TDMA vs.

SCPC

SatLink System Technical Note


1

1. Background
TDM/TDMA and SCPC are the main alternative technologies for satellite networking in
the world today. The modem and management technologies underlying both
approaches have been advancing rapidly in recent years, causing some confusion
as to which technology is better for a given set of networking requirements. This
technical note will explain the important trends and trade-offs.
These two alternative technologies are illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2 for a simple
star topology network, highlighting their key elements and configuration differences.
Figure 1: TDM/TDMA Network
(Time Division Multiplexing with Time Division Multiple Access)


Figure 2: SCPC Network
(Single Channel Per Carrier)


TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


2
SCPC uses a separate dedicated carrier to each remote terminal ("VSAT") to receive
information from the central site, and another dedicated carrier for each VSAT to
transmit information back to the central site. Both carriers are modulated in
"continuous mode". Usually some non-standard coding techniques are used since
SCPC technology was never standardized.
In contrast, TDM/TDMA technology uses a single high-speed TDM carrier transmitted
from the central site or "Hub", from which many VSATs can receive information. For
this TDM forward link, the DVB-S2 standard is most commonly used. It is also the most
flexible for multiplexing many concurrent streams of traffic to different sites, and the
most efficient with its support of Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM). ACM
dynamically adjusts the modulation and coding on the "virtual link" to each VSAT
individually, as local conditions (e.g., weather, interference) at the VSAT change.
To transmit back to the central site efficiently, the VSATs in a TDM/TDMA network are
synchronized, and they transmit information in "burst mode" within a series of short,
scheduled timeslots. Timeslots may be assigned across multiple TDMA carriers and
accessed using "fast frequency hopping". Timeslots are assigned to each VSAT
exclusively (i.e., without contention) based on their current traffic needs. This is called
Dynamic TDMA, and it is the most advanced form of TDM/TDMA. This technology is
fully standardized internationally by the DVB group under the DVB-RCS family of
standards.
TDM/TDMA networks allow all VSATs to dynamically share multiple TDMA carriers, as if
they were a single large pool of bandwidth. Each TDMA carrier group may contain
dozens of carriers, with up to 32 carriers per carrier group in a SatLink

network.
Therefore the "return link" may contain huge amounts of capacity, in aggregate.
In a SatLink TDM/TDMA network the TDMA carriers may operate at widely different
symbol rates (e.g., from 500 ksps to 5 Msps and even higher). To determine which
VSAT will use which timeslots on which carrier at any moment, SatLink has ACS
(Adaptive Carrier Selection). ACS is applied dynamically for each VSAT, given its
local weather conditions, configuration (e.g., antenna and BUC size) and service
policy (e.g., maximum rate requirements). ACS determines what carrier & symbol
rate will work best at the current signal levels of those available in the carrier group.
In addition, in a SatLink DVB-RCS2 ("2nd Generation") network, ACM per burst is
supported for each VSAT and on all TDMA carriers in the carrier group. This further
optimizes efficiency, throughput, and reliability for each VSAT and greatly simplifies
network operations. Any VSAT can use any MODCOD, on any carrier, if necessary.
DVB-RCS2 SatLink TDM/TDMA networks now surpass SCPC networks not only in
efficiency, but also in throughput and link availability for almost any conceivable
network configuration and satellite band (e.g., C, Ku, X, and Ka band).

2. Total Cost-of-Ownership Comparison
Today, SCPC only makes economic or technical sense for very small networks; that is,
those with only a handful of remote sites and relative low-speed links, where total
transponder capacity requirements are low (e.g., just a few MHz) and opportunities
for bandwidth sharing are limited.
TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


3
For most larger networks (e.g., with >20 sites and many MHz of transponder
capacity), the use of TDM/TDMA will result in much lower operating cost (OPEX) than
incurred with SCPC technology. Typically transponder requirements can be reduced
by 50% to 80% or more, while also increasing average link speeds, application
throughputs, and overall link availability for "free".
The relative financial advantage of TDM/TDMA vs. SCPC is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Number of Sites Required to Justify TDM/TDMA vs. SCPC

In this cost analysis OPEX is the dominant consideration. The reason a TDM/TDMA
network is not easily justified when there are just a few sites is due to the fixed capital
cost of the Hub for a TDM/TDMA network, which is higher than the cost of a few
SCPC modems.
In the range of 20 to 50 sites, the total transponder OPEX, plus details of the network
traffic patterns and various user requirements, must be examined more closely to
determine which technology offers a lower cost of ownership.
Using teleport hub services to support a small number TDM/TDMA VSATs can also shift
the balance in favor of TDM/TDMA, enabling "virtual private" TDM/TDMA networks
with just a few VSATs that replace SCPC with good savings for network operators.

