PHNG PHP DY HC PHT TRIN T DUY SNG TO CHO

SINH VIN - TP KCH NO V GIN

ThS. inh Vn - ThS. Nguyn Vn Hi - Trng Hong Tun
Trng H Cng nghip Tp. HCM

TM TT
Phng php Tp kch no v Gin l phng php dy hc mi; ly ngi hc lm
trung tm ca gio dc. Tp kch no l huy ng ton b sc lc v tr tu ca ngi hc gp v phn
bin mt ni dung hc tp cho n khi c tng minh.
Gin l mt phng php quy np tt c nhng tng ca ngi hc c xy dng bng
mt lc phn nhnh, cc tng ny c xu chui hoc loi b theo mt quy lut tuyn tnh v phi
tuyn tnh ni dung c xy dng s c ghi nh chi tit d dng v nhanh chng.
ABSTRACT
Method brainstorming and mind map as didactic method news, to take learner to make
centre of education. Brainstorming as mobilize total strength and intelligence of learner suggestion and
opponent a content to learn as far as get explicit.
Mind map as an inductive method total ideas of learner give to construct made a diagram to
ramify, ideas to get in touch or to reject follow a law linear and nonlinear a content already to construct
will get to bear easily and quickly.
I. T VN
Dy hc pht trin t duy sng to l phng php nhm tm ra cc phng n, bin php thch
hp kch hot kh nng sng to v o su rng kh nng t duy ca mt c nhn hay mt tp th
cng ng lm vic chung v mt ti hay lnh vc no . Phng php ny gip c nhn hay tp th
thc hnh tm ra cc phng n, cc li gii t mt phn n ton b cho cc vn nan gii.
Trong gio dc, luyn tp cho Sinh vin phng php t duy sng to l cc k quan trng gip
cho sinh vin khoa hc v phng php lun v mi quan h thc tin ca x hi. pht trin t duy
sng to ca sinh vin c rt nhiu phng php dy hc, trong c phng php Tp kch no v
gin .
II. GII QUYT VN
1. Phng php Tp kch no trong hc tp:
Tp kch no (brainstorming) hay cn gi l Cng no l mt k thut hi bao gm mt nhm
ngi nhm tm ra li gii cho vn c trng bng cch gp nht tt c kin ca nhm ngi ny
sinh trong cng mt thi gian theo mt nguyn tc nht nh(Alex Osborn).
Tp kch no l mt phng php c sc dng pht trin nhiu gii p sng to cho mt vn
. Phng php ny hot ng bng cch nu cc tng tp trung trn vn , t , rt ra rt nhiu
p n cn bn cho n.
Cc nim v vn trc ht c nu ra mt cch rt phng khong v ngu nhin theo dng
suy ngh cng nhiu, cng cng tt. Cc kin c th rt rng v su cng nh khng gii hn bi cc
kha cnh nh nht nht ca vn m nhng ngi tham gia ngh ti.
Trong tp kch no th vn c o bi t nhiu kha cnh v nhiu cch nhn khc nhau. Sau
cng cc kin s c phn nhm v nh gi.
2. Yu cu v c im ca tp kch no
- Tin hnh bi mt nhm sinh vin: Rt c hiu qu lm vic bi v c s hot ng ca n da
trn vic to ra cng nhiu tng lin quan t nhiu gc nhn v nhiu cp cng tt. S lng sinh
vin tham gia nhiu s gip cho phng php tm ra li gii c nhanh hn hay ton din hn nh vo
nhiu gc nhn khc nhau bi cc trnh , trnh t khc nhau ca mi ngi.
- nh ngha vn : Vn mun gii quyt phi c xc nh tht r rng v phi a ra c
cc chun mc cn t c cho mt li gii p. Trong bc ny th vn s c c lp ha vi mi
trng v cc nhiu lon. y l bc u tin xc nh ni hm ca vn v xc nh cc kh nng, cc
iu kin cn hay ca mt li gii.
- Dng c: n gin l th hin bng mt bng vit cho mi thnh vin u nhn v c r tnh
trng ca hot ng tp kch no. Nu tin hnh c nhn hay vi ngi th c th thay th bng giy vit.
