Slide: 1

Recent Developments in Electric Power

Recent Developments in Electric Power
Transmission Technology
Transmission Technology
Dr.
Dr.
Kalyan
Kalyan
Sen
Sen
April 15, 2003 April 15, 2003
Slide: 2
Source Load
Load
I I Demand for electrical Demand for electrical
energy is increasing. energy is increasing.
I I Free Flow makes Free Flow makes
particular transmission lines particular transmission lines
overloaded. overloaded.
I I Construction of new Construction of new
transmission lines has transmission lines has
become increasingly difficult become increasingly difficult
and expensive. and expensive.
I I Energy needs to be Energy needs to be
transported from the transported from the
generating point to the end- generating point to the end-
user along the most user along the most
desirable path. desirable path.
Issues Facing Power Industry Today
Issues Facing Power Industry Today
Slide: 3
Issues Facing Power Industry Today
Issues Facing Power Industry Today
I I Voltage level may need to be restored at a point along Voltage level may need to be restored at a point along
the line. the line.
V
I
I
ds
s
s
V
V
s

s
V
I
qs
P ,
s
Q
s
I
I
I

dr
I
90
2 m 1
V
X
X
L
V V
V
r
I
qr

V
X
r
P , Q
r
I
V
r
V
r r

Slide: 4
I I Power flow in a Power flow in a
transmission line transmission line
depends on depends on
impedance impedance
voltage voltage
phase angle. phase angle.
I I Leading voltage Leading voltage
sends active sends active
power to the power to the
lagging voltage. lagging voltage.
Principles of Power Flow in a Transmission Line
Principles of Power Flow in a Transmission Line
X
Q
r
V
r
s
V
L
X
V
s
r
s
s
V
=
= P
V
X
- )
r
r
L
V
(cos
V
sin
X
L
V
r
V
I
Q
r
P ,
r
(a) (b)

V
s
90

V
X
V
I
r
Slide: 5
Available Solutions
Available Solutions
I I Traditional Technology Traditional Technology
Voltage-Regulating Transformer Voltage-Regulating Transformer
Shunt Inductor/Capacitor Shunt Inductor/Capacitor
Series Inductor/Capacitor Series Inductor/Capacitor
Phase Angle Regulator Phase Angle Regulator
I I Voltage- Voltage-Sourced Sourced Converter Based Technology Converter Based Technology
STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Slide: 6
I IRegulates the line Regulates the line
voltage in small voltage in small
steps by adding or steps by adding or
subtracting a subtracting a
compensatng compensatng
voltage in series voltage in series
with the with the
transmission line. transmission line.
Voltage-Regulating Transformer
Voltage-Regulating Transformer
(c)
Controller
s
*
V
s'
v
VOLTAGE
REGULATING
UNIT
Magnitude
Calculator
V
s
B
V
s
V
(a)
V
s
'
B
s
C
s
'
C
V
EXCITER UNIT
V
s'A
V
s
'
B
(b)
V
Tap
Control
Unit
Taps
s
'
s
B
s
'
C
V
sA
V
s
B
V
s
'
s
C
V
s
C
V
V
sA
V
s'A
V
s'sA
Slide: 7
I IProduces a variable Produces a variable
voltage. voltage.
Voltage-Regulating Transformer
Voltage-Regulating Transformer
Controller
B
Gate
Firing
Circuit
Gate
Firing
Circuit
Gate
Firing
Circuit
A
Gate
Firing
Circuit
Slide: 8
I IRegulates the Regulates the
line voltage by line voltage by
connecting an connecting an
inductor or a inductor or a
capacitor in capacitor in
parallel with the parallel with the
transmission line. transmission line.
Thyristor
Thyristor
-Controlled Static
-Controlled Static
Var Compensator
Var Compensator
Controller
Capacitor
Banks
Gate
Firing
Circuit
Gate
Firing
Circuit
Reactor
Banks
Gate
Firing
Circuit
Gate
Firing
Circuit
Step Down
Transformer
Transmission Line
Slide: 9
Voltage and Current of a
Voltage and Current of a
Thyristor
Thyristor
-
-
Controlled Reactor
Controlled Reactor
TCR current
Bus voltage
TCR
190 200 210 220 230 240
ti me
250
x10
-3
Slide: 10
I IRegulates the line Regulates the line
voltage by injecting voltage by injecting
a shunt reactive a shunt reactive
current into the current into the
transmission line. transmission line.
STATic
STATic
synchronous
synchronous
COMpensator
COMpensator
-STATCOM
-STATCOM
Control & Protection Unit
MC1 VSC1
STATCOM
i
E
1
I
1
v
DC
DC1
V
XFSHN
s SHNBRK
V
I
V
s'
Slide: 11
I IInductive operation Inductive operation
means E<V. means E<V.
I ICapacitive operation Capacitive operation
means E>V. means E>V.
A STATCOM Operating in Inductive and
A STATCOM Operating in Inductive and
Capacitive
Capacitive
Modes
Modes
E > V : Capacitive
STATCOM
E < V : Inductive
q
(c)
I
(b)
I
E
q
V
E
V
V - E
I
q
TIE
X
X
s
(a)
V
I
q
E
V
X
TIE
s
r
X
r
V
Slide: 12
I IRegulates the Regulates the
transmission lines transmission lines
effective reactance effective reactance
by connecting a by connecting a
capacitor, parallel capacitor, parallel
with a bypass with a bypass
switch, in series switch, in series
with the with the
transmission line. transmission line.
Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
V =
C
k
C
X
C
X
C C
X
X (k=0, 1, ..., n) -j I
I
X
L
X
V
Slide: 13
I IRegulates the Regulates the
transmission lines transmission lines
effective reactance effective reactance
by connecting a by connecting a
compensatng compensatng
voltage in series voltage in series
with the line and in with the line and in
quadrature with the quadrature with the
prevailing line prevailing line
curretnt. curretnt.
Static Synchronous Series
Static Synchronous Series
Compensator
Compensator
-SSSC
-SSSC
VSC2
Control & Protection Unit
SSSC
v
DC
V
s
I
2
MC2
i
DC2
E
2
SRSDS
V
1
V
ES
XFSRS
V
2
dq
I
BYPBRK
V
s'
Slide: 14
An SSSC Operating in Inductive and
An SSSC Operating in Inductive and
Capacitive
Capacitive
Modes
Modes
I IA series-injected A series-injected
voltage while voltage while
leading the leading the
prevailing line prevailing line
current, provides current, provides
an inductive an inductive
compensation compensation
lagging the lagging the
prevailing line prevailing line
current, provides current, provides
a capacitive a capacitive
compensation compensation
sin
(cos )

