bigger than the average guy.
Fluffy isnt able to even give you an idea how light it is. And interestingly enough, it comes in
grades with all sorts of properties. One of them is the ability of some grades to provide
waterproofing. I recall one advertisement that said that you could just dust a bit of this grade of
arc silica on a page of newspaper, and use it for an umbrella in a driving rainstorm. And by
golly, it really worked too!
So I took a small dish of FFFFg, and stirred a little bit of hydrophobic arc silica into it. It
completely disappeared, and the powder looked unaffected. So I spread it out in a thin layer and
added a drop of tap water. It beaded up like Id put it on waxed paper. I thought about this a bit,
and scrapped the edges up to form a low containment dam, and poured more water in. It just set
there. I waited about four hours, and there was no apparent change. The water just sat there, and
the FFFFg seemed to ignore it. So I touched the powder off, and it burnt completely, and the
water then scattered. But the powder actually burnt out from underneath the layer of water,
showing that it hadnt been affected.
The really neat thing is that this stuff will waterproof your pan, frizzen and flint too! Just
dust them with a little arc silica on a bit of tissue, and you can laugh at the weather. And still, it
doesnt affect cleanup: Soap will enable water to remove it nicely.
Some caveats: It doesnt take a whole lot of arc silica to do the job. You CAN overdo it.
I once tried to see just how much arc silica I could get on the granules. Why? I dont know!
Waterproof is waterproof. Maybe I thought it would make it ever better. I dont know, but I did
it, and the powder took quite a bit. But when I tested the heavily treated granules, I found to my
surprise that they were harder to ignite.

289
Another caveat is that this was all a long time ago. I dont remember proportions, and I
dont remember exactly what grade of arc silica I used, but Im pretty sure it was from Cabot.
Thats probably not too important, because suppliers come and go, as do product grades. There
are probably other manufacturers now, with other hydrophobic arc silicas. Just look them up on
the internet, and check out their product listings. Samples are usually free for the asking, and
even a little will go a loooong way! Take a priming flask worth of FFFFg and stir in perhaps a
quarter teaspoon of whatever you happen to get. Once its well stirred, drop a few granules into
a glass of water. If they dissolve, add a little more and try again.
Ken Mollohan

MAKING AND LUBING PATCHES
Spotted Pony on Cast Boolits, R. Dale McGee
Now as memory serves, one important function of a lubed patch (or greased slug) was
help keep fouling soft for easier removal. Being close to a small town, the local sporting goods
store has a very small inventory of any BP supplies hence prime interest is in mix it yerself. For
many years I've used Crisco, beeswax mix & just recently started adding a bit of olive oil all
heated in a dbl boiler & allowed to cool. at room temps 75 to 80 (love our wood stove lol) its
solid but soft enough to be worked with fingers if necessary.
4 oz Crisco by weight
1/4 oz beeswax
1 or 2 tsp olive oil
Then to lube patches I lay out a piece of Plexiglas I use, & smear enough of the lube on a
hunk of my patch material with a plastic scraper, to penetrate the material well yet not be messy.
fold the material in several layers and smooth it with said scraper and lay it in the freezer for a
few minutes before using my patch cutting punch to punch out my patches. 4 or 5 raps on 6
layers laid on a hardwood scrap and the patches come out clean as a whistle.
Being the cheap errr uhhhhh frugal person that I am, I've come up with a nifty patch
cutter too, I found a piece of hard steel, thin wall pipe 1 1/8" id, laying around in the shop, cut off
about 6 inches, beveled one end at about 45, & sharpened it with a Dremel & welded a plug in
the other end, to add some weight and give a hammer surface to strike without mushrooming the
pipe end. it works like a charm.
Spotted Pony on Cast Boolits

I am going to address preparing patch material. I "borrow" my wife's rotary cutter
(designed for precision cutting of cloth for quilts, etc). It looks kind of like a pizza cutter but is
literally razor sharp. I buy a yard of proper patch material (100% cotton and I prefer sail cloth or
pocket drill). You really need to take a micrometer to the fabric shop to get the proper thickness.
Then I lay out the material on a cutting board and cut strips clear across the material. Their width
will vary depending on which caliber they are intended for (make a trial run of small pieces
before you commit to the whole yard).
After you have the strips cut, take a putty knife and press on the semi solid lube. It is
desirable to coat the entire surface with as thin a coat as possible. After you have the strips
completely finished, roll them up, put a small number of them in a zip lock bag (be sure and
leave the bag open so any moisture can escape). Put them in the microwave for 10-20 seconds
(start slow and experiment). The microwave will melt the lube and it will be distributed perfectly

290
through the cloth strip rolls. Be careful as you do not want to overheat the lube, nor start a fire,
etc.
After they come out of the oven, store them in zip lock bags to keep them clean and so
they will not dry out. Use as you would any patching material (lay over the muzzle, push the ball
in flush with muzzle and use a patch knife to remove excess).
I currently use Wonderlube or Bore Butter for lube. Use just enough lube to saturate the
cloth - you don't want any lube to "stand proud" of the cloth.
One more thing - you cannot depend on the manufacturer's label to guarantee that it is
100% cotton. There is a simple test. Ask the clerk to cut a sliver off the bolt of cloth that you are
interested in. Tell them you are going to take the sliver outside to test if it is 100% cotton. Go
outside, light the sliver of cloth with a match or lighter. If it melts at all, it is not 100% cotton. It
should all burn leaving no or very little residue. THAT is 100% cotton. Then go back inside and
buy the cloth.
I just use the strip, cutting the patch at the muzzle of the gun when I load. If I were
hunting, I would consider a round patch, pre-lubed, to speed the process. However, it you use my
method with a loading block, you don't need to carry extra patches or fool with round patches for
hunting. So, that's what I do.
Yes, you may use this in the book - permission granted. I appreciate being asked,
however (just want to know what goes in under my name for posterity.
Dale53

HOW TO MAKE COMBUSTIBLE PAPER CARTRIDGES
Harry Eales, ASSRA
Making nitrated paper isn't difficult, all you need is a few ounces of Potassium Nitrate.
Dissolve this in a small quantity of hot water until no more will dissolve. (a saturated solution).
Pour this concentrated solution into a plastic or metal dish, a photographers developing dish is
handy. Obtain some 'onion skin' typing paper and soak each sheet in the tray and hang them up to
dry, much like photographers did with developed film. Let it dry and then cut it to the required
shape to make the cartridge.
Make a slightly tapered former, and wrap the nitrated paper around it once with a slight
overlap and lightly glue the seam.
I found it helpful when making such cartridges for a .577 Enfield ML to tie the top of the
paper cartridge into a bullets grease groove with a single strand of strong cotton thread. Needless
to say, but keep the treated sheets well away from anything that could cause them to ignite. Have
fun.
A word of caution though in their use especially in Muzzle loaders. If there are
smoldering remnants of the case left after firing, a new cartridge may go off when loaded. That's
why they had wet sponges used between rounds on the old muzzle loading cannon. Better safe
than sorry, especially in today's world where Lawyers are always ready to sue.
I suppose a wet or rather damp, lambs wool mop down the barrel on the end of a ramrod between
shots, wouldn't come amiss, and it would help soften any powder fouling present.

CARTRIDGES FOR MUZZLE LOADING RIFLES
Ned Roberts
Turn a hardwood cylinder about .012" to .014" smaller than the bore of the rifle and
about 6" long.

291
Roll a piece of wrapping paper about .003" thick and 3.5 inches long around this cylinder
and mark the paper where it makes two complete laps. Cut the paper off at this point, unroll it
and place it on a piece of tin. Mark the tin and cut the tin to shape to make a tin pattern for
cutting the pieces of paper for the cartridges.
Use the tin pattern and a sharp knife to make the papers, six to eight thicknesses of paper
can be cut at one time.
Roll a piece of the paper on the cylinder and paste the end down with gum arabic
mucilage.
Slip the paper tube off the cylinder and allow it to dry.
After a supply of tubes has been made, slip one over the cylinder nearly to the end.
Place a round ball with the sprue up inside the tube. The tube should extend about 3/8"
over the ball.
Twist the end of the tube, tie the end with a white thread and slip the tube with the ball
inside off the cylinder.
Place a lubricated, correctly sized felt wad in the tube, over the ball.
Pour a measured charge of powder behind the wad and ball, into the tube, and finish the
cartridge by twisting the end of the paper cylinder and tying it with red thread.
Then, with a small brush, apply a light coat of beeswax to the front end of the cartridge in
which the ball is held, in order to facilitate loading and take the place of the oiled cloth patch.
When loading, the end that was tied with the red thread is grasped in the teeth, the end of
the paper torn off, the powder poured down the bore, and the rest of the cartridge pushed down
onto the powder with the ramrod.
When loading these cartridges with the conical bullet for the rifle. the end of the tube was
attached with gum arabic mucilage to the base of the bullet and dried with the point of the bullet
extending from the tube.

292

HOW TO MAKE BLACK POWDER PAPER CARTRIDGES FOR REVOLVERS
timuchin on THR

Here is everything you need. FFFg Goex in the flask, 30 grain spout. French light rolling
papers(cigarette rolling papers), though any will do. Some just work better than others.

Place ball in paper (sprue towards front) about 3/4th of the way down.

Roll paper around ball and MOISTEN where it touches ball.

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Moisten entire front end of paper and twist shut gently.

Pour in powder.

Moisten the gum along the entire length of the paper. Gently press the paper together so it sticks.
Overlap the end of the paper away from the ball a little bit so that the edge of the paper runs at an
angle away from the ball. This will form the cartridge into a cone as you shake down the powder.

Grab the end of the paper away from the ball and shake gently to settle the powder. Moisten the
entire length of the paper past the powder and begin to twist the paper closed. The powder will
form the paper into a cone shape. Continue to twist and shake until the powder no longer moves.
This must be done gently.

This is what it should look like when you are done.

Clip the tails off, and you have a paper cartridge.

294

45 ACP boxes are perfect for storage.

This works best if you let the paper dry after each time you moisten it. If you are rolling 20 or 30
at a time, the first one is dry by the time you do the last one. Pouring the powder in, moistening
the side, and twisting it closed are all done at the same time, in that order.

Any questions, give me a holler. Cheap cigarette papers will work, but are more fragile, don't
burn as well, and just more difficult to deal with.

295

Drop right in a 58 Remington. Colts are kind of a pain though, due to the rear of the frame being
thicker, and all around less clearance for loading.

Once you get used to loading these at the range, it's just as fast as ejecting the empties and
reloading a Single Action revolver.

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6.6.5 CAST BULLETS FOR THE TWENTY-TWO
John Alexander

The Conventional Wisdom
Cast bullet shooters who have tried it are often not too positive about shooting 22 cast
bullets. A lot of people have apparently been frustrated trying to shoot this bore size accurately.
The chorus of complaints which have become the conventional wisdom about 22 cast bullets
include:
1. Hard to cast
2. Must be carefully sorted and weighed since small defects or weight variations ruin accuracy
3. Fragile
4. Susceptible to being blown off course by wind
5. Generally inaccurate
6. Too small to handle conveniently
I have been shooting 22 cast bullets in CBA competition, with fair success, off and on for
over 25 years and have found only one of these disadvantages to be absolutely true. Tiny bullets
really are harder to handle than larger bullets.
Are they harder to cast?
I have never found 22 cast bullets harder to cast than larger ones. In some ways they are
easier since the smaller amount of molten metal involved causes less trouble with molds getting
too hot and slowing casting.
Do small defects ruin your day?
The contention that small bullets must be carefully inspected and sorted by weight for
decent accuracy is probably just opinion based on logic or theory. I have never seen it
supported by experimentation. It seems to be based on the reasoning that defects will cause
more trouble in smaller bullets since the defect is a larger percentage of the bullet. This is a
classic case of starting off with a questionable assumption and from that drawing a logical but
erroneous conclusion. Similar to claiming that the earth is obviously flat.
The faulty assumption here is that smaller and larger bullets will both have the same
sized defects. Maybe defects are proportional to the bullet size. A pretty good argument can
even be made that smaller bullets may have proportionally smaller defects. One of the most
treacherous defects in cast bullets is the dreaded internal shrinkage void. I have read about this
problem with larger bullets but have never heard of or experienced it with the 22s. The smaller
volume of the 22 may allow it to better pull in sprue metal needed for a solid bullet as it hardens.
Internal voids may happen under certain conditions but Ive spent a lot of time searching for
them by weighing and have never been able to find an internal void in a 22 cast bullet.
Maybe we should check the theory by experimenting
Anyway the proof is in the pudding. I have shot hundreds of well wrinkled or rounded
based 22 bullets (gas checked) in direct comparison with visually perfect bullets without
detecting an accuracy difference down to the minute of angle (MOA) level of accuracy. The
same lack of difference in accuracy has also been observed in side by side comparisons of
carefully weight sorted bullets fired against mixes of the light and heavy culls. I dont have
similar data for larger bullets but careful sorting of 22 cast bullets by weight or for minor visual
defects seems to be a waste of time.
Are they fragile?

297
It is claimed that 22 cast bullets require extremely careful handling because they are
fragile. Im not sure exactly what that means. Certainly a bullet, of a given alloy will have
about the same hardness (resistance to plastic deformation), whether large or small. Dropped on
a concrete floor, it will have a dent somewhat proportional to its weight, bigger bullets - big
dents, smaller bullets - small dents. Some dont degrade accuracy but probably none improve it.
Does the wind blow them away?
No matter how silly some of the conventional wisdom about 22 cast bullets, it must be
admitted that the contention that 22 cast bullets are wind sensitive and difficult to shoot
accurately is somewhat true for most of the 22 cast bullet designs presently available.
At the root of this problem is the 1 in 14 inch twist used in the vast majority of 22
centerfire rifles. This slow twist will only stabilize short bullets (up to about 0.6 inches) and
naturally enough, mold makers provide molds for bullets this twist will stabilize.
The usual 22 cast bullet, such as Lymans good 225415 and 225462 designs, weigh less
than 55 grains This makes their sectional densities (SDs) a very low 0.16. A thirty caliber bullet
with a similar SD would weigh less than 105 grains.
Since the ballistic coefficients of similar shaped bullets are roughly proportional to their
SDs, the typical blunt 22 bullets have very low BCs, seldom above 0.12. The lower the BC the
more wind will deflect it on the way to the target.
So 22 cast bullets are wind sensitive because they have very low ballistic coefficients
(BC) as a result of their low sectional density and blunt form. The low SD and blunt form are
needed to work in the usual 1 in 14 inch twist. If thirty caliber shooters used blunt 105 grain
bullets they would have the same difficulty as twenty-two shooters with wind deflection.
Length and Accuracy.
It is also easier to get a cast bullet started straight into the bore and thus improve accuracy
if it has a longer bearing surface. If thirty caliber shooters used 105 grain bullets they would
have the same difficulty getting match grade accuracy from those short bullets that 22 shooters
have with short bullets.
Thirty caliber shooters have learned not to try to compete with bullets of 105 grains with
their resulting low ballistic coefficients. The lightest thirty-caliber bullet you are likely to see in
CBA competition is 170 grains and the average is closer to 200 grains. I believe the use of very
short cast bullets, required by the slow twist commonly available, explains the twenty-twos
reputation for poor accuracy and for being sensitive to wind.
Shooting Conventional 22 Cast Bullets
Although the short 22 cast bullets are not likely to win many matches against
knowledgeable thirty caliber shooters, it is possible to get good accuracy for squirrel hunting,
plinking and target practice from them In spite of the handicaps described above. The
advantages over larger calibers include low noise, low recoil and excellent practical levels of
accuracy. Additionally one pot of metal makes more bullets than you want to cast in one
session.
The important principles are the same as for larger calibers. Make sure the bullet is large
enough, at least over .225 inch for most rifles. Seat the bullet far enough out to fit into the throat.
Dont try for velocities similar to those expected with jacketed bullets until you figure out how to
make the 1,300 to 1,800 fps loads shoot well. Start with some of the suggested loads for modest
velocities in the Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook. I have had good luck with six to nine grains or
either 2400 or 4759 behind either a 225415 or 225462 bullet in the 222. Wheel weight alloy may
give better accuracy than some of the harder alloys like linotype.

298

With a good rifle you should be able to easily find loads that will average better than two
minute of angle accuracy (MOA) for five shot groups. With enough patience, a good rifle and a
little luck, you may be able to average 1.5 MOA or even better.
Other possibilities
The loads above wont be too competitive in a CBA match or too impressive while
sniping at prairie dogs at 200 yards in a wind. The solution for this is a faster twist and longer
bullets. Fortunately, the militarys need for long bullets for the M -16 has led to a twist of 1 in 7
inches in our present service rifles. This enlightenment is beginning to slowly carry over into
commercial 223 Remington caliber rifles. Most now offer 1 in 12 inch twists which is a little
better. Savage, and more recently Winchester, offers their 223 rifles with a 1 in 9 inch twist.
This not only allows jacketed bullet shooters to use the longer and heavier target bullets now
available but opens the possibility of finally being able to have better 22 cast bullets, at least for
the 223.
A 1 in 9 inch twist will stabilize a 22 bullet of up to about 0.9 inches long. This can
translate into a pointed bullet of over 80 grains and a ballistic coefficient over twice that of the
blunt, short cast bullet designs.
The major mold manufacturers dont yet offer designs to take advantage of the faster
twist barrels. NEI is an exception; they offer the 224-72-GC-DD. Of course for more money
you can have a custom mold for any design you can think up. I have had good luck with molds
from David Mos.
More and more people are realizing that the usual Savage in 223 with a 1 in 9 twist will
usually outshoot other 223 rifles of similar weight. Maybe when this sinks in, the manufactures
will understand that although a 1 in 9 twist may not be better for the short jacketed bullets most
people shoot, it doesnt seem to do much harm and allows a greater selection of bullets. It is a
shame that 22 Hornets, Bees and Fireballs arent available in 1 in 9 twists. One of them might be
the ideal 22 cast bullet rifle.
Longer bullets really do change things
To illustrate the potential for longer 22 cast bullets. Andrew Lambley, of Nottingham,
UK reports good luck with a 223 Savage FLVSS and the NEI .224-71-GC bullet, of heat-treated
wheel weight alloy, ahead of 16 grains of VV N-120. He also has good luck with Blue Dot, VV
N110, 2400, and RL7.
The 16 grains of VV N -120 load produces 2,450 fps, shoots five shot groups of about 0.7
MOA, and doesnt need cleaning for about 1000 rounds. He also reports good accuracy at
velocities up to 2600 fps but accuracy only lasts about 100 rounds before cleaning is needed.
He is a Bisley match type shooter and shoots the above load for all his match shooting at 50
meters, 100 and 200 yards. He reports that the load is not effective beyond 200 yards.
He claims these bullets are no more difficult to cast and handle than any other and quality
control is limited to visual inspection. Gas checks are seated with the Lee system and Lyman
Super Moly applied through a convention lubrisizer. Then just to confound the fussy types he
loads on a Lee 1000 progressive press.
At the other end of the scale, to duplicate 22 long rifle ballistics Andrew uses two grains
of bullseye for 940 fps and accuracy to rival the best 22 match ammo.
Personal experience

299
My own experience shooting 22 cast bullets in competition also should encourage
potential converts to give it a try. Although I have never won any CBA National Tournaments
nor even set any national records, I have been respectably competitive while using the 22 in
competition on and off for many years of less than single minded effort.
I started competing in Cast Bullet Association postal matches in late 1970s shortly after
CBA was organized with a lightweight Sako 222, my cast bullet squirrel rifle at the time. Best
results were with the Lyman 225415 bullet, but the 225462 did about as well. With 6 or 7 grains
of 2400 and beeswax lube. I could hold my own against the thirty caliber shooters in the postal
matches but they couldnt shoot very well either in those days. Best I could do was an honest
average for five shot groups of 1.5 moa. That was often good enough to at least place in the
1970 postal matches.
Doing well in postal matches, which I usually shot early or late in the day when the wind
was insignificant, turned out to be far different from real matches. The first time I entered a
CBA National Tournaments I quickly learned that shooting when the wind was blowing put the
415 bullet at a serious disadvantage compared to the long thirty caliber bullets used by about
everybody else.
When Ruger started making Number Ones in 223 with an advertised 1 in 10 inch twist I
bought a Ruger Number 1B and designed a longer bullet which the Greenhill formula said
should stabilize. I sent my design off to Walt Melander of NEI along with the fee for a custom
cherry in the spring of 1981. The resulting mold was very well made and casts bullets of from
70 to 73 grains, depending on alloy, with no problems. Walt listed it in the NEI catalog as
71.224 GC and later as .224 -71-GC.
The Ruger turned out to have a 1 in 10.7 inch twist that would just barely stabilize the 71
grain bullet. In spite of a lot of oblong bullet holes the combination shot well. With 9 grains of
5744, CCI magnum primers and LBT Blue lube I could get honest averages of slightly under 1
MOA for five shot groups if the wind wasnt blowing too hard. This was good enough to be
competitive in CBA Production Class throughout the 1980s. I won my share of postal matches
and shot the highest Production Rifle scores in all three 100-yard aggregates in the 1989 CBA
Nationals. 200 yards was a different story.
The round nose NEI bullet at 1600 fps was blown further off course than the usual long
30 caliber bullets at higher velocities in the same conditions. I was invariably wiped out at 200
yards where coping with the wind is four times harder than at 100 yards This was not all the
bullets fault since my wind doping skill wasnt and isnt what it should be.
More recently, Savage started making 223s with 1 in 9 inch twists that should stabilize
bullets up to about 0.9 inch long. I designed an 80 grain, pointed, bore riding bullet to take
advantage of the faster twist. David Mos made a mold that casts beautifully. The bullet is 0.92
inches long with gas check and will stabilize in the 1 in 9 twist. For the first time I feel as if Im
on an almost equal footing with the 30 caliber shooters at 200 yards as far as ballistic coefficient
is concerned, if not skill level. I have placed above average in production class in the last two
CBA National Tournaments, even at 200 yards, but havent won an aggregate yet so I still have
plenty to learn.
Summary
Contrary to much that has been said and written about casting and shooting 22 cast
bullets, there are no insurmountable problems. However, the common slow twists used for most
22 centerfire rifles do limit the length of bullet to about 0.6 inches and this in turn limits
resistance to wind drift and levels of accuracy.

300

In spite of this limitation, it isnt hard to get good practical levels of accuracy for
anything except serious benchrest competition with several of the currently available molds for
45 to 55 grain bullets. The advantages of shooting 22 cast bullets include low noise, non-existent
recoil and low costs for metal and powder.
The 1 in 9 inch twists of current Savage or Winchester rifles chambered for the 223 now
make the use of longer bullets feasible. With bullets such as NEI 224-72-GC-DD or even longer
and heavier custom bullets it is much easier to attain the accuracy and resistance to wind
deflection needed for benchrest competition or other precision shooting.
Shooting 22 cast bullets is a relatively neglected practice but one that is a lot of fun and
easy on the ears, shoulder and pocketbook.

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6.7 ON HEADSPACE
(Drawings courtesy of Stephen Ricciardelli at stevespages.com)
The "biggest" conforming cartridge should fit in the "smallest" conforming gun. This fit
is controlled by headspace. We want the cartridge to fit sort of closely in the chamber of the gun,
else accuracy may suffer and perhaps there is danger of powder gasses blowing back through the
action.
"Headspace" is a word with a number of slightly different meanings, all centering around
the fit of the cartridge in the gun.
Here's the SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute) definition:
HEADSPACE
The distance from the face of the closed breech of a firearm to the surface in the chamber
on which the cartridge case seats.
"Headspace " is sometimes used to describe the distance from the closed breech of the
gun to the head of the cartridge, a few thousandths of an inch.
"Headspace" is also used to describe the dimension from a datum point on the cartridge to
the base of the cartridge, as measured with a cartridge headspace gage. Sometimes known as
"cartridge headspace".
"Headspace" takes on the guise of a verb: "The 30/30 cartridge HEADSPACES on the
rim."
Headspace is the distance from the breech face of the gun to either:
the forward surface of the rim in rimmed cartridges, or
the forward surface of the belt, in belted cartridges, or
the case mouth, in straight cartridges, or
a point on the shoulder, in shouldered cartridges.

Other rimmed cases include the 38 Special, 357 Magnum, 44 Magnum, 30/40 Krag, 303 British
and 45/70.

302

Other belted cases include the 300 H&H Magnum, 7MM Remington Magnum and 375 H&H
Magnum.

Other straight cases headspacing on the case mouth include the 45ACP, 9MM Parabellum, 32
ACP and 380 ACP.

303

Other cases headspacing on the shoulder include the 308 Winchester, 243 Winchester,
257 Roberts, 8 MM Mauser and 35 Whelan.
The headspace of a gun is measured with headspace gauges which come in sets of two
(GO and NO GO) or sets of three (GO, FIELD, NO GO).
Headspace of fired cartridges that headspace on the shoulder is measured with a cartridge
headspace gauge. I think that what we're doing here is measuring the fired case to get an idea of
how the gun chamber is dimensioned.
Headspace of a gun-cartridge combination can be measured easily and cheaply by placing
different thicknesses of shims, paper or ?, on the breech face, chambering the cartridge and
feeling the force required to close the action.
As an example, the headspace of a Springfield 1903 rifle can be checked/measured as
follows:
1) Remove the firing pin.
2) Chamber a once-fired-with-a-full-load cartridge, noting the force required to close the bolt. A
cartridge fired with a full load will expand to fit the chamber.
3) Measure the thickness of a piece of paper and put a small piece, covering the bolt face, on the
bolt face.
4) Chamber the cartridge, noting the force required to close the bolt.
Add another piece of paper to the bolt face.
5) Chamber the cartridge, noting the force required to close the bolt.
Try combinations of onion skin, aluminum foil, different kinds of paper and cellophane until a
combination of shims makes it impossible to close the bolt using reasonable force. You can
always close the bolt, we're talking about reasonable force. I close the bolt with my thumb only,
and can easily tell the difference between one and two pieces of paper for shims.
6) Measure your shim stack, that's the headspace. You might want to try this several times with
that stack.
The paper I use with my computer is ~.004", and if I can't close the bolt on two
thicknesses of this paper, I think the headspace is O.K. If I CAN close the bolt on two
thicknesses of this paper, it is time to have a qualified gunsmith look at the rifle.
I can measure the headspace of Contender pistols (remove the extractor), rolling block
and falling block and Martini rifles, and some auto-loading pistols by fiddling with shims and the
gun and a new cartridge

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I have had trouble with Remington rifles because I don't have the gizmo to remove the
firing pin. I think that you need to have the firing pin out of the gun to be safe and "feel" the
action close.
When the headspace is .008" or more, there may be trouble.
Some guns that headspace on a belt or rim will show excess headspace with a new cartridge, but
this excess headspace goes away after the cartridge is shot. I think that cartridges like the 30/30
in Contenders and single shot rifles blows out and thereafter headspaces on the shoulder or case
taper. One of the causes of short case life due to splits and head separations is full length resizing
of such cases, forcing them to undergo excessive work hardening.

"Gunsmiths and factory machinists are human. They can get tired and careless. Ive seen
factory rifles with a 7x57 chamber and bore, but grooves for a .308 bullet. It sometimes happens
that chambers are mis-cut and end up deeper - sometimes a LOT deeper - than they are
supposed to be. If the case is supposed to headspace on the case mouth or the shoulder, this can
result in dangerously excessive headspace. But oddly enough, such rifles are used every day,
and work fine. It seems that in such instances, the case is prevented from going too deeply into
the oversized chamber by the grip of the extractor. In effect, the round effectively headspaces on
the extractor instead of the shoulder or case mouth as it was designed to do. The same thing is
sometimes seen with autoloading pistols and rifles, and other designs where the extractor
engages before the case is chambered. It is not uncommon, even with classics like the M98
Mauser. Theres nothing particularly wrong with it, but you need to remove the extractor (and
firing pin) if you want to measure real headspace in your gun."
"
Ken Mollohan

"To check the headspace clearance on a bolt action rifle, I use
this method:
1) use a new case or completely pull down a factory loaded round so that the case may be used.
2) start new primer into case about 1/2 way
3) chamber the case by hand
4) close the bolt gently (this will not detonate the primer)
5) extract the case carefully
6) with a depth gauge measure the amount of primer protrusion
I have used this method for years with satisfaction.
This method of headspace clearance measurement is not as good as using a headspace
gage because of manufacturing tolerances of the brass, but it will show you any gross
dimensional problems and is certainly close enough to demonstrate the benefits of fire formed
cases."
Norm Johnson

SHOULDER SETBACK WITH REDUCED CAST BULLET LOADS.
Sometimes cases that headspace on the shoulder will move the shoulder back and develop
excess cartridge headspace as they are shot with light cast bullet loads. I have had this happen.
I've had 30/06 cases where the shoulder moved back far enough = the cartridge went in the
chamber so deeply that I started getting misfires. I can't find my records on this, but I remember
that it happened when I was firing light loads in 30/06 with cast bullets, attempting to learn how
to shoot offhand. The wizards suggested I go up to 12? grains of Unique, I did and it solved the
problem. This in an Engels & Trolsch M98 target rifle.

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Thanks to Paul Brasky for asking why we care about this-I forgot to write it down.
If you're shooting light loads and the headspace increases because the shoulder sets back,
you may get misfires and possibly accuracy suffers. This is a minor inconvenience.
Of more importance is the possibility that you might reload some of these excess-
cartridge-headspace cartridge cases with full loads. Then the excess headspace might lead to a
case head separation and damage to the rifle and the shooter.
There are three theories on how the shoulder is set back:
Some claim that the firing pin fall drives the case forward, driving the shoulder back and
increasing headspace. Then when the cartridge fires the case expands, gripping the chamber.
This leaves the case with the shoulder pushed back, and excess headspace.
I have twice fired one case with ~20 oiled = new dead primers in rifles with the extractor
removed, and have not yet had the headspace increase. The firing pin didn't drive the case
forward.
On 11/16/06, I did this test for the third time on the third gun, a Win M70 Target 30/06
Post 64 rifle. I "killed" 26 CCI 250 Magnum primers with marvel mystery oil. (I did this test at
home, in the condo.)
Put an empty fired case in the gun.
Removed the firing pin from the bolt.
The bolt closed easily on the case.
Made a .004" copier paper patch to fit the bolt face, put it on the bolt face, the bolt would not
close with a little pressure.
After testing and fiddling and firing 26 primers in that one case, the bolt closed easily on
the fired case-wouldn't close with a little pressure with the paper patch on the bolt face.
Others, including Tom Gray, have increased headspace with the firing pin striking the
primer, but I can't and this is the third time I've done this test.
Some claim that the primer explosion pushes the case forward, driving the shoulder back.
The primer and primer pocket act as a piston and cylinder, with the primer gas acting on the
forward surface of the primer pocket, around the flash hole. These folks tell us that the problem
can be solved by drilling out the flash holes to a larger diameter, and keeping these cases for
light loads only.
On 18 Nov., 2006 I took the Win M70 30/06 Post 64 rifle and taped a 2 liter Pepsi bottle
on the muzzle to hold the noise down.
(TRK points out that taping a Pepsi bottle to the muzzle of a rifle is against the law, that
the BATFE considers this "making a silencer" So don't do it, or you could end up in jail. Or in
hell. If any BATFE guy is reading this, it's all a lie, I never did it. Don't drink Pepsi.. Had no
tape.)

Put an empty fired case in the gun.
Removed the firing pin from the bolt.
The bolt closed easily on the case.
Made a .004" copier paper patch to fit the bolt face, put it on the bolt face, the bolt would not
close with a little pressure.
Firing pin in , CCI 250 Magnum primer in the pocket, in the gun, fired, a little pop.
Tried again with the paper shim, no firing pin in the bolt.
The bolt closed with no resistance. The primer drove the case forward.
Fired four more primers, made another .004" shim, both shims on the
bolt face and the bolt closed on the (primerless) case with a little resistance.
In my guns, with my tests, it's the primer driving the case forward, not the firing pin.

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Mike in CO was kind enough to give me a reference to "Handloading", NRA, 1981,
William C. Davis Jr.
After the testing, another reader scanned and sent "Reduced Loads", pages 113-115, by
Mr. Davis.
On page 114 he states clearly that it is the primer firing that moves the case forward and
moves the shoulder back. My experiments agree with this.
Drilling the flash hole out (#28 drill) fixed the problem for some folks. Here's why, I
think.
A large primer pocket is .210" diameter, area is .035"^2 (square inches).
Standard flash hole diameter is .080", area is .005"^2.
#28 drill diameter is .1405", area is .016"^2.
With a standard flash hole the primer acts on .035-.005 = .030"^2.
With the flash hole drilled #28, the primer acts on .035-.016 = .019"^2.
This change, we're told, keeps the primer from driving the case forward, the shoulder
back, and increasing headspace.

"I shoot literally thousands of Lee TL314-90-SWCs, Hornady .314 swaged lead, Speer .32 cal
HBWCs over 2.7 to 3 gr of Bullseye in rimless case; 7.63x39, .308, 30-06 and 7.65 Argentine. I
also have shot them in .30 Rem, .300 Savage and 7.7 Jap (probably a couple more I'm not
remembering). In ALL instances, even with well fire formed cases, headspace of the case
decreased consistently with each firing. Misfires were most often not encountered with
controlled feed actions. However with push feed actions misfires occur in as little as 3-5 firings.
In every instance drilling of the flash hole stopped the shoulder set back.

The exception is 7.62x39 with R-P cases using SR primers. I've yet to experience shoulder set
back with the load mentioned even after 50 firings in a bolt action Mini Mk X rifle. But switch to
IMI or W -W cases using LR Primers and shoulder set back occurs just like other rimless cases
using a LR primer."
Larry Gibson

"I have also experienced this shoulder setback with light loads in rimless cases. My experience
is also that the primer pressure is the primary - but not the only - culprit: I have seen this only in
situations where the round and chamber dimensions are such that the round chambers very
freely, and there is some freebore between the bullet ogive and the chamber leade.
It seems that substantial pressure is developed within the primer pocket, which drives the
case forward and the primer backwards. The case is stopped by impacting the chamber
shoulder, while the primer is stopped by impacting the breech face. Metal deformation results
from both impacts: The shoulder of the case is swaged back slightly, and the primer is slightly
flattened against the breech.
Now pressure from combustion of the gunpowder begins to develop: In normal rounds,
this pressure pushes the case head back over the primer, re-seating it in the primer pocket, and
reverses the shoulder setback just like blowing up a balloon. Note that if the sides of the case do
not have some slip against the chamber walls, the process of pushing the case head back will
necessarily result in stretching and thinning the brass. This in turn leads to case head
separations and the need to trim cases occasionally.
However, many low pressure loads do not generate sufficient force to push the case head
backwards over the primer. As a result, the shoulder swaging is not reversed either, and the
primer can be seen and felt to project slightly above the head of the case. The amount of the

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primer protrusion is equal to the effective headspace in the rifle / case combination. (Note that
many combinations actually headspace on the extractor grip on the groove, not on the case
shoulder as is usually assumed.) Shoulder setback is easily prevented and or remedied by simply
seating bullets out into firm contact with the leade. In this situation the round effectively
headspaces on the bullet ogive, not the extractor groove or the shoulder. The case is effectively
immobilized between the bullet and the breech, with zero headspace. The primer cannot move
backwards, and the case - as a unit - cannot move forwards. But the case shoulder is not in
contact with the chamber shoulder. Internal pressure of a moderate load can expand the case
shoulder to fill the chamber. This will correct any headspace issues with that case and rifle
combination." Kenneth Mollohan

Some say that this shoulder setback problem can be cured by leaving a little sizing lube on the
outside of the case. I've never tried this.

"I use Imperial Sizing die wax and size just below the base of the gas check in my match loads.
Pressure is less than 24,000 CUP according to the load manuals. I have had problems with the
headspace reading of the case decreasing upon firing with full length resizing and Winchester
Large Rifle primers. This was with a carefully cleaned and dried chamber and case.
Now I leave the case lube on and the headspace stays consistent. My theory is that there is
enough internal pressure to keep the case pushed back against the bolt face. This appears to
have lessened flyers from my groups."
Ric Bowman

"Why remove the wax-based sizing lube? I know, the liquid lube folks always say to remove their
product before reloading. However, here is my take on this issue: I avoid liquid lubes and then
leave the thin wax-lube coating alone.

Why remove wax?! I use Lee Sizing Lube, which is a water/wax emulsion. It takes amazingly
little to make the brass just fly through that die, then I just load it. It is not a semi-liquid that can
build up in the chamber; rather, it dries into a very thin coating that is integral with the case.
Case head thrust? That's no reason. Hell, our rifles are designed to handle that. High pressure?
If you play with QuickLOAD, you'll find that your favorite target loads are, mostly, in the 5-15
Kpsi range and most listed hunting loads are in the 10-20 Kpsi range. Noooo praaaaab-lem.
The thing that makes the Lee stuff work best is to size right after putting the stuff on (i.e., don't let
the water evaporate out of the emulsion prior to sizing the case). You can buy it by the case from
Midway. If you do, do NOT store it out in the garage, unless you live in Florida, given that
freezing temperature makes it tend to separate a bit. Keep them stored in the house. Soooo, I put
on only as much as necessary (veeeeery little), size the case, then skip the wipe-off step. I figure
that there are other more important things to focus on, as follows.
One trick that I just learned from Mic McPherson's excellent book Accurizing The Factory Rifle
(available from Precision Shooting Magazine) is that one should either have the sizer die backed
off to just get the first 1/4" or so of the case neck or should have it come down hard on the
shellholder. The problem is that these are the only two setups that guarantee a uniform
headspace (no change, for the first one, or the same headspace on each case, for the latter).
If the case shoulder is partially sized back, the springiness of the case, die, and press will cause
the ACTUAL headspace to vary as much as 0.020", from case to case. Redding sells "high"

308
shellholders in steps of from +0.002" to 0.010", allowing one to eliminate over-sizing (from a
too-short die). Mic uses a little tape trick (described in the book) to determine which such high-
holder is just riot for a given rifle/sizer-die combo."
Ed Wosika

There's a third theory on this shoulder setback; that neck sizing in a rough sizing die may set the
shoulder back. See below and also Ed Wosika's comments above.