3. Statistical Multiplexing of IP Traffic Across Sites
One major reason for the ascendency of TDM/TDMA over SCPC in the last decade is
that user traffic in satellite networks is increasingly all IP (Internet Protocol), regardless
of whether it is data, voice, or video. Most TDM/TDMA networks are optimized for
handling IP traffic of all types with excellent QoS. This is especially true of SatLink.
In particular, interactive IP data traffic (e.g., web browsing, email, downloads) is
notoriously bursty. This results in huge statistical multiplexing gains from using
bandwidth-on-demand. These efficiency gains can reduce aggregate bandwidth
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TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


4
needs, and therefore transponder OPEX, by 10x or more, depending on two key
traffic pattern attributes:
the peak-to-average load ratios for traffic at each site (Tx and Rx) during the
peak hour, and
the variability in the timing of the peak hour, across the various sites.
Even video, audio, and voice traffic have peak load timings and magnitudes that
are variable throughout the month, the week, and the day. And their loads fluctuate
during the peak hour as well. Thus they all benefit from using bandwidth-on-demand
which matches actual load requirements second-by-second. This benefit is
especially applicable when using the most efficient new codecs for these traditional
"real-time" media types, when transporting them over IP links.
Furthermore, getting the maximum feasible peak speed for each VSAT site has
become very important for all types of IP applications and media. Having just 500
kbps or 1 Mbps per site as the maximum rate in a satellite network is no longer
acceptable to most user sites (with a few exceptions). User sites in many satellite
networks now demand peak load receive (Rx) rates of 10 to 40 Mbps or more, and
peak load transmit (Tx) rates of 3 to 20 Mbps, or more. And these rates are only going
to increase in coming years.
Higher peak transfer speeds increase the peak-to-average load ratio per site during
the peak hour, and therefore greatly favor the trend to use TDM/TDMA and replace
SCPC in all forms.

4. Hybrid TDM/SCPC Networks
Due to the increasing dominance of IP traffic, many former SCPC networks have
already been converted to TDM/TDMA. However, some SCPC networks have
converted only "half-way", whereby a DVB-S2 TDM carrier is used on the forward link,
but SCPC links are used for return link communications. This is illustrated in Figure 4.








TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


5
Figure 4: TDM/SCPC Hybrid Network

This hybrid configuration is called "TDM/SCPC" for convenience here. If using DVB-S2
it gets the full benefits of statistical multiplexing and ACM on the forward link, but
these benefits are non-existent on the return link in this hybrid network . Therefore, the
technical and business rationales for using the TDM/SCPC hybrid networks are weak
at best.
Nonetheless, the TDM/SCPC hybrid configuration is commonly promoted and used in
certain types of VSAT networks, in particular in cellular backhaul networks and in
some other types of networks where fast access to large amounts of capacity for the
return link (upstream) traffic must be guaranteed.
There are three possible reasons for the continued use of this form of SCPC:
A belief that SCPC ("continuous mode" ) will provide better modem efficiency
(in bps/Hz) than TDMA burst mode due to lower overhead and ability to use
higher-rate, more efficient MODCODs.
A belief that SCPC links are better at providing guaranteed capacity and will
operate more reliably against rain fades, interference, or congestion.
A belief that SCPC links will provide lower latency or less total delay.
A belief that SCPC links can be operated at a higher speed, when necessary,
for any or all sites within the satellite transponder footprint.
These beliefs (or some of them) are true with respect to the limitations of some
popular TDM/TDMA technologies. For those technologies, the hybrid TDM/SCPC
option is useful and may even be "cost effective" in networks with nearly constant
levels of traffic in the peak hour at each site, a consistent peak hour time each day.
However, in comparison to SatLink TDM/TDMA networks using the DVB-RCS2
standards, these conditions do not hold true. In fact, the opposite is true.
The SatLink DVB-RCS2 implementation exceeds or matches the modem performance
TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