I
90
(c)

s
V
V
V
s'
V
X
q
r
Q
r
=
s
X X
'
L q
X
= P
r
r
V
r

s
V V
L
X
q
V V
V
s
q V
L
V
s'
X
X
V
I
Q
r
P ,
r
(a) (b)


V

r
V
s
90
V
V
s' s
V
90
Vq
'
(d)
V
I
X
r

V
r
90
s
V
V
X
V
I

r
Slide: 15
I IRegulates the phase Regulates the phase
angle of the line angle of the line
voltage by a series- voltage by a series-
connected connected
compensating voltage compensating voltage
that is in quadrature that is in quadrature
with respect to the with respect to the
line voltage. line voltage.
A Phase Angle Regulator
A Phase Angle Regulator
s'B
sC
PHASE ANGLE
REGULATING
UNIT
V
V
s
A
s
B
V
(a)
s
'
C
V
V
V
s
C
s
'
A
V
EXCITER
UNIT
V
s
B
s
'
B
s
B
(b)
s'A
V
s
'
s
B
V


V
s
'
s
C
s
' C
V
sA
V
s
' B
V
V
V
V
V
s
C
V
s
'
C
sA
V
V
V
s'sA
s
'A
s
'A
Slide: 16
I IActive and reactive Active and reactive
power flow in the power flow in the
line is regulated line is regulated
independently. independently.
I IExchanged power Exchanged power
by the series unit is by the series unit is
active and reactive. active and reactive.
The Effect of a Series-Injected Voltage
The Effect of a Series-Injected Voltage
on Power Flow in a Transmission Line
on Power Flow in a Transmission Line
Q
- R
Phase Angle
Regulator
Line
P
V
1
exch
P
X
Phase Angle
Regulator
Line
(b)
with '+ R'

s'
V
V
s
V
s's
-1
Q
r
@

0
-0.5
0.5
r

2
Reactance
Compensator
Line
( = 0)
V
d
V
0
-0.5
0.5
P
rn
=
Voltage
Regulator
Line
exch
= V I
with '- R'
d
P
q
= V I
exch
Q
d
V
s
V
V
q
s'
V
s's
V
-0.5
I
V
(a)
-1
X
X
L
V
r
P ,
I
r
0
Q
V
r
270
270
L
Q
Q
C
+ R