NV Curmudgeon on Cast Boolits writes: "Let me tell you what I found by empirical means. I
have a rebarreled Ruger 77 in .35 Whelen. There is never a bit of case fit trouble when firing full
power loads. I use full power cases until I am bored with them. Using my standard CB load of
20.0 X 2400 and a 213 gr. (actual weight) NEI 220358 boolit at a mv of 1700 fps, and PARTIAL
FULL-LENGTH SIZING, I begin having misfires around the tenth firing. This occurs with either
Rem. .35 Whelen cases or cases formed from Rem. .270s. The Wilson case gauge then shows a
reduction in head to datum line measurement. I next bought a Redding (real) neck sizing die. So
far the group of cases that I am watching are still sure-fire after 17 firings. My wild guess is that
the partial full-length sized, low pressure loaded, cases are not obturating as well as desired,
and that the P.F.L.S. is exacerbating the situation by very gradually setting back the shoulder."

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6.8 ON MOLY COATED BULLETS
Jesse H. Miller, CBA COMPETITOR IN LRH.

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2), here-in-after known as Moly, is a chemical compound
as shown by the formula. It is used as a coating on cast bullets. Moly is basically an inert
substance, which is not dangerous if ingested in small amounts, but is very harmful if it gets into
ones lungs!
As a lubricant, Moly, due to its molecular structure, is one of the best for reducing
friction in sliding lubrication applications. It is not a very good lubricant in rolling applications.
The purpose of the coating on bullets is to reduce friction, thus allowing higher velocities
and reducing the chance of leading in the bore of cast bullet guns.
Moly can be purchased in powder form, in a solution, or as a spray. Thus it can be
applied to cast bullets by dipping, spraying or tumbling the powder form with steel shot.
In use on bullets, both jacketed and cast, it has been reported that higher velocities can be
achieved without excess pressure, along with better accuracy, and ease of bore cleaning. There
are reports of all of this being achieved in cast bullet shooting without leading.
British military competitors have for some time dipped issue jacketed ammunition in a
Moly solution for long range competition with reported higher scores.
One highly respected competitor/experimenter reported no improvement for cast bullets;
he was using the spray-on form of Moly.
I have used Moly, applied via the tumbling process, for a number of years, and did a
series of experiments to satisfy myself that it does do all of the things listed above. This was
reported in Issue #139 of the Fouling Shot.
An interesting article by another author: Heavy Moly Coat on CB, s will be found in
Issue # 144, of The Fouling Shot.
The drawbacks are:
The extra time and steps required in bullet preparation.
High pressure/velocity loads, developed with Moly, cannot be used without Moly. Excess
pressure will result, with all the problems associated therewith.
Switching back-and-forth between plain bullets and Moly coated will not be satisfactory,
as the bore will need to be cleaned or re-conditioned to each form.
Moly Coating is an area that probably should be left until the shooter has acquired a
degree of practical experience in the use of cast bullets.

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6.9 The Lee Collet Dies
John Alexander
The Lee Collet die offers some advantages worth considering by the cast bullet shooter.
Conventional neck sizing dies reduce the case neck by forcing it into a cylindrical section
of the die. Because of variations in brass thickness, the case neck must be made smaller than the
desired diameter then expanded back up by pulling an expander plug through the neck. This
conventional method works OK but it does work harden the brass both during the sizing down
and then again when sizing back up, eventually leading to neck cracking and shortened case life.
The expanding plugs are designed to expand the case neck to the appropriate diameter for
jacketed bullets that is almost always smaller than optimum for cast bullets. After conventional
sizing, cast bullet shooters often expand and flare the neck a bit with the Lyman M die to avoid
damage to the relative soft cast bullets.
There are neck sizing dies available that use replaceable bushing to size the neck down to
any desired diameter without the need for an expanding plug but this type of die and the needed
set of bushings are quite expensive.
The Lee Collet die can also size the neck to any diameter needed, but uses a different
principle to size case necks. Instead of sliding the neck into a die, the Collet die reduces neck
diameter by squeezing the neck down by applying a force perpendicular to the neck as the case is
pushed into the die.
Since there is no sliding, no case lubrication is needed. Both grease application and
grease removal are obviously eliminated. Eliminating the need for case lubrication is nice but the
real advantage of the Collet die is its ability to size the case neck to any diameter. This allows
the cast bullet reloader to vary the necks grip on the bullet from gentle to minimize bullet
damage to firm to withstand rough handling. This is a very handy option when working with
different bullets or with the same bullet sized to different diameters.
"Improving Lee Collet Dies
Collet sizing offers many advantages. Lee collet dies size with no need to lubricate case
necks or the necessity of cleaning the lube off afterward. More important, they avoid passing the
neck over the expander which can stretch the case as well as pull the neck off center. Neck
expanding tends to worsen any eccentricity between the inside and outside diameters. Collet
sizing over a mandrel tends to make it better.
Good as they are, Lee collet dies can be improved. I begin by
disassembling the die and stoning off the circumferential tool marks on the
tapered end of the collet using first a coarse brown stone and finishing
with a white Arkansas. Next I shorten the collet to leave about .03" at the
case mouth unsized. A fired case in the collet supports the fingers while the
end is turned off. Light grease on the tapered surface before reassembling
helps break in the die and ease operation.
Cases sized in the shortened collet die need no chamfering at the mouth to
have a very smooth step inside the case neck to ease seating the bullet. The
unsized mouth also helps center the front of the case in the chamber.
Sacrificing one cartridge case to shorten the collet is a small price to pay
for these improvements. The smooth step will be particularly appreciated when seating plain
base cast bullets. Military and other rifles having loose chambers stand to benefit most from the
centering guidance of unsized case mouths."
Robert N. Sears, Falls Church, VA

311

A Note on the Lee Collet Die by Joe Brennan I have used Lee Collet Dies in 30/30 and 223 Rem,
and sold them because they each collapsed a few case necks. I adjusted them and polished the
innards and worked with them over the course of six months and many hundreds of cartridges.
Occasionally the neck of the cartridge case would be forced downward, collapsing into the body
of the case. This happened often enough that I sent them down the road. Many people use and
like these dies, so perhaps my experience is atypical

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7.1 HOW TO SHOOT OFFHAND
The following is by H.M. Pope. Harry Melville Pope lived from 1860 to 1950. He was a
famous offhand shot, maker of arguably the best rifle barrels of his time, and a noted and
respected authority on rifles and rifle shooting.
"This is written with the hope that it will help riflemen generally to make better offhand
scores; it is based upon many years' association with the best offhand shooters that this country
has ever produced, as well as my long experience in riflemaking, and may help others to ultimate
victory.
The offhand position, this will vary somewhat with individuals, but it must be perfectly
natural, easy and free from muscular strain. The weight should be evenly distributed on both
legs; they should be straight and not too far apart. Legs spread too far means muscular strain,
while in a proper position the bones should carry the weight. As the writer stands, the feet are at
an angle of about 60 degrees, the left foot about 50 degrees with the line of fire, the right a little
back or square to the line of fire, the heels 7 inches apart. Don't straddle.
In getting into shooting position, it is extremely important that one gets so set that a
natural, easy position directs the rifle at the bull's-eye; therefore in aiming, let the rifle come to
its natural position; then if, looking over the sights, it is right or left, rock backward, letting the
left leg hang, swing the body so the rifle will point at the bull, then rock forward, letting the right
leg hang down naturally, and you will now find that the rifle points itself at the bull merely by
assuming a perfectly easy position without muscular strain. If not properly set, of course, one can
direct the rifle to a considerable angle at either side, but when the nerves relax, control of the
strained muscles to the slightest degree the muscles assume a natural position and the rifle
swings off. A little practice lets one get set at the proper angle, so very little of this setting is
usually necessary.
Aiming and pulling. In a match of considerable length one should never try to pull every
shot dead center. It can't be done, and to try to do so only results in fatigue and wild shooting. No
matter how expert one practically never holds perfectly still; there is always a swing or tremor.
Don't outhold your wind. Try to pull the first time the sights swing slowly into a position that
you can pull cleanly, to score slightly above your average score. In doing this you will avoid
wild shots, and many times you get off practically on center.
A good score is not made by a large number of perfect shots, but by the absence of poor
ones. It does not pay to try to pull centers, unless nothing else will do in a tight place; then be
careful. If the sights will not settle before you begin to feel short of breath, put the rifle down,
swallow your guts and try again. Be sure you pull on a slow swing and with a perfectly clean
pull.
The trigger should not be extremely light, but should be perfectly clean and without kick
to the finger when it lets go. The trigger guard or lever should bring the trigger finger into such a
position that a long forward reach is not necessary. The thumb should be along the side of the
stock not over it: in fact, it should form a gauge to keep the trigger finger in such a position that
it comes naturally onto the trigger. This position you must learn to shoot well; the finger cannot
be away from the trigger when you want to fire, but must be in contact with it. The best way
when aiming is to keep squeezing the trigger with the finger, then when the sights swing deep
into the bull, a little harder touch lets it off. The object of doing this is to avoid sympathetic
movements of the other fingers. It is very hard to make a quick movement of one finger without
also moving the adjacent fingers more or less, which movements disturbs the aim.

313
In aiming the rifle (N.R.A. standing position), the left arm should be along the side, the
elbow resting on the hip bone if you are so built; if not, then along the side on the short ribs - not
in front over the heart and stomach, which cramps the breathing and heart action. Regardless of
position, N.R.A. or Army, the right arm should have the elbow well up, not against the side; this
pulls the chest open and gives the lungs more capacity; it also allows a straighter stock, and a
rifle with a straight stock shoots more uniformly than one with much drop.
Breathing. It is extremely important that you pay careful attention to this. One should
breathe slowly and deeply. Do not allow yourself to breathe fast, as that tends to make the pulse
rapid, which in turn affects the aim. If one is shooting continuous scores with fixed ammunition,
one is apt to get short of breath before the score is finished and the pulse goes up. This is because
the blood is robbed of the necessary oxygen when holding the breath. We compensate for this by
deep, slow breathing, making the whole surface of the lungs work instead of the small portion in
ordinary use. As I raise my rifle to aim, I lift it high and fill my lungs fully; as I begin to settle I
breathe nearly empty, then as the aim begins to settle I breathe about half full and hold the breath
till I fire; then at once begin breathing again slowly and deeply.
Weight of Rifle. For the finest offhand shooting the rifle must be muzzle heavy. This is
not, as most shooters suppose, wholly in the weight of the rifle, but is in the disposition of the
weight. As much as possible should be in the barrel. Weight in the stock and butt plate is useless
except in absorbing the recoil. The use of a heavy butt plate is to be condemned. While it tends
to balance the rifle when the same is carried free, its weight is entirely on the right shoulder in
shooting and does not in any way change the weight supported on the left hand. In fact, the rifle
at the shoulder is a second-class lever in which the power is the weight of the rifle concentrated
at its center of gravity, which should be well beyond the left hand. The fulcrum is the shoulder,
and the work is the weight held in the left hand. If the center of gravity is in front of the left
hand, then the weight held in the left hand is greater than the rifle. If the center of gravity is
behind the left hand, the weight will be less than that of the rifle.
It is necessary to hold a reasonable amount of weight on the left hand in order that the
swing of the rifle may be slow and give one time to pull. If the weight resting on the left hand be
the same, no matter what the actual weight of the rifle itself, the effort to move it will be the
same. It is possible to build a rifle to weigh 12 or 20 pounds and have it hold exactly the same. In
other words, except to absorb recoil, the shooting weight of a rifle is not how heavy the rifle
actually is but how that weight is distributed. Anyone can prove these facts for themselves, as I
have done for many years for my customers, by simply holding the rifle by the butt plate so it
will not overturn on a small platform scale, first weighing the rifle itself, then by supporting it at
various places to see what the left hand actually holds, and not forgetting before you finish to tic
a couple of points or so onto the butt plate in order to convince yourself that has absolutely no
effect on the weight held in the left hand, and therefore has no effect on the shooting balance of
the rifle and no influence in slowing the movement of the muzzle in aiming.
Stock. This should be as straight as possible to conform with comfort. The cheekpiece
should be high enough so that when the eye is in line with the sights it presses firmly against the
cheek, as this materially helps steady the rifle. The cheekpiece if hollowed should have no
projection in front, but a straight run, for the rifle recoils an appreciable amount before the bullet
leaves the muzzle, and any projection rolls the rifle back and disturbs the aim, and this
drive-back direction also varies and you get shots where you did not expect them. It is very
important that the butt stock should be tight. A loose butt stock will scatter the shots badly.

314
Telescope. This absolutely must be focused at the distance at which you intend to shoot.
The eye lens should be focused first by looking at a blank sheet of paper or the clear sky so the
cross hairs are dead black and distinct. This is never changed unless your eyesight changes.
Focusing for distance is done with the object lens or intermediate lens only. Use plain paper or
clear sky so there is no object seen to confuse you. It is probable that different people will
require different eye adjustments as they would spectacles. Set the telescope, on or off the rifle,
on something so it will point at the target and not move easily. Then look through it and move
the eye around quickly in every direction as far as you can see clearly, and notice whether the
cross hairs appear to be stationary on the target; they should not appear to move at all. If they do,
the telescope must be focused by loosening the front lens or the intermediate lens, moving it very
slightly in or out until repeated trials show that the cross hairs do not appear to move, then
tighten it carefully and look again to be sure you did not move it in tightening. This is the only
position that will give correct shooting. It also should be the position of clearest vision, but it
matters really very little whether the vision is perfectly distinct or not, the cross hairs must be
still.
In putting the glass onto the rifle, be sure the tube is wiped clean where it bears on the
sides and slightly greased. Be very sure that the mounts and blocks are absolutely clean where
they come together and that they are carefully tightened; I use a dime for a screwdriver. This
makes them sufficiently tight without strain.
Keep a careful record of the readings of your telescope on different ranges and on
different guns; you will then have no trouble in shifting from one range or gun to another. Once
in a while test your telescope and mounts to see that everything is secure. Place the gun on
something solid so you can see through the telescope which is supposed to be properly tightened
on it, look through the telescope and at the same time tap on the tube with a lead pencil; you will
see the cross hairs jump at each tap, but they should come back each time to absolutely the same
place. If they do not something is loose, either with the mounts, or inside the scope. This
happens, and any decent shooting is then simply impossible and a good gun and ammunition gets
blamed instead of a faulty scope or mounts.
After each shot return your telescope to its proper position from which the recoil has
jarred it. To do this never take hold of the rear end and pull it back, but place the left forefinger
on the barrel ahead of the telescope and slide the finger gently to place. The telescope will then
come back to its proper place.
The palm rest. While not much used today, this is by no means the contemptible toy that
most shooters imagine, but to most men a very useful article an equalizer of men's physical
peculiarities and differences. The proper position of the palm rest is important. It should neither
be too close to the receiver nor too far away. If too close, the left hand has to support too much
weight; also movements of the holding arm move the muzzle too rapidly. In other words, the
control is bad; also the excessive weight tires one sooner. It must not be forgotten that the weight
the left hand is holding is generally considerably in excess of the rifle itself, due to the center of
gravity of the rifle being outside of the support.
You may think a big fellow like you can hold as long as you like, but you can't do it. I am
a little fellow, but I can shoot rings around most large shooters. It is not size and strength that
count, but nerve and judgment. With these instructions and a lot of careful practice you can attain
in a short time what it took me years to learn. Study these methods. Shoot all you can. Carefully
note everything that you do and you will find your work improving. Pay attention to details.

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Good luck be with you."

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7.2 HOW TO SHOOT FROM THE BENCH
"The Accurate Rifle" by Warren Page is the best book on benchrest shooting that I've
ever read.
You must be comfortable when shooting from the bench. Whatever you must do to get
comfortable, do it. There are two types of front rest commonly used, the muzzle clamp and the
sand bag. The muzzle clamp is a device which clamps on the barrel of the rifle and which has
two feet that slide on a flat surface. The muzzle clamp is also called an "anti-cant" device, since
it keeps the shooter from canting or twisting the rifle about the long axis. The sand bag is a sand
bag. When either a sand bag or a muzzle clamp is used, they are supported by a "bench rest".
This "bench rest" can be one of the precisely adjustable and expensive rests, or a box or a block
of wood. The butt stock is supported by a sand bag.
The type or cost of bench rest equipment used is not nearly as important as the technique
the shooter uses.
You can make a pretty good set of sand bags from shot bags. Shotgun shooters buy shot
in cloth bags, and will happily give them away. Fill the bags with dried peas or beans or rice or
whatever else you can think of. Don't use sand because every shot will knock a little cloud of
sand dust out of the bags to settle on the innards of your rifle. The full shot bag works well as the
front bag. The rear bag should be smaller, a little bigger than a softball. The bottom of the butt
stock must ride in a "u" shaped channel in the rear bag. The bottom of the stock must be well
below the top of the bag. Use big rubber bands to hold everything together until you've got it
right, and then sew the bags up. Put the front bag on a box or a block of wood or several blocks
of wood or whatever works. Unless you're desperate to get rid of the money, don't buy a bench
rest and bags until the homemade equipment limits your shooting ability. By that time you will
have a good idea of what type of rest and bags you want.
Sit down so you're facing the rifle, almost at right angles to it. Your chest should be
resting on the edge of the bench. Get the rifle on the rests so that it is aimed at the target. Hold
the rifle with your right hand on the wrist of the stock, finger near the trigger. Hold the rear bag
with your left hand. You'll be almost hugging yourself if your arms are in the right position.
Aim the rifle with your left hand. Squeeze the bag to lower the point of aim (raise the butt stock),
release the bag to raise it. Move the rear bag with your left hand to adjust windage. Don't do any
aiming with the right hand. The right hand is there to hold the rifle and pull the trigger-that's all.
Depending on how you and the gun are built, the butt of the rifle will be against your shoulder or
arm. I am made so that the butt rests on my shoulder hinge or on my bicep.
You must have a solid seat, you must settle in and relax and not have any part of your
body tense and not have your heart beat move the sights.
When once you have everything right you will know it and you'll always recognize the
condition again. Spend some time working on the position; the time is well spent. Don't shoot
from a rickety folding chair or a canvas stool. Don't balance the rifle on the bags; mash the rifle
down on the bags so it won't move when you let go of it. Don't shoot from a rickety card table
sort of bench.
When the sights (iron or scope) get blurry, that is because you forgot to breathe. Lack of
oxygen affects your eyes. Breathe on a regular basis.
Some shooters hold the rifle tight, others hardly hold it at all, and let the rifle recoil into
their shoulder. I've only been able to shoot well when I hold the stock firmly-not tightly-with my
right hand, and when the butt is firm-not tight-against my arm. You don't want any tension or
stress in holding the rifle, these lead to shaking.

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The rifle should be free to recoil on the rests, particularly the rear bag. Position the rear
bag so that nothing (like sling swivels) catches on the bag. Lubricate the bags/stock with baby
powder so that the rifle slides freely on the bags. The pleasant odor helps some to relax.
The position of the rifle on the front sand bag can be very important. Some rifles are very
sensitive. Sometimes the rifle wants the front end of the forend on the bag, sometimes another
rifle wants the rear of the forend on the bag, and other rifles don't care. Write down the
forend/bag position!
After each shot, return the rifle to the proper position. Don't let the rifle edge backwards
with each shot. Re-position the rifle after each shot!
At any shooting session you will find that your groups get smaller the more you shoot.
Always take a few sighter shots before getting serious.
I use a Hoppe's bench rest and a smooth bag in the rear. The Hoppe's bench rest has the
top thing, the bag holder, held to the big height-adjusting-screw with another screw. The bag
holder top thing must, MUST be free to swivel, else as you move from place to place on the
target the center of the group will move. I keep the smaller screw loose. This allows the front bag
and holder to swivel freely. THIS IS IMPORTANT!
Jim Borton says that he slides the rifle back and forth between shots to assure that it is
free to move. I do this when I remember.

The secret to shooting from the bench is to get you and the gun stable and comfortable.

Shooting German Schuetzen Rifles from the bench
Because of the extreme drop in the stock on these rifles it is a bit of a job to set them up
for bench shooting. The front rest has to be high, probably higher than the adjustments will get it.
Put a board under the front rest, or build a box to put the front rest on, or ginn up your own rig.
The bottoms of the stocks on these rifles generally have things sticking out, such as sling
attachment pivots and/or the lever that releases the trigger assembly. The bag that supports the
butt stock should be positioned so that under recoil no protuberance on the bottom of the stock
hits the bag. When the front rest and the rear bag are arranged correctly you will find that your
seat is too low. Get a higher seat or modify the available seat to the correct height. The proper
bench rest set up is extremely comfortable for the shooter and positions the rifle so that it is
stable on the rests.

Shooting in wind and mirage
Some bench shooters put up wind flags at various ranges between the bench and the
target, for instance at 25, 50, and 75 yards when shooting at 100 yards. Wind flags can be sticks
with pieces of ribbon stapled to them, or complex assemblies with propellers and rudders.
Shooters watch the wind flags and either shoot when there is no wind, or when the flags indicate
the same conditions as the last shot.
Mirage makes the air between rifle and target waver around, and can displace shots by
several inches at 100 yards. When there is no wind there is mirage, and there is sometimes
mirage when there is a light wind.
I have never been able to read wind flags or to hold off for wind or mirage. When it is
sunny I look at the target through the telescopic sight and wait for the wind to stop and the
mirage to start. As soon as those waves begin I shoot. When it is cloudy I shoot when the flags
are dead, if possible.

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HANDLING HEAVY RECOILING RIFLES FROM THE BENCH
Ken Mollohan
Sooner or later, most shooters find a rifle that is a bit more than they can handle from the
bench, even though they are able to shoot it from the shoulder without serious discomfort. I
know I have: A Ruger #3 in 45-70 is a lightweight dream for the woods with light loads. But
with heavy bullets and hefty powder charges, that dream will be a nightmare after the first shot.
A 500 grain bullet at 1800 to 2000 FPS will drop the #3 into the class of kills at one end and
maims at the other in a hurry. I know of no better way to generate bruised shoulders, half-moon
scope cuts, trigger jerks and flinches that to try to shoot anything remotely resembling this
combination from the bench in a conventional manner.
Fortunately, its possible to tame such outfits to the point that bench-resting them will be
- if not exactly a delight - still far more comfortable and pleasant. My first experience with
heavy recoil was just as described above, but a friend told me to just place a sandbag between the
rifle and my shoulder. This effectively increased the weight of the rifle quite a bit, and perceived
recoil was reduced accordingly. But there were problems: The thick sandbag extended the
stock, making the fit of the gun poor, and the shooting was awkward. Also, as recoil increased,
one sandbag wasnt quite enough, and two sandbags behind the gun - while possible - was very
uncomfortable. It put me so far behind the gun that it was difficult to reach the trigger and see
through the scope. I needed something better.
My first effort consisted of a length of 2x4, which was altered by cutting a six inch length
off the end and placing it square with the new end, so that they stood atop one another. The
center was marked and a 3/8 inch hole was drilled through both of them. Anchoring them
together with a 3/8 bolt gave me a sort of lazy susan than could be rotated at 90 degrees to one
another, or to 180 degrees for compactness. This was also done on the other end of the 2x4,
except that this time, a recess was drilled so that the bolt head was slightly recessed. The next
step was to mount a plumbing flange about two and a half feet back, and on the other side of the
2x4. The flange was threaded for a standard two inch black iron pipe, about six inches long.
This pipe was threaded tightly into the flange, and marked to show the forward position. The
pipe was then removed, and a standard red rubber recoil pad was mounted on it before it was
replaced in the flange. Actual lengths are not critical, as the setup is extraordinarily versatile,
and can be used with almost any size or weight rifle.
To use, the two rotating sections were set at 90 degrees to the length of the rest, and the
front end was set down over the edge of the bench rest top. The other end, with the recessed
bold head served to stabilize the setup, and keep it from tipping in use. Sandbags were set to
cradle the rifle fore and aft, with the butt of the gun placed snuggly against the pipe-mounted
recoil pad. Recoil from the rifle went from the gun to the recoil pad, to the steel pipe, to the 2x4
and thence, to the bench rest table, by virtue of the overhanging lip. All you had to do was be
sure the rifle was pulled back firmly to take any play out of the setup.
This was admittedly a bit cumbersome to take down and set up all the time, and it still
had the disadvantage of increasing the stocks pull. But it was no worse than with one sandbag,
and it was a hundred percent effective in taming the roughest recoil in the lightest rifle. The
most that could be felt was a gentle thump as the recoil was transmitted to the bench. I think
most of this thump was because the rear board lifted the setup while the front of the board was
flat against the bench top. This resulted in a small space below the recoil pad that would allow
some flexing.

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I used this arrangement for many years, and had excellent results: The slight give of the
recoil pad apparently simulated the give of a tight pull into the shoulder sufficiently well that
point of impact was not affected, and the combination of steady sandbag rest, no recoil and no
jerk or flinch permitted very good accuracy testing.
However, in time I began to realize that this could still be improved on. I had some
heavy leather that I used to make a giant pad patterned after an ordinary slingshot pouch. I used
some grommets intended for heavy canvas to preclude tearing the pouch, and added two lengths
of nylon rope to reach to the front of the bench. The ropes were anchored there by being tied to
two pieces of channel iron wide enough to slip over the thickness of the bench rest top. In use,
the rifle was again cradled on sandbags fore and aft, with the butt of the gun pulled snuggly into
the leather pouch. This was not quite as effective in taming recoil (there appears to be some
stretch inherent in the nylon rope, but I didnt want to scratch up my rifle stock by suing a length
of chain.). However, the recoil reduction was still very substantial, and the rifle felt normal
because the thickness of the leather didnt materially affect the pull, while the straps still
transferred almost all of the recoil to the bench.
Hindsight, they say, is always 20-20. While I havent tried it, It should be possible to
replace the leather pouch with canvas, or even eliminate it entirely, leaving only a nylon cord
with two bench top attachments. This would be a simple, inexpensive and easily assembled
shoulder saver.
Ken Mollohan

BENCH RESTS

I've never had one of the elaborate precision machined windage adjustable bench rests, some of
which can cost over $300 today (2006). I sometimes wonder if my groups would be smaller if I
had and used one of these.
I've made a number of bench rests, the simplest from several shot
bags. Shotgun shooters buy lead shot that comes in twenty-five
pound bags, and are always happy to give these bags to anyone who
asks. If you fill the bags and tie them closed with a good bit of string,
several of these make a nice front rest, and one makes a good rear
bag. I don't fill these rest bags with sand, because a cloud of sand
blows out at each shot. Instead I've used beans or corn or lentils or
peas or rice. Any of these works fine, just make sure you don't get the
bags wet, because the grain will rot, and sometimes sprout.

Here's a rest made from PVC pipe and hardware and a piece
of plywood and a block of foam.. By making a number of
different length vertical pieces and the pointed (filed to a
point) screws, the rest is as adjustable as you'll ever need.

320
This is the Hoppes front rest. I've had this rest for many
years, and have never been able to tie the top bag onto the
rest so it won't slip. I suppose because I was never in the
Navy. However, a couple of pieces of double-sided tape
and I got rid of the strings and now the bag doesn't slip at
all. This rest is adjustable from 8.5" to 10.5" with another
.75" up in the screws. The Hoppes rest has done a good job
for me over the years. I keep it slippery with baby powder
on the front and rear bags. I also keep the top free to rotate
on the main shaft; otherwise the point of impact changes as
I move from target to target on the paper.
"I found a use for the corncob media. It makes excellent filling for 'sand' bags for shooting off
the bench. It's light, cheap, dry, and 'mushes' well."
John Bischoff
This is a rest that Don Baker, a shooter at Old Colony, made for me
many years back. It adjusts from 5.75" to 8.25", with another 3.25"
of up in the screws. This rest was made to use with a muzzle
clamp/anti-cant device, or a bag could be double-sided-taped to the
top.

A MUZZLE CLAMP/ANTI CANT DEVICE

It is easier and more stable to shoot a rifle from a flat
front rest using a muzzle clamp, sometimes called an
anti-cant device and sometimes called a sled. These
were made from machined aluminum castings in the
past; a muzzle clamp was an integral part of the Pope
Machine Rest. Here's a Sharps in the MC/A-C D.

I'm too thrifty (cheap) to spring for one of the modern
reproductions, and made my own to my own
extraordinarily clever design about ten years ago.
Construction requires essentially no mechanical skills (I
have none), and the tools used are in most homes or in
the homes of friends.

There's quarter-twenty threaded brass rod, washers, nuts and wing nuts and acorn nuts for
hardware.

321
Here's the muzzle clamp with the wood and the aluminum tops. I
prefer the aluminum top, used the wood top for years. The bottom
is three-quarters inch thick oak by six inches long by one inch
high. The wood top is three quarters inch thick by three eighths
inch high-oak.
The aluminum top is three sixteenths inch thick by six inches long
by as wide as it came from the scrap pile at the local metal shop.
Holes are 5/16".
I've tried all kinds of rubber sheet and rubber tape and other stuff,
and find that masking tape works best, no damage to the finish of
any rifle.

HANDGUN RESTS

THE MIRACLEREST
Testing handguns and loads for accuracy is sometimes done with a Ransom Rest, a
machine rest that holds the handgun in the same position for each shot. The Ransom Rest
requires a big stable concrete platform to mount it on.
Not having a Ransom Rest, I tried other methods. There was no combination of rest and bags and
wrist supports that I could find that allowed me to hold a pistol steady-really steady. I know that
some shooters can do it, but I can't.
So I invented and constructed the Miraclerest.
Cost is under $10, it takes about 30 minutes to make, and
it holds the gun perfectly steady.
The Miraclerest is made out of 3/4" PVC pipe,
(measures 1" OD.), about 2' of pipe, 2 "T'"s, 2 end caps,
a hacksaw and some cement. The clamp is a "U" bolt
and some washers and nuts. The top "T" is sawed with a
saber saw to make a "U" shaped cradle for the barrel to
rest on. The wedge was made by my brother the
cabinetmaker, a piece of white cedar shingle works well
also, and the glued-on rubber helps. Masking tape
everywhere to protect the pistol finish, and it's ready to use.

Model 29 S&W in the Miraclerest.

A handgun can't be comfortably shot off a
normal bench rest while sitting in a normal chair,
using either sandbags or the Miraclerest. The
problems are that the shooter has to get
scroonched way down behind the gun, and the
more mature shooters have trouble getting the
correct part of the trifocal eyeglass lens into
alignment.

322
Here's a box my brother the cabinet maker
made for me. It is 9" high by 12" wide by 16"
long. It's got two handles on the sides and two
hinges.
The 9" height is important, other boxes and rests
with heights of 8" or 10" were not nearly as
comfortable, for me. This box is stable and
works just about perfectly as a rest.

The box, the Miraclerest and a Ruger MKII set up
for shooting. This is the best rest so far, I can't
think of any way to improve it-yet. With this rig I
can reliably shoot 10 shot groups at 50 yards
under 2", and at 100 yards under 4". This with
CCI Standard Velocity or Remington Target
ammunition.
The box holds the pistol and scope and
Miraclerest and all the other equipment needed

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7.3 SIGHTS

Sights are either iron sights or telescopic sights. Today we can buy very good telescopic
sights for not a lot of money. The most popular seems to be the 3-9 power adjustable power.
For the beginner, a variable power telescopic sight with an adjustable objective (front)
lens will work well for both offhand and bench rest shooting. Later on a higher power or more
expensive scope may be needed for bench rest, but very good work can be done with an
inexpensive telescopic sight.
Iron sights have risen in price and decreased in availability. Lyman still makes iron sights
that fit many rifles, but the Lyman 48s and Redfield Olympics and Internationals are gone from
the catalogs. .
Write down all your sight settings. Even with the non-target adjustments on inexpensive
telescopes, draw a picture of where the adjustments are for each range and load. Get one of
those sticky-backed labels and put it on the stock of the rifle somewhere where it won't be
touched a lot, such as the right side of the butt stock. Write down your sight settings for various
ranges. If the iron sights dont have arrows, make a sketch on the label showing which way the
bullet goes with respect to sight movement. Adjusting the sights the wrong way is only funny the
first dozen times you do it.

Considered in moderation, a bit of old advice about sights is just as good today as it ever
was. It councils shooters to buy the best sights he can afford, and buy the rifle with whatever he
has left over. The logic is that no gun can shoot better than it can be aimed, while even the
cheapest rifle will shoot better than most shooters can shoot. A good scope will enable a cheap
rifle to do its very best. A cheap scope that wont hold zero or fogs up will actually prevent the
finest rifle from doing even passably well. The older I get, the better council I find that advice to
be.
Ken Mollohan

IRON SIGHTS

Iron sights have (generally) no lens. (Some German Iron sights have provision for corrective
lenses.)
Rear sights come in five broad styles:
Open rear sights have a V or U shaped notch, and are more suitable for hunting
than target shooting.
Marble/Lyman tang sights come in various models, some adjustable for windage and
elevation. These sights have a hole or aperture through which the front sight and target are
viewed. These are also more suited to hunting than target shooting.
German schutzen rifle sights come in aperture rear and open rear styles. The aperture
rear sight is mounted on the rear of the action-in the tang area. The open rear sight is mounted
on a dovetail on the barrel. Both are adjustable for windage and elevation with a small wrench.
Vernier sights are most often associated with American made single shot rifles. These
generally go on the tang of the rifle, have apertures to look through, are almost always adjustable
for elevation and are frequently adjustable for windage. (Some rifles of the latter 1800s era had
vernier sights mounted on the heel of the butt stock for shooting from the Creedmoor Position.

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In this stance the shooter lies on their back with the muzzle resting over an ankle/crossed feet
and the butt in their armpit.) True vernier sights have scales allowing recording of sight settings
and return to those precise settings in the future.
Click-adjustable rear sights have apertures to look through, are adjustable for windage
and elevation using knobs with clicks that can be felt and counted, and generally have scales
used for recording sight settings. (These scales sometimes are verniers.) These would include
Lyman, Redfield, Vaver and Anschutz sights. The apertures are interchangeable to adjust the
hole diameter to light conditions and the individual eye.

Front sights come in four broad styles.
Bead front sights may have inserts of white or gold or red or other colors. These are more
suited to hunting than target shooting.
Blade front sights are used by some target shooters, normally when shooting a military
rifle match.
Globe front sights have been used for target shooting since the late 1800s. They have a
short tube with an arrangement for changing inserts. These inserts come in blade and aperture
styles, and a myriad of others. Globe front sights with a set of inserts are required for precise
target shooting from the bench, at least for folks over thirty with aging eyes. Globe front sights
include the Lyman 17A and 77, Redfield Olympic, and others.
Windage adjustable globe front sights are typically used on American single shot rifles.
The windage adjustment is required if the rear sight is not adjustable for windage; and many
were not on the original rifles. Thus, many original single shots had elevation adjustment at the
rear and windage adjustment at the front. Ive always considered this a poor arrangement.
Some wind gauge globe front sights were/are made with a spirit level attached, so that the
shooter could hold the rifle perfectly level and eliminate the horrid "cant"; a slight rotation of the
rifle about the long axis. These sights are called "wind gauge globe spirit level front sights", with
far more adjectives than any noun should be responsible for.
The spirit level is decorative, it hints at precision beyond its ability, and we love to say:
"wind gauge globe spirit level front sight." Who cares if it works?
Front sights adjustable for elevation are available from several sources. Sinclair sells a
"Centra" sight, Brownells sells the "Schuster", and Medisha Firearms Ltd. sells a model with 65
minutes of elevation adjustment. When the elevation is in the rear sight, changing settings from
short to long range means that the shooter's face must rise on and then over the stock. Variation
in face-stock position is thought to make accurate shooting more difficult. I have found that
shooting at long range with my face completely off the stock is uncomfortable. With the
elevation adjustment in the front sight, the shooter's face-stock position remains unchanged as
elevation changes are made. An idea that makes perfect sense, although adjusting the front sight
is more difficult than adjusting a rear or receiver sight.

You may also encounter some rather strange sighting arrangements at times. Almost anything
you can conceive of has been tried at one time or another in the quest for accuracy and ease of
aiming. Target rifles of muzzle loading persuasion are sometimes encountered that look as if
they have a telescopic sight almost as long as the barrel. And yes, sometimes these really are
telescopic sights. But more often, they are simple tubes that use the peep sight principle. They
were sometimes preferred because they eliminated sighting errors that could occur from sun

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glare on exposed sights. The tube kept the sun off the front sight, which was mounted inside the
tube, and more consistent accuracy was the result.
Some very early firearms used two identical sights, front and rear. Some oriental guns had what
looked like a scope base at each end, with a vgroove in each that the shooter lined up. Others
had two posts - not unlike some modern shotguns. Many early guns had only a front bead.
Many had no sights at all, and the shooter relied on instinctive aiming and generally very short
ranges.
Also note that the term iron sight is something of a misnomer: While most sights are indeed
made of iron or steel, the term has come to be accepted as covering any sights that do not offer
any optical augmentation of the shooters vision, regardless of the material used for its
construction. I have seen crossbows with iron sights made out of bamboo.
Ken Mollohan

HOW TO SET CLICK-ADJUSTABLE REAR SIGHTS

Most Lyman 48, 66 and 57 , Redfield and Parker-Hale PH 7A
sights have one click equal to .002 inch, one click moves the rear sight
.002 inch. If there were 1 yard = 36 inches between the front and rear
sights, then moving the rear sight .002 inch would move the point of
impact of the bullet one hundred times as far at 100 yards, or .2 inch.
The Lyman 57 rear sight in the picture has an elevation scale marked in 3
minute divisions. One rotation of the knob has 12 clicks and moves the
slide one division of 3 minutes.