6
specifications of all but the most expensive SCPC modems with information rates > 24
Mbps for Tx.
In terms of total network efficiency, a SatLink DVB-RCS2 return link (operating in TDMA
burst mode !) will deliver 2x more in bps/Hz than some popular SCPC options, even
before adding in the benefits of statistical multiplexing with TDMA.
Table 1 compares the return link performance of SatLink DVB-RCS2 TDMA modems
against the SCPC return link modem options of two leading suppliers: Comtech EF
Data and iDirect.
Table 1: SatLink TDMA vs. SCPC Modems (for Return Links Only)
Attribute
SatLink TDMA
(DVB-RCS2)
COMTECH
CDM-625 SCPC
Modems
iDirect's
SCPC Option for
Evolution

Return Link
Technology Used
DVB-RCS2 standard
16-State Turbo Code
(Proprietary)
VersaFEC
(Proprietary)
2D 16-State
MODCODs supported
QPSK 1/3 to 5/6
8PSK 2/3 to 5/6
16QAM 3/4 to 5/6
BPSK: .488
QPSK .533 to .803
8QAM .642 to .780
16QAM .731 to .853
QPSK 1/2 to 4/5
(Plus: 8PSK 4/5 & 6/7
but only if symbol
rate is >1.5 Msps)
Adaptive Carrier Selection
(ACS)
Yes
(dynamically selects
best carrier & symbol
rate for each burst)
No
(Fixed Carrier)
No
(Fixed Carrier)
ACM on Return Link
Yes, included
ACM per TDMA Burst
(DVB-RCS2 standard)
Yes
(Proprietary)
Extra Cost Option
No
Minimum Return Link
Symbol Rate
125 ksps 18 ksps
128 ksps
(1.5 Msps at 8PSK)
Maximum Return Link
Symbol Rate
8 Msps 12.5 Msps 15 Msps
Maximum Return Link Info Rate
(after subtracting TDMA burst overheads
for SatLink DVB-RCS2 modems
24 Mbps
at 16QAM 5/6
& 8 Msps
14 Mbps
(in ACM mode)
24 Mbps
at QPSK 4/5
& 15 Msps
(QPSK required for this max)
Maximum Return Link (Tx) VSAT
IP Throughput
(after physical layer overheads
w/ specified equipment)
24 Mbps
(in ACM mode)
14 Mbps
(in ACM mode)
15.6 Mbps
(for X5 router)
20 Mbps
(for 8000 series)
Return Link SNR required
for same bps/Hz & error rates
(after all overheads)
See SatLink
modem performance
documentation
+/- 0.3 dB
vs. SatLink
+/- 0.3dB
vs. SatLink
Average Return Link
Spectral Efficiency
(after SatLink's burst mode overheads
& required minimum carrier spacing
applied to each modem)
1. 6 to 2.6 bps/Hz
with 8PSK & 16QAM at
1.12x carrier spacing
1.6 to 2.6 bps/Hz
8PSK & 16QAM at
1.25x carrier spacing
0.8 to 1.3 bps/Hz
with QPSK at
1.2x carrier spacing
Because no ACM,
see Section 4.2
Link Availability
Best
(with ACS & ACM)
Good
(with ACM)
Poor, or will reduce
efficiency & speed
(without ACM)
Latencies & Delays <40% of COMTECH
16 milliseconds
(at 512 kbps
& 16QAM)
same as SatLink
(at 512 kbps & QPSK
w/ 438 byte payload)
NOTE: We assumed here the COMTECH modem is configured to use their VersaFEC, which is required if
TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


