The r ol e of t he pet r ophysi c i st i n

The r ol e of t he pet r ophysi c i st i n

r eser voi r c har ac t er i zat i on and
r eser voi r c har ac t er i zat i on and
t he anal ysi s of r eser voi r
t he anal ysi s of r eser voi r
per f or manc e.
per f or manc e.
What do w e br i ng t o t he t abl e?
What do w e br i ng t o t he t abl e?
What do w e w ant t o t ak e home?
What do w e w ant t o t ak e home?
Bob Cluff
Bob Cluff
The Discovery Group Inc.
The Discovery Group Inc.
consulting geoscientists and
consulting geoscientists and
petrophysicists
petrophysicists
Denver, Colorado
Denver, Colorado
Presentation at SPE Applied Technology
Presentation at SPE Applied Technology
Workshop, Key West, Florida, 8 Feb 2007
Workshop, Key West, Florida, 8 Feb 2007
The bi g 3 w e al l w ant t o
The bi g 3 w e al l w ant t o
k now
k now

.
.

Porosity
Porosity

Permeability
Permeability

Fluid saturation
Fluid saturation
But t hese ar e w hat w e r eal l y
But t hese ar e w hat w e r eal l y
measur e w i t h l ogs
measur e w i t h l ogs

..
..

Natural earth potentials (spontaneous potential)

Natural earth potentials (spontaneous potential)
between beds
between beds

Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity

Natural gamma ray radiation

Natural gamma ray radiation

Neutron slowing down length

Neutron slowing down length

Thermal neutron capture cross

Thermal neutron capture cross
secton
secton

Speed of sound
Speed of sound

Electron density from gamma ray scattering

Electron density from gamma ray scattering

Gamma ray photoelectric absorption

Gamma ray photoelectric absorption

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time

just about any property of matter you can think of.

just about any property of matter you can think of.
Rol e of t he pet r ophysi c i st
Rol e of t he pet r ophysi c i st
Is to take the physical properties we can
Is to take the physical properties we can
measure
measure
downhole,then
downhole,then
turn them into
turn them into
something useful.
something useful.
That is, the reservoir properties of interest.
That is, the reservoir properties of interest.
Tw o f ac es of Pet r ophysi c s
Tw o f ac es of Pet r ophysi c s

Measurement science
Measurement science

What physical properties can be measured

What physical properties can be measured
that might be useful/interesting?
that might be useful/interesting?

Physics of the measurement

Physics of the measurement

Engineering how to make the measurement

Engineering how to make the measurement
in a dark, noisy, dirty
in a dark, noisy, dirty
downhole
downhole
enviroment
enviroment

Converting the raw measurements to

Converting the raw measurements to
something closer to the property of interest
something closer to the property of interest
El ec t r on densi t y
El ec t r on densi t y

Gamma rays are emitted by radioisotope

Gamma rays are emitted by radioisotope
source.
source.

GR
GR

s
s
are scattered by the electron clouds
are scattered by the electron clouds
surrounding the nearby atoms (Compton
surrounding the nearby atoms (Compton
scattering).
scattering).

GR
GR

s
s
detected at 1, 2 or 3 nearby detectors are
detected at 1, 2 or 3 nearby detectors are
attenuated, with the reduction directly
attenuated, with the reduction directly
proportional to the density of electrons
proportional to the density of electrons
between the source and the detectors.
between the source and the detectors.
Loggi ng
Loggi ng
sonde
sonde
US Patent 3,321,625
May, 1967
El ec t r on densi t y vs. bul k
El ec t r on densi t y vs. bul k
densi t y
densi t y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
el ectron densi ty (rhob x 2Z/A)
b
u
l
k

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
g
/
c
3
)
water
quartz
dolomite
pyrite
coal
limestone
Spi ne and r i bs pl ot
Spi ne and r i bs pl ot
The sec ond f ac e
The sec ond f ac e

.
.

Interpretation science
Interpretation science

Interpreting physical measurements in terms

Interpreting physical measurements in terms
of rock properties of interest
of rock properties of interest

determine porosity from bulk density

determine porosity from bulk density

determine hydrocarbon saturation from electrical

determine hydrocarbon saturation from electrical
conductivity and porosity
conductivity and porosity

Interpretation model development

Interpretation model development

Integration of petrophysical properties with

Integration of petrophysical properties with
engineering and geology
engineering and geology
Ex ampl e: bul k densi t y
Ex ampl e: bul k densi t y
i nt er pr et at i on
i nt er pr et at i on

The raw tool count rates have been

The raw tool count rates have been
converted to bulk density and corrected
converted to bulk density and corrected
for
for
mudcake
mudcake
thickness by the logging
thickness by the logging
service company,
service company,

but we want to know the porosity of the

but we want to know the porosity of the
formation, not the density.
formation, not the density.
Bul k densi t y
Bul k densi t y
-
-
densi t y
densi t y
por osi t y pl ot
por osi t y pl ot
Schlumberger, 2005
Por osi t y c omput at i on
Por osi t y c omput at i on
PhiD
PhiD
= (
= (
RhoMa
RhoMa

