TRNG I HC CNG

NGHIP THC PHM TP.HCM

B mn: cng ngh in ha

MT S NG DNG CA IN HA HC
1.1 ngun in ha hc
1.1.1

pin

a. Cc loi pin
Pin l ngun in mt chiu c to ra nh nng lng ca cc phn ng ha
hc. Pin c ng dng rng ri trong k thut v tuyn, thng tin, in t, t
ng ha v nhiu lnh vc kinh t quc dn khc.
Pin kh Le clanche
Pin Le clanche thuc loi pin mui hay cn gi l pin acid.
S :

() Zn | NH4Cl | MnO2 (r) + C | C (+)

Hnh 1: M hnh pin in ha

m
Cc phn ng chnh nh sau:
():
Zn
Zn2+ + 2e
(+): 2MnO2 + 2H+ + 2e
Mn2O3.H2O
Zn + 2NH4+ + 2MnO2 (r)
Zn2+ + NH3 + 2MnO(OH)
Do s c mt ca NH3, NH4+ v Cl- ; chng s phn ng
vi Zn2+ to ra cc sn phm ph nh ZnMn2O4; ZnCl2;
Zn(OH)2; Zn(NH3)2Cl2, cc sn phm ph ny tch t dn dn
quanh cc dng lm cho pin mt dn kh nng hot ng.
Pin Le clanch l loi c s dng rng ri nht hin
nay. Vit Nam, pin Le clanch c sn xut di nhn
hiu pin Con Th (Vn in, H Ni), pin Con . in p
ca pin kh vo khong 1,5V.

Mt s ng dng ca pin trong thc t

 Pin kim man gan

Cu to:
() Zn, Hg | KOH (dd) | MnO2, C (+)
Phn ng cc in cc
Cc ()
Zn + 4OH- + 2H2O
[Zn(OH)4(H2O)2]2- + 2e (i)
[Zn(OH)4(H2O)2]2ZnO + 2OH- + 3H2O
Cc (+)
MnO2 + H2O + e
MnO(OH) + OHMnO(OH) + H2O + e
Mn(OH)2 + OH-

 anode, ZnO ph dn ln Zn v lm cho Zn th ng, cn tr phn ng (i)

tip tc xy ra

Pin kim thy ngn

Anode lm bng hn hng km - thy ngn; hn hp HgO v Cacbon dng
kem nho ng vai tr cathode, cn cht in ly l KOH v ZnO. Cc phn ng
ti in cc:
Anode : Zn(Hg) + 2OHZnO(r) + H2O(l) + 2e
Cathode : HgO(r) + H2O(l) + 2e
Hg (l) + 2OH
Zn(r) + HgO(r) + H2O + 2OH
Hg + [Zn(OH)4]2
in p ca pin thy ngn bng 1,35V.

i tng s dng ca pin kim thy ngn

Pin liti
Pin liti l s t hp mi m gia anode Li vi cathode l oxit hoc
sulfur kim loi chuyn tip
(v d nh MnO2, V6O13 hoc TiS2). Khi phng in:
anode xy ra s oxi ha Li:
Li (r) Li+ (trong cht in gii rn) + e
cathode xy ra s kh MnO2:
MnO2 + Li+ + e LiMnO2 (r)
Phn ng tng cng:
Li(r) + MnO2(r) LiMnO2(r)
Epin = 3,0V
i tng s dng ca pin liti:

Tn pin

i tng s dng

u nhc im

Pin kh
Le clanch

Radio, n pin,
chi

R sch, nhiu kch c. Khi lm vic vi

cng cao, NH3 c th lm ngt mt
dng. Tui th thp. C th ghp ni tip
nhiu pin kh to pin c in p cao
hn. Dung lng pin vo khong 0,1
Ah/cm3.

Pin kim
Mangan

Radio, n pin,
chi

Khng b ngt dng. Thi gian hot ng

lu hn pin Le clanch. Sch, nhiu kch
c nhng t hn pin Le clanch.