7
using their ACM feature. Their latency could be less if using a different FEC.
The COMTECH CDM-625 modem is normally used in a traditional SCPC network
where both forward and return links are SCPC. COMTECH also has the CDM-840
modem, with similar SCPC specs, but which works with a central site DVB-S2 TDM
modem for the forward link in multi-site multiplexed basis (i.e., TDM/SCPC hybrid).
The iDirect SCPC option can be used on any iDirect VSAT in their Evolution

product
line (with the DVB-S2 forward link) and that VSAT may be part of an iDirect
TDM/TDMA network, managed from the same NMS.
Sections below further explain the key points of Table 1 and why SatLink TDMA burst
modems using DVB-RCS2 match or exceed the SCPC modem performance of these
two suppliers.
4.1 SatLink's Advanced TDMA MODCOD Support with ACS & ACM
SatLink DVB-RCS2 burst modems are the first to provide high-order MODCODs (i.e.,
both 8PSK and 16QAM) with the newest, most advanced FEC (Forward Error
Correction) technologies using 16-state turbo codes for industry-leading efficiency
and total performance, with carrier spacing of only 1.12x symbol rate.
Furthermore, this is done to work at symbol rates up to 8 Msps, and IP throughput
rates up to 24 Mbps on Tx (from VSAT-to-Hub) on TDMA burst mode carriers. These
rates are more than 4x higher than many TDMA burst modems. And they work
concurrently with all TCP acceleration, IP routing, IP packet filtering, and QoS
features operating at these same speeds.
SatLink DVB-RCS2 burst modems are also the first and only to support both ACS and
ACM per burst, dynamically adapted to the immediate local conditions at the VSAT
at these very high speeds.
The combination of all this is powerful and unique in the satellite networking industry.
In addition, SatLink DVB-RCS2 modems have excellent signal-to-noise (SNR)
requirements, which puts them slightly lower than the very best SCPC modems for the
same spectrum efficiency (bps/Hz) and bit error rate results. And they have very low
burst overheads.
Therefore even after subtracting burst overheads, SatLink modem efficiency matches
or exceeds that of SCPC modems, in terms of the bps/Hz and Quasi-Error Free (QEF)
performance, at all comparable operating points for SNR (C/N or Eb/No.)
(Note: we assume here that the "long-burst" option is used on SatLink's DVB-RCS2
modems, which is fair when comparing with SCPC options. The differences in
required SNR vs. these other technologies are typically +/- 0.3 dB, depending on the
MODCODs used for comparison. All SatLink efficiency figures in bps/Hz shown have
burst overheads subtracted from their nominal efficiency and adjust for carrier
spacing differences.)
4.2 Lack of ACM Reduces iDirect's Average Efficiency
Because iDirect has no support for ACM on their SCPC return links, this means it is
unlikely they can operate at their most efficient MODCODs (8PSK 4/5 and 6/7). In
TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


8
most Ku and Ka band networks, iDirect VSATs will need to use QPSK 1/2 to QPSK 4/5
to have sufficient fade margin with typical Ku or Ka band transponders and typical
VSAT configurations (0.98 to 1.8 meter antennas with 2W to 4W BUCs), to get 99.7%
availability or better (unless operating in a desert).

Also iDirect requires using QPSK in two important and common scenarios:
QPSK must be used to get the maximum data throughput rates at the VSAT
(because 8PSK is very "processing intensive" for them). This means that the
higher symbol rates normally allowed with iDirect's SCPC option (those from 10
Msps to 15 Msps) cannot be used with 8PSK.
QPSK must also be used for symbol rates less than 1.5 Msps. This is unfortunate
because SCPC links often need lower symbol rates than 1.5 Mbps.
Therefore iDirect SCPC links will use QSPK 1/2 to QPSK 4/5 most commonly (requiring
SNR levels of 2.2 to 6.0 dB, respectively, during fades). They will have corresponding
efficiencies of 0.8 to 1.3 bps/Hz, according to iDirect modem documentation.

In contrast, SatLink's modem efficiency in Ku and Ka band will average from 1.6 and
2.6 bps/Hz, by using 8PSK and 16QAM, or 2x better efficiency than iDirect's SCPC, with
typical transponders and VSAT configurations. This is because the use of ACM allows
"clear sky" link budgets (or nearly so) to prevail for >90% of the time in most regions of
the world, greatly increasing average network efficiency across all sites.

