Flexural Analysis of Beams

CE 4108 Concrete Structures Design

Flexural Analysis of Beams
A relatively long beam is assumed (so shear has
little effect). If load w varies from zero to until
the beam fails, the beam will have three stages:
1. Uncracked concrete stage
2. Concrete cracked Elastic Stress range
3. Beam failure Ultimate Strength stage
w
1. Uncracked Concrete Stage
Beam behaves like a solid rectangular beam
made completely of concrete.
2. Concrete Cracked Elastic Stress Range
Cracking Moment
Neutral Axis (N.A.)
moves upward
3. Beam Failure Ultimate Strength Stage
Cracking Moment
The area of reinforcing is a very small
percentage of the total cross sectional
area (usually less than 2%) and their
effects are negligible when the beam is
uncracked.
I
My
t
g r
cr
y
I f
M
The Flexure Formula:
Solving:
f
r
= modulus of rupture, the stress at which concrete
fails in tension
I
g
= gross moment of inertia
y
t
= distance from centroidal axis of section
c r
f f ' 5 . 7
ACI 9.5.2.3
(Eq. 9-9)
ACI 9.5.2.3
= modification factor for lightweight concrete
= 1 for normal weight concrete
Example: Problem 2.3
Determine the cracking moment for the
section if f
c
= 4000 psi.
Elastic Stress Concrete Cracked
Perfect bonding between the concrete
and the steel is assumed. The strain
between the steel at the same distance
from the N.A. will be the same. Because
they each have different modulus of
elasticity, they will have different
stresses.
Modular ration:
If n = 10, the stress in the steel will be
10 times the stress of concrete at the
same distance from the N.A., i.e., the
stress in 1 in
2
of steel is the same as 10
in
2
of concrete.
c
s
E
E
n
Transformed Area
To determine stresses in cracked beams, first the
location of the N.A. must be determined.
Prob. 2-13
Compute the flexural stresses for the section and load
given.
Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments
Assuming the steel yields before the
concrete crushes:
To obtain the nominal strength of a beam:
1. Compute T.
2. Equate T = C and solve for a (or
Concrete Compression Area A
c
).
3. Calculate distance between T and C.
4. Determine M
n
.
Problem 2.27
Determine the nominal moment capacity
M
n
. Take f
y
= 60 ksi and f
c
= 4 ksi.
Example 2.7
Homework
Calculate M
cr
.
If M > M
cr
, calculate M
n
.
If M
cr
< M < M
n
, use the transformed area method and
determine the bending stresses at the top and at the
bottom.