Pin kim
thu ngn

ng h, my tr
thnh, my tnh nh,
camera

Kch thc nh, gi thnh cao hn pin

kh v thi ra thu ngn c. C in p
hi nh hn song li n nh hn do
thnh phn cht in ly khng thay i
trong qu trnh s dng. Dung lng ca
pin ny vt xa pin kh: 0,3 Ah/cm3.

Pin liti

My tnh, ng h,
my ghi hnh, my
tnh xch tay.

Khng c nhng t tin, thi gian s

dng ngn, c th ti np in nhng
in th d bin i.

b. Acquy
Acquy l ngun in ha hc c kh nng hot ng lu di nh tnh cht
thun nghch ca qu trnh phng in v np in ca n.

Cc loi Accuy chnh hng c thng mi ha

Accquy ch
Acquy ch gm hai tm ch khot nhiu l cha PbO nhng trong
dung dch H2SO4 nng 25% 30%, lc ny xy ra phn ng:
PbO + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2O
Khi np in (sc):
(+): PbSO4 2e- + 2H2O = PbO2 + SO42- + 4H+
():
PbSO4 + 2e= Pb + SO42Nh th trong c acqui xy ra phn ng:
2PbSO4 + 2H2O = Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4
v PbSO4 cc m bin thnh ch hot ng, cc dng bin thnh PbO2.

Acquy ch cng c gi l accquy axit

Acquy kim Nicad v niken st

Phn ng to dng in nh sau:

2NiOOH + M + 2H2O
2Ni(OH)2 + M(OH)2
Sc in ng khong 1,30 1,34V i vi acquy Ni Cd v khong
1,37 1,41V i vi acquy Ni Fe.
Acquy kim c tui th cao, t n 1 2 nghn chu k phng np
in.
Acquy Ni Ag, vi phn ng:
Ag2O + Zn
ZnO + 2Ag
S: 1,60 1,85V vi 100 200 chu k lm vic.
Acquy Niken Hiro, vi phn ng:
2NiOOH + H2
2Ni(OH)2
S: 1,32 1,36V vi vi nghn chu k lm vic
ng dng ca acc quy:
c-quy l mt trong nhng thit b quan trng nht trn xe . N m
nim vai tr tch tr in nng, cung cp nng lng cho cc thit b tiu th
in (ph ti) nh my khi ng, h thng nh la, kch thch my pht
xoay chiu v cc thit b khc khi ng c cha hot ng. c-quy s cung
cp in nng cho cc ph ti khi my pht in cha lm vic hoc vng
tua my cha t tc quy nh. Ngoi ra, n cn c vai tr cung cp in
nng trong trng hp ph ti s dng dng vt qu dng nh mc ca
my pht.

ng dng ca accquy

1.1.2 Pin nhin liu

a. pin nhin liu hidro oxi

Anode:
2H2 + 4OH
4H2O(L) + 4e
Cathode:
O2 + 2H2O(L) + 4e
4OH
Tng qut: 2H2 + O2
H2O
Sc in ng ca pin:
E0 = Ox + 0Red = 0,83 + 0,40 = 1,23V
S dng: cung cp in nng v nc tinh khit trong cc chuyn
bay v tr.
u im: Sch, nhiu pin nhin liu hot ng khng gy nhim
mi trng. To ngun in nng di ng.
Nhc im: Khc vi cc pin thng thng, pin nhin liu khng
tch tr c in nng, n ch hot ng khi dng nhin liu c
np vo lin tc. in cc mau hng v rt t.
b. Pin nhm khng kh
Pin nhm khng kh tng t pin nhin liu ch cc cht phn ng
c np nh k nu khng ni l lin tc.
Khi pin hot ng, anode xy ra s oxi ha nhm:
x4| Al(R) + 4OH(aq)
4[Al(OH)4] (aq) + 3e
cathode xy ra s kh oxi:
x3| O2 + 2H2O(L) + 4e 4
OH
Phn ng tng cng:
4Al(R) + 3O2(K) + 6H2O(L) + 4OH(aq)
4[Al(OH)4] (aq)
EPin = 2,7V
S dng: gim nhim mi trng, ngi ta phc tho nhng
xe hi chy bng in v pin ny c ha hn trong tng lai c th
dng vn hnh loi xe hi gia nh.
u im: Pin nhm khng kh c t l in nng/khi lng rt cao.
1 mol electron cn 9 gam Al (MAl = 26,98 g/mol).
Nhc im: cn phi np nh k nc, nhm v than ch.
c. Mt s pin nhin liu khc
Pin nhin liu kim AFC
(Alkaline Fuel Cells)
Pin nhin liu acid phosphoric PAFC (Phosphoric acid Fuel Cells)
Pin nhin liu mui carbonate nng chy MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel
Cells)