90
P
exch
180


90
= 0.2588
s's
@
r
= 0 V
s's
180

C
360

- R
(c)
exch


360
s's

rn
= Q
r
@V


= 0
= 0.2588
r
P
( )
rn
P , Q
rn
@V
s's
r
1
Voltage
Regulator
Line

P
exch
(d)
with '+ R'
P
( = 0)
( ) P , Q
r
* *
r
2
with '- R'
Reactance
Compensator
Line
P
exch
r
Slide: 17
Characteristics of Power Flow Controllers
Characteristics of Power Flow Controllers
I I Traditional power flow controllers Traditional power flow controllers
each controls only one of the three parameters (voltage, reactance or each controls only one of the three parameters (voltage, reactance or
angle). angle).
I I Single Voltage-Sourced Converter-based power flow controllers Single Voltage-Sourced Converter-based power flow controllers
each controls one of the transmission line parameters. each controls one of the transmission line parameters.
can have fast dynamic response. can have fast dynamic response.
I I Dual Voltage-Sourced Converter-based power flow controllers Dual Voltage-Sourced Converter-based power flow controllers
can exchange real power with the line and generate or absorb reactive can exchange real power with the line and generate or absorb reactive
power. power.
Slide: 18
I IRegulates the Regulates the
active and the active and the
reactive power reactive power
flow in the line flow in the line
independently. independently.
I IRegulates the Regulates the
line voltage by line voltage by
injecting a shunt injecting a shunt
reactive current reactive current
into the into the
transmission line transmission line. .
Unified Power Flow Controller-UPFC
Unified Power Flow Controller-UPFC
VSC2
Control & Protection Unit
MC1 VSC1
UPFC
i
E
1
I
1
DCLS
v
DC
DC1
V
XFSHN
s SHNBRK
2
I
MC2
i
DC2
E
2
SRSDS
V
1
V
ES
XFSRS
V
2
dq
I
BYPBRK
V
s'
Slide: 19
I IHolding unity power factor Holding unity power factor
while changing line active while changing line active
power. power.
I ISub-cycle performance of Sub-cycle performance of
a UPFC is not required in a UPFC is not required in
a utility application. a utility application.
AEP UPFC Test Results
AEP UPFC Test Results
P
Q
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Li ne Acti ve Power (P) MW
Li ne Reacti ve Power (Q) Mvar
0.95
1
1.05
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Inez Bus Vol tage (pu)
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (s)
STATCOM Reacti ve Power (Mvar)
Slide: 20
What Are We Looking For in a Utility Application?
What Are We Looking For in a Utility Application?
I I A power flow controller that is A power flow controller that is
reliable reliable
independent regulator of active ( independent regulator of active (P P) and reactive ( ) and reactive (Q Q) power flow ) power flow
fast enough for a utility application fast enough for a utility application
inexpensive inexpensive
Slide: 21
Sen Transformer Concept
Sen Transformer Concept
I I Combines power flow control parameters, using a Combines power flow control parameters, using a
single-core three-phase transformer with load tap single-core three-phase transformer with load tap
changers, changers,
voltage voltage
phase angle phase angle
reactance reactance
I I Regulates active and reactive power flow selectively, Regulates active and reactive power flow selectively,
I I Regulates line voltage. Regulates line voltage.
Slide: 22
I IRegulates line votage like Regulates line votage like
an autotransformer. an autotransformer.
I IControls active and Controls active and
reactive power flow in the reactive power flow in the
line by a series-connected line by a series-connected
compensating voltage that compensating voltage that
is at any angle with is at any angle with
respect to the line voltage. respect to the line voltage.
Sen Transformer
Sen Transformer
0
0
0
COMPENSATING-VOLTAGE UNIT
EXCITER
UNIT
C
B
N
A
sC
V
V
sB
V
sA
b
4
2
4
0
c
3
V
1s'sC
0
4
4
3
a
3
b
4
0
2
c
a
1
I
1B
V
4
0
1s'sB
a
2
4
4
0
4
b
1
c
1
1s'C
1s'B
V
V
1C
I
V
0
1s'sA
I
1A
V
1s'A
Slide: 23
Sen Transformer Operation
Sen Transformer Operation
V
s
B
V
s
'
s
B
V
s
'
B
V
V
s
'
A
V
s
'
s
A
s
A
s
'
s
C
V
V
s
C
V
s
'
C
s
A
V
V
V
s
B
b
2
V
c
3
V
a
1
V
s
C
a
2
b
1
V
a
3
c
1
s
A
V V
V
V
V
s
B
V
b
3
V
c
2
V
s
C
a
1
s
'
s
C
V
c
3
V
V
s
C
c
2
V
b
3
V
s
'
s
B
V
V
b
2
s
B
V
V
V
V
V V
s
A
c
1
a
3