The distance between sights determines how much one click of .002 inch moves the point
of impact of the bullet.
Distance Between Sights Bullet Moves At 100 Yards
36" .200 inch
30" .240 inch
28" .256 inch
24" .300 inch
18" .400 inch

Since 28" is the distance between sights on the Springfield 1903 rifle, and for some other
fortuitous reasons, most click-adjustable American sights move the point of impact of the bullet
about 1/4 inch per click at 100 yards when there is 28" between sights. Since one inch at 100
yards is almost exactly one minute of angle, one click moves the point of impact of the bullet
about 1/4 minute of angle, abbreviated MOA. We say that these sights "have quarter minute
clicks", but that is obviously only true when the distance between sights is 28". If, for example,
the distance between sights is 36", then one click moves the point of impact .200 inch at 100
yards, .400 inch at 200 yards, 1 inch at 500 yards, and 2 inches at 1000 yards.

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Lyman and Redfield elevation scales are graduated in minutes:

There are 12 clicks for a total of 3 minutes per complete revolution of the knob. The
Lyman and Redfield knobs are marked "0, 1, 2", for minutes, with lines between the numbers.
The side scale is marked in 3-minute divisions; there are 3 minutes between each pair of marks.
Windage adjustment of the Lyman and Redfield sights is made in similar fashion, except
that the scale is divided into left and right distances from center.
Here's an exception, a Lyman 48 sight on a M54 Winchester rifle made in 1928. This
sight has HALF minute clicks, and the scale is marked in FIVE minute divisions. The rifle has
28" between sights. How do I figure that?
The sight scale is marked from 0 to 150 minutes, and measures 1.2" from 0 to 150 minutes. A
little dividing here (1.2/150 = .008) reveals that one minute is eight thousandths of an inch.
There are ten clicks per revolution of the elevation knob and one revolution is 5 minutes, so there
are 2 clicks per minute, .004" per click.

There are 28 inches between sights
on this rifle.
There are 3600 inches in 100 yards
(12 inches times 3 feet times 100 =
3600). And 3600/28 = 128.57, so it's
128.57 times as far to 100 yards as it
is between sights. So, any movement
of the rear sight is magnified 128.57
times. Multiply 128.57 times .004
inches per click and we get .51
inches at the target. Close enough to
half inch clicks for me.

Here's a BSA Martini with a Parker-Hale PH 7A sight. These sights have vernier scales. .
Inspection of the sight and review of the discussion on setting vernier sights below will enable
you to set the PH 7A.

327
The Anschutz sight has clicks of .00167 inch, which must have something to do with that
pesky metric system. The relationships are:
Distance Between Sights Bullet Moves at 100 Yards
36" .167 inch
30" .200 inch
28" .215 inch
24" .250 inch
18" .334 inch

My Anschutz sight has no scales, I set it by counting clicks up from the bottom or side, or
by experiment.

HOW TO SET VERNIER SIGHTS
The word Vernier has come to be used to describe the traditional tang sights fitted to
single shot rifles; whether the sight has a vernier or not. Some shooters incorrectly associate the
presence of an adjusting screw with the word vernier. A vernier scale allows setting sights
very precisely, and the reading and recording of these settings. Vernier tang sights can be set to
five-thousandths of an inch, (.005). For instance, the sight may be set to .260 or to .265-the
precision of setting is .005.
The left hand side of the drawing shows a vernier scale that might be found on a tang
sight. The staff is marked 0, 25, 50, 75, 1 ... The staff divisions are spaced fifty-
thousandths of an inch (.050) apart. Then 25 is .250, 50 is .500, and 1 is 1 of
elevation.
The slide is to the right of the staff, has one longer line on the bottom and four other
lines.
The vernier is shown set at .250, the bottom slide line lines up with the 25 line.
The drawings to the right are expanded, and show how the lines on the slide line up with
the lines on the staff, allowing settings of .260, .270 and so on. Only one line on the slide will
line up with one line on the staff at any setting-this is the secret of the vernier. The bottom
drawing shows the sight set at .305, illustrating how the slide may be set in-between two
lines. Note that the bottom long slide line is just above the .300 staff line, while the next highest
slide line is just below the .350 staff line. This process of setting the sight allows precision of
setting and recording settings to .005.

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HOW TO ADJUST A WINDGAUGE FRONT SIGHT
The movable top part of my Maynard front sight (a representative example) has divisions
20/1000 of an inch (.020") apart. Every fifth division is longer, marking tenths of an inch (.1".)
The bottom or stationary part of the sight has one line. There is no vernier on this or any other
original front sight I have ever seen.
The distance between sights is 28
There are 3600 inches in 100 yards.
The ratio of the two distances is 3600/28 or about 129. A movement of the rifle sight is
magnified 129 times at 100 yards.
So moving the front sight .020" or one division, with 28" between sights, moves the
bullet 129 X .020" = 2.58". It is easy to set the sight between marks, for a 1.29" movement, and
with a magnifying glass even smaller movements are possible.
Looking into the muzzle of the gun, a movement of the sight to the right moves the bullet
to the right on the target

HOW TO ADJUST OTHER IRON SIGHTS
Ken Mollohan
Screw adjustable iron sights are often encountered with no vernier or other indicator of
what an adjustment is doing to your sight alignment. The usual expectation is to crank the screw
a bit and shoot a couple of shots to see where youve arrived at. Then you do it again - and again
- and again until you are close enough.

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Thats really a pretty sad state of affairs, especially when it is so simple and easy to use
that screw to make precise adjustments. Oh, you have to make some simple, one time
calculations and measurements, but thats all. The measurement only takes a few seconds at
your local machine shop. Most machinists will be happy to use his thread pitch gauge to tell you
the threads per inch of your adjustment screw. For purposes of illustration, Ill assume you have
a common, coarse 32 threads to the inch screw, but the same calculation works with any pitch.
Now one full turn of your screw will result in a movement of 1/32 inch, or 0.03125
inches. Measure the distance between your rear and your front sight. Again, for purposes of
illustration, lets say that its eighteen inches. These are the only measurements you will need to
make.
Now lets assume you are trying to sight in at 100 yards, because we want to get an
answer in minutes of angle. A hundred yards is three hundred feet is 3600 inches. 3600 inches
range divided by eighteen inches sight radius is 200. This (200) is the factor that multiplies the
movement of your sight to give you the movement of the bullet impact at 100 yards. So if you
move your adjustment screw one full turn, your bullet will move (0.03125 x 200=) 6.25 inches
on the 100 yard target. Another way of saying this is that one full turn equals exactly 6.25 MOA.
But for most purposes, it will be adequate to know that one turn equals about six inches at 100
yards. If you need greater precision, you can estimate eights of a turn and print a small table like
this to tape on your stock, or keep in your shooting bag.

Turns MOA
1/8 0.8
1/4 1.6
3/8 2.3
1/2 3.1
5/8 3.9
3/4 4.7
7/8 5.5
1 6.3

If this isnt good enough for your needs, your machinist friend can undoubtedly make you a finer
pitch replacement screw and run a matching tap into your sight base.

Some iron sights are even cruder, being adjustable for windage only with a hammer, and
for elevation with a little set of steps in a groove to lift or lower the rear sight. Its VERY
seldom that one of these steps will coincide with your exact bullet impact and sight picture. The
traditional response is to set it as closely as possible with such crude adjustments, and use
Kentucky Windage, or hold off a bit to compensate for the error in your sights.

Well, at least something can be done for your elevation adjustments. As before, measure
the distance between your sights, and make a note of which step in your adjustment ladder comes
closest to being right for your gun and ammo, without causing you to shoot too low. Measure
the height of this step, and (using the techniques shown above) calculate how much you will
have to shorten that step to be exactly correct on target.
If you are handy with tools, you can make this correction yourself with nothing but a file
and a caliper or micrometer. But go slowly: Its a lot easier to file off just a little bit more than it

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is to file a little bit back on! Or that machinist buddy can do it for you accurately, easily and
inexpensively in just a few minutes.
Sad to say, there are also guns with absolutely NO provision for sight adjustments. Most
of the older muzzle loaders fall into this category, as do a few very inexpensive modern rifles
and many modern revolvers and pistols. When the point of impact is unacceptable, you have no
recourse but to get a bigger hammer. For example, minor horizontal adjustments of revolvers
can be made by rotating the barrel slightly. Horizontal impacts can also be made by enlarging
the rear sight, which is little more than a groove in the top strap. Use Swiss files to widen the
groove in the same direction that you want to bullet to go. M aking the groove wider shifts the
center of the groove in the same direction by HALF of the enlargement. You can calculate the
correction needed (see above) or do it by file and try.
Vertical adjustments can be made most easily on the front sight: If your impact is low,
you can file the front sight down, or replace it with a lower sight. If its high, you must elevate
the front sight. If your gun doesnt have a readily replaceable front sight, the most permanent
solution is to weld or braze a small piece of steel on its top. Be sure its more than you will need,
so that you can shape it properly as you file it down to bring your impact right on. I have also
used epoxy to bond a bit of hardwood to the front sight in the same manner. This makes it easy
to restore the gun to its original configuration with a little heat from a propane torch, and the
wood takes black shoe polish quite well.
If you have any reservations about your ability to do work like this, your best option
might be a machinist or gunsmith with a milling machine.

Ken Mollohan

TELESCOPIC SIGHTS
Telescopic sights may be categorized as "Outside Adjustable" and "Internally
Adjustable."
Outside adjustable telescopic sights include Lyman Targetspot and Super Targetspot,
Unertl, Litschert, Fecker and Davis brands. These have adjustments built into the mounts that are
(mostly) click adjustable and clearly readable so that settings may be recorded. They have
adjustments on the rear for focusing the crosshairs, and on the front (Fecker in the center) for
eliminating parallax. It is entirely practical to move these sights from rifle to rifle, re-setting the
sights each time.
These sights attach to "scope blocks" on the rifle barrel, which are most often 7.2 inches
on center.
The adjusting knobs are marked in 25 divisions, and there is a click between each
division, so there are 50 clicks per revolution of the knob. Each click moves the telescope one-
half of one thousandth of an inch, .0005". Divide 3600 inches in 100 yards by 7.2 inches center
distance between scope blocks and you get 500. Then multiply 500 by .0005" per click and you
get .250" or a quarter inch or about a quarter minute of angle shift in bullet impact per click.

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Sometimes scope blocks are mounted on centers other than 7.2 inches, and bullet
movement at 100 yards varies as shown below:

Scope Block Centers 100 Yard Movement per Click
2.4 inch .75 inch
3.0 " .60 "
3.6 " .50 "
4.5 " .40 "
6.0 " .30 "
7.2 " .25 "
9.0 " .20 "
12 " .15 "

Trouble with a Lyman Super Targetspot
I was working with an M54 Winchester in 30 WCF = 30/30 and a Lyman 30X Super
Targetspot (STS) in the summer of 2005 when I ran into trouble. While groups were averaging
about an inch and a quarter, every now and then a shot was missing. After taking advice and
shooting at the center of a big target, I found that sometimes a shot showed up from three to ten
inches low at 100 yards. These strangers were a puzzle.
I cleaned the gun without finding anything unusual in the barrel.
This is an old telescopic sight, most of the blue has been replaced by that much-desired
"patina". I got after that patina with some 0000 steel wool and oil. Nothing looked any different
when that was complete, the patina was still there. (Every time I shoot using a telescope, I wipe
the scope down with an oily cloth.)
Then I took the rear mount , the one with the adjustment knobs, off the scope and cleaned
it. I took it apart, took the spring loaded 225 degree doodad off and apart, took the adjustment
knobs off and the Chinese-character looking metal parts out. I cleaned and oiled the dickens out
of the parts, and put it back together-not too hard. A toothbrush and some 3 in 1 oil and some
clean rags did the job. There was quite a bit of stuff in there, dirt or old oil or ?
Back at the range many times since, many shots fired and not a stranger to be seen.
I think it was the scope, I think that some speck/s of stuff got in the workings and caused
the very low shots.
Another problem with the Lyman Super Targetspot
I record the sight settings with information on the gun, load, distance and scope or iron
sights, in my notebook. I have noticed that I have made many one-revolution mistakes when
recording settings on a Lyman Super Targetspot.
Now I sort of understand why this happens and it's because of the design of the
micrometer. I can only advise you to fiddle with the micrometer a while and get a good notion of
what various settings look like and be careful when recording settings. It isn't you.

Internally adjustable telescopic sights include Redfield, Weaver, Leupold, Tasco and
many other brands. The two features to look for, which make these sights most suitable for
target shooting, are a front lens adjustable to remove parallax and graduated adjustment knobs
from which sight settings may be recorded.
Some telescopic sights don't appear to be adjustable to eliminate parallax. There is no
obvious adjustment available on the objective or front lens. Some of these may be adjusted to

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remove parallax. I have a Simmons 4X pistol scope that, with a little fiddling, can have the
objective lens turned and adjusted to remove parallax. My guess is that all telescope sights have
some means of adjustment to remove parallax during manufacture, and that this parallax
adjustment may vary from easy to impossible for the shooter. In the end, parallax is eliminated
by moving the front lens back and forth.

HOW TO FOCUS A TELESCOPIC SIGHT
The conventional wisdom
The rear lens is adjusted to focus the crosshairs only. Aim the telescope at a cloudy sky or
a neutral surface, glance through the scope, and adjust the rear lens until the crosshairs are clear
and sharp. Do not look through the scope, glance through it for a second or so. If you stare
through the scope then your eye will accommodate, and you won't do the job correctly. Do not
focus your eye on anything except the crosshairs.

Parallax is the undesirable condition in which movement of the head while looking
through the scope moves the crosshairs on the target. Parallax is more of a problem as the scope
power goes up. Many scopes up to six power or so do not have an adjustment for parallax and
work just fine for hunting or plinking. I have a M721 Remington with 6X Weaver without
parallax adjustment, and it works fine, at least from fifty to 100 yards, for target shooting.
Most "external adjustment" scopes such as Lyman Targetspot and Super Targetspot,
Unertl, Litschert, Davis and Fecker scopes have an adjustable objective (front) lens that is
calibrated in yards, for easy setting. Many higher power and higher priced internal-adjustment
scopes such as Weaver T36 and Redfield, Burris, Leupold and Tasco scopes have "AO" or
adjustable objective lenses, to eliminate parallax.
My experience and opinion is that any scope without an adjustment for parallax hampers
the ability of the gun to shoot targets accurately.
For target and precision shooting the scope must be adjusted to remove parallax whenever you
move from one range (Ex 100 yards) to another (Ex 200 yards.)
Put the rifle or pistol on a rest, aim it at a target, and move your head around while
looking at the crosshairs. If the crosshairs appear to move on the target, that's parallax. Adjust the
objective lens until the parallax is gone.
The ranges indicated on the adjustment ring frequently dont provide accurate
adjustments for the range indicated. It is quite important to verify freedom from parallax by
setting your rifle on sandbags and viewing your target from several different positions. If the
crosshairs appear to move on the target, adjust the parallax until it remains immobile, no matter
what angle it is viewed from.

(Fecker scopes were made with the parallax adjustment in the middle of the scope tube-
for Feckers read "objective lens" as "middle adjustment.")
I figure that all scopes must have some means to adjust the front lens at the factory to
eliminate parallax. I have taken apart some cheap scopes and failed to figure out how to do this.
But, I was having parallax problems with a Simmons "prohunter" 4X32 scope on an M29 Smith
& Wesson. There is a "?cover" thing on the objective lens that unscrews, under that is a doodad
holding the lens. I was able to screw the doodad and objective lens in and out to eliminate

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parallax at 50 yards, and there is almost no parallax at 100 yards. So sometimes fiddling works.
Sometimes.

"This can also be used to adapt non-adjustable scopes for special purposes. For
example, I need considerable precision for squirrel hunting, and need a scope for my old eyes.
Most non-adjustable scopes are set to be parallax free at one hundred yards, but will exhibit
more than enough parallax at 50 yards to cause me to miss a squirrels head. So Ive modified
several scopes for this purpose by threading the objective lens in and out until there was no
movement at 30 yards, which is about the longest TYPICAL shot I encounter. Then I lock the
setting in place with the cover screw, which is really a jam nut to keep the objective from
unscrewing. The down side is that someday, someone might think the scope is worthless because
his deer rifle wont group worth a darn with it, but I suspect it wont be much of a concern to me
then."
Ken Mollohan

The unconventional wisdom
If and only if the above method doesn't make the image and crosshairs sharp and clear
and in focus and parallax free, then it's time to break the rules.
For a long time I believed those who instructed me in the conventional wisdom, and only
adjusted the rear lens to make the crosshairs clear and the front to remove parallax. I lived with
out-of-focus scopes for years. Then I discovered that the conventional wisdom was wrong, at
least sometimes.
Put the gun on a rest and aim it at a target. (If the front lens adjustment has markings, set
the lens to the proper mark for the target distance, for instance 100 yards. If the front lens has no
markings, just proceed.) Adjust the rear lens to bring the target, yes, the target, into focus.
Adjust the front lens to eliminate parallax. Repeat this several times. When you are done the
target and crosshairs will be in focus and there will be no parallax. Or close.
The conventional wisdom applies to scopes that have not been played with. If somebody
has cranked the lens adjustments around, then the conventional method of adjusting the scope
doesn't work. I unconventionally adjust several scopes a year for owners who tell me that I'm
doing it wrong, but who are happy with the results.

FACTORS OF SIGHTING ERROR

Benchrest shooters have moved to 36 X telescopic sights and sometimes scopes with
even higher power. We know (or think we know) that using high powered telescopic sights
allows us to shoot smaller groups than when using iron sights. But, and there's almost always a
but-there is some suggestion that iron sights can be used to shoot some very small groups.
At the Old Colony Sportsman's Association in Pembroke, MA, there is a Winter League
Match shot every Sunday from November to March at 200 yards, offhand, at the military 200
yard target, from a heated shooting house. The black is 13", 10 ring is 7" and the X ring is 3".
The categories are Iron Sights, Any Sights, Howes (10# rifle, 3# trigger, flat butt), Over 40
Caliber, Rimfire and Single Shot Rifle. The best target of each category is hung on the wall, so
that at any time one may compare the best scores shot with, for example, Irons and Any Sights.
By Christmas the scores are in the middle 190's. I have been surprised to see that the Iron Sights
categories do not lag the Any Sight = Scope categories by much; sometimes not at all.

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In the ASSRA matches, I believe that it was Dick Hughes that shot the first 250 at 200
yards with Iron Sights a few years ago. The 25 ring on the German Ring target is 1 3/4". Several
other 250 scores have been shot since. I remember watching Jerry Ventura shoot the first record
250 with a scope on a Model 44 Stevens at Western New York/Alabama Hunt Club, maybe a
dozen years ago. So the Irons aren't a great handicap.
And as a last example; I have found that I can shoot surprisingly small bench 100 yard
groups with a good peep rear sight and an aperture-or even sometimes a leaf-front.
So-what effect do sights have on potential accuracy?
In The American Rifleman, April 1977, there is the article titled "Factors Of Sighting
Error" by L.F. Moore that describes the results of testing conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground
with various sights and conditions. I've read this article many times since 1977, and consider the
results very interesting and the article virtually incomprehensible. Since the work was done at
Aberdeen, at Government expense, I feel no qualms about using the data from that article.
The test was designed to measure the dispersion about the center of the target with various
sights.
The tests were done with the sights/rifles in a machine rest, a target at 100 yards that was
moved with a synchro-torque transmitter-receiver system, an electrical spark system that marked
the target paper on command, and several shooters. The target was moved out of alignment with
the sights, the shooter looked through the sight and aligned the target with the sight using knobs
for up-down and left-right and pressed a button that burned a small hole in the target. This was
repeated for a series of "shots", the burned holes in the target forming a "group". This groups
were measured and the Mean Radius (MR) was calculated and graphs were constructed using the
MR data.
I interpolated the MR data from the graphs in the article. Since MR doesnt mean
much to me, the MR values were turned back into 5-shot 100 yard group sizes that I am familiar
with. Jeroen Hogema of the Netherlands found, through some terrifying statistical analyses, that
for 5-shot groups group size = 2.5 X MR, so groups averaging 1" MR would have a group size
of 2.5". Thanks again, Jeroen.

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The information that I think is of particular interest is shown here in tabular form. The test
identification numbers (Test # 7) are from the original article.

TEST #7 TEST #7 TEST # 2 TEST # 2 TEST # 3 TEST # 3 TEST # 5 TEST # 5 TEST #6 TEST #6
FRONT REAR FROM
5-SHOT SIGHT 5-SHOT SIGHT 5-SHOT FROM 5-SHOT FRONT 5-SHOT
GROUP APERTURE GROUP APERTURE GROUP REAR GROUP SIGHT GROUP
SIGHT DIA. DIAMETER DIA. DIAMETER DIA. SIGHT DIA. TO EYE DIA.
TYPE (INCHES) (INCHES) (INCHES) (INCHES) (INCHES) TO EYE (INCHES) (INCHES) (INCHES)
8X Scope 0.125 0.14 0.200 0.03 0.200 1 0.175 50 0.125
2.5 X Scope 0.250 0.135 0.175 0.04 0.150 2 0.125 40 0.125
1 X Scope 0.500 0.125 0.175 0.05 0.175 3 0.125 35 0.125
M1 0.575 0.115 0.175 0.06 0.200 4 0.125 30 0.150
M14 0.625 0.105 0.200 8 0.250 25 0.200
M760 0.700 0.095 0.225 16 0.575 20 0.300
M2 0.850 0.085 0.300 15 0.475
M94 1.175 0.075 0.350 10 0.925
M70 1.200 0.065 0.475
M99 1.225
M760 1.275
M12 1.675

Notes on these tests:

Test 2, "Effect Of Size Of Front Sight Aperture On Dispersion" Rear Sight .046" aperture

Test 3, "Effect Of Diameter Of Rear Sight Aperture And Dispersion" Front sight .125" aperture.

Test 5, "Effect Of Location Of Rear Sight And Dispersion".
Rear sight aperture varied to suit, front sight .125" aperture

Test 6, "Effect Of Location Of Front Sight On Dispersion" Rear sight .042" aperture, front sight
13 MOA aperture. Note that this test measures the effect of the distance between sights on
dispersion. After 25", which with 2 from rear sight to eye leaves 23 between sights, the
reduction in dispersion is minor.

Test 7, Effectiveness Of Various Types Of Sights
First Telescopic sights; then the M1, M14, M760 and M2 Carbine sights are aperture rear and
post/bead front; the M94, M70, M99 and M760 are "open" sights, and the M12 had a shotgun
bead front only.

The other tests:

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Test 1 "Effect Of Learning On Dispersion" showed that dispersion was reduced as the number of
trials increased. But not much, from .312" group diameter at the first try, down to .15" group
diameter after 40 tries.

Test 4 "Effect of Target Type On Dispersion" showed dispersion varying from .15" group
diameter on the NRA Smallbore Rifle Target to .375" group diameter on the "Game" target; with
.042" aperture rear and .125" aperture front - 34" between sights.

Test 8 "Effect Of Illumination On Dispersion" showed that in almost-darkness, with an M1 rifle,
dispersion is large - about 1.5" group diameter; and with a 2.5 X telescope it is only .325" group
diameter. Given some light, from about 2 candles persquare foot to 30 candles per square foot,
The M1 rifle dispersion is about .55"-.675" group diameter, and the 2.5 X telescope dispersion is
pretty flat at .175" group diameter.
This test shows that we can't aim very well in the dark, that with a little light we can aim pretty
well, and that we can aim more precisely with a telescope than with iron sights. Few surprises.

Test 9 "Effect Of Target Type On Dispersion" First, with an M1 rifle, dispersion varied from
.70" group diameter to .95" group diameter as target type varied from NRA Smallbore Rifle to
"Game". Then, with an 8X Telescope, dispersion was .15" group diameter on the NRA
Smallbore Rifle target, and .20" group diameter on the "Game" target. The author points out that
"The smallest dispersion with match-type aperture front and rear sights was obtained with a
round aiming point, approaching the small dispersion obtained on the same target with the 8X
telescope, and actually surpassing the performance of the 2.5X telescope"

Test 10 showed no difference in dispersion as sight finish was changed on an M1 rifle-normal
finish or no finish on the sights, then sights blackened with a carbide lamp, and then with a red
translucent front sight.

Test 11 is hard to follow, but seems to show that tight fit between the stock and the shooter's face
reduces dispersion.

Test 12 "Effect Of Mirage On Dispersion" shows dispersion varying from .075" group diameter
with a 20X Lyman STS telescope to .175" group diameter in heavy mirage with target iron
sights.

There are several factors affecting accuracy, and the relationship between these factors is
slightly complex. Let's say that there are rifle, ammunition and sight factors affecting accuracy.
Then group size is the square root of the sum of the squares of the dispersion due to these factors,
summed. For example:
with a perfect rifle and ammunition the sights would cause a 2" group
with a perfect rifle and sights the ammunition would cause a 2" group
with perfect sights and ammunition the rifle would cause a 2" group
Expected group size = the square root of (2"X2" ammunition)+(2"X2" rifle)+(2"X2" sights)
= the square root of (4+4+4) = 3.46"
Now let the sights error fall to zero. Expected group size = the square root of (4+4)= 2.82"

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This, at least for me, isn't intuitive or expected, but it seems to be true. I first read it in
Harold Vaughn's book, and have encountered this relationship several other places since.

I got my copy of the original article from Rudi Prusok, ASSRA archivist. He can supply
copies.
The work on MR and group size done by Jeroen Hogema is too frightening for this
article. I will be happy to forward Jeroen's work by e-mail to those of you with too much time on
your hands. I'm joeb33050@yahoo.com.
joe b.

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7.4 ON ACCURACY
Accuracy is the degree of precision with which the gun can hit the target. It seems to me
that there are two general sets of conditions under which shooters operate, and that the
measurement of accuracy must be different under each.
First Shot Hit accuracy is about hitting the target with the first shot. This is the
accuracy that the hunters and egg shooters are concerned with.
Bench Rest Group Accuracy is about shooting small groups. Small groups are the goal
when shooting bench rest, or position shooting.

Jeff Brown: Accuracy means different things to different shooters. What a deer hunter
considers accurate a bench rest shooter wouldnt get out of bed for. Certain types of shooting
require GREATER levels of accuracy and vice versa. Consistency, the ability of the gun to
perform at the same level of precision over time, is another element of accuracy.

HOW TO DETERMINE FIRST SHOT HIT ACCURACY
Most rifles will shoot the first shot from a cold clean barrel into a different place than
where it will center subsequent shots from a warm fouled (even slightly) barrel. If the game is to
shoot one shot at a woodchuck at 150 yards, or an egg at 250 yards, or the center of the German
ring target at 200 yards; then the shooter needs to know the bore condition maximizing accuracy
and needs to adjust the sights for that bore condition.
There are three possible starting bore conditions: clean and dry, clean and oiled and
uncleaned. In all cases the barrel will be cold for the first shot.
(This is the least interesting testing I have ever done, I need to have another gun to shoot
or I become impatient and shoot too fast-this ruins the test.)
Use a proven accurate load for your rifle.
Shooting is done from the bench, allowing at least five minutes between shots for the
barrel to cool. This testing will take several hours. Start with a clean and dry barrel. Fire the shot.
Clean and dry the barrel. Wait for the barrel to cool. Fire another shot, clean and dry the barrel.
Continue. Clean the barrel with the same method each time, same number of patches, same brush
if used, same cleaning solution, same everything.
At the end you will have a set of groups, the number depending on your patience; two or
three groups will tell part of the story but five five shot groups is a good representative number.
Measure the groups and calculate the average.
Then do the same with a clean and lightly oiled barrel.
Then do the same with an uncleaned barrel.
One of the three bore conditions will give you the smallest group size-for me it has most often
been the uncleaned barrel that wins. Measure the group sizes; adjust the sights, test a few more
shots and youre done. With the stated bore condition you now have the all the possible first shot
error out of the gun and will hit close to center on that first shot.

RIFLE BENCH REST GROUP ACCURACY
I have never read a discussion of rifle accuracy that defined a shooting procedure and the
resulting levels of accuracy.
In reasonable conditions, shooting cast bullets, from a good bench rest position, shooting
two five shot groups and sighters/foulers at 100 yards in fifteen minutes or less, using a
telescopic sight:

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-An average for five groups of five shots of between 1.5 and 2 inches is good accuracy-
suitable for most offhand shooting.
-An average between 1 and 1.5 inches is excellent accuracy- suitable for the best offhand
shooting and good bench rest shooting.
-An average of one inch or less is superior accuracy- rifle/load combinations achieving
this will frequently place in the money at bench rest matches.
There has been some question about these (arbitrary) definitions, to which I offer the
following:
At the 2005 CBA Nationals in Kansas City, the average 100 yard five-shot group was, for
all shooters in all classes, 1.003 inches. Discounting the Long Range Handgun shooters, the rifle
shooters averaged .988 inches.
At the 2006 CBA Nationals in Oregon, for the 100 yard five shot group competitors who
finished all the five shot matches and excluding the Long Range Hand gunners-all other classes-,
the average five shot 100 yard group was .990".

Lots of shooters operate in a vacuum, not knowing if their groups are good or great or
what. To compound the confusion, we are often shown those wallet groups that are always
unrepresentative of the rifles accuracy. (Why else are they carried in the wallet?)
All accuracy testing should be done from the bench. Many offhand shooters test rifles
and loads shooting offhand. I believe that they would improve their loads and offhand scores by
testing from the bench.
Some shooters have written that ten shot groups are more informative than five shot
groups. I disagree, and shoot five shot groups at 100 yards for most accuracy testing. The amount
of information contained in one ten shot group is the same as in two five shot groups; but the
opportunity for the shooter or the conditions to honk a shot out of the group doubles from five to
ten shots.
There is argument that group size measured from center to center of the widest two shots
in the group is not the best measure of accuracy, and that mean radius or some other measure
is a better measure. While I agree with this argument technically, center distance between the
two widest shots is easily measured and group match targets are measured using this method, so
my measure of accuracy is group size.
I shoot smaller groups the more I shoot in a given session. Something happens as I shoot:
I settle in, I make a series of adjustments and learn about the day. Whatever combination of
things happens, they have happened to me enough to know that more shooting yields smaller
groups.
Shooting a lot of groups is necessary to tell what is going on with the rifle and load. We
often see shooters come to the range and shoot one or two groups of five shots and then leave
thinking that they have learned something. I wonder if they have.

HOW TO TEST FOR ACCURACY
Sometimes we want to know if a certain gun and equipment combination is accurate.
Other times we are interested in finding out if variations in powder charge or bullet hardness or
primer type or bedding or scope sight or bench rest equipment or any of the other constituents of
the equipment/ammunition system change accuracy. Will a change in equipment result in a
change in accuracy?
To find out we need a consistent method of testing , and measuring and evaluating the results.

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I propose the following procedure for rifles and single shot rifle-like pistols:
a. Shoot five, five shot groups at 100 yards with each set of equipment under the same
conditions.
b. See if the groups are in control. If not, back to the drawing board.
c. Measure the group sizes to the nearest twenty-five thousandth of an inch interval, using a
ruler.
d. Average the group sizes for each set of equipment and compare them. If the larger average
group size is 125% of the smaller or more, there probably is a difference. If not, there probably
isnt a difference.
What about sights? If the same sights are used throughout the test, there is no problem.
Why five groups? Twenty-five shots with each of two lots of ammunition, plus sighters, giving
the barrel time to cool between shots, seems a reasonable compromise between two little and too
much, and allows testing in a period of time when weather conditions wont change
substantially-most of the time.
Why 100 yards? Shorter ranges with accurate guns yield smaller groups that may be hard to
measure. Longer ranges make weather and wind conditions cause more of the variation in
accuracy. 100-yard ranges are more common than longer ranges. Spotting scopes allow us to see
shots at 100 yards; some shots cant be seen at 200 yards.
To find out we need a consistent method of testing , and measuring and evaluating the results.
I propose the following procedure for rifles and single shot rifle-like pistols:
a. Shoot five, five shot groups at 100 yards with each set of equipment under the same
conditions.
b. See if the groups are in control. If not, back to the drawing board.
c. Measure the group sizes to the nearest twenty-five thousandth of an inch interval, using a
ruler.
d. Average the group sizes for each set of equipment and compare them. If the larger average
group size is 125% of the smaller or more, there probably is a difference. If not, there probably
isnt a difference.
What about sights? If the same sights are used throughout the test, there is no problem.
Why five groups? Twenty-five shots with each of two lots of ammunition, plus sighters, giving
the barrel time to cool between shots, seems a reasonable compromise between two little and too
much, and allows testing in a period of time when weather conditions wont change
substantially-most of the time.
Why 100 yards? Shorter ranges with accurate guns yield smaller groups that may be hard to
measure. Longer ranges make weather and wind conditions cause more of the variation in
accuracy. 100-yard ranges are more common than longer ranges. Spotting scopes allow us to see
shots at 100 yards; some shots cant be seen at 200 yards.
What does In control mean,? If the groups are not fairly round, theres something
happening that isnt due to variations in the equipment. If theres vertical stringing, it may be
ignition problems. If theres horizontal stringing, it may be the wind. But if the groups arent
fairly round, theyre not in control; and until they get round, no reliable inferences can be made.
What about called flyers? My rule is that if I call a flyer-my fault-before I look through
the scope, I mark and dont count the shot.
Measuring group size
I cannot measure group sizes repeatedly to .001. John Alexander recommends, and sent
me, a plastic ruler graduated in tenths of an inch. I'm sold on this for measuring groups over 1.

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This ruler can be used to measure group sizes in increments of .025", by interpolating. For
example, a group size between 1.600" and 1.700" can be measured as 1.600", 1.625", 1.650",
1.675" or 1.700" by carefully looking at the ruler and the target, and mentally dividing the ruler
interval into four parts. I must have good bright light and occasional use of a magnifier to use
this ruler graduated in tenths of an inch.
I measure small groups with a dial caliper under magnification and I keep in mind that
the third digit to the right of the decimal is fuzzy.

Ken Mollohan: Its true enough that the average person will have trouble measuring hole
spacing in paper to 0.001 reproducibly with calipers, but measuring to 0.01 repeatedly isnt at
all difficult. Dial calipers are readily available for about $20 or $25. Simply lay the target on a
flat, hard surface, and set one contact surface at the edge of one hole, and move the other surface
until it is on the same edge of the second hole. Dont even try to measure centers: The distance
from the eastern edges of two holes will be the same as the distance between the centers of the
holes, and much easier to locate visually. Also, most scientific supply stores sell inexpensive
optical magnifiers that are simply set on the surface of a target. A set of lines are etched on the
lens that looks a lot like a ruler when viewed through the lens. Simply set the zero point at the
edge of one hole, and read the distance directly off of the scale. Almost any desired degree of
accuracy is obtainable, depending on the magnification and the etched scale you select. Many of
these magnifiers are only about an inch or less in diameter, but I believe they are made up to
about three inches in diameter.)

GROUP SIZES AND STATISTICS
(Thanks to Brent Danielson, Pete Mink and John Alexander for their editorial assistance.
Thanks to Jeroen Hogema of The Netherlands for his statistical contributions. I claim exclusive
credit for all errors.)
In my mind the primary function of Statistics is to translate sets of numbers into words-
into sentences or statements that we all can understand.
When we shoot groups of shots and measure group sizes, these group sizes are the sets of
numbers; now were going to find out what statements can be made.
Definition: We shoot with a certain gun and scope and bench rest and bullet and powder and
primer and the whole megillah. Ill call his whole set of stuff a load, and well talk about how
a load shoots.

Estimating Group Size
(This is about 5 shot groups)
There is some inherent or long-run or true average group size for each load.
Each group we shoot is an estimate of that long-run average. When we shoot sets of, for
example, five five-shot groups; the average of the five group sizes is an estimate of that long-run
average.
We can never know exactly what the long-run average group size for a given load is.
We can calculate, for various levels of certainty, the bounds within which that long-run
average exists.
We can be 90% sure, or 99% sure, or any percent sure of our bounds. We select how sure
we want to be.
The surer we are, the broader the bounds of that long-run average.

343
Heres a table of bounds, at
95% sure and 99% sure for group
averages where the number of groups
varies from 2 to 30. See the bold
entries at Number of Groups, 5. The
95% sure bounds are at 133% and
67%. We can make a statement, thus:
We are 95% sure that the long-run
average group size is between 133%
and 67% of the average of five group
sizes.
See also that the 99% sure bounds are
at 155% and 45%. We can make
another statement thus: We are 99%
sure that the long-run average group
size is between 155% and 45% of the
average of five group sizes.
So we see the bounds broaden
as we get more sure. Weve got
bounds, weve got sure. The more
precise one is, the more vague the
other.
And we see that the bounds
narrow as the number of groups
averaged increases, although the
narrowing slows pretty much by the
bottom line, 30 groups.
This table and the
accompanying graph give me a notion
of what we know when we shoot a set
of groups and measure and average the group sizes. Precise calculations using this table
information is both a little fuzzy for some boring reasons, and is not of much or any value that I
can find.
That said, heres how to calculate and construct statements:
On 26 January, 2005, with a M54 Winchester in 30 WCF, five 5-shot groups averaged
1.265 inches.
Back to the statements.
We are 95% sure that the long-run average group size is between 133% and 67% of the
average of five group sizes.