Ngy nay, ngi ta c th tin hnh bng cch ni cc my tnh c nhn vo chung mt mng cng tin
hnh vic tp kch no. Bng cch ny nhng ngi xa nhau cng c th tham gia v vic tp kch cn
c gip bi cc phng tin mnh ca tin hc nh l cc kho d liu, cc t in trc tuyn, v cc
my truy tm d liu, .
- Tp trung vo vn : y l bc tp kch. Trnh cc kin hay cc iu kin bn ngoi c
th lm lc hng ni dung lm vic. Trong giai on ny ngi ta thu thp tt c cc nim, kin v
ngay c cc t chuyn mn c lin quan trc tip n vn cn gii quyt (thng c th vit ln giy
hoc bng). Nhng kin ny u c xem l c vai tr ngang nhau khng phn bit chi tit ln nh.
Vic ghi chp ra bng cng khng nht thit phi lit k hay sp xp theo trnh t no ht
- Loi b cc chi tit cm tnh khng lin quan: Khng c php a ra bt k mt bnh lun
hay ph phn g v cc kin hay nim trong lc thu thp. Nhng tng thong qua trong u nu b
cc thnh kin hay ph bnh s d b gt b v nh th s lm mt s tng quan ca bui tp kch no.
-Khuyn khch tinh thn tch cc: Mi thnh vin cn thc s c gng ng gp v pht trin
cc kin ty theo trnh , kha cnh nhn thy ring v khng gii hn cch nhn ca mi thnh vin.
- Gp gi thnh bo: Cc thnh vin a ra cng nhiu cng tt v mi mt ca vn k c
nhng kin khng thc tin, kin hon ton l lm hay sng to. i khi chnh nhng kin l lm
khi hi li nu bt c cc chi tit mu cht ca vn hay cc bin php i vng vt kh.
Cc bc thc hin tp kch no
Bc 1: Trong nhm chn ra mt ngi trng nhm iu khin v mt ngi th k ghi li
tt c kin. Ty thuc vo iu kin m hai cng vic c th do cng mt ngi thc hin.
Bc 2: Tng thi gian cho mt bui tp kch no s ty theo tm c v su ca vn , ty
trnh v s phn tn v chuyn mn, ty s lng ngi tham gia thng ko di t 30 pht n vi
ting. S lng ngi tham gia ti a thng l 10-15 thnh vin.
Bc 3: Xc nh vn hay kin s c tp kch. Phi lm cho mi thnh vin hiu thu o
v ti s c tm hiu.
Bc 4: Thit lp cc "lut chi" cho bui tp kch no, bao gm:
- Trng nhm c nhim v iu khin bui lm vic.
- Khng mt thnh vin no c quyn i hi hay cn tr, nh gi, ph bnh hay thm bt vo
kin, t vng nu ra, hay gii p ca thnh vin khc.
- Cn xc nh rng khng c cu tr li no l sai!
- Tt c cu tr li, cc , cc cm t, ngoi tr n c lp li u s c thu thp ghi li.
- Vch nh thi gian cho bui lm vic v ngng khi ht gi.
Bc 5: Bt u tp kch no: Ngi lnh o ch nh hay la chn thnh vin chia s kin tr
li hay nhng nim ri rc. Ngi th k phi vit tt c cc cu tr li, nu c th cng khai ha cho
mi ngi thy bng cch vit ln bng. Khng cho php bt k mt kin nh gi hay bnh lun no v
bt k cu tr li no cho n khi chm dt bui tp kch.
Bc 6: Sau khi kt thc tp kch, hy lt li tt c v bt u nh gi cc cu tr li. Mt s
lu v cht lng cu tr li bao gm:
- Tm nhng cu trng lp hay tng t thu gn li.
- Gp cc cu tr li c s tng t hay tng ng v nguyn tc hay nguyn l.
- Xa b nhng kin hon ton khng thch hp.
- Sau khi c lp c danh sch cc kin, hy bn thm v cu tr li chung.