V
b
1
a
2
V
s
'
s
A
Slide: 24
I ILine voltage is Line voltage is
bounded by 5% over bounded by 5% over
nominal voltage. nominal voltage.
I IFull range of voltage Full range of voltage
injection is not injection is not
permitted. permitted.
I IFull capability of a Full capability of a
UPFC is not utilized. UPFC is not utilized.
I IST can be modified to ST can be modified to
fit customers needs. fit customers needs.
Practical
Practical
Compensators
Compensators
Operating Range
Operating Range
V
max
P
1.05
1

(b)


r

V
s'
V
s
1
P =
s s'

0
-1
-0.5
Q
r
@
rn
-10
10
0
X r
V V
0
0.95
0.8

Phase Angle
Regulator
Line
Voltage
Regulator
Line
s
s

V
s's
V
(a)
V
s's
r

I
1.20
X
L
X
V
s'
s'
V
I
V
P ,
r r
Q
270
270
Q

A
@ = 0 V
A

90
s's
= 0.2
r
s's
180

P

90
2 1
A

12

r
@V
s's
= 0.2
180
s's
V
360
(c)
s's
A

r
@V
rn
= Q

= 0
s's
360

4

max

V V
s'
@
34

= 0
P , Q
rn
( )
-0.5
Voltage
Regulator
Line
r

= 0.2
-1
s's s'
V V @
Phase Angle
Regulator
Line
0
Q
r
(d)
rn
P , Q
* *
( )
r r

1
A
r
Slide: 25
I IInjects voltage from Injects voltage from
0 0

to 120 to 120

. .
Limited Angle Operation of a
Limited Angle Operation of a
Sen Transformer
Sen Transformer
s'sA
4
4
V
sC
0
4
c
3
1
c
V
sB
V
s'sC
V
s'sB
a
2
V
sA a
1
0
4
V
V
s'C
0
3
b
b
2
0
0
4
V
I
B
s'B
0
4
s'A
V
A
I
Slide: 26
I IInjects voltage from Injects voltage from
120 120

to 240 to 240

. .
Limited Angle Operation of a
Limited Angle Operation of a
Sen Transformer
Sen Transformer
4
s'sA
4
V
sC a
3
c
1
V
sB
0
2
V
s'sC
c
4
V
s'sB
a
2
V
sA
0
4
V
0
V
0
4
3
b
s'C
0
4
0
I
C
V
s'B
B
I
b
1
V
s'A
I
A
Slide: 27
I IInjects voltage from Injects voltage from
240 240

to 360 to 360

. .
Limited Angle Operation of a
Limited Angle Operation of a
Sen Transformer
Sen Transformer
s'sA
4
4
V
sC
c
3
0
4
a
3
V
sB
0
2
s'sC
V
c
4
V
s'sB
V
sA a
1
V
0
4
V
s'C
0
b
2
0
I
C
V
s'B
I
B
0
4
b
1
s'A
V
A
I
Slide: 28
I IControls the active Controls the active
and the reactive and the reactive
power flow in the power flow in the
line by a series- line by a series-
injected voltage that injected voltage that
is at any angle with is at any angle with
respect to the line respect to the line
voltage. voltage.
A Power Flow Controller in a 2-Bus Network
A Power Flow Controller in a 2-Bus Network
V
source
V
X
source
Power
Flow
Controller
V
s
V
X
L
s' r
Slide: 29
Simulation of ST and UPFC
Simulation of ST and UPFC
(V
(V
ss ss
= 0.15 pu)
= 0.15 pu)
I I The exchanged power by the series unit of an ST The exchanged power by the series unit of an ST
and a UPFC are identical. and a UPFC are identical.
Variation of Exchanged Power with an ST
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 100 200 300 400
Rotational Angle (degree)
P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W
,

M
v
a
r
,

M
V
A
)
Pexch
Qexch
VAexch
Variation of Exchanged Power with a UPFC
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0 100 200 300 400
Rotational Angle (degree)
P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W
,