133% of 1.265 inches = 1.682
67% of 1.265 inches = .848
The statement becomes: We are 95% sure that the long-run average group size is
between 1.682 and .848 when the average of five group sizes is 1.265.

Number Upper Lower Upper Lower
of groups 95% bound 95% bound 99% bound 99% bound
2 342% 0% 1311% 0%
3 167% 33% 254% 0%
4 143% 57% 179% 21%
5 1 3 3 % 6 7 % 1 55% 4 5%
6 128% 72% 144% 56%
7 125% 75% 138% 62%
8 122% 78% 133% 67%
9 121% 79% 130% 70%
10 119% 81% 128% 72%
11 118% 82% 126% 74%
12 117% 83% 124% 76%
13 116% 84% 123% 77%
14 116% 84% 122% 78%
15 115% 85% 121% 79%
16 114% 86% 120% 80%
17 114% 86% 119% 81%
18 113% 87% 118% 82%
19 113% 87% 118% 82%
20 113% 87% 117% 83%
21 112% 88% 117% 83%
22 112% 88% 116% 84%
23 112% 88% 116% 84%
24 111% 89% 115% 85%
25 111% 89% 115% 85%
26 111% 89% 115% 85%
27 111% 89% 114% 86%
28 110% 90% 114% 86%
29 110% 90% 114% 86%
30 110% 90% 114% 86%

344
And,
We are 99% sure that the long-run average group size is between 155% and 45% of the average
of five group sizes.
155% of 1.265 inches = 1.961
45% of 1.265 inches = .569

The statement becomes: We are 99% sure that the long-run average group size is
between 1.961 and .569 when the average of five group sizes is 1.265.
For the source of the table and graph see small sample estimator of confidence interval
for mu.xls , an EXCEL workbook, in the Appendix

Group Size Variation
John Alexander triggered this analysis with this observation, from an e-mail:
"... Several years ago somebody pointed out that more variation than you might think was
natural. By way of illustration they pointed out that there is huge amount of data for five five
shot groups in all the "Dope Bag" tests and that the largest group of the five averages very close
to twice the smallest group. I went right to work with a couple of years worth of Am Rifleman
(maybe 30 guns tested and perhaps three types of ammo for each) and was astonished at how
consistently that held true. Not only the overall average but the biggest and littlest groups in
individual five five shot groups were often very close to a ratio of 1:2. It was spooky how often.
..."
For 5-shot and 10-shot groups, the table shows the relationship
between the number of groups fired and the ratio between the
largest and smallest.

Note that for five groups the table tells us to expect that
the ratio of the largest group to the smallest group will be 1.91:1.
This corresponds to John Alexander's observation of a ratio of
2:1.
So, for example, if you go to the range and shoot five 5-
shot groups, then the largest should be about twice (1.91 times)
the size of the smallest-on the average. If you shoot seven 5-shot
groups, expect the largest to be 2.14 times the smallest. Not
every time, this will vary from day to day, but on average expect
these amounts of variation.
What does it mean?
If your group sizes vary about as the table predicts, your
shooting is as would be expected.
If your group sizes vary repeatedly and substantially more than the table predicts, look
for something unusual in the load. I would suspect that in this case that the average group size
would be large. Something is out of control, and affecting accuracy in an unusual way.
If your group sizes vary repeatedly and substantially less than the table predicts, I'd like
to hear from you. You're doing something good that we need to learn about.
Here's the next paragraph from John Alexander's e-mail:"... today I went down in the
basement and did the same thing with a dozen copies of recent Am Rifleman Dope Bags. I didn't
take the trouble to average the ratios but at least two thirds and maybe three fourths of the ratios
5 Shot 10 Shot
n = Groups Groups
Number Largest/ Largest/
of Groups Smallest Smallest
Shot Group Group
2 1.36 1.25
3 1.59 1.39
4 1.77 1.50
5 1.91 1.59
6 2.03 1.66
7 2.14 1.71
8 2.24 1.77
9 2.33 1.81
10 2.41 1.86

345
were less than 1:2, most were much less with many of the ratios closer to 1:1.2. I wonder if the
new folks running the tests are throwing out a few "fliers"...."
The 2002 and 2004 CBA National Match records were reviewed and analyzed. These
matches include four 5-shot groups at 100, then 200, yards. The average for the Largest/Smallest
group sizes at 100 yards was 1.83, at 200 yards it was 1.87; these against the table estimate of
1.77.
For 10-shot groups, two of which were shot at 100 and 200 yards, the average for the
Largest/Smallest group sizes at 100 yards was 1.346, at 200 yards it was 1.31; these against the
table estimate of 1.25.
Close enough for government work.
For an explanation of the table, see estimating group size variation .xls, an EXCEL workbook
in the Appendix.

Detecting Accuracy Differences
We sometimes wish to know if one load produces smaller groups than another. If
Remington 2 1/2 primers shoot into 1.2" for five 5-shot groups, and if Winchester WLP primers
shoot into 1.1" for five 5-shot groups-all other things being equal-do I know that the WLR
primers will produce smaller groups? Sometimes the same test on a different day yields opposite
results.
If one load shoots five shots into half an inch at 100 yards, and another load shoots into
eight inches; there's no problem figuring out if there is a difference.. We might want to shoot
another pair of groups to check, but if the difference between group sizes is very large, the
decision is easy. Difficulties arise when two loads shoot into groups that aren't very different.
Then deciding if one load shoots smaller groups than another is tougher.

The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
The easiest way I know of to apply statistics to two sets of group measurements, (or any
two sets of numbers), is the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. This test doesn't require a computer or
spreadsheet or any fancy footwork, and doesnt require the (problematical?) assumptions that t or
Z tests include.
This test answers the question: Given two sets of group sizes, are the two sets from the
same long-run average group size? (Or, are the two sets of group sizes from different long-run
average group sizes?)
Here's an example of how to do the test:
We have two different loads and want to know if there is a difference in their accuracy.
We shoot groups with each load, load "A" and load "B", measure the groups, and write the group
sizes down in columns headed "A" and "B".
Then we "Rank" the group sizes. See that 1.62 is the smallest group in either column and
is ranked "1". And 1.71 is the next smallest, ranked "2", and so on. 2.71 is the 11th ranked group
in the two columns. (In the case of a tie, use the average rank. Ex: The 4
th
and 5
th
ranked number
are the same. Use a rank of 4.5 for each.)
When they're all ranked and checked for correctness, we add the ranks in each column.
The total of ranks for "A" is 25, and for "B" is 66. Call these the "rank sums".
(If there is a "tie", if , for example there are two identical values that would be in third and fourth
place, then assign each a rank of 3.5.)

346

A Rank A B Rank B
1.9 3 2.11 6
2.24 7 2.43 9
1.71 2 2.07 5
2.41 8 2.71 11
1.62 1 2.5 10
1.93 4 2.84 12
2.88 13

25 66

There are 6 A samples and 7 B samples, we say that for A, n = 6 and for B, n = 7.
We'll use both rank sums, 25 and 66.
Now go to the table.
Upper and lower bounds, Wilcoxon Rank Sum
Test
95% sure
n 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10
L U L U L U L U L U L U L U L U
3 5 16
4 6 18 11 25
5 6 21 12 28 18 37
6 7 23 12 32 19 41 26 52
7 7 26 13 35 20 45 28 56 37 68
8 8 28 14 38 21 49 29 61 39 73 49 87
9 8 31 15 41 22 53 31 65 41 78 51 93 63 108
10 9 33 16 44 24 56 32 70 43 83 54 98 66 114 79 131
Look at the intersection of n = 6 and n = 7, see the numbers 28 and 56. Since 25 is not
equal to or between 28 and 56, and since 66 is not equal to or between 28 and 56, we reject the
notion that the two sets of group measurements are from the same long-run group average. And
we conclude that there is a difference between the accuracy of loads A and B.
To get into the weeds a bit:
The statement might be: Based on the rank sums shown above, we are not 95% sure that the
groups came from the same long-run group average. If the rank sum of one of the set of groups
had been between 28 and 56, the statement might be: Based on the rank sums shown above, we
are 95% sure that the groups came from the same long-run group average.
See the Appendix for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Worksheet that may be copied and used
for your analysis.
Is load A different from load B? The t test
On the CD there is an EXCEL workbook called t testing.xls. This workbook shows another
method of testing for a difference between loads.

347
7.5 SPOTTING SCOPES
Spotting Scopes are used to see bullet holes in targets at ranges up to 200 yards. (I've
never seen conventional a spotting scope that would reliably show 30 caliber bullet holes at 300
yards or over.) For offhand shooting you must be able to see 30 caliber bullet holes in the black
at 200 yards under most conditions. This is the threshold requirement for a spotting scope, and
spotting scopes either do the job or don't.
There are many cheap spotting scopes for sale that don't do the job. Don't buy one; you'll
be disappointed.
I have two Bushnell Sentry spotting scopes, and I'll buy a better spotting scope when I
find one. I've been looking through every spotting scope I can for a long time, and haven't found
a better one yet.
Walter Deane (a very knowledgeable caster and reloader, most fondly remembered for
inadvertently shooting a 44 caliber bullet through an entire closet of clothing), told me a long
time ago that 20 power was all the magnification needed or usable in a spotting scope. Some
days 30 power eyepieces do a better job, but for all around use, without changing eyepieces,
Walter was right.
Since I wrote the above, I've read about some very good and very expensive spotting
scopes such as Howa. These spotting scopes are reported to be wonderful. They cost in the
neighborhood of $1000, a neighborhood that I don't visit very often.

For many years I shot in an offhand match every Sunday from Nov-Mar, from a heated
shooting house, at 200 yards. Old Colony, Pembroke MA.
We use spotting scopes and look at/for every shot.
Most of the time I could see most of the holes, down to 30 caliber, in the black.
Most of the time I could see 22 holes in the white, many in the black.
Sometimes I couldn't see 45 holes in the white, and many holes smaller than 45 were not
seen-black or white.
All with my 20X Bushnell Sentry
At this match, and whenever I've shot, till today, I ask to look through any spotting scope
I'm not familiar with.
I'm still of the opinion that a 20X fixed power spotting scope is going to do the job as
well as any other scope, most of the time.
Mirage will hurt any view, at any power I've looked through, even on cold days with a
foot of snow on the ground. Everything wiggles around.
I don't know anything about seeing holes at ranges greater than 200 yards.
Spotting scopes I'm talking about must be in the feasible set. This specifically excludes
the Unertl Team Scope and other scopes that are either very big or very expensive. There are
Kowa scopes for $1200 or so, not feasible for most of the folks I know.
In order to do a comparison, it is necessary to set up a pair or more of scopes at the same
range on the same day when there's a lot of mirage-start in the morning before the mirage, and
have a set of folks look through them.
There has been a lot of talk on the CB-L about astronomical scopes, seems like both
reflector and refractor.
But less a comparison = test, I don't know that any of these is "better" than another.

348
On a clear, calm, cool, sunny day without any mirage; my Sentry will allow me to count
22 holes at 200 yards-pretty well, and to accurately count 30 caliber holes. I suspect that many
spotting scopes will allow the same.

But let it get dark or miragy and things go awry.
On bright sunny 90 degree days in Miami (last Wed.) I have a bit of trouble seeing 22
holes in the black at 100 yards!

I think that for now I'll stick with my story, since my opinion is based on 20+ years of
observation of other scopes on the same day at the same place. And that opinion is:
A 20X Bushnell Sentry or ?? does the job most of the time, up to 200 yards, that any
scope will do.
More expensive (Kowa) or ??maybe reflector?? scopes will do a better job some times.
The mount, keeping the spotting scope still, is extremely important. Keeping the scope
steady requires a mount such as a good camera tripod or one of the Al Freeland foldable-
unscrewable mounts. From the bench, various home made clamp on arrangements work well, as
do the bought (expensive) clamp on mounts. The scope has to be still!.
Variable power scopes seem to lack eye relief, and don't work as well as fixed power
scopes.
20X is all you need, most of the time.

Ned Roberts, in "The Muzzle Loading Cap Lock Rifle", (written in 1940), writes about
spotting scopes. Here are some quotes from the chapter "Accessories and Equipment", page 124:
"I have yet to see any prism spotting telescope that can be purchased for $150 or less that gives
as fine definition of the target at 200 or 220 yards as can be obtained with a high-grade draw-
tube telescope having as power of 50 to 70. The English made "Lord Bury" telescope in 50
power is the finest spotting telescope that I have yet owned, and gives most excellent definition
at all ranges."

A lot of years have gone by, the draw tube telescope is an instrument of the past, but I am
interested in his comments about power of spotting scopes.
Roberts goes on to talk about a quote from "The Improved American Rifle", published in
1848, about a spotting telescope with a power of 77 times that allows seeing the head of a pin at
220 yards.
I've never tried to look at the head of a pin at 200 yards, or any such small thing. I think
the background and light would have a lot to do with how well it could be seen. I have looked for
and at 22 holes in the black and in the white on targets at 200 yards, and find that no matter the
power of the scope, very favorable light and mirage conditions are required to see ALL of maybe
10 22 caliber holes in the black at 200 yards. And good light and mirage conditions must exist to
see ALL of maybe 10 22 caliber holes at 200 yards, some of which are touching the lines.
I think that any telescope much above 30 power needs a very stable mount, and that
probably a concrete bench or an extremely stable tripod must be used. Certainly the amateur
astronomers must have mounts or tripods that would do the job.
Anyhow, this is what Ned said almost seventy years ago about spotting scopes.

349
7.6 SHOOTING IN MIRAGE AND WIND

Wind will blow your shots left or right, high or low, depending on the direction the wind
is coming from.
Elaborate charts are drawn showing the effect on the bullet of winds from varying
directions.
Wind from the left moves the bullet right, wind from the right moves the bullet left, wind
from the rear moves the bullet up, wind from the front moves the bullet down.
Many skilled and successful bench shooters use sets of wind flags so that they can "read"
the wind. Some of these wind flags are elaborate, with propellers and streamers and wind socks
and other startling features. I have used sets of wind flags, generally strips of surveyor's ~1"
plastic tape on ~3'-4' wood or steel rods.
I don't know how to hold off in the wind to keep the bullet centered; so I wait until the
wind stops if I can, or just guess at the hold off.
I do know that the effect of the wind on the bullet at ranges to 200 yards is much less than
many people imagine. I've shot small groups enough in very windy conditions without holding
off to say confidently that the wind doesn't effect the bullet all that much. Last Wednesday,
12/20/2006, at the Trail Glades Range in Miami FL, the wind was blowing hard enough to blow
a chronograph screen set over, to blow my notebook off the bench twice, and to blow an empty
22 ammunition box off the bench. I shot five 10 shot 100 yard groups with a Ruger MKII scoped
22 pistol, and without holding off for the wind. Groups were 3.85", 3.35", 3.2", 3.325" and 5.1";
an average of 3.77". I shot a C. Sharps 45/70, four 5 shot groups with each of two loads, and
again averaged, at 100 yards, 1.8" for one load and 2.15" for the other.
Now we're not talking about breaking any bench rest records here, but the crazy wind
does not make the groups crazy, at least at shorter ranges.

When you shoot on a hot day and your rifle barrel gets hot, the heat rising from the barrel
can make the target waver around. This is one kind of mirage, and easy to fix. I make a tube out
of a target and tape it to the bell of my scope, making the hot air go around the line of sight. I
sometimes cut a strip of target as long as from the front scope block or mount to the end of the
barrel, about 2" wide, and tape it to the barrel. This also works. Some shooters use a cloth rig
between the scope bell and the muzzle. Any of these fixes work.

The other mirage is the waving around and apparent moving of the target caused by the
sun and the wind.. I've not seen mirage when the sun isn't out, I don't think.
Mirage moves the apparent location of the target, mostly up, so that if you aim and shoot
at the target center when the mirage is going on, your bullet hole will be high. There's some left
and right displacement going on, but mostly vertical displacement will happen. If there's wind
during the mirage, the image can be moved left or right.
When there's a lot of wind, the mirage goes away, or maybe I just don't see it. I think it
goes away.
There's a lot of science talked about during discussions of mirage, explanations of why
mirage happens. I don't understand any of this.
If you're at the range on a sunny day with intermittent clouds going overhead, you can
watch mirage happen. Set a scoped rifle up on a firm rest, aimed at a sighting dot on the target at
100 yards when there's a cloud keeping the sun off the range. Look through the scope as the

350
cloud leaves and the sun comes out and you'll see the image of the target start to wave around,
and your aiming point move up, leaving the scope aimed below the aiming point. When the
clouds return you can watch the wavering/boiling go away and the aiming point move down to
the cross hair intersection again.
It's often said that when the sun comes out, your shot will go high; and skilled offhand
shooters compensate for this effect. I'm not skilled enough for any compensation to matter.
There can and will be mirage regardless of the temperature, there's all the mirage you
need at Old Colony in Massachusetts on a zero degree sunny day.
If there's enough wind on a sunny day the mirage seems to go away, but it' may still be
there; moving your shots on the paper.
I don't know how to compensate for mirage when shooting from the bench; so I wait till a
cloud comes by, watch for the boiling to stop, and then shoot.

I've read several articles on wind and mirage and shooting, and worked at understanding
and learning to hold off. I can't hold off to shoot very small groups when it's windy or mirage is
heavy. I suspect that learning to hold off is mainly through practice, so that you learn that if you
hold off XX inches in a wind that makes the wind flags go YY, then the bullet will be centered.
The sighter target is available to find the point-of-impact (POI) of an aimed shot during
wind and/or mirage if there is a time limit for the shots. Many bench rest shooters shoot many
more sighters than record shots.

351
7.7 CANT
(Cant in a handgun is not considered a problem, so this is about rifles.)

Cant is the tilting or rotation of a rifle about its long axis. Canting the rifle differently
from shot to shot varies the point of impact of the bullet on the target. Rotating the rifle to the
right moves the impact point to the right and down; rotating the rifle to the left moves the impact
point to the left and down.
Bob Fitzgerald is one of the better and more reliable offhand shooters in the Old Colony
Sportsmans Association, and he holds the rifle at a substantial cant angle. Cant doesnt bother
his shooting because he holds the rifle at the same angle for each shot.
The most important thing to know about cant is that if the rifle is positioned the
same for each shot, then there is no change of the impact point of the bullet from shot to
shot.
More precisely, cant is the rotation of the rifle about the axis going through the sights and
the center of the target. The shooter will keep the sights aligned with the center of the target, and
canting will rotate the rifle about the line going through the sights and to the target. As the rifle is
rotated the impact point of the bullet moves in a circle of radius = drop of the bullet and center at
the zero cant impact point - drop. Lets say that the drop is 6 over some range, and you have
zeroed the rifle with no cant. Canting the rifle moves the bullet through a circle of 6 radius, and
the center of the circle is 6 below the beginning, zero cant impact point.

Let R = radius and C = the cant angle in degrees, then horizontal deflection of the impact
point = R Sin C and vertical deflection = -R-(R Cos C.)
The movement of the impact point is a function of the bullet drop and the angle of cant.
For any cant angle up to 10 degrees or so, the amount of vertical shift is a small fraction of the
horizontal shift, and can be ignored for most applications.
Drop is a function of muzzle velocity and the Ballistic Coefficient (BC) of the bullet, and
is easily estimated on a personal computer using one of the ballistics programs that are readily
available.
A plain base cast bullet has a typical BC of .4, and is fired at around 1400 feet per second
(f/s.) That bullet will drop 9.5 in 100 yards and 1449 in 1000 yards.
Canting the rifle to the right, for example, moves the impact point to the right and down thus:

Cant (degrees) 100 yd 100 yd 1000 yd 1000 yd
right down right down
1 .166 .001 25.3 .221
2 .332 .006 50.6 .883
3 .497 .013 75.8 1.986
4 .663 .023 101.1 3.530

A typical .30 caliber jacketed bullet might have a BC of .5 and muzzle velocity of 2700
f/s. That bullet will drop 2.5 at 100 yards and 414 inches at 1000 yards.

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Canting the rifle to the right, for example, moves the impact point to the right and down thus:

Cant (degrees) 100 yd 100 yd 1000 yd 1000 yd
right down right down
1 .044 .000 7.2 .063
2 .087 .002 14.5 .252
3 .131 .003 21.7 .568
4 .174 .006 28.9 1.009

From the above it is clear that the downward or vertical shift in the impact point is a
small fraction of the horizontal shift, and that the horizontal shift varies directly with the cant
angle. See above, 1 degree gets .044, 2 degrees gets .087 which is twice .044(forgetting
rounding errors,) and so on. The horizontal shift at 5 degrees is 5 times the 1 degree shift.
Then forgetting the relatively small vertical shift, the horizontal shift resulting from
canting the rifle 1 degree is simply a function of the bullet drop, thus:

Drop 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024
Hor Shift .017 .035 .070 .140 .279 .558 1.12 2.23 4.47 8.94 17.9

Estimating the horizontal shift for any cant angle and any drop is done by interpolating and
multiplying.
The horizontal shift caused by canting a rifle 3 degrees when the drop is 432 inches is estimated
so:
to interpolate: 4.47+((432/256) X 4.47) = 7.5 = 1 degree cant horizontal shift
then multiply: 7.5 X 3 = 22.5 = 3 degree cant horizontal shift

CANT WE ESTIMATE LEVEL?

I made a rig to test peoples ability to estimate level. A 3 foot metal ruler, a
screw/nut/washer, a big piece of cardboard and some figuring gave me a calibrated measuring
apparatus. I set the rig up so that when the ruler touched the mark numbered 15, the ruler was
level. I asked people to tell me to move the ruler up and down until they thought it was level,
and then wrote the reading down. With 45 measurements the average was 14.67 and the standard
deviation was .387. What this tells us is that people can estimate level pretty well. They were
about 1/3 of a degree off on average (15-14.67), maybe because of the design of the test rig. The
standard deviation was just under 4/10 of a degree, meaning that 68% of the time accuracy is +/-
.4 degree, 95% of the time accuracy is +/- .8 degree, and 99% of the time accuracy is +/- 1.2
degrees.
My impression is that with a more precise and better designed apparatus, and with
practice, the variation would be reduced-people are probably able to estimate level better than
the results indicate.

MEASURING CANT
I set up to measure cant using two rifles, a Maynard #16 1882 and a C. Sharps M1885,
with iron sights on both and a scope on the Sharps. A piece of plastic pipe, a nail, a bottle with a

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big envelope held on with a rubber band, a bench rest and some trig and we were off. It is setups
like this that cause my wife to call one of the kids and talk a long time.

Maynard, 20 tests, looking
at a blank piece of white
paper
Standard Deviation .73
degrees
Max Left Deviation .86
degrees
Max Right Deviation 1.52
degrees

Sharps 1875, 21 tests, Iron
sights, looking at gray sky
Standard Deviation .41
degrees
Max Left Deviation .93
degrees
Max Right Deviation .69 degrees

Sharps 1875, 20 tests, 30X STS, looking at gray sky
Standard Deviation .30 degrees
Max Left Deviation .39 degrees
Max Right Deviation .61 degrees

The human eyeball can repeat level pretty well. Most of the time to within +/- one degree. And a
flat or straight surface at the front sight aids that repeatability.

CONCLUSIONS
Canting the rifle doesnt matter as long as you do it the same for every shot.
Most of the time most people can tell what's level and repeat holding the rifle level so
that cant doesn't matter much in the overall error equation.
For bench shooters, anti-cant devices solve the problem(if there is one.)
Black Powder long range and silhouette shooters love their spirit level front sights and
believe that they can eliminate cant and increase accuracy using these sights. God bless them.

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7.8 HOW TO CLEAN A CAST BULLET GUN

This is about cleaning after shooting cast bullets, cleaning after shooting jacketed bullets
is another story.
If you're shooting along
and you start to see shots going
off, not where you called them
and out of the group, then 99%
of the time you've got lead in the
barrel.
See the streaks on these
patches. I've finally figured out
the rule on these streaks. Here it
is:
A leaded bore will ALWAYS
show these streaks on patches
after about 10 patches through
the bore. SOM ETIMES, with
SOME RIFLES, I get these streaks no matter how many patches I put through the bore. If my
accuracy goes south and I get these streaks, I ALWAYS find lead in the bore.
Clean the barrel as little as possible. Brush the barrel as little as possible. Excessive
cleaning will wear or damage the barrel.
Some shooters seldom or never clean a rifle shot with cast bullets. Experienced shooters
have made reports of not cleaning for several years or many hundred shots.
I once had a single shot rifle barrel corrode or something after shooting lead bullets, Darr
lube, IMR4227 and Remington 2 1/2 primers. I didn't clean the barrel after shooting, later
something lumpy grew in the barrel. During cleaning black stuff came out as usual but more of it
and some grainy stuff. After cleaning, the damage to the bore could be just barely seen.
This didn't hurt the accuracy. Since then, for the last 25 years or so, I clean all guns at the
range after firing, and again at home.
I can get a clean patch out of any gun barrel to date, but it often takes hours and dozens to
hundreds of patches-and there's no leading.
Here are some questions about cleaning rifle barrels after shooting LEAD bullets and
some representative answers from shooters on the internet:
1. Do you clean DURING a match or range session?
2. How often, or when, do you clean the barrel?
3. Do you clean until brushing produces no more black stuff, until you get a clean patch?

"1. Yes I clean during matches or shooting sessions. I find in my two rifles accuracy degrades in
one somewhere around 15 shots and the other around 25 shots. Accuracy degradation is defined
as either the groups open up, or impact location migrates.
2. I clean between groups unless I can hold the total amount of shots (fouling and score) to less
than 15 total.
3. I do not clean until the barrel is clean. I clean only to manage a certain level of fouling. I find
barrels don't shoot well if they are squeaky clean, nor do they shoot good if really fouled.
One must determine the level of fouling that shoots good in a particular rifle and shoot within

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those minimum shot/maximum shot parameters.
My .30BR hits its stride after 2 fouling shots. My 1903 Springfield needs at least 5 fouling shots
and also seems to need a certain level of "warmness" in the barrel. The .30BR will shoot well in
a cold barrel if the fouling level is between the min/max levels.
I've also found out the fouling parameters vary based on barrel type and powder type. Some
powders are very dirty and some are very clean. V135, if the barrel is squeaky clean, requires
about 20-25 shots just to get the .30BR barrel shooting good again. Varget requires much less.
...."
Bill Warner on CBA

"I clean after every relay during a match or about every 15 rounds. I too find accuracy starts to
suffer if I don't. My cleaning process involves pushing an undersize brush wrapped with a patch
of one of the lead removal cloths sold under various names twice through the barrel followed by
two patches of Ed's Red and finish up with a couple of dry patches. For the 30 cal. I use a 6.5
brush and for the 6.5 I use a 22 cal. brush.
I've examined the barrel after cleaning with a bore scope and it's nice and clean. I use HTWW in
my match rifles and tend to get a little leading so the lead wipes really help. As far as getting a
perfectly white patch at the end of cleaning, I've never been able to
do it but I don't think it's barrel material or I'd be shooting a smooth bore by now.
I've tried a bunch of cleaning methods and haven't found any that do as good a job with as little
work as this one.
.... if you're going to make a habit of cleaning your rifle a decent bore guide is a necessary tool if
you want the throat to last."
Pat Iffland on CBA

"I clean when I arrive home after a range session.
I clean until I get a patch that is slightly discolored with some kind of gray material. I've never
been able to get a patch thru any rifle barrel that wasn't discolored with that faintly gray stuff.
No, it is not lead, and the bore is free of jacket metal too. I have begun to suspect that it is barrel
metal itself. ....
.... I'm not the only one who gets a faint grey stuff on every patch, no matter HOW clean the bore
has become."
John Bischoff on CBA

"I clean at the end of the day sometimes at the range sometimes at home. I use Bore Tech rimfire
solvent. For 32 caliber rifles I wrap a patch around a .30 cal brush. I use a wet patch then a dry
until the black is gone and all I am getting is cooked lube. Lastly I run a patch with some lanolin
cut with mineral spirits through the bore."
40 Rod on ASSRA

"Before I started using Alberta Schuetzen lube I had to clean within 30 shots due to leading.
With the improved lube I clean after the end of the day (usually 100 + shots) and only get fine
lead dust on the first cleaning patch. For peace of mind I always clean prior to each competition
event.
A bore scope taught me that gun cleaning solvents don't handle the carbon build up. Yes there

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are very many good products that quickly remove lead and the powder fouling however you
would be surprised how much carbon buildup takes place over time with even the most stringent
cleaning practices.
Then I discovered JBs cleaning compound. It works great at getting that build up out of there.
Also I lay down a film of Kroil oil before commencing the next round to prevent the start of lead
fouling (before that first lubed bullet has a chance to lay down some lubricant).
For rimfire I clean before a competition but make sure I fire at least 50 rounds to stabilize the
groups before the competition.
It is better to clean at the range as soon as possible after competition.
If the rifle sits a while then that fouling hardens up and is somewhat more difficult to completely
remove.
For chrome moly barrels leaving the fouling overnight after shooting on one of those cool days
can result in condensation which reacts with the fouling to form acids that pit out the barrel. I
have rebarreled numerous pitted barrels for guys who put their rifles away without cleaning
after hunting on a cool humid fall day. "
Tommy on ASSRA

"I don't spend a lot of time cleaning my 2 Douglas 32/40 barrels. They wipe nice with a couple of
patches with whatever I have on hand. Spray of Balistol most often but sometimes just plain oil.
I never wipe them during a Hudson match as my zeros will change fouled barrel to clean. Of
course I don't have any problems with leading to overcome. I only use 1/25 with SPG at
moderate velocities about 1450 fps.
At home after a match I brush them out then patch and solvent until it comes out clean then dry
and oil lightly. I have had other rifles that did lead and needed to be a whole lot more aggressive
cleaning, mostly Military rifles and cast bullets at 1600 fps plus.
Black Powder Schuetzen is another matter and my Douglas 38/55 Barrel gets wiped after every
shot. One wipe with a wet patch half antifreeze and half water with a little Balistol in the mix. I
also look at the bore after the wet patch and will wipe it again or use a pistol rod and patch and
wipe the chamber and throat one more time. That 2nd wet patching depends on how long I
waited after the shot to wipe how hot and dry it is or any number of things. If it does not look
clean I stay after it until it is.
Then I dry the barrel with a 2nd rod and dry patch. What I am looking for is absolutely clean
and dry for every shot. I have shot it in Hudson matches that way successfully. I think wiped it's
just as accurate as my Smokeless loads in 32/40
When I shot the same barrel fixed in BPCS and used a blow tube it worked OK but was not as
acculturate as Breech seating. I suspect it's a combination of breech seated bullets and the clean
bore. Of course in BPCS you don't have time for the absolutely clean routine and have to go with
what you have."
Boats on ASSRA

"For smokeless loads I spray Kroil spray lube in the bore after a shooting session, and then let it
soak on the trip home. Cleaning at home is very easy once it's soaked.
For BP I use a pump spray bottle with dish soap and water mixture, and spray the bore to soak
it thoroughly. Then clean it in normal BP method when I get home. This softens the powder
residue, and again makes cleaning easy.
Marlinguy ASSRA

357

I have been shooting a CPA 32-40 close to five years now using smokeless powder and
the bore has never seen a brush of any kind. Gail Shuttleworth advised me to just do like you
would a baby's butt and wipe it till its clean! I seldom use solvent either. I just run dry patches
through it till its clean and four patches flipped over one time each will usually do it. I then run a
patch through the bore with the lube I use and it is ready for the next outing."
Schuetzen on ASSRA

"I usually will shoot at least 100 rounds in both rifle & pistol before I clean.
My daily range session is NORMALLY 50 pistol & 50 rifle rounds in the summer.
Sometimes I only clean 1 x a wk. (300 rounds) but Utah is hot & dry. No problems for over 30
yrs. shooting. Some of the original guns are still w/ me & doing fine."
Boom Boom on Cast Boolits

"I'll give you some views, especially as they are non-conformist.
1. Do you clean DURING a match or range session?
I never clean a rifle during a match or shooting session.
2. How often, or when, do you clean the barrel?
I clean the barrel only after I have fired it with black powder, made some horrible mistake and
leaded it up or when preparing to store the rifle for an extended period of time.
3. Do you clean until brushing produces no more black stuff, until you get a clean patch?
I clean (at the times specified above) with the tight-fitting jag until the bore is clean. Patches
will almost never be pristine-clean even after "cleaning" the bore thoroughly.

It is my firmly held belief that any rifle used with a good cast bullet load, fired in a barrel
of good condition will virtually never require cleaning just so long as the rifle sees generally
frequent use.
I have rifles that have not been cleaned in many years and thousands of shots which
provide me the very same excellent performance as they did after first acquiring their "break-in"
rounds during load work-ups. And! These rifles are all successfully used in cast bullet
competitions. ~ Most recently I won the Montana 1000 Yard Championship with my 50/90. The
rifle has not been cleaned for at least 1000 rounds (that being the only time I fired it with black
powder).
I think the cleaning compulsion on the part of shooter is entirely misplaced and perhaps
a form of mind-control on the part of those who make and sell bore-cleaning products.
Good afternoon,"
Forrest Asmus on CBA

"I clean all rifles, CF or RF, with a wet patch of Eds Red with lanolin and leave them wet
until I am ready to shoot. At that time I wet patch and then dry patch. The wet patch after
shooting will let me know by the patch dragging if there is any fouling I need to remove after
shooting and if necessary I will use either a brass or stainless brush depending on the bore
fouling. Each bore is different and some will need the occasional stainless brush. I have used
Rem-Clean abrasive on a patch to remove hardened carbon that will not come out with any other
method. I have tried steel wool and it is not abrasive enough. The copper or steel scouring pads

358
at the grocery store are effective at cleaning leaded bores. I wrap a piece of the pad on an
undersized brass or plastic brush. Once cleaned, I wet patch and leave the bore wet."
Bill McGraw

I clean a centerfire rifle each time it is shot. If you do not clean it you will someday find
the combination of temperature and humidity that will cause the bore to corrode, to rust under
the powder fouling, even with smokeless powder, modern primers and cast lead bullets. I know
from personal experience that this can happen, and it does not brighten your day.
Bore Guides
Many shooters use a chamber insert/bore guide/throat protector made from a cartridge
case with the primer hole bored out to cleaning rod diameter. Other bore guides are made of
plastic. The theory is that the cleaning rod bows as it is pushed through the bore, and the bowed
rod wears the throat of the rifle, damaging accuracy. Bore guides protect the origin of the rifling
and the throat, are inexpensive and are highly recommended.
Cleaning Rods
Cleaning rods come in aluminum, brass, steel, and plastic coated steel.
Do not ever use an aluminum or brass cleaning rod, they are offensive. If you have any,
throw them away. Throw them away right now, we'll wait.
Steel cleaning rods are claimed to be so hard that no bad abrasive stuff gets imbedded
into them as it does in the aluminum or brass (they're gone, I hope) or plastic coated rods. This
abrasive stuff is claimed to ruin chamber, bore and muzzle of rifles whenever a non-steel rod is
used.
Plastic coated steel rods are claimed to be easier on the barrel than those hard and
unfeeling steel rods; and that bad abrasive stuff can be wiped off the rod. (The bad abrasive stuff
is probably the glass in the primer mixture, but I don't see how that could accumulate in the
barrel. Maybe the bad abrasive stuff is imaginary.)
I use Dewey coated cleaning rods almost exclusively.
Cleaning the Rifle Barrel
Cast bullet rifle bores end up with lube, powder and primer residue, and (sometimes, but
we hope not) lead in the bore after shooting. The lube and powder and primer residue can be
cleaned out of the bore with about any bore cleaning solvent.
Bore cleaners come in many flavors; any that I have tried will do the job. The bore
cleaners that damage the stock finish are especially infuriating. I use G.I. bore cleaner
sometimes, I use Hoppes #9 because I like the smell, and I use paint thinner and Marvel Mystery
Oil and Kroil. Anything I've tried works, including kerosene and home heating oil. Buying and
using the more expensive solutions may make you feel that you've done something nice for your
gun, but they don't clean it any better than paint thinner.
Use an undersize brass brush or a jag to hold the patches while cleaning. Those slotted
rod tips are dead useless. I use a jag to hold patches for bores under 30 caliber, and used .22
caliber brushes to hold patches for .30 and .32 caliber rifles. Used 30 caliber brushes will hold
patches for the larger bores.
First, push a patch with bore cleaner on it through the barrel and then take the patch off
the brush; you want to push all the bad stuff out of the barrel with that first patch. Then push
more tight patches with bore cleaner through the barrel; work them back and forth if you want.
After six to ten patches you should get a clean patch out of the barrel.

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After ten patches, if the next patch comes out of the barrel with black or grey stains,
there may be lead in the barrel.