RhoB)/(RhoMa
RhoB)/(RhoMa

RhoFl
RhoFl
)
)
Where: Where:
RhoMa RhoMa = the matrix density = the matrix density
RhoB RhoB = measured bulk density = measured bulk density
RhoFl RhoFl = fluid density = fluid density

Problem for the interpretation petrophysicist is:

Problem for the interpretation petrophysicist is:
What is the matrix density? What is the matrix density?
Rocks are rarely pure end member minerals Rocks are rarely pure end member minerals- - they are usually they are usually
mixtures so the matrix density will not be a constant value. mixtures so the matrix density will not be a constant value.
What is the fluid density? Water, oil, gas, or a combination What is the fluid density? Water, oil, gas, or a combination
thereof? thereof? At formation conditions. At formation conditions. Do we need to know Do we need to know
saturation to solve for porosity?? saturation to solve for porosity??
Densi t y por osi t y sol ut i on
Densi t y por osi t y sol ut i on
-0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
OCNL
3
.
0
2
.
9
2
.
8
2
.
7
2
.
6
2
.
5
2
.
4
2
.
3
2
.
2
2
.
1
2
.
0
1
.
9
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
GRCORR
0 300 [N/A]
GRCORR
0 300 [N/A]
Density
1.95 2.95 G/C3
Neutron
0.45 -0.15 V/V
Sonic
140 40 US/F
Pe
0 20 [N/A]
Density
1.95 2.95 G/C3
Neutron
0.45 -0.15 V/V
Sonic
140 40 US/F
Pe
0 20 [N/A]
7950
8000
8050
8100
8150
8200 8200
LESA 6.1, 1992-2006 Digital Formation, Inc.
File: LA-LIME.LAS Well Name:
LOUISIANA LIMESTONE
Plot: C-DN-S46.PLT Plot Name: Density vs. Comp. Neutron (S-1991, p.46)
Gross Interval: 7950 to 8170 by 1 F
Ranges: 7950-8170
Time: 05:59 PM Date: Sat, Feb 03, 2007
Schlumberger Chartbook (1991) p.46
D
o
l
o
m
i
t
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
4
0
L
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
4
0
4
5
S
a
n
d
s
t
o
n
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
4
0
A
n
h
y
d
r
i
t
e
0
Sulfur
Salt
Plagioclase
Kspar
Chlorite
Illite
Kaolinite
Is this a change in
matrix density (lithology)
or a change in fluids??
Log
Log
ex ampl e
ex ampl e
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Neutron
3
2
.
9
2
.
8
2
.
7
2
.
6
2
.
5
2
.
4
2
.
3
2
.
2
2
.
1
2
1
.
9
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
Schlumberger Chartbook (1991) p.38
D
o
l
o
m
i
t
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
L
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
4
0
4
5
S
a
n
d
s
t
o
n
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
4
0
Salt
Sulfur
Anhydrite
K-spar
Plagioclase
Chlorite
Illite
Kaolinite
Shal e Poi nt
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Sonic Transit Time (us/ft)
3
2
.
9
2
.
8
2
.
7
2
.
6
2
.
5
2
.
4
2
.
3
2
.
2
2
.
1
2
1
.
9
1
.
8
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
Schlumberger Chartbook (1991) p.44
Time Average
D
o
l
o
m
i
t
e
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
S
a
n
d
s
t
o
n
e
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
L
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
Sulfer
Sylvite
Salt
Trona
Gypsum
Polyhalite
Anhydrite
Schlumberger Chartbook (1991) p.44
Field Observation
D
o
l
o
m
i
t
e
0
1
0
2
0
4
0
S
a
n
d
s
t
o
n
e
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
L
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
Sulfer
Sylvite
Salt
Trona
Gypsum
Polyhalite
Anhydrite
Shale Poi nt
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Neutron
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
S
o
n
i
c

T
r
a
n
s
i
t

T
i
m
e

(
u
s
/
f
t
)
Schlumberger Chartbook (1991) p.42
Time Average
D
o
l
o
m
i
t
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
L
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
4
0
S
a
n
d
s
t
o
n
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
4
0
S
a
l
t
A
n
h
y
d
r
i
t
e
Schlumberger Chartbook (1991) p.42
Field Observation
D
o
l
o
m
i
t
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
L
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
S
a
n
d
s
t
o
n
e
0
5
1
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
S
a
l
t
A
n
h
y
d
r
i
t
e
Shal e Poi nt
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pe [N/A]
3
2
.
9
2
.
8
2
.
7
2
.
6
2
.
5
2
.
4
2
.
3
2
.
2
2
.
1
2
1
.
9
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
Schlumberger Chartbook (1991) p.64
S
a
n
d
s
t
o
n
e
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
D
o
l
o
m
i
t
e
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
L
i
m
e
s
t
o
n
e
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0S
a
l
t
0
A
n
h
y
d
r
i
t
e
0
Illite
Chlorite
Kaolinite
Montmorillonite
Shal e Poi nt
LESA 6.1, 1992-2006 Digital Formation, Inc.
File: 2508321080_Daniels 1.las Well Name:
DANIELS
Plot: Interactive Shale Point - English.plt Plot Name: Density vs. Pe (S-1991, p. 64)
Gross Interval: 11000 to 12532 by 0.5 F
Ranges: 11000-12532
Time:06:13 PM Date: Sat, Feb 03, 2007
Density in Shale = 2.514
Neutron in Shale = 0.299
Dt in Shale = 65
Pe in Shale = 3.5
So w hat i s i t w e do?
So w hat i s i t w e do?