Furthermore, due to statistical multiplexing of IP traffic, the required capacity of the
TDMA carrier group, in Mbps, is much less than the sum of the required SCPC return
links would be (typically 2x to 8x less), depending on traffic patterns across the sites.
4.3 Link Availability Advantages of SatLink with ACS and ACM
When using ACS & ACM within a TDMA carrier group there are advantages not
possible when using ACM alone on individual SCPC links. This explains why SatLink's
overall link availability will be better than what COMTECH can obtain in any
comparable network. The differences will be most noticeable in Ku and Ka band
networks where rain fades can be large.
With ACS in a SatLink network, it is possible for the Hub to dynamically change the
carrier symbol rate used by a VSAT. This is done by selecting a different carrier in the
carrier group for its burst. When there is severe local fading at a VSAT, simply
reducing the MODCOD with ACM may not be sufficient. Also that reduces
bandwidth efficiency.
With ACM and ACS working together in a SatLink network, the MODCOD and the
symbol rate for a VSAT can both be reduced during a severe fade. This allows the
VSAT's return link to keep operating during the most severe fade (albeit at a lower
information rate). Maintaining return link connectivity during fades is as important as
maintaining forward link connectivity, since all monitoring of the VSAT (including the
ACM control feedback for the forward link) relies upon the return link.
The lowest link availability, though, will tend to occur when there is no ACM or ACS
available, as with the iDirect SCPC link (and by the way, also true with iDirect TDMA
TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


9
links). In those cases, increased link availability can be obtained only by setting the
"fixed" MODCOD to be used all the time and the symbol rate as low as possible,
which hurts speed, throughput, and efficiency.
4.4 SatLink TDM/TDMA Delivers Lower Latencies than SCPC
TDMA return link carriers in a SatLink network using DVB-RCS2 standards deliver lower
latency than SCPC links. This is accomplished in three ways:

Being able to operate at high information rates, up to 24 Mbps, to reduce
serialization delays.
Using relatively small FEC block sizes (=burst sizes) compared to SCPC
modems. For example, only 540 symbols for the "small burst" and 1620 symbols
for the "long burst" vs. 4,000 symbols for the FEC blocks used by COMTECH's
VersaFEC

.
Using advanced methods for assigning bandwidth-on-demand so that there
are no delays for receiving capacity assignments once activity has begun.
The relatively low information rates common on many SCPC carriers (e.g., 500 kbps to
2 Mbps) used to avoid excessive amounts of dedicated capacity to a single site are
often a large source of delays from an end-user perspective when uploading emails,
photos, or other large data options.
The same is true for the TDM Forward Link carrier in a TDM/TDMA network. It will have
much lower latency than each of many SCPC forward link carriers operating lower
symbol rates and low information rates.

5. Use of DVB-S2 for "SCPC" Return Link
Some suppliers (e.g., Gilat) are now using DVB-S2 TDM carriers as their "SCPC " return
link option, within the context of the hybrid TDM/SCPC configuration of Figure 4.
Using DVB-S2 in this way has some strong points and also creates some issues.

The strengths are that it is very efficient and supports ACM (unlike iDirect's proprietary
SCPC option). The weaknesses are:
It will have a high latency very low symbol rate carriers (e.g., < 500 ksps) even
when using the short frames option.
It is more expensive for each site, and requires one dedicated DVB-S2
receiver at the Hub site for each remote site using the SCPC option.
It is not feasible to switch rapidly between DVB-S2 (continuous mode carriers)
and a TDMA burst mode carriers in the event that site needs the option to use
either of two modes.
When compared to SatLink's implementation of DVB-RCS2 for TDMA (i.e., burst
mode), the efficiency of DVB-S2 modems are very similar. They are only slightly
TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


10
better (less than 0.5 dB of SNR difference for the same bps/Hz, in the higher rate
MODCODs). Even the overhead differences are small (a few %) when comparing
similar FEC frame sizes. And because it is not possible to use "frequency hopping"
among DVB-S2 carriers there is no option for using ACS to adjust symbol rates
dynamically.

And, of course, as with all SCPC options on the return link, there is no ability to gain
from statistical multiplexing of traffic across multiple transmitting sites.