Slight bore leading
Kroil
I went to the match in Palm Bay FL on 9 April, 2005; where I leaded the barrels on my
Martini 30/30 bench gun and Maynard Model 16 in 32/35.
I tried to figure out why my guns were leading. I have a set of rifles that work well
without leading-or did. Along with the two mentioned above, there are a M54 Winchester in
30/30 and a C. Sharps Model 1875 45/70 that have been very reliable until lately. Leading is
caused by bullets that are too small; I believed this and tested this theorem for many years. The
bullets for these rifles were of the correct sizes; something else had gone wrong.
I had just about decided that the alloy was at fault, wheelweights, but Ive been using
wheelweights forever.
Then, I thought about the Kroil. Id seen Kroil advertised in old gun magazines, but never
seen Kroil itself until recently. I bought a can about a year ago and liked it. It cleaned well, and
later I found that a tight Kroiled patch, tight enough to squeak when it was pushed through the
barrel, would remove lead slivers. I have been using this method to remove lead for months, and
wondering why the lead? Cleaning every 2-3 sighters and 10 record shots was mandatory.
I thought that perhaps the Kroil was at fault.
At home I cleaned these four rifles with Marvel Mystery Oil-what I used to use for
cleaning-and patched a little lithium grease into the barrels.
Wednesday, April 13, 2005, I shot each rifle 25 or more rounds and then cleaned. There
was no lead in any barrel. The 30/30s, with bullets lubricated with NRA Alox lube, took the
normal 8-10 patches to get a clean patch. The Sharps and Maynard showed clean patches after
four-Darr lube has always worked like this in the past. Groups were fine in the strong wind, with
a 45/70 group at 1.3, some 30/30 groups under 1, and 27 shots through the Maynard in 3.45
wide X 2.5 high.
Im convinced that its the Kroil, that the Kroil cleans the barrel TOO clean, causing the
barrel to lead. Following the Kroil with Marvel Mystery Oil and lithium grease solves the
problem. The first shot needs to go through a lubricated barrel.

Severe bore leading
Severe bore leading at lower (below 1400-1600 fps) velocities is caused by shooting a
bullet too small for the bore of the rifle.
If, after eight to ten patches the next tight patch shows much black or grey color, the bore
is probably leaded.
Lead can be easily taken out of the barrel with "Lead Away" patches made by "Kleen
Bore" Inc., or with 000 steel wool on an undersize brush. (We all have used steel wool in the
past, before "Lead Away" patches, we just don't admit it.)
Some shooters report that strands from a "Chore Boy" pan-cleaning pad, wrapped on a
brush, will easily remove lead. The "Chore Boy" pad is kind of a brass Brillo pad.
A brush will never remove lead from a rifle barrel, but will remove lead from revolver
barrels. I wonder why?
No bore cleaner that I have used will take the lead out of a rifle barrel by dissolving it.

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After the lead is out, tight patches will come out of the bore CLEAN, just like they
looked when they went in. Now push a dry patch through the barrel, followed by an oiled patch.

If you then push a bronze brush with Kroil or Marvel Mystery Oil or paint thinner
through the barrel, followed with a patch, then there will be black stuff on the patch. Continued
brushing and patching, ten strokes of the brush followed by a clean patch, will produce black
stuff on the patch for five or six patches before a clean patch results. This gets some stuff out of
the barrel, but this step is not necessary to protect the barrel and maintain accuracy most of the
time. I don't know what this black stuff is, and I don't worry about it. Less brushing is better, less
cleaning is better, so I avoid this step. My goal is a clean tight patch through the bore.
I get good results with a Nynex = plastic brush.

Avoid bronze brushing with patent bore cleaners
Patent bore cleaners are formulated to remove bullet jacket metal from rifle bores. Using
a brass brush and brushing the bore of a lead bullet rifle with, for instance, Hoppes #9, and then
pushing a patch through the bore, will get you a patch with black stuff on it. Push a few more
patches through until clean patches come out. Brush again with Hoppes, push a patch through,
and you get black stuff on the patch. The Hoppes #9, or any of the patent bore cleaners, eats the
bronze brush, making the black stuff. This always happens, and it happens forever, as long as
you repeat the process. To prove to yourself that the patent bore cleaner is eating the brass brush
and making the black stuff, brush and patch the bore with paint thinner and you'll shortly get
clean patches.

Cleaning From The Muzzle
Cleaning from the muzzle is easily done using a conical brass rod guide as used by the
muzzleloaders. Some guns must be cleaned from the muzzle: Trap Door Springfields, lever
action rifles, revolvers and some Martinis and Wrndls, for example. Just use that rod guide and
everything will be OK. (Years ago an instructor at a High Power clinic suggested that all rifles
should be cleaned from the muzzle, since it is easier to re-crown than re-chamber the barrel. This
made too much sense to us, so we ignored him.)

Cleaning Rimfires
I don't know how often to clean a .22 rimfire rifle. I have asked expert rimfire shooters,
some say they never clean and others say they always clean. I clean .22 rifles about once a year
because I feel guilty. The cleaning only reduces accuracy for ten to a hundred rounds.

Cleaning Revolvers
I have no problem cleaning revolvers with Marvel Mystery Oil and patches. Barrel
leading can be removed with a brush. Since revolver barrels are cleaned from the muzzle, use
one of those conical brass bore guides that the muzzle loaders use to protect the crown on the
barrel.

Electrical barrel cleaners
There are some cleaning devices on the market that electroplate the metal fouling in the
barrel, copper or lead, onto a cleaning rod. The bore is blocked up at one end, some electrolyte
(liquid) is poured in, a metal rod with o-rings to hold it centered is put down the barrel and the

361
juice is turned on. The plan is to have a perfectly clean bore. Reports of results are mixed.
However, it is an impressive piece of kit that will interest the bystanders at the range; and it is
very scientific. Perhaps it is an example of a solution in search of a problem.

Windex and Black Powder

There are many reports that Windex does a very good job of cleaning black powder guns.

CLEANING GUNS WITH PAPER TOWELS

I've been reading about cleaning guns with paper towels-Bounty is recommended.
Yesterday, 8/23/06, at the range I cleaned two rifles with paper towels; ripped off a strip and
wound it around an undersized brush as I do with cotton patches. Dipped it in solvent and pushed
it through the bore. No problems.
But.
I have been told by several/many machinists that paper is hard to cut, very abrasive.
I'm not sure that paper has much more abrasive stuff in it than cotton.
At the end of 2006 I'm still using the paper towels and they're working fine for all the
center fire guns and particularly for the muzzle loading rifles..

"I use the blue shop type paper towels found at Wal Mart. I have used them for some time to
clean the fouling when shooting black powder, both in cartridge and muzzle loader firearms.
Final patch material in cartridge firearms is cotton, if there is some minor lead present. I have
shot my rifles for a number of years and thousands of rounds. I should be so lucky as to wear
one out."
38-55 on the ASSRA Forum

.
"When I first adopted the paper towel and Parker-Hale jag method in the 1970s, I did it because
it was cheaper than boughten patches. We are all familiar with how the price of a commodity
escalates the minute someone tacks a shooting label onto a product. It also worked well, an
added bonus.
It was, and still is, popular in the benchrest crowd, so it can't be too tough on barrels. I use it to
this day because it still works well. All one needs to do is to fool around and figure out how wide
the strip of paper needs to be and then take a 39 cent roll of paper towel down to the local public
library where they have a big paper cutter. One can cut enough long strips in just a few minutes
to last for months.
The side-wound method is better, overall. The "tooth" of the paper towel is an added bonus in
cleaning, like the texture in the weave of an ordinary patch."
Geo. B. Carpenter

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8.0 THE SHOOTING SPORTS
The object of the exercise is to have fun.
Some shooters compete actively in one of the formal shooting sports, others shoot tin
cans. Plinking or practicing offhand shooting or experimenting with loads and guns or shooting
metal silhouettes or shooting at long range targets or pistol practice are all shooting sports that
folks enjoy. Some like competition, some abhor competition.
Don't forget what it's about.
The object of the exercise is to have fun.

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8.1 CAST BULLET ASSOCIATION MATCHES

INTRODUCTION TO CAST BULLET ASSOCIATION M ATCHES--John Alexander

The Cast Bullet Association had its origins in the mid 1970s. Founders Howard Thomas
and Ken Mollohan had been exchanging letters about cast bullet shooting.
By that time the Schuetzen tradition of shooting breech seated plain based bullets was
well developed; but the art of producing practical fixed ammunition with cast bullets was
generally less understood.
Mollohan and Thomas asked Handloader Magazine to print an invitation to other
interested shooters to join in the discussion. Several responded and shortly thereafter the
precursor of the CBA's competitive program was born when some of the members of the group
fired in a postal match.
In a July 7, 1976 letter to the group Thomas urged shooters to send in their targets for the
Associations first informal postal match. It was a 100-yard group match and any target chosen
by the shooter as well as any rifle was acceptable. Shooters could shoot as many groups as they
wanted and send in their best effort for scoring. A month later, Thomas reported that five
shooters had sent in targets and that he had won the match with a 1.16 x .94 group. This
unusual way of reporting results was because the founders believed that the area which would
just cover the group was a better measure of accuracy than just the distance between the two
widest shots.
Sid Musselman was announced as the director of competition in the February 1977
newsletter and he quickly organized both a postal match program for the summer of 1977 and
the CBAs first national match which was held that September at the Hart Familys Range in
Wapwallopen Pennsylvania.
The Associations shooting program has grown from this beginning. The Association
now sponsors a wide variety of programs for members interested in shooting cast bullets in
competition. Benchrest shooting predominates, but some offhand matches are offered.
Local, and regional matches are held at locations throughout the country. The National
Tournament has been held annually since 1977, and the location is rotated among ranges in the
East, Midwest, and West to give members the opportunity to shoot in a national competition
without traveling across the country.
These matches are open to five official classes of firearms; Production (factory rifles),
Heavy (14 pound weight limit), Unrestricted, Long Range Handguns (seven pound weight
limit) and Plain Based Bullets (single shot rifles shooting bullets without gas checks). Many
ranges also welcome jacketed bullet and rimfire shooters wanting to try out competition in an
Open class.
Recently, the CBA has adopted a class for military rifles which is attracting a number of
new shooters into competition. This class is proving to be very popular and more military
matches are being organized every year. Military rifles issued by any nation and legally sold as
surplus qualify.
In addition to these programs, there is an extensive postal match program giving shooters,
anywhere in the world, a chance to try cast bullet competition. This program attracts close to
one thousand entries each year into a wide range of matches with all sorts of firearms. Group,
and score benchrest matches as well as standing matches are offered. These provide

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opportunities to compete with firearms that fit into the five official classes, as well as with
military rifles and carbines, hunting rifles, big and small bore rifles, lever, pump, auto rifles and
several classes of pistols.
The results of all these matches along with technical information on the equipment and
techniques used by the competitors are reported in the CBA's official journal, The Fouling Shot.
The CBA also certifies and maintains the association's national
records for the five benchrest classes as well as for offhand and military rifle.
This system of encouraging competition, sharing technical data, and keeping national
records has resulted in tremendous progress in the art and science of shooting cast bullets in
modern firearms.
The classes, courses of fire, and targets used have evolved over time. At present a match
may consist of either a score match, a group match or both as well as possibly including an
offhand match. To hold a registered group match a range must have moving backers to confirm
the number of shots fired in small groups.
The targets for registered 100 yard score matches have a 0.72 diameter ten ring and a
0.072 X dot. Larger rings each increase 0.72 in size out to a 5.76 three ring. The same target
is used for 200 yards but at that range two rings become one; thus the second smallest ring
counts as a ten, the fourth smallest counts as a nine etc. Group matches are shot on a target of
identical size with a small circle inside a square added at twelve oclock as an aiming point
similar to the targets used by jacketed benchrest shooters. The targets are printed in red to make
bullet holes in the solid red parts more visible.
Military rifle and some postal matches use various NRA standard targets to facilitate the
use of iron sights or for other reasons.
Times allowed in registered matches are ten minutes for five shot score and five shot
group match and fifteen minutes for a ten shot group match. Wind flags are allowed.
A shooter considering entering a match should get a current set of the CBA rules of
competition. These can be obtained from the Director of Services listed on the inside cover of
The Fouling Shot. The course of fire for any shoot can be obtained from the match director of
that event.
The annual National Tournament is currently a four-day affair with a Military Rifle
match, an offhand match and time for sighting in on Thursday and Friday. The official shooting
for the national championship in each class and the overall Grand National Champion is on
Saturday and Sunday. Five shot group, ten shot group and score aggregates are fired at both
100 and 200 yards.
A short description of each of the five official classes and the equipment used in each
follows.
A note on rifle telescopic sights used in the 2006 CBA National Matches.
Weaver 36 18
Leupold 36 12
Tasco 36 2
Unertl 36 2
Burris 8X32 2
Bausch & Lomb 36 2
Leupold 45 2
Others 6

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CBA PRODUCTION CLASS--John Alexander

Production class allows shooters to engage in CBA competition with a factory rifle. All
other classes require an expensive custom-made rifle to be competitive. Perhaps because of the
lower equipment cost, the production class attracts more shooters to the national tournaments
than any other class with the possible exception of heavy class.
Production class not only encourages more shooters to enter competition but also
provides competition for experienced shooters who prefer to see how well a factory rifle can be
made to shoot cast bullets.
The rifle used must be manufactured in a quantity of at least 1,000 in any twelve-month
period. The maximum weight is 12 pounds with the mounted scope. Factory sights and ejectors
may be removed but all other factory parts must be on the rifle when weighed and shot. The
detailed requirements for production class are on the CBA web site.
Virtually all production class competitors shoot varmint weight rifles. The two most
popular brands are Remington and Savage with about equal numbers showing up at the
nationals. The occasional Ruger or Winchester also sometimes appears at the top of the
individual aggregates. However, four different shooters using Savages have won six of the last
seven nation championships in production class.
Almost all production class shooters chose the 308 Winchester. However shooters with
other calibers are often in the top three, and one of these recently set several national records
using a Ruger rifle chambered for the 243 Winchester.
Most production class shooters choose a good quality, 36-power scope since it is
important to see bullet holes at 200 yards.
About half of production shooters cast their bullets from Linotype with the rest using
various alloys. Virtually all the thirty caliber shooters choose bullets of at least 170 grains and
most of the recent winners have used bullets of over 200 grains. For a given shape, the longer
the bullet, the better the ballistic coefficient and the less wind drift. Production shooters use a
wide variety of lubes, powders, and primers with no apparent favorites. For details on the
equipment and loads used in production class see the match reports in the back of every issue of
the Fouling Shot.
To be competitive requires an accurate varmint weight rifle. Although it is sometimes
possible to exceed jacketed bullet accuracy with cast bullets, if the rifle wont shoot four
consecutive five shot groups which average under a minute of angle with jacketed bullets, that
rifle is probably not likely to be competitive in production class.
Once you have found a promising rifle and mounted an appropriate scope, the next order
of business is to find an appropriate bullet and make sure it is a good fit in your throat and bore.
There are many factors that affect cast bullet accuracy but good bullet fit to the throat and
bore is essential. The bullet needs to be aligned with the bore and supported in that alignment
over a substantial portion of the length of the bullet. Some production shooters modify the rifles
throat with various special shapes and tapers and then swage, or bump, their bullets in a die made
with the same reamer to obtain the needed fit. Excellent results can be obtained with this
approach but it costs both time and money. Some top shooters obtain effective bullet fit in the
factory throat by finding a mold that casts bullets that fit or can be lapped to make it produce
bullets that fit. Having a custom bullet mold made to fit your rifles throat is another approach.
If you choose to fit the bullet to the factory throat, you should slug the throat with soft
lead as described elsewhere in the book. Careful measurement of the slug will let you know

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what bullet dimensions are needed for a good fit. A bullet of decent length with a nose that
shows good engraving by the lands when seated, and with the front driving band only slightly
smaller than the diameter of the ball seat portion of the throat, is likely to shoot well.
The muzzle of the rifle should also be slugged in order to compare the groove diameter at
the muzzle with the groove diameter near the throat. Jacketed bullets are somewhat elastic and
thus have the ability to spring back after being deformed. This allows them to be somewhat
tolerant of a bore that is slightly larger at the muzzle. Cast bullets have very little elasticity and
usually do much better if the bore is uniform or tapers to a slightly smaller diameter at the
muzzle. Thus, if the rifle has a larger bore at the muzzle it may be difficult attain good cast
bullet accuracy, even though it may be accurate with jacketed bullets.
Once suitable equipment is assembled and a method is found to fit the bullet to the throat
and bore, the most important thing is to practice as much a possible under conditions you would
expect to find at a match.
Production class shooters cant consistently match the high performance of the other
three classes that allow high quality custom rifles. However, the best production shooters often
shoot scores that would place them in the money in individual aggregates in the other classes.
Production class shooters take pride in finding ways to achieve excellent accuracy with mass
produced rifles.
By the time this goes to print, there may be another official CBA factory rifle class that
allows a shooter to be competitive with even lower equipment costs. The CBA is running postal
matches on a trial basis limited to the type of hunting rifles that many shooters already have. If
there is sufficient interest in these postal matches, this may be made an official class on a trial
basis.
Few shooters have a varmint weight 308 but many have a sporter weight 308 or other
caliber that may be competitive. This class would not only restricts the weight of rifle and scope
to nine and one half pounds but would also disallow some of the modifications allowed in the
present production class making it closer to a true factory rifle class.

CBA HEAVY CLASS

The CBA rules essentially allow any center fire rifle that weighs less than 14 pounds with
sights.
These are the fairly expensive custom built rifles.
. In 2006 the National Match Unrestricted competitors used the following:

Actions:
Nesika 2
Hall 2
Rem 700 2
Rem 40x 1
Rem 722 1
ATM 1
Borden 1
Self 1
Springfield 03/A3 1

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Barrels:
Hart 6
Shilen 3
Lilja 3

Stocks: McMillan 5, others 1 each

Calibers:
30BR 8
30 PPC 2
308 Win 1
30 Long 1

Bullets: 183 to 216 gr., with 10 of 12 weighing over 200 gr.

Alloy: 10 used linotype, 2 used 7 parts linotype and 3 parts wheelweights

Lubes: Blue Angel, 4 LBT Blue, 4, others, 1 each

Powders: N133, 3 N135, 2 Varget, 2 others 1 each

Primers: WSR, 5 WLR, 2 Fed 210M, 2 others 1 each

Scopes:10 at 36X, 1 at 18X, 1 at 45X

CBA UNRESTRICTED CLASS

The CBA rules essentially allow any center fire rifle that the shooter can lift onto the
bench in this class. This includes "machine rest" and "rail" and "return to battery" guns that do
not require the shooter to aim or control the rifle during shooting. These are the big, heavy,
expensive envelope-pushing guns that are the test beds for change and innovation.
. In 2006 the National Match Unrestricted competitors used the following:
Actions: Remington 700 4
Others, one each
Cartridge: 30 BR 4
308 X 1 1/2 2
25 BR 1
30 Long 1
38/56 1
Barrels were Lilja (2), Black Star (2), Krieger (2), Hart-Shilen-Douglas 1 each
Eight of nine shooters cast bullets of linotype, six types of primers were used, five types
of bullet lubricants were on the bullets.
Telescopic sights ranged from 32X to 45X, with 36X used by six of nine shooters.
Today, early 2007, it appears that there is not much common ground in the Unrestricted
class; as we would expect.

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CBA PLAIN BASE BULLET (PBB) CLASS
The CBA rules for the PBB class require that no metallic gas check be used on the
bullet. In 2006 the National Match PBB competitors used the following:
Actions: DeHaas-Miller 5
CPA 44 1/2 2
Peregrine 1
FBW 1
Cartridge: 32 Miller short 4
32/40 3
8.15X46R 1
38/56 1
Six different barrel brands were used.
Eight of nine shooters used AA#9 or H108-these powders are somewhere between very
close and identical.
Bullets weighed from 202 to 229 grains and were cast from lead/tin alloys from 20/1 to
30/1.
Seven of nine shooters used 36X telescopic sights.
Seven different varieties of primers were used, seven different bullet lubes were used.
So it would seem that today, early 2007, that the DeHaas Miller action in 32 Miller Short
with a good barrel shooting a bullet >200 grains, with AA#9/H108 and using a 36X scope is the
most popular combination in the PBB class.
Unfortunately the DeHaas Miller action business has been sold to Dakota Arms, and is
either unobtainable or extraordinarily expensive today.
Here are the 2006 CBA National Match results, for rifle shooters who completed all four
group matches.
2006 CBA
Nationals
Average 5/100 0.710 1.357 0.847 0.855
Smallest 5/100 0.186 0.495 0.151 0.259

Average 5/200 1.806 3.093 1.942 1.870
Smallest 5/200 0.862 1.075 0.742 0.482

Average 10/100 0.975 1.648 1.201 1.028
Smallest 10/100 0.662 0.688 0.558 0.420

Average 10/200 2.910 3.909 2.947 2.600
Smallest 10/200 1.356 1.284 1.474 1.141

It seems clear that the single shot rifle shooters shooting plain base bullets can hold their
own against their gas check using opponents.

CBA LONG RANGE HANDGUN COMPETITION--Jesse Miller

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In Cast Bullet competition there is a class for pistols called Long Range Handgun (LRH).
This class offers plenty of opportunity to experiment. One can experiment with scopes and
caliber to ones heart content.
One interesting aspect of this is that the competitor shoots the same targets and match
schedule that is used for the various rifle classes. Thus the handgun needs to be tuned in much
the same way as the match target rifle.
The most commonly used guns are the Remington XP-100, and the Savage Striker. The
Thompson Contender has been used by a few shooters. Some others makes are available on a
custom basis. Most competitors, after being at it for a while, will reconfigure the gun to their
own ideas.
The major limitation is a maximum weight of seven pounds. Other limitations are 15
inch maximum barrel length and forearm width.
At this writing, there have not been any perfect scores shot for record; however the
small groups are becoming quite impressive. Thus there is ample room for a new star to come
along and show us how to do it!

Here are some representative loads:
30 BR:220 gr. Eagan ARD, 28.8 gr. VN 133, F205M, MV 1895 C. "Heavy Recoil"
30 BR:189 gr. Hoch #52. 27 gr. VN 133, F205M, MV 1890 C.
7 BR short:168 gr Saeco #073, 22.9 gr VN 130, F205M, MV 1890 C.
6 PPC:90gr. NEI #11., 22.7 gr VN 133, F205M, MV 1925 E.

Below are some Remington XP 100 LRH handguns

CBA MILITARY RIFLE COMPETITION--Claris Hyett

The military rifle cast bullet classes and competitions are being set up to offer everyone
who owns a military rifle of any caliber or origin an opportunity to compete. The first few years

McMillan stock, caliber 30BR, 36X Weaver
scope in Ken Light high rise mounts

Black Precision stock, caliber 6mm PPC, Burris
10X EER scope

MPI stock. caliber 7mm BR Short, 35X 30 MM
Leupold scope in Ken Light high rise mounts

Remington XP100, 221 Fireball, Stock

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are for the setup and growing the concept; we will regroup after these years and see if this will
become a permanent offering.
We hope to emulate the Plain Base Shooters who in the last decade have setup their own
class, set some very impressive records, have a great percentage of the shooters at any match or
the Nationals, and who have a great time. The variety of rifles Ive personally seen shot include
Krags, Springfields, Swiss K-31s, Mausers in both 7 mm and 8 mm, Swedish 6.5 X 55s,
Garands, and even a Japanese 7.7. This is competition for everyone.
Vision: Rifle competition for military rifles using cast bullets.
Mission: Setup the rules for the rifles and the competition, record and referee the
matches, organize the reporting, and monitor the growth for this type of match.
Goals: 1) Local, regional, and national competition, 2) team matches, even international,
3) recognize records and champions, and 4) having a good time
Objectives: Class rules open enough to allow everyone to shoot, class rules standard
throughout the competition, national and even international competition, records
remember, this is an international group and the records will be international), growing
the CBA by adding more members and adding more active members, enjoyment of the
company of like-minded shooters.
The classes are; 1) Issue Sight, 2) Modified Irons, 3) Modified Scope. The classes are set
up to have the collectors who have original rifles shooting against each other, the people who
have modified their rifles for competition or hunting shooting against each other, and the people
who have trouble seeing the sights any more and have scoped their rifles shooting against each
other. So far, the classes have been fairly evenly represented and competitive, the Modified Iron
sight class having the fewest members at a match.
Interpretation of the rules will be in favor of the shooter for Modified Scope which means
that variable power scopes can be used if they are set on six-power and left there. The Match
Director will monitor that the scope is being used at six-power in the match and anything higher
will be cause for disqualification. This means that even using the scope on a higher power on the
sighter target is not allowed. And by the way, there are some excellent six-power scopes
available with target torrents and adjustable objectives that are built for the jacketed benchrest
shooter who have their Hunter Rifle class which also lists the scope power to 6X.
Quoting directly from the CBA Rules:
5.8 - Military Rifle Shoot - The rules for Registered Military Rifle Shoots shall follow existing
CBA Benchrest rules with the following additions and exceptions.
(a) Military Rifles
[1] Issue - Any military service rifle issued to any nation and legally sold as
surplus in the US and in strictly as issued configuration. This means NO
modifications are allowed to the rifle.
[2] Modified Iron - Any military service rifle issued to any nation and legally sold
as surplus in the US and with issue action and barrel. Stocks may be either issue
stocks, modified military stocks or sporter stocks. Modified military or sporter
stock forearms may not be wider nor flatter on the bottom than the original stock
issued for that rifle. Modified military or sporter stocks may not weigh more than

371
the original issued stock. Any trigger and iron sight may be used and glass
bedding is allowed.
[3] Modified Scope - Any military service rifle issued to any nation and legally
sold as surplus in the US and with issue action and barrel. Stocks may be either
issue stocks, modified military stocks or sporter stocks. Modified military or
sporter stock forearms may not be wider or flatter on the bottom than the original
stock issued for that rifle. Modified military or sporter stocks may not weigh more
than the original issued stock. Any trigger and scope up to a maximum of 6 power
may be used. Glass bedding is allowed.
(b) Targets
[1] 100 Yard - NRA official 600 yard National Match Course target reduced to
100 yards
(MR 31).
[2] 200 Yard - NRA official 600 yard National Match Course target reduced to
200 yards
(MR 52).
(c) Time Limits - 10 shot score
Time Limits - 10 shot score matches will be fired in 15 minutes elapsed time.
(d) Course of Fire - All military competitions will be held using single round loading.
100 Yard Benchrest Score - Ten shots on each of two separate MR-31 targets for
a combined total of 20 record shots. A separate sighter target may be used.
200 Yard Benchrest Score - Ten shots on each of two separate MR-52 targets for
a combined total of 20 record shots. A separate sighter target may be used.
5 Shot Benchrest Group - Course of fire same as standard rules but using above
targets and due to target size, no backers will be required. A separate sighter
target may be used.
(e) Wind Flags - The use of individual wind flags is optional.
I have a choice of three Springfield 1903s and a Trapdoor for this competition. Id love to shoot
the Trapdoor, but some ranges do not allow black powder and it is not the better shooting rifle of
the collection. However, it is the most fun to shoot and sometimes it surprises me in practice
with a good score.

1873 Trapdoor by Springfield Arsenal, Issue (Buffington) sights, Issue stock, 65 grains FFG,
30:1 alloy, Lee 500 grain bullet sized .460"
1903A1 by Rock Island Arsenal, Issue sights, Issue stock, 27 grains Reloader 7, Linotype alloy,
Lyman 311335 sized .311"

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1903A3 by Smith Corona, Issue sights, Issue stock, 31 grains Reloader 7, Linotype alloy, Lyman
311284 sized .311"
1924 Target by Springfield Arsenal, Lyman 48 Long Slide rear and Lyman 17A Globe front
sights, M2 Springfield glass bedded stock, 30 grains Reloader 7, Linotype alloy, Lyman 311335
sized .311"

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8.2 INTRODUCTION TO SCHUETZEN RIFLE SHOOTING
The Rifles
The Schuetzen Rifle shooters keep alive a German Schuetzen tradition going back to
before the Civil War.
While this style of shooting started with muzzle loading caplock rifles, the rifles used
today are the single shot cartridge rifles made from about 1865 to 1915; modern reproductions of
those rifles, original German and Swiss schuetzen rifles and newly-designed rifles.
In competition only single shot non-bolt-action rifles are allowed.
The original rifles include the Remington Rolling Block and Hepburn, Stevens 44 1/2 and
44, Ballard, Sharps original falling block and Borchardt, 1885 Winchester "Low Wall" and
"High Wall"; and that wonderful triumph of engineering and rifle-makers skill-the Maynard.
Reproductions of most of these original rifles have been made in the past or are being
made now, here in the USA or abroad. The Italian makers produce some quite nice rifles.
The original German schuetzen rifles are primarily rifles brought back to the USA by
soldiers after the Second war. These are frequently elaborately carved and finished rifles with big
stocks.
The Swiss rifles include the USA 1930 Hammerli 30/06 "Team Rifles" and other rifles of
that general design..
Newly-designed rifles include the Ruger No. 1 or No. 3, Peregrine, Hoch, deHaas-Miller
and New England Firearms/H&R rifles.
The deHaas-Miller action was designed by Frank deHaas, author of "Single Shot Rifles
And Actions" and other books. The design was perfected and put into production by Dean
Miller. The design and or tooling has now been sold to Dakota Arms. The deHaas-Miller
actioned rifles own the benchrest single shot game today, 2006.
The New England Firearms/H&R rifles.are inexpensive but well made and very accurate
modifications of an original single shot break open shotgun design. These guns are marvelous
and allow shooters to get started in the single shot game without having to sell any cattle.
Cartridges start with the 32/40, the most popular chambering for the old-time rifles. Then
there are the 38/55, 33/40, 28/30 and 25/20 to round out the most often seen original American
cartridges. The German Schuetzen rifles are predominantly chambered for the 8.15 X 46R.
Modern cartridges include the 32 Miller Short and it's brethren, small cartridge cases made from
the 357 Magnum or Maximum.
Bullets are lead alloy with plain bases-no gas checks are allowed in competition.
The Associations
There are two national associations, the ASSRA = American Single Shot Rifle
Association and the ISSA = International Single Shot Association. The ASSRA is sort of the
eastern organization, with the home range at Etna Green/Warsaw Indiana. The ISSA is sort of
the western organization, with the big-time matches held at the NRA Whittington Center range
in Raton NM. The ISSA matches at Raton are a continuation of the Coors matches held in
Golden, Colorado starting in 1982.
The Wyoming Scheutzen Union (WSU) is another association that centers more on black
powder and traditional rifles.
There are also many local associations such as the Western New York Schuetzen Society
and the Massachusetts Schuetzen Society, founded by Don Spalding as I watched.
The Matches

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Matches vary from range to range, association to association. There are offhand =
standing up matches and benchrest matches, shot at 200 yards or 100 yards or 50 or 25 yards for
rimfire rifles,one or three or five or ten or twenty or one hundred shots, re-entry = buy another
target and try again, and again, and again; or single entry. Some shooters take hours to shoot one
five or ten shot target-waiting out the conditions.
There are centerfire and rimfire matches, cross sticks with a buffalo rifle matches,
matches where you shoot at a lovely wooden eagle target. You name it, somewhere they shoot it.
There was a guy at the Fairfax club who shot 200 yard 22 rimfire groups that were truely
amazing.
The local associations run matches as they see fit. The Florida matches have only one re-
entry; best-of-two-targets-count.

Offhand and benchrest-for-score matches are shot on the German Ring Target-see the
picture courtesy of Chris Jens. The 200 yard version of this target has a 25 ring 1.5" in diameter.
The 24 ring is 3" diameter, 23 ring 4.5"
diameter, and so on. Offhand and benchrest-for-
score targets for other ranges are scaled
proportionately. There are targets printed in
black, others in red-the red makes it easier to
see the holes. Either black or red, the German
Ring Target is very "busy", with lots of
numbers printed on it.
The ASSRA matches are pretty laid
back. Shooters come early to a typical Saturday
and Sunday match, stake a claim to a bench, set
up their equipment, and begin to schmooze.
There's a lot of talking and visiting and buying
and selling going on. Most of the shooters are
older guys who shoot bench rest only-offhand
shooters are in the minority. Many shooters will
work on a few re-entry matches for the two
days, paying for and shooting a lot of targets;
waiting for the magic to happen.
There's little or no pressure, plenty of help if you need it (or even if you don't), and more
advice than you can imagine.
The visiting adviser often starts the conversation with:"I see that you are using the thus-
and-such rifle (or sight or powder or bullet or bench rest or primer or shoes or...). I suppose that
it is possible to shoot well with the thus-and-such, however nobody has ever done so to my
knowledge...."
This is intended to boost your confidence and make you comfortable at the match.
I don't know how the ISSA matches work, but suspect that they are a bit more formal.
Assigned benches/positions, certain matches starting at a certain time, and so on. That's how it
was at Coors in 1983 and 1984.
I'm sure that there's plenty of advice available at the ISSA matches.
Go to a match and you will be welcomed and made to feel at home. You'll like it.

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8.3 BUFFALO RIFLE
Forrest Asmus
I live within a 2-hour drive of Forsyth, Montana where the first of these type matches was
held back in 1991 as proposed by Al Lee of the Forsyth Rifle and Pistol Club. Al called his
match the Quigley Down Under Long Range Buffalo Rifle Match and organized it according to
his own preferences. Since that time things have changed somewhat but the match itself and the
many others that have arisen around these parts since then are in the same spirit and use
essentially the same rules for shooting that Al set forth at the beginning.
Since the matches are a great deal of fun to shoot in there has been a continual increase in
the size of the Quigley match and other clubs around my four state area have started their own
Buffalo Rifle matches as well. The need for some insight or recommendations about how a
Rifleman might prepare for going to one of these gatherings for the first time is appropriate.
Al always says the first and only rule at Quigley is to "Have Fun!" All other information
is for organizational purposes only. I've always liked that and I will use this "Information" as a
guideline for introducing Buffalo Rifles to those shooters who are interested but inexperienced
along those lines.
Equipment is first. For this type match you may use any traditional single shot or tubular
magazine lever operated rifle. The key word here is "any": With the exception of single shot bolt
guns you can shoot anything from the H&R "Handirifle" right on up to one-off custom single
shots. You may shoot Millers, Rugers, modern reproductions of all kinds and ancient but
shootable originals. Muzzle loading "slug guns" are permitted as well! If it is of .375 nominal
bore size or greater and safe, you are welcome to use it.
Along with the rifle goes choice of sights. This portion of the "information" is pretty easy
to understand but winds up being a very critical not only for the type of sight but how much
money you have to invest in supposedly "simple" iron sights. The information reads: "Any" two
piece metallic sight, (no tube sights). The simplest solution I've seen for the sighting requirement
is the old as-issued "ladder" sights on Trap-Door Springfield rifles.
What a fellow really needs for a rear sight, and this is pretty much a minimum
requirement, is some sort of tall, rugged tang mounted sight capable of about 2 to 3 inches of
elevation over the centerline of the bore, depending on the height of the front sight itself. In
addition to the elevation necessary such a sight must also be capable of at least of a degree (15
MOA) adjustment left and right of center for windage. One of the adjustable aperture peep disks
is a very good addition to the rig. The ability to adjust for ambient lighting conditions as they
change right on the firing line is a fine thing to have.
For the front sight it is pretty much required to have a spirit-level globe type front sight
capable of adjustment for windage. These sights come with an assortment of inserts, allowing the
shooter to select various designs for their front sight. The manufacturer normally supplies
apertures of various sizes, posts of various widths and "pinheads" for those so inclined. Some of
the options I have seen remain quite mysterious! But no doubt someone finds them useful.
The part of the "information" I like best is where "Any safe powder charge" is
permissible, using "Any lead bullet". Swaged or cast bullets are OK. Plain base, paper patched or
gas checked bullets are OK. Black Powder or smokeless powders are OK, to include duplex
loads of smokeless and black. All things, it seems, are permitted so far as loads are concerned
and this allows shooters to pick the combination they believe to be the best, load it up and go
shooting with no questions asked.