M
v
a
r
,

M
V
A
)
Pexch
Qexch
VAexch
Slide: 30
I IFrom 205 From 205

to 335 to 335

, an ST , an ST
maintains a higher line maintains a higher line
voltage than a UPFC. voltage than a UPFC.
I IFrom 0 From 0

to 205 to 205

and 205 and 205

to 335 to 335

, a UPFC maintains , a UPFC maintains
a higher line voltage than a higher line voltage than
an ST. an ST.
Variation of Voltage at PCC
132
134
136
138
140
142
0 100 200 300 400
Rotational Angle (degree)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
k
V
)
ST
UPFC
Vs-nat
Simulation of ST and UPFC
Simulation of ST and UPFC
(V
(V
ss ss
= 0.15 pu)
= 0.15 pu)
Slide: 31
I I The variation of power flow, at the receiving-end of The variation of power flow, at the receiving-end of
the transmission line, by an ST and a UPFC are the transmission line, by an ST and a UPFC are
identical. identical.
Variation of Receiving-end Power with an ST
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 100 200 300 400
Rotational Angle (degree)
P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W

&

M
V
a
r
)
Pr
Qr
Pnat
Qnat
Variation of Receiving-end Power with a UPFC
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 100 200 300 400
Rotational Angle (degree)
P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W

&

M
V
a
r
)
Pr
Qr
Pnat
Qnat
Simulation of ST and UPFC
Simulation of ST and UPFC
(V
(V
ss ss
= 0.15 pu)
= 0.15 pu)
Slide: 32
I IArea of controllability in Area of controllability in
the the P-Q P-Q plane for an ST plane for an ST
and a UPFC are almost and a UPFC are almost
identical. identical.
Qr vs Pr
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50 100 150 200
Pr (MW)
Q
r

(
M
V
a
r
)
ST
UPFC
Simulation of ST and UPFC
Simulation of ST and UPFC
(V
(V
ss ss
= 0.15 pu)
= 0.15 pu)
Slide: 33
Aerial View of AEP UPFC at Inez Substation
Aerial View of AEP UPFC at Inez Substation
Slide: 34
Advantages and Shortcoming of an ST
Advantages and Shortcoming of an ST
I I Advantages Advantages
voltage regulation voltage regulation
independent control of active and reactive power ( independent control of active and reactive power (P and Q P and Q) flow ) flow
established transformer and load tap changer-based technology established transformer and load tap changer-based technology
limited angle operation with reduced amount of hardware limited angle operation with reduced amount of hardware
reliable and less expensive power flow controller reliable and less expensive power flow controller
low operating cost low operating cost
injection of line frequency voltage into the power system network injection of line frequency voltage into the power system network
high enough response for most utility applications high enough response for most utility applications
I I Shortcoming Shortcoming
coarse voltage injection, which is acceptable for a utility coarse voltage injection, which is acceptable for a utility
application. application.
Slide: 35
Main Differences Between Power Flow Controllers
Main Differences Between Power Flow Controllers
I I Voltage Regulation Voltage Regulation
I I Independent Line Active and Independent Line Active and
Reactive Power Control Reactive Power Control
I I Low installation and operating costs Low installation and operating costs
I I Reliability and high availability Reliability and high availability
I I Injection of line frequency voltage Injection of line frequency voltage
I I Low leakage reactance in the Low leakage reactance in the
coupling Transformer coupling Transformer
I I Fast bypass switch not needed Fast bypass switch not needed
I I Fast response for utility applications Fast response for utility applications
I I Coarse voltage injection Coarse voltage injection
I I Capability of independent reactive Capability of independent reactive
power generation and absorption power generation and absorption
ST ST PAR PAR VRT VRT UPFC UPFC
X X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X
Slide: 36
Main Differences Between Power Flow Controllers
Main Differences Between Power Flow Controllers
I I Losses Losses
I I Cost ($/ Cost ($/kVA kVA) )
ST ST PAR PAR VRT VRT UPFC UPFC
<1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 3%-8% 3%-8%
15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 10-15 10-15 75-100 75-100
Slide: 37
Conclusion
Conclusion
I I A new power flow controlling transformer is presented. A new power flow controlling transformer is presented.
I I Sen Transformer Sen Transformer
uses traditional technology of transformer and tap changers. uses traditional technology of transformer and tap changers.
uses proven technology that is reliable. uses proven technology that is reliable.
provides four quadrant control of active power ( provides four quadrant control of active power (P P) and ) and
reactive power ( reactive power (Q Q) for an optimum system operation. ) for an optimum system operation.
provides more features than a PAR at the same cost. provides more features than a PAR at the same cost.
displaces UPFC for most utility applications. displaces UPFC for most utility applications.
I I An emerging power flow controller market can be An emerging power flow controller market can be
exploited with the right technology. exploited with the right technology.