6. Advantages of SatLink TDM/TDMA for Cellular Backhaul
Given the results above, the advantages of using a SatLink TDM/TDMA network for
cellular backhaul applications (vs. a TDM/SCPC network) can be significant.
Most of the advantage will come from statistical multiplexing the return link traffic
across multiple transmitting sites. With the rapid growth of cellular data, even return
link traffic is rapidly becoming mostly data traffic (e.g., for email, photo uploads,
video uploads, etc.), with a smaller and smaller share as cellular voice traffic.
Even the voice traffic in cellular networks, given the advance of 3G and 4G, is being
carried over IP with variable rate codecs, plus silence suppression in certain regions
of the world.
This means the statistical multiplexing gains of using TDMA for return link traffic may
easily exceed 2x for a satellite network with just 5 or more cell sites. That means 50%
less transponder capacity is required for the return link capacity.
SatLink networks also offer many efficiency advantages for the DVB-S2 forward link,
with MODCODs up to 32APSK (not offered by iDirect, nor on the COMTECH CDM-
625), which become feasible when investing in large remote site antennas. Thus
forward link capacities can reach well over 150 Mbps using only 45 Msps.
The ACM feature on SatLink DVB-S2 carriers also provides the most advanced QoS
and traffic engineering features to assure each cell site receives its necessary
capacity and quality for delay sensitive voice and video traffic during rain fades or
other forms of interference or congestion.

7. Option for an "SCPC-like" Dedicated Carrier in SatLink
Sometimes in a customer network, a special technical or security reason may exist
that requires a dedicated return link carrier for a given VSAT site. Even though SatLink
does not support an SCPC option in "continuous mode", it is simple to assign a TDMA
carrier to a given SatLink VSAT for all its return link transmissions.
This is done easily in a SatLink network via a configuration in the SatLink NMS.
However, the VSAT will still use burst mode transmissions on this dedicated carrier. In
SatLink this is called the "SCPC-like" mode.
As we explained above there is no penalty from using burst mode transmissions for
creating this "SCPC-like" mode in a SatLink network. And it still allows that VSAT to use
TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note


11
ACM per burst, and all the advanced QoS features of SatLink.
Of course, preventing a VSAT from using ACS (i.e., hopping across carriers based on
immediate needs) is not usually a good network design strategy. For example, VSAT
transmissions could be impaired if interference or jamming at some frequency affects
its assigned carrier, or if it needs to operate at a higher or lower symbol rate to
transmit at higher speed or improve its SNR during rain fades.
Therefore, no efficiency, speed, or reliability benefits are gained from assigning a
dedicated return link carrier to a specific VSAT in a SatLink network.

8. Justification for Conversion from SCPC to TDM/TDMA
We saw in Figure 3, earlier, that the total cost of ownership will usually favor using
TDM/TDMA over SCPC for networks with 20 sites or more. Likewise the conversion
from an old ("fully depreciated") SCPC network can usually be justified when the
number of sites is growing to 20 or 30 or more.
Conversion to TDM/TDMA is driven by the combination of following:
Increased business efficiency, revenue, and value from higher reliability,
speeds, throughputs, and more total network capacity.
OPEX savings from reduced transponder capacity requirements.
OPEX savings from reduced operations staff.
OPEX savings from reduced hardware and software maintenance fees on
SCPC equipment and software features.
Sometimes financial justifications can be found for a TDM/TDMA network upgrade
even if the network is composed of only 5 sites. The degree of savings will depend on
the following:
Average load per site (Gigabytes per hour) in the peak hour for Tx and Rx.
Degree of randomness in peak hour timing across sites.
Mix of traffic types (data, voice, video streaming, video conferencing).
Star topology only, or star and mesh topology needs.
Link availability requirements during worst month.
Satellite band(s) to be used (e.g., C, Ku, X, or Ka band).
Geography of the network (e.g., how many sites within tropical vs. temperate
vs. arid environments) or sites at low look angles to the satellite.
How widely scattered remote sites will be, and whether there will be diverse
VSAT antenna sizes, mobile VSATs, or other special site requirements.
EMC will assist any potential customer with a fair and detailed analysis, including
TDMA vs. SCPC Technical Note

www.emc-corp.net

Emerging Markets Communications | 777 Brickell Avenue, Suite 1150 | Miami, FL 33131, USA
T +1 305 539 1358 | FAX +1 786 425 0679

All specifications and features subject to change without notice. SatLink and the EMC logo are a registered trademarks of Emerging Markets Communications, LLC.

Document # 200660; Revision D - 030314 2014 12
documentation of all assumptions, to help them evaluate whether SCPC or
TDM/TDMA will deliver better performance relative to their network requirements,
and how both the OPEX and CAPEX for the network will compare under each
alternative. It is worth noting that networks with more than 50 sites easily justify
TDM/TDMA except in rare situations.