376
In practice down on the firing line there are more shooters using smokeless loads than
black but there is no contention between the competitors about which is "best". The question has
little importance, palling to insignificance as compared say to how much wind is blowing at a
given moment.
For me the very heart of this type of shooting is the casting, loading and shooting of
bullets that are made for the game. I was advised when I began to load and shoot at long range to
shoot the heaviest bullet you can. This advise was well intended since long, heavy bullets
resist wind drift better than light bullets do and it is valid up to a point but I soon found a shooter
can have too much of a good thing as I looked at paper targets made at 500 meters showing
badly out-of-round bullet holes made with 410 grain bullets in my 40/65 Ballard: The bullets
were inadequately stabilized in the 18 inch twist of my barrel.
I wont go on and on about bullet stability and barrel twist. The subject is well traveled
by many others elsewhere. I only want to say, and say firmly, emphatically, that a barrel must
have a twist fast enough to keep your bullet point-on over the whole distance. The minimum
twist needed for any 375 or 40 caliber rifle I might undertake would be 14. I like the 16 inch
twist in 44 and 45 caliber even though some very good shooting is done with 18 inch twists in
45/70. For the 50 caliber I like a 20 inch twist even though others say 24 or even 26 is fast
enough. In short, I prefer to err on the fast side of good enough.
I shoot mainly smokeless powder in my rifles and I have found certain combinations to
be successful not only in my rifles but in several others as well. I might even venture far enough
to say that the big straight cases used in Buffalo Rifle shooting and the rifles they are chambered
in seem to accept certain standard loading combinations more readily than the typical high power
rifles using bottle neck cases.
This subject of loading smokeless powder into the rather spacious cartridge cases
intended for shooting black power in rifles mainly designed in the black power era is an area
requiring a certain discretion or disclaimer of responsibility since safety enters into the area of
consideration right away.
I will write about smokeless loads that have worked for myself and others for many,
many tens of thousands of shots in our buffalo rifles with never a problem but always keep in
mind that I do not recommend them for use in your rifle. That must always be your choice and
your choice alone.
That being said I will say that I have found the large cases such as 45/70 or 44/63 or
40/65 will always perform better when the smokeless powder is loaded with some sort of inert
material filling the extra volume in these big cases.
Some of these combinations are things like 27 grains of MP5744, or 21 grains SR4759 in
the 45/70, filled with about one eighth to one forth sheet of normal toilet paper, packed or
tamped uniformly on top of the powder, toped with a card wad of 0.050 thickness and the typical
500 to 540 grain bullet over it all. Charmin is best (really!) since it has the most volume of them
all. Other shooters use polyester type fillers. Things like Dacron or kapok are also commonly
used to fill the big cases. The function of these fillers is mainly to position the power uniformly
within the case. They provide only marginal gas sealing properties but are better than nothing at
all.
Other inert fillers are in use as well. I have found that some granulated cereals such as
corn meal or Cream-of-Wheat or hominy grits will do a fine job of filling the unused spaces of
big cases and they provide excellent gas sealing properties too: Never a problem with leading
when shooting cereal fillers! Cereals in straight wall cases work quite well. They have noticeable

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weight of course and such weight will show up in loading combinations as additional projectile
weight; you have to add it to whatever your bullet weighs in considering the amount of power
selected for the load.
When working up a load that you intend to shoot over the extended distances used in
buffalo rifle shooting the criteria should be slanted not perhaps for ultimate accuracy at 100 or
even 200 yards but for the maximum range you intend to shoot over. This, as we have
mentioned, is somewhere between 750 to 850 yards. A load that shoots well at close range may
very well fall apart at extended distances. Since many (or most) shooters do not have rifle ranges
available that extend that far it is very important to work not only for accuracy but also for the
very smallest Standard Deviation of velocity you can manage for a given loading combination.
One of the main characteristics of black power is that it may be loaded to combinations that
provide SDs in the single digits. Things like 4 or 6 ft/sec SD are much more easily accomplished
in black power shooting than they are in smokeless and this is one of the outstanding reasons
shooters continue to have such excellent success with it.
An "ideal" load would be one that shoots right around 1250 ft/sec with a SD of 10 or less
giving at least 2 minute accuracy as far out as you have range to prove it.
Once such a combination is identified shoot it over the course of several months to see
how various changes in conditions affect its performance. A good load should shoot well right
through the range of temperatures that you yourself find acceptable for your sport. For example I
shoot the same loads in my rifles as from as cool as 35 degrees right on up to 100+, which is all
too common out on the Montana prairie in the summertime!
As these things indicate, buffalo rifle shooting is not a sport where you are endlessly
playing with different loading combinations. Pick a good one and use it all year. Shoot as much
as you possibly can over long range to acquire and improve your ability to judge "condition" for
that is the area of most critical importance!
When comes the time to attend your first Buffalo rifle match you should remember that
these matches are meant to be fun. There is no classification system of shooters, just show up
and lay your money down, usually no more than $20 and you're done.
Once on the ground you will see lots of folks running around with rifles, spotting scopes,
ammunition, cross sticks and usually something to sit on.
What you settle on for your own use should be considered along the lines of how much
material you need to pack up and down the firing line.
The "typical" Buffalo Rifle match is run across a fair amount of prairie. The targets,
usually 6 to 8 steel silhouettes, will be arranged along a line on the order of about mile long or
more. The targets are usually set up on one side of a hill or one side of a valley and the firing
positions are set up on a two-track dirt road facing them at intervals of 2 or 300 yards.
Taking myself as an example of a shooter that travels relatively light I recommend that
some sort of cart be used to haul all the stuff needed along with you. I use a modified dolly to
hold my rifle, spotting scope, tripod, ammunition and a lawn chair. This way I can roll along the
two-track road to the various firing points with everything I need with relative ease. Some
shooters make or buy large shooting carts that hold as much as a light pickup truck. Others make
do by hand carrying only the bare minimum of equipment along with them, its your choice.
Distances to the targets are always non-standard. Things like 781 yards to the Quigley
buffalo or 376 yards to the "small diamond" are the norm. You will never find even distances
such as 200, 300 or 500 yards. At various matches the target shapes are unique. Geometrical
shapes dominate at Quigley, at others animal shapes such as antelope, bears or deer are seen. At

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yet others somewhat irregular shapes reminding a man of doors off armored cars, or the state of
Illinois come into sight. All of these odd shapes are sometimes difficult to acquire and maintain
consistent sight pictures on as compared to typical bullseye targets.
The matches are run by dividing the shooters into groups, which are then assigned their
targets. These shooters are then divided into squads of 4 to 6 who will fire in rotation at the
target. The shooters that are not actively shooting at a given time always provide their services to
the firing line by guessing "condition" and spotting hits or misses for the fellows doing the
shooting at the time.
Matches are scored by hits. Any hit that rings the steel is good for score, including
ricochets. Ties are broken by the greatest number of hits on the most difficult targets. Offhand
being the toughest, then the longest distance and so forth.
The sport is run in an open friendly way, there is light interest in dressing "period" but it
isn't required. Many shooters come to meet and renew friendships and to learn more. At the big
matches there are always vendors selling various items deemed nice or necessary. Small towns
of campers, trailers and tents appear on the prairie during the mach shooting all full of the kind
of people you'd like to be with all the time.

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8.4 BLACK POWDER SHOOTING
We're fortunate that replicas of many black powder guns are available today, flintlock
and cap lock rifles, single shot pistols and revolvers, long range muzzle loading black powder
target rifles and black powder cartridge rifles.
Matches seem relaxed and without stress, with the shooters intent on having a good time
without regard to how well they score.

TRADITIONAL BLACK POWDER MUZZLE LOADERS
The old time round ball muzzle loaders in both flintlock and cap lock are shot in matches
across the country. Rifles include the Pennsylvania and Kentucky rifles, most flintlocks; and the
Hawken/Lyman Great Plains family of percussion cap round ball guns. Matches are held at
ranges to 100 yards with these guns, both offhand and bench and sometimes from cross sticks.
Matches for single shot flintlock and cap lock pistols are sometimes seen.

BLACK POWDER CAP LOCK REVOLVERS
These include the Colt and Remington revolvers and the myriad of others that were
produced from 1836 to 1873 or a little later. These are sometimes shot in matches at 25 yards,
and are used in some of the Cowboy Action Shooting matches.

LONG RANGE MUZZLE LOADERS
There is a small but dedicated contingent shooting these target rifles with either paper
patched or "naked" grooved lubricated bullets to 1000 yards and beyond. The scores I've seen are
impressive. Replicas and originals of the Gibbs and Whitworth rifles are frequently seen. This is
a shooting sport that requires experience and patience and knowledge and access to a range
going to 1000 yards.

MUZZLE LOADING TARGET RIFLES AND SLUG GUNS
In the 19th century shooting great big target rifles, commonly at 40 rods, (220 yards), was
popular. These rifles shot either paper patched or naked grease grooved elongated bullets, and
weighed as much as 40 pounds, with barrels to 4" in diameter. While some target rifles of 16
pounds or so could be shot offhand, this was primarily a benchrest-even machine rest-
proposition. Original Brockway, Anschutz, Gove, Ferris et al rifles are shot today, as well as
rifles made by contemporary gunsmiths.
I've watched these matches at Fort Ticonderoga and was interested but intimidated by the
experience and knowledge of the shooters. I'd like to get a gun and try this some day.

BLACK POWDER SCHUETZEN
Schuetzen shooting matches involve both offhand and bench rest shooting at 100 and
(more often) 200 yards. There tends to be no time limitation, so a relaxed loading and shooting
environment is most common.
Originally the Schuetzen shooters shot black powder-that's all there was. Now some
Schuetzen shooters use black powder, but the number is small. I think because there are no
matches or categories solely for black powder.
Such cartridges as the 32/40, 38/55, 25/20 SS, 28/30 and a lot more were originally
loaded with black powder. They can be shot accurately with black powder today, either breech
seated or as fixed ammunition. Developing a load is somewhat more complex with black powder

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than with smokeless. A complete regimen for loading and shooting is required. Here is an outline
of the decision and loading/shooting process.
For any given rifle, cartridge, bullet combination:
Breech seat or fixed? Breech seating may be more accurate than shooting fixed
ammunition. Breech seating means that there will be a gap between the powder and wad and the
base of the bullet-a practice that some warn against. I have shot many breech seated bullets with
a case of powder and wad/s on top, with the offending gap, and have had no trouble to date.
Cartridges for breech seating may be prepared ahead of time, with a cardboard or cork or
plastic or grease wad, or some combination of these, in the case mouth. Cartridges may be
prepared for shooting at the bench, however this turns into a labor intensive method of shooting.
Cartridges for shooting fixed ammunition may and most often are prepared ahead of time.
Soft bullets? Black powder and duplex loads cause the bullet to "bump up" or "obturate".
This means that a bore diameter bullet will, under the correct loading conditions, bump up to
groove diameter. And it means that a smaller diameter bullet than expected can provide good to
excellent accuracy in black powder loadings. For the dimensionally challenged
chamber/bore/cartridge case situation, this characteristic can come in very handy.
Duplex or straight black? Many of the old timers and modern day shooters use duplex
loads; a small quantity of smokeless powder in the case first, followed by the main charge of
black powder. Again, some warn against duplex loading, but I have shot and seen others shoot
many thousands of duplex loaded cases and cartridges-all without trouble.
Duplex loading makes the rifle shoot much cleaner than with straight black powder;
however it offends the traditionalist. A common recipe for duplex loading is 5 grains or not-
more-than-5% smokeless under a slightly reduced load of black powder. I have used SR4759 as
the smokeless, as well as several other slower smokeless powders. I've read about folks who use
about any of the slower powders, in the IMR4198, IMR4895, IMR4831, IMR4350 areas. I don't
think it is a good practice to use the fast pistol powders for duplex loading-but that's just an
opinion. I suspect that shooters use whatever they've got a little of left in the can.
Bullet lubricant? I use Darr lube pretty exclusively for most single shot shooting. Darr
lube is half paraffin canning wax, half Vaseline, and a spoon of RCBS case lube. I leave out the
case lube, put in a little Marvel Mystery Oil. The black powder shooters contend that the lube is
of great importance, and maybe it is. Various home made concoctions have been devised, and
SPG lube is quite popular as a bought lube. There is a lot of mention of the notion that no
petroleum based lube ingredients should be used with black powder so that the tallows and
natural waxes, (jojoba, carnauba, bayberry), and esoterics, (Crisco, Murphy's oil soap, lard,
butter, sperm oil) are involved. Fiddling with bullet lubricants is one of the least expensive and
least harmful avocations open to the black powder shooter.
Wads and compression? Here we get into the magic. Common wads can be of cork or
cardboard (postcard or cereal box or ?) or plastic or felt or wax/lubricant; and are sometimes
used in combinations. The powder/wad column may or may not be compressed, the powder may
or may not be dropped through a drop tube, which makes the powder take up less room in the
case. I have had reasonable luck dropping powder from a Lyman 55 measure, putting my finger
on the mouth of the case and tapping the base a dozen or so times. This settles the powder in the
case. Then a cork wad, and I'm ready to breech seat.
Cleaning-how and when?
With duplex loads I've never had to clean the barrel during shooting. With straight
smokeless there's the blow tube, (blowing through a tube/cartridge case apparatus to put moisture

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in and soften the black powder fouling), wiping between shots or sets of shots, wiping with a
damp patch and then a dry patch, or wiping with a wet patch and then shooting through the wet
bore. With straight black powder loads I've settled on wiping with one wet patch between shots
and shooting through the noticeably wet bore. This was recommended to me years ago, it works
for me.
There are zillions of opportunities to experiment, and the use of truly traditional powder and
loading techniques contributes to the satisfaction of these Schuetzen shooters.

THE BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGE RIFLE
Paul A. Matthews
The heyday of the black powder cartridge rifle lasted for a short thirty years from the
late 1860s to the mid-1890s. And during that time the greatest single shot actions ever designed
for a metallic cartridge made their debut. These included the Sharps, Remington rolling block,
Remington Hepburn, Winchester high wall, Ballard, Stevens and other lesser known actions.
With these rifles, particularly the Sharps and rolling block, along with a host of finger-long black
powder cartridges with their heavy lead alloy bullets, the Old Timers killed more game on the
North American continent than has been taken with all the high powered, smokeless powder,
jacketed bullet rifles in the years since.
Now, more than a hundred years later, there is a group of shooters who have turned the
clock back that they might relive and feel and taste just a bit of that long bygone era. These
shooters will belly-down behind cross-sticks with those old rifles equipped with precision iron
sights or a barrel-length scope of the late 1800s and proceed to shoot at silhouette targets
standing 200, 300, 385 and 500 meters (219, 328, 421 and 547 yards respectively) away. And
they do this with cartridges carefully loaded with black powder topped by a lead alloy bullet
most likely cast and lubricated by themselves.
Such skills demand the most of a rifleman. With these heavy, high trajectory, low
velocity bullets, wind drift is a major component, and the shooter who pays attention and
accommodates the wind and mirage soon finds himself hitting those few extra targets that puts
him in the winners circle.
Casting a premium bullet is a major requirement of the black powder cartridge rifle
shooter if he is to be competitive on the silhouettes or at long range. One can not cast a mediocre
bullet and expect superior results, and to be competitive in the BPCR game requires at least
minute and a half, or better, angle of accuracy for as far as you are required to shoot.
Casting bullets for the black powder cartridge rifle has its own set of requirements. The
bullets are usually on the heavy side for the caliber involved, ranging from as much as 400 grains
in .38-caliber to 650 or 700 grains in .50-caliber. Thus, in order to cast upwards of 175 or 200
bullets in a single session, the black powder cartridge rifle shooter often employs the use of a
propane-fired turkey cooker and a cast iron melting pot holding forty to sixty pounds of molten
bullet metal. Because the alloy is usually a high casting temperature lead-tin mixture of about 30
to 1, and because the bullets are usually on the heavy side, the experienced bullet caster works
with a lead thermometer in the melt at all times and maintains a constant temperature of about
750 to 790 degrees, never letting it vary more than plus or minus ten degrees.
Keeping the temperature constant and casting with a continuous rhythm helps maintain a
constant mould temperature so as to cast bullets that vary but little in weight. Even at that, most
competitive BPCR shooters weigh their bullets and select those that are within plus or minus half
a grain. When dealing with a 535 grain .45-caliber bullet, half a grain is a very small percentage.

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Although virtually all black powder cartridge rifle shooters start out with a production
mould from Lyman, Redding-Saeco or RCBS, many eventually obtain a custom mould for a
bullet of their choice or design that will cast within half a thousandth of the desired diameter.
This lets them shoot their bullets as-cast , thus providing the greatest potential for accuracy at
the longer ranges. Bullets that are shot as-cast are usually pan-lubed or run through a slightly
oversize die that applies the lubricant without sizing or distorting the bullet in any respect.
Speaking of bullet lubricants, although most BPCR shooters start the game with a good
commercial bullet lubricant, most of them at one time or another concoct their own recipe in
hopes of better accuracy with less leading. Some succeed and some dont. But to a person, they
all experience a certain pride in coming up with something new, something fashioned with their
own hands, just as the old buffalo hunters did when they cast their bullets in a cast iron frying
pan and lubricated their bullets with buffalo fat.
To the black powder cartridge rifle shooter of today, there is no greater sense of
exhilaration than getting down behind the cross-sticks, bringing the hammer to full-cock, and
sighting downrange 547 yards at a steel ram silhouette. In doing this, he is conscious of the fact
that 140 years ago other shooters were doing the same with the great shaggy beasts that
blackened the western plains. When the sight picture is exactly correct, he concentrates on
holding in that precise spot while at the same time applying pressure to the trigger. The rifle rears
back amid a belching blossom of smoke and cinders, and the shooter is dimly conscious of the
target tipping from its stand. A second or two later the metallic clang of lead striking steel drifts
back to the firing line while already the shooter is preparing for the next shot, another brief
moment of reaching back into the distant past to share with those who went before us.
If you really want to see excellent shooting done with plain base cast bullets at ranges of
200 meters and beyond, you should attend an NRA approved black powder cartridge rifle
silhouette match. You should watch these shooters using vintage rifles with vintage iron sights
or, in some cases, barrel-length scopes from the late 1800s, systematically tip the steel
silhouettes from their stand at distances that would impress even the old buffalo hunters. Bear in
mind that these targets are not symmetrical as is the round bullseye target. They are in the shape
of a chicken, Javelina, turkey and ram, and the chicken is shot at 200 meters off-hand. Further,
these shooters are given two minutes to sight in on one target followed by five minutes to fire
five shots for score in sequence (a target hit out of sequence is scored as a miss) on five similar
targets. Just hitting the target does not count; you must knock the target from its stand in order to
score. And knocking a 50-pound ram from its stand at 547 yards usually requires a rifle of fairly
substantial recoil, especially if there is wind coming from behind the ram.
The black powder cartridge rifle shooter is one steeped in tradition. If this were not true,
he would not be using black powder. Nor would he be using a single-shot rifle with exposed
hammer certainly not the Sharps or rolling block with their massive hammers.
The black powder cartridge rifle shooter is in a class that stands by itself. It embodies the
skills, the techniques and the soul stirring emotions experienced by those great pioneers our
ancestors who pushed our boundaries westward in the last half of the 19
th
century. May the
memory of those long-gone souls forever be imbedded in our minds, and may the black powder
cartridge rifle shooter of today always and always be on hand to momentarily live and breathe
and feel that which went before us.

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8.5 HUNTING WITH CAST BULLETS
HUNTING WITH CAST BULLETS
Todd A. Wolf

Hunting big game with cast bullets is not only effective, but can be very rewarding for
the consummate do-it-yourselfer. After years of hand loading, taking big game with jacketed
bullets seemed to (yawn) drop a bit on the excitement meter. I had always dabbled with bullet
casting and had taken small game, so developing big game loads seemed a natural progression.
Developing good hunting loads with your own cast bullets is as much art as it is science. At
times frustration can reign supreme, but thats all part of the challenge. Once you have that
perfect lead specimen matched with the right amount of the right powder, the correct lube, etc
the resulting accuracy could not be more pleasing.
Of course not just any bullet profile will due. Projectiles with a wide meplat will put the
most smack down on the unlucky animal on the receiving end. You want to transfer as much
energy to the recipient as possible (and cause maximum tissue damage in the process). Spitzer
type bullets tend to just zip right on through causing minimal damage and blood loss. Flat nose,
LBT style (WFN & LFN), Keith, and semi-wad cutters are good choices. Round nose bullets can
also give excellent terminal performance especially in the larger calibers.

Lyman 311291, .411" 240 gn Kieth, RCBS 44-240-SIL, Lyman 429244

Alloys: Alloys you can use for hunting bullets run a pretty wide range. From pure lead (mainly
for muzzleloaders) to alloys with a high tin and/or antimony content. Heat treating will harden
the latter even further. Be careful not to make them too hard though. Pure linotype casts like a
dream, but will tend to shatter when impacting bone of any density. Wheel weights are by far the
most accessible and inexpensive alloy available to most casters. It also works well as a big game
bullet. Wheel weights are fine for many applications and could be all youll ever need. When
youre pressing towards 1800 FPS and faster, you may need to add tin and/or antimony to harden
up your bullets to prevent leading and facilitate deeper penetration on large game. (* That last
sentence was a fairly general statement. There are many variables that cause leading. Your own
particular setup will determine how soft of an alloy you can get away with.) Gas check designs
for higher velocities are desirable as well. Heat treating bullets via water dropping out of the
mold or done in the oven will also significantly harden your alloy. For my .308 loads I add 25%
linotype to my wheel weights and oven heat treat them. I shoot the 170 grain gas checked Lyman
311291 bullets (sized to .311) around 2000 FPS with no leading and excellent accuracy at 100
yards. So far this has worked very well on big game. Although cast bullets generally dont
mushroom in the same manner jacketed bullets do, they will expand depending on your alloy

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(and resulting BHN), bullet style, heat treating (increases BHN) or not, and velocity. Whether or
not you want much expansion can be dictated by the game you hunt. For smallish southern
whitetails you may want a low BHN or soft point cast bullet whereas hunting large wild hogs or
moose would require a hard cast bullet for deep penetration. (With the deer and hogs Ive taken
with hard cast bullets, Ive RARELY recovered the slug. They tend to just crash right on
through.)

This recovered Lyman 429244 (from a boar hog) shows how air cooled wheel weights will
expand.

If you desire more expansion in your hunting bullets, you can use one of the soft-pointing
methods or a hollow point design. Many people have had mixed success with cast hollow points
for hunting, but I have read reports with good results. It just takes some experimentation on your
part to get it right.

A note on Muzzleloaders: Pure lead is commonly used in muzzleloaders particularly full-bore
conicals and round balls. Being very soft, pure lead expands very readily. My son, Ryan, shot a
boar hog at 35 yards with a 180 grain patched .490 round ball propelled by 90 grains of 777 out
of my .50 Lyman Great Plains Rifle. The ball entered just behind the right shoulder, took out the
bottom of the spine, and came to rest under the hide on the opposite side. The .490 ball had
expanded to .818.

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Boar hog taken with a pure lead .490 gn RB On the right is the .490 RB
recovered from this hog.

While on an exotics hunt in Texas and using the same gun and load, I shot an old
Corsican ram behind the shoulder at 35 yards. The ball sailed right on through and left an
impressive exit hole. The ram stumbled 25 yards and fell in a heap. (Pictured below)

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Although soft pure lead is most common for round balls, I know of people that have used
harder alloys like wheel weights with good success. Basically you will be trading the pancake
expansion for more penetration. In using a .45 caliber or larger, I dont think wound channel
would be an issue. You can also use your favorite pistol bullets (.357, .429, .45) in a fast twist
muzzleloader (.45 cal, .50 cal, .54 cal) with sabots.

Whitetail buck taken with a Lyman 429244 (Inline ML w/sabot)

Although Im sure that the smaller calibers have taken plenty of big game with cast
bullets, I personally prefer to use .30 caliber or larger. With my .308, I generally dont mess with
soft nose bullets, because I hunt in an area with a large feral hog population. I want maximum
penetration at my disposal at all times.

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Hog/deer double taken with a .308 and 170 gn Lyman 311291

When using those harder alloy bullets with a projectile as narrow as .30, I try to hit the
animal through the shoulders (as opposed to behind the shoulder). By impacting the muscle and
bone in the shoulders, more energy is transferred to the animal (rather than zipping through the
rib cage) and tends to blow bone fragments through the heart/lung area. Of course this practice
will destroy more meat, but Ill trade that for a more likely Bam Flop scenario. Ive heard
stories of hunters using .30 cal cast bullets that had to endure long sketchy blood trails after a
behind the shoulder hit. All the deer, hogs, and coyotes that I have harvested with cast bullets
have dropped within 25 yards except two (on both of the latter two I failed to hit one or both
shoulders). One of those was a whitetail buck that was hit behind the shoulders (with a .308).
That one went 50 yards with a negligible blood trail. It was still easy enough to find, but that
incident stuck in my mind. When using a larger caliber, like a 45-70 for instance, this
phenomenon would probably be nonexistent. The wider diameter bullets will punch a big enough
hole through the lungs so as to facilitate faster blood loss and leave a decent trail (if they go
anywhere at all).

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A pair of young hogs taken with a .41 mag and custom 240 gn Keith bullets.

Velocity: Minimum velocity required to take big game with cast bullets involves some variables.
Mainly, 1) The size of the game youre after, 2) Weight and diameter of the bullet, and 3) Max
distance you plan on shooting. If you ask 50 people youll very likely get 50 different answers.
Ill not try to discuss all the possible combinations here. If youre new to the casting game, get
into the shooting forums and ask a lot of questions. With large bore pistols (.41 mag, .44 mag, 45
LC, .454, .480, etc) in general I would try to start around 1200 fps and faster for whitetail deer
sized game (assuming 210 grain and heavier bullets). For rifles, well again too many variables. I
will say that for the more popular .30 and .35 caliber rounds (30-30, .308, 30-06, 35 Rem, .358
Win, 35 Whelen, etc) I would use at least a 150-180 grain bullet (or heavier) and 2,000 FPS (or
faster).
The key, as with any hunting arm, is to understand the performance potential and
limitations of your caliber/load selection and dont try to make your cast bullet firearm do
something its incapable of doing without consistency and reliability.

HOW TO DUPLICATE 32 RF HUNTING LOADS IN CF RIFLES
Ken Mollohan
I've got a #4 RB in .32 long and a spare breechblock that I've converted to centerfire,
enabling me to shoot .32 Colt ammo in it too. I've worked up a number of fun loads for it, and
enjoy shooting it.
I also have several hundred rounds of 32 RF ammo, but that's sort of expensive, and I
don't like to waste it. And at least in my rifle, the new Navy Arms .32 ammo isnt very accurate.
But the .32 RF was legendary in a bygone generation for its game - getting abilities. So I
decided to duplicate the 32 RF load in the 32 Colt CF case.
I broke a round of old Union Metallic .32 short ammo down, and found it was an 80g
bullet (heeled of course) over 2.4 grains of fine flake smokeless powder. Several rounds
established that it had just enough power to penetrate a pressure treated 2x4 (sideways), and dent
the board below.
I tried several powders, but found that 2.2 to 2.3 grains of Unique under a 1/8" wax wad
did the job nicely. The bullet was the 85g Lyman 311419.
It doesn't have a heel, so I couldn't load it in a .32 Colt case. I just dropped it into the chamber
before adding a case charged with powder and held together with a wax wad over the powder.

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The wad (beeswax softened with enough petroleum jelly to keep it from cracking when a
case was pushed through it) served to contain the powder charge as well as lube the bullet. This
duplicated the ballistics of the .32 RF round to a "T".
This was a great little plinking load for the #4 RB, but it wasnt so great in the squirrel
woods because it was such a bother to keep lubed bullets free from pocket lint. But when I
found that an unsized bullet would slip into the chamber, I realized the lubing operation could be
eliminated, as the wax wad would do the job. I'd just keep one shirt pocket full of bullets and the
other one full of .32 Colt Long cases that were loaded with powder and topped with wax wads. It
was really very little trouble to drop them in the chamber, one after another. The little rifle won't
win any bench matches, but for hunting purposes, accuracy was quite good, while noise was very
low, and recoil of course was non-existent. I also got similar results with Lyman 3118 slugs (of
wheelweights), and eventually came to favor that bullet in the little boys rifle.
Unfortunately, my eyesight has faded with age, and I had a real problem focusing on the
iron sights and the target together. So until I got a chance to scope the #4, I decided to do the
same thing with my #3 Ruger in .30 - 40 Krag. However, I decided to lube the bullet and seat it
normally, since I didn't need a heeled bullet for the 30 - 40. But I used a tuft of cotton (~1/4 g) to
hold the powder charge down to the base of the case, where it would be easily ignited. I figured
to start by testing the penetration of a 30 - 40 loaded with the same 311419 and 2.3g of Unique,
just to get an idea how much power loss would result from the lower pressure from the much
larger case.
I was astonished to find exactly the same penetration in the pressure treated two by four.
Apparently, the more powerful rifle primer makes up the difference. In any case, it worked fine,
and I suspect the same formula will work pretty well in most any .30 or .32 caliber case. I put 7
shots through the same hole at about 35 feet, shooting from a rest in my shop. The eighth shot
left it a one - hole group, but opened it up from about 0.35" to about 0.5". The rest is sort of
rickety, and I think I leaned into it at the wrong moment. But it's a mild report, zero recoil load
with plenty of accuracy for the squirrels around here.
A special note on the effectiveness of these loads: Ive read that the reason that the .22s
replaced the .25 and .32 RF loads was because they .22s offered a flatter trajectory, making it
easier to hit game in the woods. While its quite true that the .22s DO have flatter trajectories,
Ive noted that they have problems largely overlooked today.
A clean hit in a vital area with a .22 means Brunswick stew on the table, and no mistake.
But it also means a sharp CRACK sound foreign to the woods, and a while before the alarm
fades and lets one hunt effectively again. More often than not, it also means more or less
bloodshot meat loss from over expansion of the high (er) velocity bullet. And thats with good
shot placement. But poor bullet placement WILL occur, if only because the dang squirrel moves
just as the trigger is pulled. Poor placement results in unnecessary suffering and considerably
more disturbance in the woods from the squirrels struggles, from a second shot, or from the
sound of the hunter rushing to deal with the situation.
I actually have twin #4 Rolling Blocks: One in .22 LR, and the other in .32 Long,
which enables me to make a good comparison of the two rounds. It has been my experience that
the .32 RF (or loads duplicating it) is a much superior hunting round in the woods. Granted, it
does suffer from a rainbow trajectory, but youd be surprised how little difference that makes in
the woods, where shots at small game seldom exceed 35 or 40 yards, and frequently occur at 10
or 20 yards. And the lower velocity prevents bloodshot meat. The 32 caliber has well over twice
the cross sectional striking area of 22s, which seems to offer considerably greater allowance for

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aiming error (or just bad luck). A squirrel hit with a .32 seldom struggles at all. Its usually a
snap from the rifle and a resulting thump as the squirrel hits the ground as dead as a doornail.
And thats another advantage of the slow .32 round: The low velocity doesnt require the higher
pressures that give a .22 such a sharp report. Shoot a .32, and the sound is much like a small
twig falling to the ground. There is essentially no disturbance of the woods.
Yes, I like .22s, and I still own - and use - a barrel full of them. But that doesnt mean I
cant see their limitations. And yes, I still use them in the woods in spite of those limitations.
But for a delightful fall woods ramble and for sheer pleasure, I find the .32s a refreshing change
of pace, and a much better overall choice. And the reloads that duplicate their performance lets
me re-learn the feel and handling of a deer rifle while sharpening my hunting skills.

FIELD REPORT-SOFT NOSE CAST HUNTING BULLETS
Bill McGraw
I'm no expert, just very curious as to what can be done with cast bullets. There were only
3 white tail deer involved (I missed 2 standing shots!) and 2 were shot with a custom 90 gr SP
(very sharp nose point) 25 cal at 2775 MV; one shot, running toward me, a small doe, the shot
went thru from the left shoulder, shattered the shoulder and left lung, exited the gut, and re-
entered the ham on opposite side, shot thru the ham and appeared to have not tumbled. The shot
was at 35 Yds; I watched her run from a ditch 200 Yds away, and when no buck came out, I shot
the doe (12X scope) and she passed by me 5 ft. left of me and dropped behind me a few yards.
I went downrange hoping to find the bullet base but no luck. I took a good look at the
"autopsy" for the bullet track. It appeared the soft nose did its job on the shoulder and left lung
(nose and bone fragments went into the lung). I suspect the soft nose opens up at entry at the
hide. Second big doe was shot thru spine, a standing shot at 70 Yds, so dark I couldn't see the
crosshairs in the 12X scope, and had to center the lighter colored hide in the center of the scope
and hit high on the spine. The 30-30 6-point buck shot was printed in TFS as "Hunters Tails" in
'85 or so; that was another 2nd running shot at 35 Yds, thru the lungs and the nose separated and
pierced the offside ribs with a much larger hole than the base did, about 4" apart, so didn't
deviate much after the nose separated (31141). He ran 75 Yds and left a large blood trail. I had
loads for my '03 Springfield sporter 30-06 and Mauser '98 308 Win. But never had a shot.
Glenn Latham and I have discussed the necessity of the soft nose CB. It appears that even
a fully heat treated CB will work well if the MV is high enough to upset the nose and a FN will
work even better than a RN or SP. Bullet placement is of more importance. Glenn has shot at
least one muley with a heat-treated, no soft nose, bullet with success; it was short range and hi-
vel.
I did no wet paper or bottled water test media; that's a hell of a lot of trouble. I did test the
soft nose (HT-Q, NA) bullets, 25, 30, and 35 cal. on dirt berms at 50 to 300 Yds. When the CB
was only HT-Q, it shot into 18+" into hard dry Mississippi buckshot dirt at 50 Yds (measured
with a steel rod); I could not recover these. The NA CB's upset quickly, made a much bigger
entry into the dirt yet only penetrated 12"; recovered shanks were only of the non-annealed part
of the bullets. At 300 yd I recovered most of them; the noses mushroomed classically as
expected, did not separate from the shank. I shot some 358009's (1900 MV) at 150 Yds into
some hard, small gravel-like dirt in Wyoming with the 35 Whelen and 358009; the HT-Q bullets
exploded and left only a cup-shaped hole filled with lead splattered particles; the HT-Q, NA
bullets penetrated a few more inches and the shank of the bullet was recovered in the dirt. My
assumption there is that the soft nose acted like a shock absorber to allow the shank to penetrate

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further; otherwise, the HT-Q bullet shank either disintegrated on the hard dirt or it bounced back
out of the ground.
Joe, feel free to include in your book.
Bill McGraw
"Somewhere South of Chicago"

HOW TO MAKE SOFT NOSE CAST HUNTING BULLETS
Bill McGraw
I've read about several ways to make a soft-nosed hunting bullet and considered the
difficulties of the two-part mould for nose and base, or casting a soft lead alloy into the nose
cavity before pouring the base with a harder alloy. These two certainly will work, but seem to be
either too expensive (different moulds for each caliber) or unreliable in keeping the two parts
glued/bonded together after firing.
For most purposes, any WW alloy of 12-14 BHN as cast can be reliably shot at 1800-
2000 FPS and will serve most hunters. 30-30 Win. does well in this case.
For the higher MV's up to 2850 FPS, the CB alloy must be heat-treated to 28 BHN at a
minimum for WW and Pb mixtures. An 8 BHN alloy of 2:1 ratio of Pb: WW will heat-treat to 28
BHN, then the nose may be annealed back to the original 8 BHN for the hunting CB. Straight
WW alloy can be used but the nose anneal will be no lower than the as-cast BHN of 12-14. I
heat-treat the pre-sized and gas-checked CB's in the oven at 450F for 45 min. and quench quickly
in water. A small container such as a coffee percolator filter (aluminum with the bottom
perforated) is what I use for the CB container in the oven, but a small 6.5 oz. tuna can may be
used as long as the bottom is perforated (don't cut your fingers handling such). I fill a 1 quart
plastic pail with tap water for quenching. Once the 45 min. time is reached, carefully use an oven
mitt to pick up the container and quickly place, not drop the container in the water. Insure the
quench is done quickly. These bullets must be aged at least 24 hours, 72 is better. Once aged,
verify if the BHN is minimum 28 BHN with a proper tool. Without the tool (LBT or other), just
cut samples of non-HT and HT samples with side cutting or wire cutters to verify the HT bullets
are harder.
To anneal the noses, I place one CB into a small container (a metal jar cap) of water to
cover the body of the bullet, leaving the nose uncovered. The water is the heat-sink. I use a grain
alcohol flame, but a gentle propane flame, even a butane cigar torch lighter will work. Heat the
bullet nose for about 5 seconds; a larger mass nose may take longer. Do not melt the nose. If the
nose is a FN, place a drop of water on the nose; when the water boils off, the bullet nose is
annealed. Use the same timing in seconds for each bullet nose. You may then want to verify the
base and nose BHN. The nose should be the original BHN prior to HT and the base may lose 3-4
BHN; I consider 24 BHN as a minimum for hi-vel loads. Remove that CB and repeat with
another. The water may get hot but does not seem to make any difference; you may add cooler
water. Allow the bullets to dry; then they are ready to lube with your favorite lube and load.
No more than 20 annealed-nose bullets are needed for any hunting season. I normally
used only 5 nose-annealed with 15 others without nose-anneal when I hunted. In a pinch, the
non-annealed bullets will hunt if a proper hit is made; A FN CB is usually better than a RN or
SP. Sighting in and testing the accuracy (<2 MOA is typical) of these is necessary; however, the
HT bullets without nose-anneal will shoot into the same group and saves the annealed nose
bullets. This process may take some time to do, but once one does this, you will be hooked on
this simple process.

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The rule for fitting the bullets is necessary. The CB nose and body should be slightly
larger, 0.001-0.003" larger than the bore and groove of the barrel, and the throat should be only
slightly larger by 0.0005" than the sized CB diameter. I seat the bullet to 0.015" off the lands or
slightly touching the lands. Insure the loaded rounds will chamber from the magazine and seat
the OAL for that purpose if necessary. Without this fitting, the bullet will gas-cut, foul the bore,
and will be inaccurate.
If the throat is much too large from wear, a wad, card or plastic (I use PVC, 0.062" thick
and diameter cut for the largest part of the throat origin) will allow the load to shoot well; the
wad serves as another gas check; its diameter may be larger than the bullet but will fit snugly in
the neck. The wad must fit well inside the cartridge neck between the powder charge and bullet
base for best performance. If the chamber will not allow the wad to fit in the neck, do not attempt
to use a wad. I have used fillers in place of the wad for these loads, but they are controversial and
sometimes decrease accuracy.
For 25-30 cal. bottle-neck cartridges, I use the slower powders such as AA3100, 4831, or
4350 for a 100 % density load, as long as the book load is proper for the cartridge and bullet
weight. The faster powders in the 4895 range have not done well; I don't know why but I am
testing 4895-S to see if I can make it work in 308 Win. and 303 Brit.
I shot 3 white tail deer with these loads, two running and one standing. All rounds exited.
The noses will mushroom on entry and the mushroom will usually slough off doing its damage to
major organs and may exit if shot thru the lungs. The base will track straight without tumbling.
The 2850 MV loads will penetrate from front to back of a white tail deer. The bullet acts much
like a Nosler Partition, perhaps better since the base of the bullet will not upset.
These loads have normal heavy recoil and will wear the barrel throat much like any hi-vel
load. Check the bore for any fouling; keep the bore clean, but if accuracy is maintained, no
severe cleaning is necessary.
I used a 30-30 Marlin, 311041 at 1900 MV (IMR 3031); 250 Sav. with a custom 90 gr SP
CB at 2775 MV (AA3100) for two white tails, three total with 30-30 and 250 Sav. I developed
loads for a 30-06: RCBS 165-Sil at 2550MV (AA3100), 2850MV (H4350); 314299 at 2475MV
(AA3100) but did not get a shot. My 35 Whelen with the 358009 at 290 gr prefers a soft 12-14
BHN at 1900 MV (RL7). 45-70's seem to do well with any BHN, but soft alloy at any MV over
1000 MV seems to work well.
None of these ideas are my own. I give credit to Veral Smith (LBT), the CBA Fouling
Shot Journal, and other publications.