1.2 s in phn
1.2.1 nh ngha in phn

in phn l qu trnh oxi ha kh xy ra trn cc in cc khi c dng

in 1 chiu i qua cht in ly trng thi nng chy hoc dung dch.
Lu Theo qui c in cc, c qu trnh oxi ha (nhng e) l
anode, cn in cc m ti xy ra qu trnh kh (nhn e) l cathode.
+ Trong pin anode l cc m, catot l cc dng.
+ Trong in phn cathode l cc m, anode l cc dng.

Qu trnh in phn

1.2.2 Th phn gii qu th

a. Th phn gii
Th phn gii l th hiu ti thiu ca dng in mt chiu t vo hai
in cc ca bnh in phn gy nn s in phn.
Th phn gii ca mt cht in ly bng th phn gii ca cation v th
phn gii ca anion, tc l bng sc in ng ca pin tng ng.
V d th phn gii ca dung dch CuCl2 v ZnCl2 trong dung dch 1,0 M
l
Dung dch CuCl2:
E0 = E02Cl-/Cl2 E0Cu2+/Cu = 1,36 (+0,34) = 1,02V

Dung dch ZnCl2:

E0 = E02Cl-/Cl2 E0Zn2+/Zn = 1,36 (0,76) = 2,12V
b. Qu th
Qu th l hin tng khi t vo in cc mt hiu in th bng th in
cc nhng khng xy ra qu trnh in phn m cn mt hiu in th cao hn.
1.2.3 nh lut Faraday

nh lut 1
Khi lng cht thot ra t l vi in lng qua bnh in phn.
m = k.Q
Trong ,
k l ng lng in ha; v gi tr ca n bng khi lng cht thot ra
in cc khi c mt n v in lng i qua bnh in phn.
Q l in lng c th tnh bng n v Faraday (F),
1F = 96.500 C = 26,8 A.h
nh lut 2
Nhng in lng nh nhau i qua bnh in phn lm thot ra cng mt s
ng lng gam cht.
C 1F in lng i qua bnh in phn thot ra 1 ng lng gam cht bt
k.
Thay Q = I.t v = A/n th biu thc ton hc ca nh lut l
m = (A.I.t)/(n.F)
Trong , I cng dng in (Ampe); t l thi gian (giy), F = 96500
Coulomb.
Mt s ng dng thc t ca in phn

in phn sn xut

 Tch v tinh luyn kim loi bng in phn

S dng phc cht trong in phn
Tng hp cc cht hu c bng phng php in ha
M kim loi
nh bng in ha
Ty du m in ha
1. in phn sn xut

in phn sn xut nhm

Hnh: Thit b in phn nng chy nhm

in phn sn xut NaOH Cl2

2. Tch v tinh luyn kim loi bng in phn

Tinh luyn Zn bng in phn

Luyn Zn thng dng nht l in phn dung dch ZnSO4. Sn phm Zn thu
c c th t 99,99%.
Phn ng cathode, kt ta Zn:
Zn2+ + 2e Zn

Oxi thot ra trn in cc khng tan:

2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e
Do qu th ca H2 trn Zn rt cao nn Zn c th kt ta trong mi trng
acid vi hiu sut rt cao. Th kh ca Zn2+ m hn in th kh ca H+. C mt
cc tp cht khc, chng s kt ta ng thi vi Zn. Trn cathode, c nhng v tr
c qu th hiro thp.
Qu trnh thot hiro xy ra mnh, ng thi vi ha tan Zn c kt ta
(theo c ch pin cc b). Cc tp cht nh Cu, Bi, Ge v Sb khng ch lm gim
hiu sut dng m cn ngn khng cho Zn kt ta. V vy mc ch x l qung
Zn to ra dung dch km sunfat khng c tp cht nh hng khng tt n
phn ng cathode.
Tinh luyn ng (Cu)
ng sn xut bng cc qu trnh luyn kim cha nhiu tp cht, thng 0,5
2%. Tp cht nh hng xu n tnh cht c, in ca Cu. 0,15% P hoc 0,5 %
As s gim ng k dn in. V vy, ci thin tnh cht in ca Cu l l do
chnh ca in phn tinh luyn. L do th hai ca tnh luyn in ho l tch cc
kim loi qu nh Au, Ag, Pt, Pd Cc phn ng chnh in cc
Cu 2e Cu2+
Cu2+ + 2e Cu

(anode)
(cathode)

Cc kim loi tp cht c mt anode ng, nh Fe, Zn cng b oxi ha thnh

Fe v Zn2+ trong dung dch song chng khng b kh cathode ti th kh ng.
Cc kim loi c th dng in hn nh vng, bc khng b oxi ha anode v ng
li y bnh in phn khi anode ng b ha tan. Bng cch ny ng t
rng l 99,5%
2+

3. S dng phc cht trong in phn

in phn thu c kim loi tinh khit, kim loi kt ta mn v bm

dnh tt ngi ta thng dng kim loi di dng ion phc.
V d m bc bng mui AgNO3 th lp m dng bt xm khng tt, nu
c mt KCN th lp m c kht, bng p. Do c mt KCN s to phc
dixyanoargentat bn:

Ag+ + 2CN [Ag(CN)2]

Ion s b kh cathode to thnh kim loi
[Ag(CN)2] + e Ag + 2CN
Trong cng iu kin th anion phc cht trn b kh chm hn nhiu so
vi ion n gin Ag+. y l iu kin cn bn c th thu lp m c cht
lng cao.
Nh to phc c th tch c hai kim loi c th in cc chun 0 rt
gn nhau v ngc li c th lm thot ng thi hai kim loi c 0 rt xa
nhau, tc l c th ch to v m hp kim nhit thng, v d nh hp kim
Cu Zn (ng thau), Cu Sn (ng thanh).
4. Tng hp cc cht hu c bng phng php in ha

Phn ng kh nitro benzen bng in ha l mt trong nhng phn ng c

ngha quan trng i vi l thuyt v thc nghim. Mc d n c nghin cu
hng chc nm v s cng trnh c cng b lin quan n vn ny l rt ln,
nhng c ch ca n cho n nay vn cha xc nh c mt cch chnh xc v s
phc tp ca qu trnh.
Cc giai on trung gian ch yu sau:

Nhng do s khc bit gia cc giai on in ha ring v s tng tc ha hc

ca cc sn phm trung gian vi nhau v vi cht tham gia phn ng, trn cc
cathode khc nhau v trong cc cht in ly khc nhau cc sn phm thu c rt
khc nhau (ngoi s k trn cn c azokcybenzen, ozobenzen, hydrazobenzen,
benzidin v n-amin ofenol).
5. M kim loi

a. Lp m bo v
Nhim v ch yu ca lp m ny l bo v kim loi bn khi b n mn
trong mi trng s dng.
Lp m bo v khng ch cch ly kim loi nn khi b tc dng va chm
ca mi trng xung quanh m cn c tc dng bo v in ha kim loi