We integrate the observed tool response

We integrate the observed tool response
with
with

Our geologic understanding of the formation

Our geologic understanding of the formation
of interest.
of interest.

Core and ditch cutting samples

Core and ditch cutting samples

Mud log observations

Mud log observations

All the other log measurements that respond

All the other log measurements that respond
to lithology and porosity to obtain a
to lithology and porosity to obtain a
consistent & logical interpretation
consistent & logical interpretation
Bi ggest c hal l enges f ac i ng
Bi ggest c hal l enges f ac i ng
pet r ophysi c s i n t hi s dec ade
pet r ophysi c s i n t hi s dec ade

#1 is people, people, people!

#1 is people, people, people!

Look around you. We

Look around you. We

re not getting younger.

re not getting younger.

Largest potential pool of petrophysical talent will be

Largest potential pool of petrophysical talent will be
the people retiring from big companies.
the people retiring from big companies.

Retirees don
Retirees don

t want to work in a traditional office or

t want to work in a traditional office or
cubicle, 8
cubicle, 8
-
-
5, commuting environment
5, commuting environment

Expect to see
Expect to see

micro
micro
-
-
consultancies
consultancies

pop up in odd
pop up in odd
places like Key West, Maui,
places like Key West, Maui,
Tuscon
Tuscon
, etc.
, etc.

We are working towards a virtual office concept

We are working towards a virtual office concept
where our employees can be scattered around the
where our employees can be scattered around the
world, we
world, we

ll provide the infrastructure

ll provide the infrastructure
Chal l enges
Chal l enges

#2 is also people!
#2 is also people!

Frankly, we don
Frankly, we don

t work together very well.

t work together very well.

Still an inherent tension in this industry

Still an inherent tension in this industry
between engineers and geoscientists.
between engineers and geoscientists.

Cross
Cross
-
-
disciplinary training and even
disciplinary training and even
understanding of what the other people are
understanding of what the other people are
doing remains weak.
doing remains weak.

There are HUGE gains to be made in how

There are HUGE gains to be made in how
we interact and work together.
we interact and work together.
Chal l enges
Chal l enges

#3 is permeability
#3 is permeability

Perm is the farthest property of interest from what

Perm is the farthest property of interest from what
we can measure with wireline or LWD tools
we can measure with wireline or LWD tools

Dynamic properties are difficult to determine from

Dynamic properties are difficult to determine from
static measurements
static measurements

Inherently vector quantity when we mostly take

Inherently vector quantity when we mostly take
scalar,
scalar,
omni
omni
-
-
directional
directional
measurments
measurments

Perm itself is poorly understood at the rock level

Perm itself is poorly understood at the rock level

We don
We don

t do too bad a job in sandstone reservoirs,

t do too bad a job in sandstone reservoirs,
but carbonates and tight formations are tough
but carbonates and tight formations are tough
Chal l enges
Chal l enges

#4 is the evaluation of unconventional

#4 is the evaluation of unconventional
reservoirs
reservoirs

Todays
Todays
seals, tomorrows reservoirs
seals, tomorrows reservoirs

We
We

re producing
re producing
TCF
TCF

s
s
of gas from rocks
of gas from rocks
that are tighter than the seals over most
that are tighter than the seals over most
offshore fields
offshore fields

Tight gas sands are difficult, but gas shales

Tight gas sands are difficult, but gas shales
are a whole different ballgame
are a whole different ballgame
What do w e br i ng t o t he
What do w e br i ng t o t he
par t y?
par t y?

Understanding of the underlying

Understanding of the underlying
measurements & physics
measurements & physics

we
we

re putting the physics back into

re putting the physics back into
Petrophysics
Petrophysics

Geologic expertise and our understanding of

Geologic expertise and our understanding of
the behavior of earth materials
the behavior of earth materials

Ability to work with diverse data collected over

Ability to work with diverse data collected over
many years, bringing it together into as
many years, bringing it together into as
coherent a package as possible
coherent a package as possible
What do w e need
What do w e need
bac k
bac k
f r om
f r om
you?
you?

Ground truth.
Ground truth.

Integration of the static data with the

Integration of the static data with the
dynamic data.
dynamic data.

Feedback to improve our models and

Feedback to improve our models and
representations if they are not providing a
representations if they are not providing a
plausible reservoir description.
plausible reservoir description.

Help us sort out non

Help us sort out non
-
-
unique answers.
unique answers.