Bill McGraw
"Somewhere South of Chicago"

HOW TO MAKE CAST HUNTING BULLETS
Ken Mollohan
Here's a topic for discussion: Expansion of cast bullets, particularly in the context of
hunting bullets. How do you get it, and how effective is it in your experience? I only know of a
few techniques:
1. Adjust the alloy hardness to the velocity: Takes a lot of playing around to get good accuracy
with soft bullets, but it's great when you've got it right.
2. Hollow points. Not too effective in my limited experience. Or perhaps TOO effective: The
hollow point tends to shatter rather than promote mushrooming. Lost a substantial portion of a

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deer's forequarter from this one time. Same effect, whether the hollow point is drilled or cast.
You can play with the depth and diameter of the HP, but they mostly don't expand, or they
shatter.
3. Anneal the nose: Play a torch on the nose of the bullet until it softens / begins to melt, while
keeping the base in a tray of water. Works, but not consistent, due to variables in application
of hand-held torch.
4. Bump the nose: This is the same technique used to fit the nose to the bore. The expansion will
also break down dendritic structures, and produce a softer nose. Never tried it, but it should have
a noticeable effect.
5. Pure lead nose. Lyman used to sell a two-part set of molds for pistol bullets, so you could cast
a hard base and a lead nose, then super-glue them together. Supposed to work well, but a lot of
trouble. Another version is a cast lead round ball or commercial buckshot dropped in the mold to
give a softer alloy nose. The base will be the (presumably) harder alloy you are casting with. A
lot depends on technique: Low alloy temperatures tend to just wrap around the cold ball,
especially if it's buckshot, with a graphite surface. Cast lead balls seem to work best because they
don't have the graphite coating that inhibits blending, but the amount of work is doubled, and
that doesn't even consider much higher reject rates.
6. Cut an X into the nose with your knife. Learned this as a kid. I also quickly learned it's a
BLEEP of a lot of dangerous blade work, and doesn't work worth a flip! Took several weeks to
heal my finger, each accompanied by a lecture or two or three from my dad about cutting toward
myself.
7. The ancient "nose divided by a sheet of paper" trick: Just insert a bit of paper between the
halves of the mold and close them on it. With proper positioning, the paper will divide the nose
of the bullet (and as much of the base as you want) in half. The paper can be shaved off after the
bullet is cast, so it doesn't interfere with sizing & loading. Works great, but it's a lot of trouble.
I've also used household aluminum foil with good results. On impact, the nose shears off into
two secondary projectiles that go flopping off into the target, while the remaining base - now
almost a wadcutter - bores right on through. Also works great, if you can be reasonably
consistent with placement of the paper strip. Best part is, this will give reliable 'expansion' of
even low velocity pistol bullets if done right.
Added note: I shaved half of a .38 wadcutter off, and got it to cast a short, stubby bullet @ 75
grain in wheelweights. The durn things are actually a bit shorter than they are long, even with the
little nose dimple. They're great to play with, and I can get THREE of them into a .357 case over
a moderate charge of H-110. Across the length of my basement, they spread out into a pretty
regular triangle with sides of about three inches. Separation is very consistent, I think due to the
little nose dimple. A cylinder of them gives me 18 .38 slugs, the equivalent of a double barreled
12 gauge with 000 buckshot. This isn't expansion per se, but the increase in impacting surface
area is similar to a very effective expanding bullet.
Your turn. Ken Mollohan.

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9.0 ABOUT THE GUNS
Cast bullets can be used successfully in just about any kind of gun. From .357 Magnum
revolvers to M1 rifles to antique Ballard single shot target rifles to Thompson Center Contender
single shot pistols to Hawken muzzle loaders-they all work well with cast bullets. Below are
descriptions and comments on some of these guns, with some notes on their use with cast bullets.

AN ASIDE ON RIMFIRES
There are many excellent single shot .22 rimfire rifles available today. These include the
English Peabody/Martini and the BSA International rifles.
American .22 rimfire single shot rifles on Winchester 1885, Ballard, and Stevens actions;
and Walther KK model single shot rifles are offered for sale from time to time. There are many
bolt action, slide action, lever action and auto loading .22 rimfire rifles available.
There are many single shot, auto loading and revolver pistols available in .22 rimfire.
Whats good about a 22 Rimfire? Rimfires dont require reloading or bullet casting or
vast quantities of equipment or hours of preparation. Its really nice to just pick up a .22 rimfire
rifle or pistol, some cartridges and a spotting scope, and go to the range. Rimfires compete with
each other in bench and position shooting matches at ranges to 200 yards. Some .22 rimfire
results, particularly bench rest match results at the Fairfax Rod and Gun Club a few years back,
are amazing. I bring .a 22-rimfire pistol (K22) and/or rifle (12/15 BSA Martini) each time I go to
the range. I bring it/them because theyre fun to shoot, and because I frequently forget part of my
center fire kit at home and I can shoot the .22 instead, and because they shoot really well.
Whats bad about a .22 Rimfire? Rimfire single shot rifle accuracy is determined by the
ammunition used, with the most expensive ammunition being the most accurate. Eley TENEX
(Red Box) is almost always the most accurate ammunition in any rifle. This ammunition costs
around $10.50 for a box of 50, or 21 cents a shot. You can get it for a little less money, but it is
still expensive. Pistol accuracy is not so much a function of ammunition cost.
Rimfires dont do it for most of us. Whatever it is that we get from shooting, a lot of us
dont quite get it from a .22 rimfire. Whether its the smell or the kick or the ritual of loading or
phallic symbolism or whatever, rimfires dont do it quite as well as centerfires. You may start
with a rimfire, but youll go on to get a centerfire. Whats wrong with that?

BLACK POWDER RIFLES AND PISTOLS

MUZZLE LOADING RIFLES AND PISTOLS
The best book that I know of about muzzle loading black powder rifles is "The Muzzle-
Loading Cap Lock Rifle" by Ned Roberts, published first in 1940.
I've never had a muzzle loading pistol, have seen others shoot them, and the procedures
seem similar to those used with a muzzle loading rifle.
The Thompson-Center Hawken rifle is a good example of a popular and highly regarded
muzzle-loading rifle, in either flint lock or cap lock.
Traditional muzzle loading rifles and pistols are used with black powder or one of the
substitutes.
These guns come in either flintlock or percussion lock persuasions. The cap lock or
percussion gun uses a percussion cap on a nipple to light off the powder. The flint lock has a flint
on the hammer that, upon firing, flies down, scrapes against a surface and simultaneously opens
a door to the priming charge of powder. Sparks from the flint and steel thing (frizzen) ignite the

396
priming charge which lights off the main charge. The word "frizzen" is mentioned. I've never
had a flintlock gun, but have watched others shoot them with satisfactory results.
The early muzzle loaders were loaded with a round ball and a patch. The ball diameter
and patch thickness and lubricant used on the patch and powder charge were and are adjusted to
find a combination giving accuracy.
Jeff Brown :The ball is usual 0.005 under bore diameter and the patch thickness varied
to take up the slack to groove diameter. IE: .400 calibre bore with .425 groove load
combination would be a .395 ball + 0.015 patch each side of ball = .395+.015+.015 = .425.
Note that there are many other opinions of proper ball and patch dimensions.
Many shooters use round balls today. Round balls are available from several
manufacturers in a number of sizes, so I suspect that few shooters cast their own round balls.
The Minie ball is a hollow based bullet that was invented to eliminate the need for a
patch on the projectile. The black powder "bumps up" the hollow bullet base, making a seal with
the rifling. Minie balls were used in rifles during the civil war and are used in reproduction rifles
such as the Zouave.
Lee and other manufacturers make molds for short bullets of various types that rely on
the black powder to bump up the bullet. Lee makes molds for the R.E.A.L bullets; rifling
engraving at loading.
Round ball guns are slow twist guns, with twists in many inches to one turn.
The Thompson Center Hawken in 50 caliber has a twist of one turn in 48". Using "The Greenhill
Formula Workbook" in the appendix, we find that a 50 caliber ball (.5 inches long) requires a
twist of one turn in 75" to stabilize it; and that a 50 caliber rifle with a twist of one turn in 48"
will stabilize a bullet .781" long. Thus the 50 caliber Thompson Center Hawken will stabilize
both round balls and elongated cylindrical bullets.
(A true .50 cal RB twist is 1 in 66-72. The 1 in 48 twist is an attempt by the
manufacturers to create a compromise between ball and bullet. In reality 1 in 48 just an OK job
but not great for either ball or bullet across a range of charges. 1 in 48 is however the correct
twist for small calibers like .32 or .40; the bigger the ball the slower the twist. I liken the 1 in 48
twist to a small SUV e.g.: Toyota RAV 4. Its neither a sports car nor real 4X4 but does 90% of
what people want it to do. Jeff Brown)
Some of these guns used conical bullets or "sugar loaf" bullets or "picket" bullets, short
bullets that could be stabilized in the slow twists.
Lately there has been a move to shoot black powder guns with sabots. A sabot is a
plastic item that seals the bore and carries an undersized cast or jacketed bullet.
Cap lock target rifles are sometimes made to fire paper-patched or cloth-patched
elongated bullets or elongated grease-grooved bullets with no patch. These guns, an example of
which is the British Whitworth, in the hands of skilled operators, can shoot very accurately. Very
accurately.
I find that shooting muzzle loading cap lock rifle is a relaxing experience. Shooting is
slow, no cartridge reloading is required, there's no need to cast the round balls or cut or grease
patches since these can be readily purchased. The cleaning is a bit of a chore, but it's not that bad
after a cleaning regimen is developed and followed. Shooting these guns makes an interesting
break from my obsessive cast bullet experimentation.

CAP LOCK TARGET RIFLES AND SLUG GUNS
Target rifles are commonly heavier rifles designed to shoot offhand or from the bench.

397
Slug guns are target rifles with great big barrels sometimes three inches in diameter,
intended for bench rest shooting only. They can easily weigh more than fifty pounds. They are
frequently under-hammer guns-where the hammer is on the bottom of the gun and snaps UP
when the trigger is depressed.
These guns are shot with either a patched elongated bullet or a patched round ball, or an
unpatched grease groove or "naked" bullet. Frequently there is a false muzzle involved.

Here's a 43 caliber under hammer gun intended for bench
rest shooting or offhand shooting by a very big guy.

This picture shows the under hammer
arrangement. Note that the trigger guard is the mainspring,
and the whole firing mechanism is as simple and has as
few parts as possible.

Here's the muzzle of the rifle with the false muzzle
attached. The big round thing sticking up is to obstruct the
line of sight and keep the shooter from shooting the false
muzzle into the weeds.

The false muzzle is made for use with either a one-piece
paper cross patch or two pieces of paper making the patch. The
paper patch material is placed in the grooves, the bullet is started
into the enlarged and tapered false muzzle hole, then pushed into
the bore with the starter and seated on the powder with the rod.

398
The rifle muzzle showing the alignment holes
for the false muzzle; which has pins that go into those
four holes.

Some guns have an arrangement that has a primer enclosed in an apparatus, the apparatus
thing is hit by the hammer, setting off the primer, setting off the charge. This has two
advantages-it lights off the charge faster and better than a percussion cap and it encloses the
primer so that no gas can escape from the breech, thus solving the problem with the conventional
nipple and large charges.
I've watched the slug gun matches at Fort Ticonderoga, seen Marlin Bassett and Ken
Bresein shooting these monsters. As expected, the elongated-bullet groups are wonderful, and
the round ball groups are just amazing sometimes.

LONG RANGE MUZZLE LOADERS
These cap lock guns shoot large charges of powder with either paper-patched smooth-
sided bullets or unpatched bullets with grease grooves. In either case the bullet is about bore
sized and soft so that it will bump up to groove size on firing to seal the bore.
Because of the large powder charge the nipples burn out quite quickly, and are replaced
with platinum-lined nipples that can handle the pressure and gas coming back through the nipple.
The Pedersoli Gibbs rifle is popular today, and is a reproduction of the Gibbs long range
rifle. The original and reproduction rifles used in Long Range muzzle loading are based on the
British rifles used during the second half of the 19th century. These guns have precision sights
capable of large elevations, and are accurate-in the hands of a capable shooter-to beyond 1000
yards.
The bullets are carefully cast from precisely mixed soft lead alloys-sometimes pure lead-
and are rigorously inspected and weighed. Paper patched bullets are carefully patched with the
magic paper and lubricant; "naked" grease groove bullets have the secret lubricant precisely
applied.
Bullets and vials of (sometimes weighed) powder charges are brought to the range in
nicely made wooden boxes. The powder is poured into the bore through a long tube with a funnel
on the end, thus keeping the powder from sticking to the inside of the barrel. The bullet, just bore
size or slightly larger, is easily started in the muzzle and pushed down onto the powder charge
with the ramrod. The cap is placed on the nipple and the rifle is ready to fire.
There's a lot of knowledge and skill and work required to get one of these rifles to shoot
well at ranges up to 1200 yards; the scores seem to make it all worth while.

THE PEDERSOLI GIBBS MUZZLE LOADING TARGET RIFLE
INSTRUCTIONS AND ADVICE FOR LONG RANGE SHOOTING

399
Dick Trenk

The Pedersoli Gibbs long range percussion rifle is a replica of the original 1865 target rifle made
by the English gunsmith, George Gibbs. His rifles competed against other custom built target
rifles of the era and in the right hands it proved capable of beating the costly custom built target
rifles of that time.
Today, the Pedersoli Gibbs rifle has proven to be the most successful rifle of it's type and has
won most of the Gold medals in international and domestic shooting matches for this type of
rifle.
The Pedersoli Gibbs rifle holds several NRA and international long range records out to 1000
yards as well as records for shorter ranges.
Because the Gibbs uses long heavy bullets of the type used in .45 cal. cartridge rifles it is
capable of being used for big game hunting at ranges beyond that at which "round ball" rifles can
be used.
The majority of Cast Bullet Association members are using centerfire rifles and smokeless
powders but we find that an increasing number are impressed with the accuracy the Gibbs can
deliver and these same shooters are buying and shooting their own Gibbs rifles at long range
matches. In the 2006 International Long Range matches fired at Cape Town, there were several
Gibbs being used effectively against the centerfire rifles present.
What follows is extracts from the Gibbs loading and shooting instructions which I have
prepared. This document is packed with each new Gibbs rifle as a guide for both experienced
and beginner shooters.
It may be this is the first time a muzzle loading or centerfire rifle came from the manufacturer
with detailed instructions covering loading and shooting tips.
Bullet selection (45 caliber)
The .45 cal. Gibbs has rifling with an 18:1 twist rate. Long heavy bullets which have performed
well in .45 cal. Cartridge rifles will usually work equally well in the Gibbs so if you already have
such bullet moulds or commercial bullets (swaged or cast) which can make bullets .448" to .451"
diameter give them a try and see if your Gibbs likes them.
Suggested lead/tin alloy is 35:1 up to 60:1 . Harder alloys used in centerfire calibers do not work
well.
Pedersoli offers their own Gibbs bullet mould #USA 308-451 which is 535 gr. and has a .451"
cast diameter. Mould handles are available under part # USA316.
This grease groove type bullet (and all others of this type) should be sized down to .448" to .449"
using the Pedersoli bullet sizer # USA 514-450 or by using any brand of bullet sizer which will

400
produce this size bullet diameter.
Paper patched bullets need to be sized according to the paper thickness being used.
The English Higginbottom-Rigby style 540 gr. paper patched bullet is specially favored in the
Gibbs and has set some long range records. It is available from Joe Hepsworth gun smith in Ohio
(phone 740 345 6646).
Many .45 cal. "Postell" shape bullets used in Ctg. rifles can be tried as many have proven to be
very accurate in the Gibbs. The NEI brand #349C as well as the Lyman #457132 have been
reported to be very accurate when sized down properly. However, these commercial moulds
normally cast bullets which are .457-.459" and sizing down to Gibbs size will ruin their accuracy
because too much metal has to be moved and this spoils bullet concentricity.
If you can order a custom made mould which casts the proper size then these types can work
very well when sized slightly down to .448-.449".
The bullet diameter for your gun will be correct when the lubricated bullet can slide slowly down
the "cleaned" barrel when the loading ramrod weight is all that is pushing the bullet. This rule is
correct for both paper patched and grease groove bullets.
Due to slight manufacturing variations in broach rifling tolerances your rifle may require a
slightly different bullet diameter.
Bullet grease
A good "black powder" bullet grease must be used on grooved bullets. Pedersoli offers a proven
bullet grease called Lubriblack , part #USA 488 which can be applied using a conventional bullet
sizer/lubricator or by the pan lubrication method.
Other recognized good black powder bullet greases are TC-Bore Butter , SPG , Rooster Labs
BP-7 , Black Magic , DGL , Lyman Black Powder Gold , and White Lightning greases. There
are dozens more which will work well and many shooters make their own grease.
Experimentation is a big part of black powder shooting so it is good to try many products.
This article will not go into the making of paper patched bullets but those instructions can be
obtained on the world-wide-web by searching that subject name. We will mention that paper
patched bullets can be fired with dry paper or with oiled paper by dipping or wiping the patched
bullet with sperm oil, olive oil or other suggested liquid lubricants.
Over powder wad
The Gibbs does not require a card wad over the powder and the bullet rests gently on the powder
itself .
However, many master class shooters using paper patched bullets have found that using a .45 cal.
Ox-Yoke Wonder Wad on top of the powder has given excellent long range accuracy. This felt
wad is impregnated with a BP grease and serves to protect the bullet base as well as to help leave
the powder fouling softer. It is commonly used with paper patched bullets which have no grease
grooves but can be tried even with grease groove bullets.
Several expert Gibbs shooters use a conventional .030" card wad placed over the powder charge
when using grooved bullets so these types of wads should also be experimented with.

Loading the rifle

401
Before each shot the barrel must be cleaned and the best method is to clean right down to the
breech end of the barrel, thereby cleaning the chamber portion which holds the powder as well as
the rifled portion in which the bullet will be located.
Your cleaning rod jag must be of the correct size so that your brand of patches make a snug fit in
your barrel. If necessary change jags or patches until you get the snug fit.
A 2" cloth patch moistened with distilled water or with saliva is pressed down to the bottom of
the chamber and pumped up and down several times. Remove the rod and reverse the patch. Run
the same patch all the way down and pull it out without any pumping. Follow with a dry patch,
run down and out.
Don't forget to fire a cap when you finish drying the barrel as this cleans out any dirt and
moisture which may have been pushed in the flash hole of the barrel.
With a clean and dry barrel, the black powder charge must be poured "slowly" into the barrel
using the correct length brass funnel.

Pedersoli makes the correct size and length loading funnel ,
part #USA 346.

With the powder charge down the barrel place the Wonder Wad or card wad (if used) on the
muzzle and start it down the length of your bullet, using the prepared bullet of choice. Place your
ram rod on the bullet nose and start the bullet down the barrel. The bullet and wad (if used)
should slide down under the weight of the ram rod. A mark on the ram rod should be made to
indicate when your type bullet and wad (if used) are seated gently on the powder charge. DO
NOT apply additional seating pressure once the bullet and wad (if used) are gently on the powder
charge.
This method of loading should produce muzzle velocity variations between 5 fps and 12 fps
depending upon how consistently you do this job and also how good your powder quality is.
A variation of this loading process is to seat a card wad on top of the powder charge and then
gently place a 4 pound weight on the rod. This will compress the powder and wad a certain
amount and gives repeatable consistency. Then the bullet is pushed down to rest "gently" on the
card wad with no further powder compression.
Expect to obtain 2-4" groups at 200 yards, with round groups produced and no fliers. As you get
better you will bring your group sizes down to 1.0 to 1.5 minute of angle at ranges out to 200
yards. Tighter groups are being obtained by master class shooters but what you just read is
realistic for the average shooter.
Powder and charge
There are many brands of black powder available in North America. They all perform differently
and some are better than others. Smokeless powder or duplex loads are not to be used in the
Gibbs because they cannot equal the accuracy of high quality black powder.

402
Hodgdon brand Pyrodex and Triple Seven powders in pellet and granular form are popular with
hunters and general users due to giving good power and acceptable accuracy. These powders are
not capable of match grade accuracy at long ranges and are not used in the Gibbs except for
practice shooting.
Also, there are several so called black powder substitute powders , none of which has the
performance your Gibbs requires and these are not recommended for any type of shooting in
your Gibbs for technical reasons.
We recommend Swiss Brand black powder as being the most consistent, powerful and accurate
amongst the genuine black powders.
Close behind and in some conditions the equal of Swiss Brand powder, we recommend the use
of Schuetzen Brand, Goex Brand, Elephant Brand, KIK Brand and finally Wano Brand (in the
order shown).
The Swiss Brand is the most expensive and many shooters practice using a lower cost brand and
save the Swiss for sighting in practice and for the actual shooting match.
The Swiss Brand is available in a grain size called 1 1/2 Fg which is between Fg and FFg grain
sizes.
The 1 1/2 Fg is the most popular in the Gibbs but some shooters find excellent results from FFg
grain size.
The FFFg powder is not suitable because it burns too fast, shortens nipple life and has lowered
accuracy.
With the 540 gr. Higginbottom-Rigby bullet (and most bullets in that weight range) 100 gr. of
Swiss 1 1/2 Fg is used.
This charge produces 1300 fps muzzle velocity and is excellent out to 1000 yards range.
With lighter bullets it is suggested to start with around 72 gr. powder charge and let your paper
target tell you what charge the rifle likes with that bullet.
There is nothing gained by going over 100 gr. as excess powder is not burned efficiently and just
adds to the recoil of the rifle and may spoil accuracy slightly.
Percussion caps
There are several brands of percussion caps available and they too differ in performance.
The Gibbs delivers good accuracy with RWS brand #11 caps. Remington, Dynamit Nobel and
CCI also make #11 percussion caps which can be tried out.
Types of nipples
The standard nipple on the Gibbs #USA 484-3 (3 pack) is made from Beryllium and is available
from Pedersoli dealers. A lower priced steel nipple is available as part # USA 470-3 (3 pack).
The Beryllium nipple lasts much longer and resists fouling and corrosion better. Standard steel
nipples should be replaced after every 40 shots have been fired in order to maintain accuracy.
A special platinum lined nipple is available from Joe Hepsworth who manufactures them for
Gibbs shooters.
This nipple is recommended for serious match shooting because it resists fouling better and has a
very long life.
Due to the heat and corrosive gasses, nipple threads can become stuck and resist removal. It is

403
always recommended to use Teflon plumbers tape or some anti-seize liquid on the nipple threads
when installing any type of nipple.
Shooting the Gibbs
Each shooter will develop their own holding and sighting technique according to type of rules
and course of fire involved. Most (but not all) of the top shooters suggest holding the stock very
firmly in the wrist and forearm. We suggest you try this type of firm holding before settling on
some other type of hold.
To get you started on sight elevation settings we offer the following settings which work for the
540 gr. Higginbottom-Rigby bullet as well as for the 535 gr. Pedersoli bullets. Muzzle velocity is
1300-1325 fps using 100 gr. of Swiss 1 1/2 Fg powder. If your load chronographs at similar
speeds these elevation figures should be very close to right for you.
100 yards minus 13 minutes on elevation scale.
200 yards zero "
300 yards up 12 "
500 yards up 44 "
600 yards up 59 "
800 yards up 95 "
900 yards up 112 "
1000 yards up 130 "
Your sight may be marked differently so just use the minutes variations from your 200 yard
setting and make your own sight setting chart after you see what your rifle and load does at each
distance.
Thanks to the experts
Many shooters gave generously of their hard learned tips and recommendations so as to make
your Gibbs shoot better and sooner. Do your part by helping others and sharing your own
knowledge.
Special thanks to Gibbs shooter Joe Hepsworth , holder of NRA records for 800,900,1000 yards
and the Creedmoor record plus Steve Garbe, Dan Theodore, Blake Eckard, Heinz Staak , Alfred
Schings and many others.
Written and prepared by Dick Trenk, Competition Events Coordinator, Davide Pedersoli & Co.
SUMMARY OF PEDERSOLI GIBBS ACCESSORIES PART NUMBERS
USA 308-451 535 gr. special Gibbs bullet mould. Single cavity .451" diameter bullet (with
grease grooves).
USA 316 mould handles.
USA 349-09 Cleaning/loading rod 39.25" long, with muzzle protector.
USA 346 Long brass 37.7" funnel for pouring powder right down into the chamber without any
powder contacting the rifling.
USA 484-3 Beryllium nipples for the Gibbs (longer lasting and less fouling than steel nipples) 3
in a pack.
USA 470-3 Steel nipples, 3 in a pack.
USA 488 Bullet grease, Pedersoli Lubriblack.
USA 514-450 Bullet sizer for .451" bullet.

404
USA 492-450 Bullet greaser for .451" bullet.
To see the full catalog of Pedersoli special products for Gibbs and other guns go to
www.davidepedersoli.com All catalog items can be ordered by all Pedersoli dealers through their
main Pedersoli distributor.
Davide Pedersoli & C.
Via Artigiani 57
I-25063 Gardone Valtrompia (Brescia) Italy
ph.030 8915000 fax 030 8911019
www.davide-pedersoli.com

BLACK POWDER SEMI-CARTRIDGE GUNS
With help from Jeff Brown
In the period from just before to just after the civil war there were a number of sort-of-
cartridge or sort-of-breech-loading guns invented and used, sometimes by the army.
The original Sharps rifles were breech loaders, loaded with a paper or linen enclosed
cartridge containing powder and bullet, and then set off with a percussion cap or other outside
priming device. The cartridge consisted of a projectile fastened in the front a tube made of
nitrated linen/paper that was charged with black powder and closed at the end. After being
chambered and upon closing of the breech the tail of the cartridge was sheared off by upwards
movement of the sharp top edge of the breech block to expose the powder to the flash of the
percussion cap. Gas leakage, due to working tolerances in the breech area, proved a great
problem with these otherwise effective weapons which were soon rendered obsolete by the self
contained metallic rimfire and centerfire cartridges.
The original Maynard rifles were loaded with a brass cartridge containing the powder and
bullet. Where the primer would be in a modern cartridge, the Maynard had a hole that was
covered with paper to keep the powder in. A percussion cap fired the gun, the fire going through
the nipple, through the paper and setting off the charge.
These guns are interesting, some reproductions of the various kinds are available, but I
don't see them very often. Civil War Re-enactors sometimes use these.

BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGE RIFLES
A few people at a few ranges shoot long range (up to 1000 yards) black powder cartridge
rifle matches. The rifles can be antique originals, modern reproductions or newly designed
action types. Guns are generally .40 caliber or over (.40/65 and .45/70 are popular) with iron
sights.
The Canadians shoot at Ottawa and in British Colombia while the centers of U.S. activity
seem to be in Seattle, WA and Raton, NM. The scarcity of 1000-yard ranges makes this a hard
game to get into.
More people shoot Black Powder Silhouette matches. Since the ranges are shorter, there
are more of them and there is greater opportunity to compete. The targets are steel silhouettes of
chickens, turkeys, pigs and rams at various ranges.
Original and reproduction Ballard, Sharps, Remington Rolling Block and Winchester
High Wall rifles are the most popular for these black powder sports.

405
Until around 1890 most cartridges were loaded with black powder. Thus the military and
civilian rifles of the time, the revolvers and the Schuetzen rifles were loaded with black powder
cartridges; and many are shot with black powder cartridges today. Black powder residue will
damage cartridge brass. The way we save our cartridges is to clean them thoroughly. I carry a big
plastic bottle of water with some vinegar in it to the range, and put each decapped fired case into
the bottle as I take it out of the gun. I like to decap at the range to ensure that the primer pocket
too is thoroughly soaked. The result is pretty stinky and messy looking. At home I pour the bottle
into the sink, deprime the wet cases, and put them back in the bottle with hot soapy water. I
shake them around well and let them soak for an hour or a day or until I get feeling guilty. Then
back in the sink, I scrub the inside of the cases with a nylon brush, rinse and dry. From here on I
treat the cases like any others.

INTRODUCTION TO INLINE MUZZLELOADERS
Todd A. Wolf
At the mere mention of inline muzzleloaders, some will cringe. Traditionalists often feel
that the inline is too far removed the Hawkens they so dearly love. However for the uninitiated,
the old Hawken style, especially the flintlocks, could be intimidating. Inlines are often patterned
after metallic cartridge styles (think bolt action or break open). Many shooters felt more
comfortable jumping into the muzzle loading arena with a more familiar design. Inlines most
commonly come in .45, .50, and .54 caliber and have fast twists (1:24 1:32) designed to shoot
conicals either in sabots or full-bore. Round balls dont do well with the faster twists. The patch
tends to tear on the rifling when pushed to hunting velocities. Round balls should be used in
rifles with much slower twists.
Inlines most notably differ from the Hawken style in that instead of the ignition system
being at a 90 degree angle to the breech, it is directly in line with the rear of the breech (as the
name implies). This aids in more reliable ignition and enables the use of black powder substitute
pellets. Pellets originally produced by Hodgden (and now others), come in measurements of 30
and 50 grains. The use of pellets greatly aid in speed and convenience of loading.

Early inlines used a #11 cap on a nipple just as like the cap lock Hawkens (some still do).
In some designs, emplacing a #11 cap on the nipple was an exercise in contortionism. Using a
capper was often the only way to go. With the advent of the somewhat more difficult to ignite
pellets, inline manufactures began switching to 209 shotgun primer ignition.

406

Weather resistance was an inherent attribute to the inline. The Knight Disk Rifle uses a
plastic disk around a 209 primer. This locks out moisture for trouble free ignition. The
Remington 700ML is one of many bolt action type muzzleloaders that proved to be very popular.
The design was intended to look and handle like the familiar model 700 series rifle that shooters
were quite accustomed to. A weather shroud could be installed in the front of the bolt to aid in
keeping the cap dry during inclement weather. Although not completely water tight, it did help
quite a bit. Closed breech inlines are about as weather impervious as you can get. Break open
(CVA Optima, T/C 209X.50, Traditions Pursuit, NEF Side Kick, Knight Vision, Lyman
Mustang Breakaway, etc.) and pivoting breech designs (T/C Omega, CVA Kodiak) are
especially effective at keeping moisture away from the ignition system. Misfires and delay-fires
are considerably less common.
One of the major advantages of many inline designs is a removable breech. With the use
of a socket type wrench, the breech can be quickly and easily removed for barrel cleaning.
Something you cant do with a Hawken. After cleaning, you may want to add a dab of anti-seize
lube to the threads of the breech plug. This will ensure easy removal the next time.
Another unique advantage is quick removable barrels. The CVA Optima Elite, T/C
209X.50, and T/C Encore can easily have their barrels swapped out with a variety of others
(muzzleloader, metallic cartridge, and shotgun). For this reason, the T/Cs in particular are very
popular.
Although some of the Hawken crowd might disagree, accuracy is a perceived advantage
of the inline. Some of the better inline muzzleloaders can rival metallic cartridges out to 200
yards. The Knight Long Range Hunter is a bolt action type that comes in .50 and .52 caliber and
is guaranteed to shoot three shot 4 groups at 200 yards.
The Savage model 10ML-II gets a special note here. The 10ML-II is designed to shoot
saboted bullets with smokeless powders (extruded) or full-bore conicals with black powder
substitutes. I have seen independent reports claiming outstanding accuracy with smokeless out of
the 10ML-II. As good as MOA at 100 yards with 5 shots. Smokeless powder? Ok, you can
begin to see the traditionalist point here.
Some commonly used muzzleloading propellants

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The use of sabots allows the shooter to use smaller than bore (pistol) bullets in a
muzzleloader (.357 in a .45 cal, .429 in a .50 cal, and .45 in a 58 cal). This is especially attractive
to bullet casters who often already have a mold(s) for one or more handguns that will suffice.
This definitely makes for good economy (and pretty entertaining) when you can use the same
bullets in two entirely different firearms. For those unaware, a sabot is basically a plastic cup
with slits running from the mouth, part way down towards the base. The bullet is placed in the
sabot and then rammed down the bore on top of the powder charge. Although sabots generally
are not too difficult to start down the muzzle, Harvester makes a ribbed crush fit sabot for even
easier loading. Upon firing, the sabot separates from the bullet after leaving the muzzle. Never
try to compact pellets when loading. This will only damage them. The bullet/sabot should just
rest lightly on top of the pellets.

Full bore conicals have to be cast in the softer pure lead to facilitate loading. The bullet needs to
engrave the rifling at the muzzle and can take a pretty good shove with a ball starter. You may
even need a rawhide hammer to get some started. Saboted rounds on the other hand can be cast
of any alloy you want. Keep in mind that pure lead will cause more tissue damage (the softer
projectile facilitates greater expansion) while harder alloys (lead mixed with harder metals like
tin and antimony) will give better penetration. Shooting the lighter and narrower pistol bullets
will also have a velocity / trajectory advantage over the full bores. However, if youve ever seen
a deer hit by a 400 grain pure lead slug, youd swear it was smacked by Thors hammer! The full
bore conicals do have their place.

.50 cal: 320 gr Lee, 370 gr T/C, 395 gr
Lyman
.429" RCBS 44-240-SIL
and Harvester sabot

408

Full bore conicals should be lubed (to facilitate easier cleaning) and this can be applied
with your fingers (or a nifty gizmo that fits on the top of the tube) using a very soft lube or can
be pan lubed with a harder concoction. T/C makes a product called Bore Butter that comes in
both varieties. The softer in a toothpaste style tube and the hard stuff in a jar. (**Note: American
Pioneer says not to use lube with their brand of black powder substitute.)

In my .50 cal inline I shoot mostly saboted .429 bullets for hunting. Shot distances on
deer, hogs, and coyotes have ranged from 10 to 70 yards and only once have I recovered a bullet.
In a tree stand I shot a rather close boar hog that was facing my tree. The bullet, propelled by two
50 grain 777 pellets, entered behind the head, missing the spine and traveled through the neck,
chest cavity, and came to rest under the hide on its chest. If youve seen a boar hog up close, you
know how much meat are in those big thick necks. Hardy critters indeed. The bullet, a Lyman
429244 cast with wheel weights (air cooled), drops from my mold right about at 260 grains. The
recovered slug had expanded to .672 and weighed 251 grains. Not bad. And yes, the hog
dropped in its tracks. In all other shots, including solid shoulder hits, the bullet sailed completely
through the animal.

Lyman 429244 recovered from feral hog

Whether or not inlines should be allowed during primitive weapons hunting seasons
will continue to be hotly contested. I like to use my inline during the regular gun season to add a

409
bit more challenge to the hunt. For me, it all boils down to personal satisfaction. Inlines can be as
entertaining to shoot as any firearm.

BLACK POWDER REVOLVERS
Reproduction black powder revolvers are readily available today, along with all the
paraphernalia required to shoot them.
These guns are loaded with a flask that has been set for the correct charge of powder. The
powder is dropped in one chamber, sometimes a felt wad is put in next over the powder, the ball
or bullet is seated with the rammer on the gun and grease is put over the ball filling the chamber.
When all the chambers have been loaded the nipples are capped and the revolver is ready to fire.
Round balls to fit the original and reproduction revolvers are readily available so that
again, I suspect that very few shooters cast round balls for these guns. Properly dimensioned lead
bullets are generally not available for purchase, so these must be cast by the shooter; from a soft
alloy or pure lead.
Elmer Keith, in his wonderful book "Sixguns", recommends the round ball over a pointed
bullet in these guns. I've only ever used round balls.
We are warned about "cross firing" or chain firing, where the explosion in one chamber
somehow lights off another chamber that isn't behind the barrel. Grease over the ball is said to
guard against this. I never understood that notion, because as instructed, I used balls that were an
interference fit in the chamber-balls that were swaged down when being pushed down by the
rammer. Others report that this cross firing happens at the nipple end of the cylinder, and I've had
several guys report that this happened to them.
I'm certainly no expert on black powder revolvers, but I've fired thousands of shots from
reproduction revolvers with never a cross fire. This may just be luck.

BLACK POWDER CARTRIDGE MILITARY RIFLES
From the Civil War to the turn of the 20th century many nations used black powder
cartridge rifles for their military weapons. Many of these rifles were converted from muzzle
loaders into breech loaders. The original trap door Springfield rifle was such a conversion, as
were the Snider, (British), and Werndl, (Austrian), rifles. Other black powder cartridge military
rifles included the Remington Rolling Block and the Martini Henry.
Cartridges included 50-70 and 47-70 in the United States, the 577/450 Martini-Henry in
Great Britain, 11.15 X 58R Austrian Werndl, and 11 X 59 French Gras.
There are dozens if not hundreds of flavors of rifles and cartridges in this category, and
finding or forming the cartridge cases and casting the bullets for them can be an interesting
diversion. Cartridge cases can be difficult to find and molds in the appropriate size may not be
available; increasing the challenge and frustration.
Since these rifles are old by definition, and were designed for black powder; we are
cautioned to use only black powder in reloading them. I fail to heed that caution in reloading for
my Werndl, and use small charges of Unique.

RIFLE-LIKE SINGLE SHOT PISTOLS
These pistols come in two varieties.