nn. Cn c vo c ch n mn in ha m ngi ta chia lp m thnh

lp m anode v lp m cathode:
o Lp m anode ph bin trong thc t: lp m km, cadimi, thic
trn thp.
o Lp m cathode l lp m m kim loi m c in th dng in
hn in th kim loi nn trong mi trng n mn. Lp m
cathode bo v hiu qu kim loi nn nu l lp m lin tc, khng
bong, trc, nt n hoc c l xp.
b. Lp m trang tr
Lp m c mu sc p, bng sng, hp dn th hiu v gi c v
p trong mt thi gian di cho cc thit b, my mc, dng c,
trang sc, n trang,
Ngi ta cn to c lp m trang tr bng cch m o mt lp mng
kim loi qu him nh vng, rodi, platin, paladi hoc crom. Lp m
o ca cc kim loi ni trn c mu sc p, bng, sng gi c v
p hp dn trong nhiu mi trng.
c. Lp m trang tr bo v
Lp m va c tnh bo v c hiu qu kim loi nn va c tnh trang
tr cao. Ch c lp m cathode mi tha mn c cc c tnh trn
ca lp m trang tr bo v. Cc lp m sau y thng ng vai tr
lp m trang tr bo v:
o Lp m niken crom.
o Lp m ng crom hay ng thau crom.
o Lp m ng niken crom.
Trong cc lp m trang tr bo v, lp m trung gian ng vai tr lp m bo
v.
d. Lp m k thut
Lp m in c s dng rng ri vi mc ch k thut, v d:
o Lp m lm tng bn chng ma st trc.
o Lp m lm phc hi cc trc, cc chi tit b mi mn.
o Trong cng nghip bn dn (transitor, diot,) ngi ta dng lp
m vng m cc tip in, cc linh kin in t,
o To lp m crom vi rnh trong pittong, xylanh thm du, chng
ma st.

6. nh bng in ha

Nhiu kim loi kh nh bng c bit l nhm v cc loi thp

khng g, c th nh bng bng phng php in ha mt cch d
dng, hiu qu cao, gi thnh h. C ba nhm kim loi thng c
nh bng in ha:
o Nhm v cc hp kim ca n.
o ng v cc loi hp kim ca n.
o Cc loi thp.
Ch cc hp kim mt pha (dung dch rn) v kim loi nguyn cht mi c
th nh bng in ha.
Phng php Meep
S dng hn hp:
65% H3PO4 (d = 1,7)
15% H2SO4 (d = 1,84)
Anhydric cromic
Ph gia hu c (nh ru a
chc)
Mt in dng anode
IA = 7 28A/dm2

Phng php Elektropol

S dng hn hp:
55% H2SO4(d = 1,84)
22% H3PO4(d = 1,7)
23% nc
Cc cht ph gia hu c
(0,5g/100g) dung dch
Mt in dng anode
IA = 25 60A/dm2

Bng so snh gia hai phng php Meep v Elektropol

7. Ty du m in ha

Trong k thut m kim loi ngi ta cn phi lm sch du m trn b mt

cc chi tit. Phng php in ha lm sch b mt c tc dng tt nht, c th
tin hnh ty du m anode, cathode v ty du hn hp.
Cc phng php ty du m in ha: ty du m cathode; ty du m anode;
ty du m hn hp
1.3 n mn chng n mn kim loi
1.3.1
n mn kim loi
n mn l hin tng thc t kim loi b bin i thnh cc hp cht ha hc
bn vng nhit ng hn (oxit, sulfur, carbonate,) di nhng dng ph hy
khc nhau ca nhiu tc nhn trong mi trng.