3. Phng php gin trong hc tp
Phng php gin (mind map) l mt phng tin mnh tn dng kh nng ghi nhn
hnh nh ca b no. N c th dng nh mt cch ghi nh chi tit, tng hp, hay phn tch mt
vn ra thnh mt dng ca lc phn nhnh. Khc vi my vi tnh, ngoi kh nng ghi nh kiu
tuyn tnh th b no cn c kh nng lin lc, lin h cc d kin vi nhau v ghi nhn chi tit theo a
chiu.
y l mt phng php nng cao cch ghi chp. Bng cch dng gin , tng th ca vn
c ch ra di dng mt hnh trong cc i tng c lin h vi nhau bng cc ng ni. Vi
cch thc , cc d liu c ghi nh v nhn nhn d dng v nhanh chng hn.
Thay v dng ch vit m t (mt chiu) gin s phi by cu trc mt i tng bng
hnh nh hai chiu. N ch ra "dng thc" ca i tng, s quan h tng h gia cc khi nim lin
quan v cch lin h gia chng vi nhau bn trong ca mt vn ln.
Gin n gin ha cho vic nh cc dng cu hi: Ai?; ci g?; th no?; ti sao?; u?; khi
no?, Khi xy dng mt gin cn tun theo cc bc sau:
- Tng kt d liu
- Hp nht thng tin t cc ngun nghin cu khc nhau.
- Ghi chp tng minh
- Ghi nh chi tit cu trc i tng hay s kin m chng cha cc mi lin h phc tp hay chng
cho.
- Trnh by thng tin ch ra cu trc ca ton b i tng
- ng no v mt vn phc tp.
- Khuyn khch lm gim s m t ca mi , mi khi nim thnh mt t (hay t kp).
- Ton b ca gin c th "nhn thy" v nh bi tr nh hnh nh. Loi tr nh gn nh tuyt ho.
- Sng to cc bi vit v cc bi tng thut.
- L phng tin cho hc tp hay tm hiu s kin.
Vi gin , ngi ta c th tm ra gn nh v hn s lng cc tng v cng mt lc sp xp
li cc bn cnh nhng c lin h. iu ny bin phng php ny tr thnh cng c mnh son
cc bi vit v tng thut, khi m nhng kin cn phi c ghi nhanh. Sau ty theo cc chnh th
cc cu hay on vn s c trin khai rng ra.
c im ca gin
- t chnh trung tm v c xc nh r rng.
- S quan h tng h gia mi c ch ra tng tn. cng quan trng th s nm v tr cng gn
vi chnh.
- S lin h gia cc khi nim then cht s c chp nhn lp tc.
- n v nh s hiu qu v nhanh hn.
- Thm thng tin d dng hn.
- Mi gin s phn bit nhau d dng hn cho vic gi nh.
Phng Thc tin hnh
Mt nhm c th lm vic chung v lp nn mt gin bi cc bc sau:
- Mi c nhn v cc gin v nhng g bit c v i tng
- Kt hp vi cc c nhn thnh lp gin chung v cc yu t bit
- Kt hp v ti to gin ca c nhm.
III. KT LUN
Xy phng php t duy sng to cho sinh vin bng tp kch no v gin l mt phng php
cng hiu, to iu kin thun li vic ch ng tch cc ca ngi hc c pht huy. Tn trng s ng
gp ca mi c nhn cho cc tng ca sinh vin ng quy ti mt im trong thi gian nhanh nht
v c thng nht ha thnh mt gin theo tp th. y l phng php hot ng nhm tch cc,
huy ng ti a sc mnh ca tp th, to nhiu tng mi, to tnh hi nhp v t tin, tinh thn tp th
c cao, hiu v thng cm cho nhau.
IV. TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Mnh Cng - Thit k dy hc 2002
[2]. inh Vn - Bi ging PP s phm cho ging vin ht nhn
[3]. .inh Vn - Gio trnh S phm thnh cng 2003
[4]. Nguyn Vn Hi - Bo co hi tho gio dc 2007
[5]. o Trng Hng L lun dy hc i hc 2001