410
First is the single shot pistol with interchangeable barrels. These include the Thompson-
Center Contender and Encore, the Brown Classic and BF Ultimate from E.A. Brown, the
Maximum Single Shot, the Competitor cannon-breech, and the RPM XL.
Second are the pistols made on rifle actions, including the Remington XP100 (no longer
made), Savage Striker, Weatherby Vanguard and others.
The Contender and Encore are the most popular. These are break open pistols with
interchangeable barrels. Barrels are available in a wide variety of calibers from 22 rimfire to
45/70, manufactured by Thompson-Center and by several aftermarket suppliers.
Some of these calibers are especially suited to cast bullet shooting, such as 30/30 and 35
Remington and the revolver calibers such as 357 Magnum, 44 Magnum and 45 Colt. The
accuracy of these pistols with cast bullets can be very satisfying.

SINGLE SHOT RIFLES
The best book explaining the history and magic of single shot rifles is "the Breech
Loading Single Shot Match Rifle" by Major Ned Roberts and Ken Waters. This book made
many of us into helpless single shot rifle addicts.
The best books describing single shot rifles and their variations are by James Grant, and
include Single Shot Rifles, Boys Single Shot Rifles, More Single Shot Rifles and at least
two more.
The best book describing how single shot rifles work is Single Shot Rifles and Actions
by Frank De Haas, who wrote several other books about rifles.
There are two organizations of people interested in single shot rifles. Check the Internet
for up-to-date addresses.
The American Single Shot Rifle Association publishes the ASSRA Journal bi-monthly,
and has lately (2002/2003) turned slightly away from shooting and more toward collecting.
There are matches throughout the year at various clubs, and matches three times a year at the
associations range in Etna Green, IN, near Warsaw.
The International Single Shot Association seems to be carrying on the original Coors
Schuetzen matches, first held in Golden CO in 1982. (The ASSRA didnt seem to want to be
involved. The way I read it, there was some kind of political or turf dispute.) Currently there are
regional qualifying matches held across the country, and the national match is held at the NRA
range in Raton NM in late August. The officers of the ISSA are some of the most familiar and
respected names in the single shot game.
Single shot cartridge rifles were made starting around the Civil War and are still
manufactured today. For some of us, single shot rifles strike a chord; they define for us the
essence of the rifle.
Many of the older rifles were made to shoot cast bullets, and it is probably a mistake to
use jacketed bullets in any single shot rifle made before 1910, because those jacketed bullets will
cause excessive wear on the bore.
In addition to the commercial rifles, there were many hundreds of thousands of military
single shot rifles made between about 1865 and 1890. These include the Springfield Trap Doors,
Remington Rolling Blocks, various Peabody and Peabody Martini models, Sniders and Werndls.
These will sometimes shoot cast bullets with amazing accuracy.

ORIGINAL SINGLE SHOT RIFLES

411
The original actions briefly discussed below have been separated into Stronger and
Weaker actions.
In the period roughly bounded by the end of the First World War and the election of
Richard Nixon to the Presidency, the breech loading single shot rifle fell from favor in the
United States. Prices were low, both in dollars corrected for inflation and relative to prices for
other guns. American Rifleman magazines from before the second war, when an individual could
afford to put an advertisement in that magazine to sell a gun, contain ads for highest quality
breech loading single shot target rifles for less money than issue 1903 Springfields. Because
they were strong and inexpensive, in the earlier part of this period some single shot actions were
used as the basis for building rifles shooting high pressure jacketed bullet wildcat cartridges.
Hervey Lovell, Ned Roberts and Harvey Donaldson were three of the better-known cartridge
developers. The cartridges included the .22 Hornet, .25 Krag, .219 Donaldson Wasp and .22 R2
Lovell.
The actions most frequently used for these wildcat rifles were the 1885 Winchester High
Wall, Stevens 44 1/2 and (less frequently) the Sharps Borchardt and the Remington Hepburn.
These actions could take the pressures these wildcats generated. I owned several which remained
together after shooting some ungodly loads back when I was immortal.
These actions, along with the Remington Rolling Block and Peabody/Martini are the
stronger actions.
Smokeless powders used in single shot rifle shooting are on the faster end of the scale,
and charges of these powders dont fill up much of the case. Putting two charges of powder in a
cartridge case by mistake is an easy error to make, since one charge takes up so little of the case
volume. The stronger actions are less likely to come apart with a double charge than are the
weaker actions.
At a match a few years back I saw a Stevens 44 (a weaker action) that had come apart,
probably as a result of a double charge. (After the trigger is pulled there is no way to know if
there was a double charge in the case.) At the same match, Don Spalding (founder of the
Massachusetts Schutzen Society and a fine offhand competitor) touched off a shot in a Falling
Block Works actioned rifle that got a lot of attention because of the noise. When he opened the
action the primer fell out; the primer pocket had expanded substantially due to high pressure.
This strong Falling Block Works action was undamaged by the (probable) double charge. When
I came home from that match I sold all my weaker-actioned rifles.

Stronger Actions
Winchester 1885 High Wall Or High Side
Perhaps the strongest original single shot action. These rifles are fairly common in many
calibers including .32-40 and .38-55. The action is suitable for all calibers from .22 rimfire to the
largest centerfire cartridge.
Remington Hepburn
This is an excellent action in any caliber, including some proprietary Remington calibers.
These are not nearly as common as Winchesters.

Remington Rolling Block
The Remington Rolling Block Midrange in "F" Grade
This rifle is in 40-70 (Bottle Neck). A bit unusual in that it is a target arm from the 1880's and
not that many target rifles were made. Most of Remington's production of rolling blocks was in

412
military configuration. "F" grade is described in the Remington Catalog of the mid 1870's as
being stocked in the Creedmoor Pistol Grip Style with a hard rubber butt plate and nose cap plus
having improved vernier tang sight and windgauge front sight.

(Photo of Remington Rolling Block Midrange, Grade "F", courtesy Hal Prucha)
Many military Rolling Block rifles were made. This action is most suitable for the larger
calibers, and in good condition is very strong. Dale Reynolds competed with a Rolling Block for
a number of years with good results. (He made double set triggers for the gun, but mentioned to
me once that hed never do it again because of the amount of work required.)
The Rolling Block firing pin must be free to move back and forward in the block. In
theory the firing pin can become rusted and frozen in the extended position, and when the block
is closed on a cartridge the extended firing pin could fire the cartridge with the block unlocked.
Keep the firing pin free so that the spring retracts it into the block.

Stevens 44 1/2
A Pair of Stevens Model 51 Rifles
There were a number of options available to the purchasers of these very expensive target rifles.
The two rifles illustrate these options. Nickel plating on the trigger guard and butt plate as well
as special checkering borders was a few examples. Both rifles are in 32-40 Winchester but the
scoped rifle has a 1-20
twist rather than the more
typical 1-16 twist of the
other rifle.
(Photo of a pair of Stevens
44 1/2 Model 51 rifles
courtesy Hal Prucha)
Stevens actions
have a rocking motion to
the breechblock as it
closes, that makes breech
seating with a plugged
case simple. (See HOW
TO MAKE A PLUGGED
CASE)
Another feature of Stevens
actions is that the barrel is
easily removed from the rifle. It is then possible to have several barrels in different calibers or in
different weights that fit the same action. For example, it would be possible to fit a .32-40

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offhand barrel, a .32-40 heavy bench rest barrel and a .22-rimfire barrel to the same action. The
appropriate extractors and both rimfire and center fire breechblocks would be required also.
There is some discussion about whether Stevens 44 1/2 actions are prone to break firing
pins. I will add to that discussion by saying that in my three Stevens 44 1/2s I broke about a
quart of firing pins. I had them made by good gunsmiths, I bought them from reputable suppliers,
and I made them myself. There is clearly a trick to making and fitting these firing pins and I
clearly dont know that trick.

Sharps Borchardt
Sharps Borchardt Creedmoor rifle. Photo courtesy Hal Prucha

Sharps Borchardt 45-70 Military Rifle
This is a fine example. The bore is in new
condition. J.P. Lower set his off hand records with a
similar rifle. The Sharps made Borchardt was
considered by many shooters of its day to be the
most accurate 45-70 military rifle made. (Photo
courtesy Hal Prucha)

Again, these rifles are scarce and expensive. They
were originally made in larger calibers and we dont
see them in ASSRA competition very often.

Peabody/Martini

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This is a photo of a Peabody Creedmoor rifle, courtesy Hal Prucha.
Peabody rifles made by the Providence Tool Works or centerfire Peabody/ Martini rifles
made in England are most often seen as military rifles.
There are many German Schuetzen rifles made on the Peabody Martini action, and there are
Hammerli Martini rifles that are especially impressive.
Many used Martini-actioned .22 rimfire rifles have been imported from England in the past few
years. Marlin Bassett (the rifle expert and inventor of "pillar bedding") and Dale Reynolds
(Western New York Schuetzen Society official and long-time shooter) have been shooting rifles
made on military Peabody/Martini actions for the past few seasons with some success.
I am particularly fond of rifles made on these actions even though they must sometimes
be cleaned from the muzzle and are difficult to breech seat. It seems to me that the Peabody
action is an elegant engineering solution.

Weaker Actions

Sharps 1874
1874 Slotterbeck Sharps
This rifle, in 40-70 Sharps Bottle Neck (SBN)
was built from an 1874 Sharps by rebarreling,
German style set triggers added. Slotterbeck, of
Lakeport, CA. was a famous western gunsmith
of that period. Photo courtesy Hal Prucha.
These rifles were made in large calibers,
and are scarce and expensive. We dont see
them in ASSRA competition very often; they
are more suited to Black Powder Silhouette and
Long Range Black Powder work.

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Ballard
(Photo of a No. 9 Ballard courtesy Hal Prucha)
The Ballard is the best loved single
shot rifle action. Ballards range from plain-
Jane models to elaborately engraved works of
art, in calibers from .22 rimfire to .45/70 and
larger. They frequently have double set
triggers, and always seem to exhibit superior
workmanship. The breechblock on a Ballard
action moves both forward and upward as it
closes. This makes breech seating easy with a
plugged case. The Ballard action is also ideal
for building a .22 rimfire rifle because of this feature, since a match chambered barrel can be
used and the breechblock will force the cartridge into the chamber. (Rimfire match chambers
are of minimum diameter and length, and cartridges can be difficult to chamber in some actions.
I enjoyed the use of a Pope High Wall in .22 rimfire a few years ago, and chambering cartridges
of some brands in that rifle was difficult. I thought it might be chambered for .22 Short, but the
chamber was Long length.)

Winchester 1885 Low Wall
This action is just like the High Wall except that the action sides are cut away to make
loading and removing cartridge cases easier. Low wall rifles are fairly common.

Stevens 44

The Stevens 44 is a completely different
and much weaker action than the 44 . It is
frequently found in .32-40 caliber. I know
several shooters who have had great luck with
rifles built on this action. Don Spalding and I
were among the shooters at the Western New
York Schutzen Society match that watched Jerry
Ventura shoot the first 200 yard 250 score with a
Stevens 44. Stevens 44 actioned rifles vary from
the plain vanilla to the most elaborate highly
engraved and beautifully made rifles. It is a weak
action. (Picture of an engraved Stevens Model 44 courtesy Val Miller)

Maynard
(Photo of an 1882 35/40
Maynard #16 courtesy of
Hal Prucha)
The Maynard is
my personal favorite
single shot rifle, but not

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many shooters share this opinion. Maynards are as scarce as hens teeth. It took me many years
to find a right Model 16, and I dont believe that Ive seen more than five or six Maynards for
sale in the past thirty-five years.

Springfield Trap Door
The Springfield Trap Door was the U.S. Army rifle from 1873 to 1892, and longer in the
hands of the National Guard and Reserves. It is a marvelous rifle, exhibiting exceptional
workmanship, fit, and finish. While these rifles are getting pretty old now, they still shoot well.
A Trap Door with a Buffington rear sight and an aperture front sight, in the hands of a
competent shooter with young eyes, will often shoot like a house afire. The Buffington rear sight
is a foot or so from the shooters eye, and sights in that position are best used by shooters with
eyes under 40 years of age.
The Trap Door can be used in Silhouette, Long Range Black Powder, and some ASSRA
matches.

REPRODUCTION SINGLE SHOT RIFLES
We are fortunate in having several manufacturers of reproduction single shot rifles who
are in business now, or were in the recent past. Excellent reproduction rifles are available. Prices
are sometimes a little stiff and back orders may delay delivery.
Reproductions of the following rifles are currently available:
Winchester 1885 High Wall and Low Wall
1874 Sharps
1875 Sharps
Sharps Borchardt
Stevens 44 1/2
Ballard
Peabody/Martini
Remington Rolling Block
Remington Hepburn
The companies making these reproduction rifles arrive on the scene and then disappear
with amazing speed, so I am reluctant to mention companies or names that may leave the
business before you read this.
I feel safe in mentioning Paul Shuttleworth at CPA Arms in Pennsylvania, who has been
making reproduction Stevens 44 1/2 rifles for quite a few years now.

NEWLY DESIGNED SINGLE SHOT RIFLES
There are several to many folks who have designed and built single shot rifles and
disappeared quickly. Ive never understood why that is. Some of these actions and rifles are
around for the long run, but not many.

deHaas-Miller
The deHaas-Miller action is now the standard by which other actions are judged.
Most of the best shooting in ASSRA matches is being done with rifles on this action.
The action was originally designed by Frank deHaas, and was been manufactured by
Dean Miller for fifteen years or so. Then the business was sold to Dakota Arms, which filed for
bankruptcy protection in 2006. The deHaas-Miller action design is a distillation of the good

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features of all the single shot rifles that Frank deHaas studied over many years, with
improvements made by Mr. Miller.
Ruger #1
Ruger single shot rifles used to be made in #1 and #3 models. The #3 had a different
lever and was a plainer and less expensive rifle than the #1, although the actions were essentially
the same. The #3s havent been made for a number of years, but they are readily available
second hand.
A run of Ruger #1s was made up in 38/55 caliber a few years ago and examples are seen
for sale now and then.
While no original schutzen calibers other than .45/70 now are available in the Ruger, I
have had some success shooting .30/06 and .300 Winchester Magnum Ruger #1s with cast
bullets. Neither is a schutzen cartridge, but the guns are available and each cartridge has
advantages.
Ive owned five or six Ruger #1s originals in .45/70, .30/06, .300 W.M., and re-barreled
rifles in .30/30 and .32/20. I had three rifles re-barreled.
I have owned and know of Ruger single shots that shot jacketed bullets as accurately as
could be expected. My .300 W.M. would frequently make 5 shot 200 yard groups around 1, and
Bob Barry had a .220 Swift which shot many 5 shot 100 yard groups under a half inch.
I have never had a Ruger #1 that shot lead bullets from the bench as well as I thought it
should. Sometimes the rifle just wouldnt shoot accurately, and sometimes it was inconsistent;
but I never had one that I kept. Two of those rebarreled rifles are owned by Old Colony members
and are used for offhand work with no complaints; but keep in mind that bench rest and offhand
accuracy requirements are different.
Marlin Basset gunsmithed some Rugers a few years ago and he found that he had to cut
off the mainspring hanger and attach the forward end of the mainspring to the barrel, among
other things, to get Rugers to shoot.
We dont see many Rugers in the ASSRA match results.
In my opinion the Ruger action is a kluge. I cant for the life of me understand how or
why the designer could have left out every good feature of every single shot action that was ever
made, and come up with an action with more parts than a swing set and not a single redeeming
feature other than strength.
H & R Handi-Rifle
This rifle is available in many calibers including .30/30 and .45/70; both of which are
good single shot rifle cartridges. I tested Handi-Rifles in both calibers, and was impressed with
their accuracy. This rifle cost around $250 in 2003. It is the lowest cost single shot rifle
available, and it is perfect for the financially challenged beginning shooter.
A version of this rifle in .45/70 with a long barrel and case colored receiver is made as a
Wesson and Harrington Buffalo Classic. I tested one of these models, and it shot very
accurately, looked good and had a superb trigger.
The single shot rifles made by H & R 1871 Inc. (now owned by Marlin) are strong and
accurate and inexpensive and available. Theyre never going to replace the traditional rifles in
our hearts, but the beginning single shot shooter can get started with one of these rifles and have
a whale of a lot of fun.

Falling Block Works

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This action is similar to the 1885 Winchester, it is an excellent action; the worst thing
about it is that it isnt being produced today. Or it may be-there are rumors that it is coming back.
Hoch
Richard Hoch, who used to make wonderful barrels and molds, designed this action. (His
mold business was sold to Richard Farmer, who renamed it Colorado Shooters Supply.) Ive
seen several of the actions and talked to their owners. There are better actions to be had.
Thompson-Center Single Shot Rifle, The TCR-83
This rifle was made in .32/40 as well as in several other calibers that could be used for
single shot competition. Sam Anderson had one in 30/06 that shot pretty well. The rifle isnt seen
much in match results and to my mind has absolutely no magic.

GERMAN SCHUTZEN RIFLES
Many of the original German Schutzen rifles are beautiful works of art. The
workmanship is superb, there frequently is engraving, the woodwork is well done, and the rifles
feel good when you hold them up.
The caliber is most frequently 8.15 X 46R. Cases can be made from any of the .30-30 and
.32-40 family, or RWS cases are available from The Old Western Scrounger.
The iron sights on these rifles dont have any markings such as verniers, so recording and
returning to sight settings must be done using a caliper.
Most of us dont put scope blocks on these rifles because we feel that the rifles shouldnt
be modified in any way.
(Alan Young devised a mount to attach to the long dovetail that many of these rifles have
on top of the barrel. This dovetail was intended to hold an open rear sight that was used in some
German matches instead of the tang-mounted aperture rear sight. See: How to make Alan
Youngs Telescopic sight adapter for German Schuetzen rifles)
German schutzen rifles are accurate, the sights can be adjusted precisely, telescopic sights
can be fitted, the stock/rifle fit is generally good for offhand shooting, and bench rest shooting is
possible after fiddling around with bench rest and bag.
I have owned two German schutzen rifles in 8.15 X 46R. One had an Aydt action, the
other a Martini action. Both shot well. For some reason I sent both of mine down the road, and
for some (maybe the same) reason we dont often see single shot shooters campaigning these
rifles over long periods of time. I did not enjoy shooting these rifles as much as I enjoy shooting
American made single shot rifles. I cant tell you why that is, but I dont seem to be alone in that
opinion.

ON BUILDING A SINGLE SHOT TARGET RIFLE
I dont recommend that the beginning cast bullet shooter build his first rifle. He doesnt
know what he wants, he doesnt know what components or gunsmiths to use and he doesnt want
to wait for that first gun.
Here are some suggestions if you decide to have a single shot rifle built:
First choice, if money and time are not a consideration, is to have a rifle built with a
deHaas Miller action in 32 Miller Short. Have a good custom barrel installed, and good wood
fitted by a competent stock maker. This action and caliber is the hot deal in single shot rifle
competition. (2007-The deHaas Miller action business has been sold to Dakota Arms, and is not
available today.)

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Paul Shuttleworth at CPA Corporation in Dingmans Ferry, PA builds a modern 44 1/2
Stevens action and rifles on the action. Ken Bresein in Warsaw, NY started to make these
actions, I remember visiting Ken in the early 80s and seeing the actions and the broaching
machine he made for broaching the actions. Paul Shuttleworth, who was well known for
supplying machined stocks and stock wood ended up with the action making business, and now
makes the whole rifle.
These rifles can be made in bench and offhand models, with a wide selection of barrels
and palm rests and other features. One advantage of the 44 1/2 Stevens is that the barrels and
breech block/lever assemblies interchange, so it is easy to have a rifle with 30/30, 32/40, 38/55,
28/30, 25/20 and 22 rimfire barrels and breech block/lever assemblies as needed. The
opportunities to empty out your bank account are unlimited. I had an original 44 1/2 action fitted
with interchangeable 32/40 and 22 rimfire equipment, and it was wonderful. Both barrels shot
beautifully, so there was no challenge and I sent the gun down the road.
Ballard Rifle LLC in Cody WY is making replica Ballard and Winchester 1885 rifles.
They have an excellent reputation at this time. Note that the Ballard is in the weaker action
category.
Then there are the rest of the actions and makers, barrel makers and stock makers. If you
choose a gunsmith to build your rifle, here are some recommendations:
The 32 Miller short, 32 Dell or any of the short cases based on the 357 Magnum or 375
Maximum cartridge case are perhaps the best choice for a bench rest gun. Breech seating is
required and many believe that there is an accuracy advantage to the small primers used and the
small case capacity. Brass is easy to find and inexpensive. (I suspect that the accuracy advantage
ascribed to the small primers and small capacity case is not great.)
The 30/30 Winchester cartridge using a barrel with a 1 turn in 10 inch or 1 in 12 inch
twist is a good choice. Cartridge cases are readily available and cheap. The case has a long neck
allowing correct loading of bullets of different lengths, and is ideal for loading fixed
ammunition. Breech seating is easily done, also. There are more 30 caliber bullet molds available
than any other size, and the 10 or 12 inch twist allows use of long bullets with high ballistic
coefficients that are minimally affected by the wind. (The ballistic coefficient of a bullet is a
measure of how efficiently the bullet moves through the air; a measure of how much velocity is
retained during flight. Ballistic coefficients of single shot rifle bullets are around .2- .4.)
The 32/40 is the traditional favorite Schuetzen cartridge. Brass is sometimes hard to find,
breech seating generally works better than using fixed ammunition, and there are plenty of bullet
molds and designs available.
Larger cartridges, such as the 38/55, produce greater recoil than the 30 and 32 caliber
cartridges and do not fare as well in the bench rest matches.
Smaller cartridges such as the 28/30 and 25/20 SS are sometimes used, but brass is hard
to find and expensive. I think that these cartridges are best left to the expert or to those who
happen to own a rifle in one of these cartridges.
The choice of barrels is between one of the custom barrel makers and Douglas. The
custom barrel makers are expensive and they sometimes take a long time to deliver the barrel but
their barrels are capable of exceptionally fine accuracy. Douglas barrels are relatively
inexpensive, delivery is quick and they are capable of exceptionally fine accuracy. I think that it
used to be true that custom barrels were somewhat more accurate than Douglas barrels, but today
the difference in accuracy is small. Then there are the arguments that if you are going to spend

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the time and money to have a rifle built, why not opt for one of the custom barrels? You pays
your money and you takes your chances.
(This applies only to barrels used on single shot lead bullet guns-I dont know much about bolt
gun barrels.)
Use a stronger action for any centerfire rifle, and dont let your choice of an action be
dictated by price.
Pick a gunsmith with proven ability to fit and chamber a barrel properly. There are many
amateur and professional gunsmiths around who can put a rifle together; there are few who
understand the importance of fitting the front of the action to the barrel and chambering the rifle
square and clean. There are even fewer with the ability to do the work. The competent gunsmiths
charge a lot for their work, and have a lot of work on hand. Not all gunsmiths who charge a lot
and have long waiting times are competent.
I am suspicious of a gunsmith who takes an exceptionally long time to do metal work. I
have waited well over a year for a piece of work that took four hours. I think that excessive
waiting time is often a sign that the gunsmith is disorganized and unable to manage his time
reasonably. I dont want him working on my gun.

BOLT-ACTION RIFLES
Bolt-action rifles are probably the most common type of rifle, the strongest, and the most
accurate.
Many thousands of military surplus bolt-action rifles have been sold in this country.
These are, for the most part, good and strong rifles; however there are some with problems and
some with design flaws and they are all getting old.
Most modern bolt-action rifles are developments of the 98 Mauser design.
Currently made bolt-action rifles from Winchester, Remington, Ruger, Savage and others
are very accurate out of the box, safe with any reasonable load, strong enough for high-pressure
loads, and designed to handle an overload with minimum damage to the shooter. These rifles are
inexpensive for what they are and will do.
For the utmost in cast bullet accuracy, advanced shooters will have purpose-built target
rifles made, generally on bolt-actions that are made specifically for these rifles. These actions
and rifles are very expensive.

MILITARY SURPLUS RIFLES
Military surplus rifles are a lot of fun to shoot and to work up loads. Prices have risen
over the years. Given the prices, the problems are with sights, trigger, wood and barrel bands;
accuracy with cast bullets is more easily achieved with a moderately expensive new bolt action
rifle, or one of the H&R/NEF single shot rifles. Those being said, have fun with your military
surplus rifle.
In the early sixties we bought Jap Model 99 7.7 mm rifles in good condition for $12, and
1917 Enfield 30/06 rifles brand new in the Cosmoline for $35. We sporterized the dickens out of
these rifles, sawing off barrels and stocks and adding peep sights or scopes.
Today, military surplus rifles are a lot more expensive even considering inflation. We see
prices charged for military surplus rifles that are higher than the price of new commercial bolt-
action rifles. So the collector value is catching up with the utility value of these rifles.

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Bolt-action military surplus rifles are getting old. The last was made in the 1950s. Many
are substantially older. Old aint bad, but old is cause for thorough inspection and probably
headspace checking.
Many military surplus rifles have sights that are difficult to use for target shooting. The
elevation steps are not finely adjustable, there is no windage adjustment and the front sights are
too short to allow zeroing with cast bullets at 100 yards. Sights on American made military rifles
do not have these problems.
Most military surplus rifles have two stage triggers and heavy trigger pulls. This is not
conducive to accurate target shooting, but with practice a lot of the difficulty goes away.
Military surplus rifles have a lot of wood and barrel bands that are not found on
commercial rifles. Theres a handguard on top, the stock goes almost to the muzzle and there are
most often two barrel bands. Folks attempting to get military rifles to shoot accurately fiddle
with these and trim and grind and adjust.
American military surplus cartridge rifles start with the Trap Door Springfield in 45/70.
These are grand old rifles, and with the Buffington rear sight that is adjustable for windage and
elevation these rifles can be quite accurate. (Early models were chambered for 50/70, but not
many of these are seen.) The Springfield trap door is not a particularly strong action, so be
careful with loads.
Next is the 30/40 Krag, a rifle known for its slick bolt action. The Krag can be made to
shoot accurately with cast bullets, and many have been used for target shooting and hunting over
the years. There have been reports that some Krags have cracks in the locking lugs. Have yours
checked by a competent gunsmith before shooting it.
The 1903 Springfield in 30/06 is a modified 98 Mauser design. It is amply strong enough
for modern high-pressure loads and it is used for target shooting even today. The sights, like the
Buffington sights on the trap door, are adjustable for both elevation and windage. The 1903
Springfield can be loaded to shoot cast bullets accurately and is a very satisfying rifle.
Be aware that Low Number 1903 Springfield rifles are reputed to be less strong than
High Number rifles and that there have been reports of failures. This story has been around for
a hundred years and Ive always been a little skeptical because of the many reports of faultless
operation of low number Springfields-BUT safety is first for me and I wont buy or shoot one.
During the First World War many 1917 Enfield rifles were made in the United States for
American use. This is another modified 98 Mauser design. These were chambered in 30/06, are
big and heavy rifles, and have a rear sight adjustable only for elevation, no windage. The bore
and groove dimensions are slightly large for the 30 caliber, so a slightly large cast bullet will
probably work best. The current 314299 from Lyman would be a good choice.
During the Second World War the 1903A3 Springfield in 30/06 was made and issued to
some troops. This is a simplified 1903 Springfield, with some stamped parts and a (kind of)
click-adjustable rear sight with both windage and elevation adjustments. This sight is closer to
the eye (good) but has coarse adjustments (bad). The 1903A3 can be loaded to shoot cast bullets
accurately, and can be a good target rifle.
The 1898 Mauser was used by Germany through the Second World War, and by many
other countries. This is the rifle design that has not been markedly improved on. The 98 Mauser
was chambered for the 8MM cartridge for German use, and other cartridges for other countries.
Be aware that the 8MM cartridge came in two diameters; early cartridges had a .318 diameter
bullet while later cartridges (from 1905 on) used a .323 bullet. Some of these rifles will shoot
cast bullets accurately, but the sights leave a lot to be desired.

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The earlier Mausers are legion. There are 1889, 1891, 1893, 1894, 1896 and other models
of the rifle that Mauser was developing into the 1898. These came in 6.5 x 55 Swedish, 6.5 x 57,
7mm and 7.65 x 53. Some Mausers were converted to .308, others to 30/06. The sights are not
very good on these rifles and they can be a challenge to load for, but a lot of people have a lot of
fun loading for and shooting these rifles. I particularly enjoy the frustration of getting 6.5 x 55
Swedish Mauser Model 96 rifles to shoot cast bullets accurately-It aint easy.
Many Japanese 7.7 mm rifles were brought back to the United States after the Second
World W ar. These are about .31 caliber, and many will shoot cast bullets accurately. These rifles
have chrome plated bores, and are extremely strong modified 1898 Mauser designs. The sights
are the typical problem, but I have always thought these rifles were underrated.
From my point of view, the rifles above are the most desirable and can be loaded with
cast bullets and shot accurately most easily.
English Lee Enfields have been imported and sold in large quantities for over 40 years.
The design is unlike any other. Some folks can get these rifles to shoot cast bullets well, but Im
not one of them.
The Mannlichers, Italian Carcanos, Swiss Schmidt-Rubins, French MAS, Russian Mosin-
Nagants and French Lebels can be made to shoot cast bullets-sometimes with very good results.
The degree of effort can be great and beyond the ability of the beginner. The sights are also
enough of a problem to make testing difficult.

PRODUCTION BOLT-ACTION RIFLES
There are many brand new bolt-action rifles available today that will shoot five jacketed
bullets into an inch at 100 yards out of the box. These rifles will also shoot cast bullets very
accurately.
These rifles come in long and short actions, in wood and plastic stocks, in stainless steel
and in chrome/moly steel, with fluted or round or tapered barrels from heavy to very light
weight.
The Savage rifles have a well-deserved reputation for accuracy and reasonable price.
Mine all shot extremely well. These may be the most accurate production bolt action rifles
available today (2007) and the Accu-Trigger is a very nice trigger.
Remington rifles are accurate rifles at somewhat more money than the Savage rifles. The
original 700 BDL Varmint in 308 Winchester (no longer made) was used by several shooters at
the Old Colony with lead bullets, and shot very well.
Ruger rifles are not seen in the CBA match results as often as the Savage and Remington
rifles. I have had several that shot very accurately.
Winchester rifles of current manufacture are seldom seen in the CBA match results. I
have no experience with modern Winchester rifles.

PURPOSE BUILT BOLT ACTION RIFLES by Pat Iffland
While not overly popular, people who decide to shoot heavy or unrestricted class CBA
Registered Benchrest Matches, or seek the ultimate in accuracy and precision in cast bullet
shooting for its own reward will be drawn to the purpose built bolt rifle.

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Besides caliber (with the 30 BR being overwhelmingly chosen) and possibly the chamber
throat, what youre dealing with here is exactly the equipment youd see being used at a jacketed
benchrest match.
Of the production actions, Remington leads the pack while in the custom class Stolle and
Nesika seem to be the most favored at the present time, although others do show up and hold
their own against the favorites. Action choice seems to be a regional thing as much as anything
else with the Stolle more popular in the east and the Nesika in the west.
Hart and Lilja barrels are used by a majority of the benchrest shooters but other barrel
makers wares are represented and do as well in competition. Your chances of getting a good
barrel or a not so good barrel (your chance of getting a really bad barrel from one of the major
makers is pretty slim) are going to be about equal no matter who makes it so just stick with what
the winners are using and hope for the best.
36 power scopes, fiberglass benchrest stocks, and 2 ounce triggers are also standard fare
on the true purpose built B.R. rifle. These are custom rifles through and through and as in
everything else the words custom and expensive are interchangeable. The bench and
reloading equipment needed to give the rifle a chance at reaching its full potential are also costs
that must be considered when starting down this path.
Expense aside, pride of ownership and having the equipment to see just how accurate
your home brewed bullets truly are can be a rewarding experience.

SEMI AUTOMATIC RIFLES
The M1 Garand surplus military rifle in 30/06 has sights adjustable for windage and
elevation, and can be loaded successfully with cast bullets. Many of these rifles have been sold
since 1945. These rifles can be used for position target shooting with cast bullets; reports of
success to 600 yards may be found. The Garand takes some training and fiddling to operate. A 5
round clip, modified from the standard 8 round clip, is available and may be required at some
ranges. (The 8 round clip cannot conventionally be loaded with any less than 8 rounds.) Loading
single shot, as is required in some matches or at some ranges, is a little tricky and may result in
damage to the shooters thumb.
The M1 carbine is another surplus rifle that has been sold by the thousands since 1945.
The cartridge is the 30 carbine, with a 110-grain bullet at 1975 fps. This cartridge and rifle are
not powerful enough for hunting anything much bigger than a rat, and are not accurate enough to
reliably hit that rat at much over 50 yards. The rifle is too light and too inaccurate for serious
offhand target shooting. So the 30 M1 carbine is a plinker, a shooter of beer cans and such. It can
be loaded and shot successfully with cast bullets, but in my opinion it wont do anything that a
22 rimfire wont do more accurately and cheaper.
The M1A is a semi automatic civilian version of the M14 in 308 caliber. The M14 has the
capability of being fired in the automatic or machine gun mode, and, as far as I know, has never
been sold as surplus for that reason. The M1A was/is manufactured by Springfield Armory Inc.,
now Springfield Inc. It is probably the most popular rifle for position military match shooting,
and is amazingly accurate. The M1A can be loaded with cast bullets and shot accurately, but
reports of this are thin on the ground. I believe that owners of M1A rifles who are serious target
shooters do not want to handicap themselves with cast bullets, which are slower and more
affected by the wind than jacketed bullets.
The M16 rifle in 223 caliber also has the capability of full automatic fire, and has not
been sold as surplus for that reason. There are many copies of the M16 rifle in semi automatic

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configuration, available from Colt, Bushmaster and others. Some of these are made as target
rifles, and are extremely accurate. Loading accurate cast bullets of 22 caliber for a semi
automatic rifle is possible, but just barely. This is best left to the advanced caster/handloader
with a lot of time on his hands.
There are a number of American and foreign-made semi automatic .308 war rifles from
DSA and H&K and CETME and others that are just too ugly to talk about.

LEVER ACTION RIFLES
The Winchester Model 94 is or has been available in 30/30, 32 Special, 44 Magnum/44-
40, 444 Marlin, 357 Magnum, 45 Colt, 38/55, 32/40, 25/35 and other calibers.
Probably there are more of these rifles in 30/30 and 32 Special than in all the other calibers
combined. These rifles can be reloaded with cast bullets to almost equal their performance with
jacketed bullets.
The pistol calibers with cast bullets can equal jacketed bullet performance.
The Marlin 336 is or has been available in 30/30, 32 Special, 35 Remington and other calibers.
The current Marlin model 1894 is a shorter action rifle chambered in the pistol calibers. The
model 444 looks like a model 336, and is in 444 Marlin caliber. The Marlin model 95 also looks
like a 336, and is in 45/70 caliber. All of these can be reloaded successfully with cast bullets to
almost equal or equal the performance with jacketed bullets.
Marlin developed the Micro-Groove or shallow rifling about 40 years ago. Today their rifles
are available with either the Micro-Groove or Ballard = deep groove rifling, depending on the
model. There are reports of poor accuracy with the Micro-Groove rifling and cast bullets, and
there are reports of excellent accuracy with the same rifling. My experience is in shooting large
diameter (.312 in 30/30) bullets at velocities of 1400 fps or so in two Marlin 336s with Micro-
Groove rifling. Accuracy was as good as with jacketed bullets, between 2 and 3 for five shot
group averages at 100 yards. I think that if higher velocity is wanted, then hard bullets are
needed.
I had an old-time Marlin rifle in 32/40 that shot fixed cartridges very well. Five shot groups
averaged under 2 at 100 yards. But that was long ago when I could see the open sights. That
rifle had a blade front sight with a gold rear surface, and was much easier to shoot than a bead
front sight.
Any of the rifles mentioned above can be equipped with micrometer peep sights, tang sights or
telescopic sights to increase aiming precision.
All of the rifles mentioned above require some special reloading considerations.
The maximum overall cartridge length is determined by what will function through the
rifle. A cartridge that is too long wont work through the action.
These rifles have tubular magazines, the cartridges line up in the magazine behind each
other. For this reason, only flat point bullets may be used in these rifles. Sharply pointed bullets
may indent the primer of the cartridge in front, setting off that cartridge. Use flat point bullets
only!
Because of the pressure of the magazine spring and the recoil of firing, it may be
necessary to crimp the mouth of the cartridge case into the bullet to keep the bullet from being
pushed down into the case.
It is said that these rifle actions may spring upon firing a heavy load; and that that
springing allows the base of the cartridge case to swell beyond design limits. If the base swells,

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then full length sizing will be required to get the cartridge case back in the rifle. In extreme
cases, small base dies, intended to swage the base down, may be required.
My experience with Winchester 94s and Marlin 336s in 30/30 is that cases fired in one
gun may not be interchangeable in other guns and that neck sizing is all that is required to reload
cast bullets for a particular rifle.
Try the fired cases in the rifle. If the action closes without binding, probably neck sizing
will suffice.
The Savage Model 1899 or 99 lever action rifle was made in many calibers,
including 300 and 303 Savage, as well as 250/3000. The original rifles had spool magazines, so
they could be loaded with pointed bullets. Some later rifles had removable box magazines that
would also accommodate pointed bullets. These Savage rifles can be made to shoot accurately
with cast bullets, and are generally easier to get shooting accurately than the Winchesters or
Marlins. They are not made any longer, so obviously others dont share my enthusiasm for the
model 99.

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CAST BULLETS FOR BEGINNER AND EXPERT

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