Khi b n mn, kim loi b h hi v cc tnh cht ca n (c hc, l hc, ha

hc,) b bin i gh gm, do cc gi tr s dng, gi tr cng ngh v c gi
tr thm m ca vt liu khng cn na.
C nhiu loi n mn v phn ln kim loi b h hi do n mn in ha mt
dng n mn kh ph bin trong t nhin.
n mn in ha l qu trnh ph hy kim loi do b tc ng bi mi trng
cha cht in li.
C ch n mn in ha l c ch hot ng ca mt pin in on mch.
V d: in hnh v n mn trong kh quyn ca st (st b g):
Trn b mt st c nhng vng ng vai tr anode, ti y c phn ng oxi ha:
Fe (r) Fe2+ + 2e

S g ca Fe

Cc electron sinh ra trong phn ng oxi ha st s kh oxi trong kh quyn

to ra nc ti khu vc cathode, l nhng vng khc trn b mt st:
O2 + 4H+ (aq) + 4e 2H2O(L)
Phn ng oxi ha kh tng qut l s t hp hai na phn ng trn:
Fe(r) + O2 + 4H+ (aq) 2Fe2+ + 2H2O(L)
V ng vi sc in ng ca vi pin n mn:
E0 = 1,23 (0,44) = 1,67V
Nhng ion H+ mt phn c cung cp bi kh CO2 trong kh quyn ha tan
vo nc:
CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3
Ion Fe2+ hnh thnh trn hp phn anode ca b mt tip tc b oxi ca kh
quyn oxi ha to ra g st:
4Fe2+(aq) + O2 + (4 + 2x)H2O(l) 2Fe2O3.xH2O + 8H+ (aq)
Dng hirat ca st oxit Fe2O3.xH2O chnh l g mu nu. Nh vy, iu kin
st b n mn l phi c oxi ca kh quyn v nc.
St khng b g trong khng kh kh hoc trong nc khng c oxi ha tan. S
n mn khng ch gii hn st. Mt kim loi khc cng d c xu hng b n
mn, l nhm.

Mt s kim loi khc dng c tin nh ng, bc cng b n mn nhng tc

n mn rt nh b.
Cu (r) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e
Ag (r) Ag+ (aq) + e
Khi tip xc vi kh quyn, ng to ra mt lp CuCO3 mu xanh lc c tc
dng bo v. Mt cch tng t nhng n bng bc khi tip xc vi thc phm
s to ra mt lp Ag2S.
1.3.2

Chng n mn kim loi

chng n mn, bin php c tnh nguyn tc l cch li kim loi vi mi

trng xm thc. C nhiu phng php khc nhau, nhng phng php ny u
bt ngun t c trng ph hy kim loi hoc t nhng iu kin s dng khai thc
vt liu kim loi.
Phng php che ph:
Phng php ny nhm c lp b mt kim loi khi mi trng xm thc. Lp
ph c th l mt lp sn khng thm nc.

Sn
Hp kim ha
Ch to thnh cc hp kim khng nhng tng cng tnh cht c hc m
cn chng n mn, nht l nhit cao.
X l mi trng n mn (bin i mi trng xm thc)

 lm gim tnh xm thc ca mi trng, ngi ta s dng cht c ch n

mn (chm n mn).
Tc dng ca c ch:
o Hp ph phn t cht c ch hu c ln b mt.
o Th ng ha kim loi.
o To lp kt ta mui ln b mt, ngn oxi c th tip cn kim loi.
o Loi b tc nhn n mn

1.1 NGUN IN HA HC...........................................................1

1.1.1 pin........................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Pin nhin liu......................................................................................10
1.2
s in phn...........................................................................................11
1.2.1 nh ngha in phn..............................................................................................11
1.2.2 Th phn gii qu th..................................................................................................11
1.2.3 nh lut Faraday....................................................................................12
Mt s ng dng thc t ca in phn............................................................................13
1. in phn sn xut................................................................................................. 13
2. Tch v tinh luyn kim loi bng in phn.............................................................14
3. S dng phc cht trong in phn.........................................................................15
4. Tng hp cc cht hu c bng phng php in ha..........................................15
5. M kim loi.............................................................................................................. 16
6. nh bng in ha................................................................................................17
7. Ty du m in ha...............................................................................................18

1.3 N MN CHNG N MN KIM LOI.....................................18

1.3.1 N MN KIM LOI..............................................................18
1.3.2 Chng n mn kim loi............................................................................20