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A Guide To Inderstanding Color Communication
A Guide To Inderstanding Color Communication
Color Communication
Table of
Contents
Communicating Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Ways to Measure Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Integrated Color Throughout the Supply Chain . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Attributes of Color
Hue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Scales for Measuring Color
The Munsell Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CIE Color Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Chromaticity Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Expressing Colors Numerically
CIELAB (L*a*b*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
CIELCH (L*C*h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
Color Differences, Notation and Tolerancing
Delta CIELAB and CIELCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CIE Color Space Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Visual Color and Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CIELAB Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CIELCH Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
CMC Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17
CIE94 Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Visual Assessment vs. Instrumental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Choosing the Right Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Other Color Expressions
White and Yellow Indices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-24
Communicating
Color
Ways to
Measure Color
Sample
Viewing
Port
Specular
Port
8
e
her
Sp
Reference
Beam
Port
Spherical
Spherical
r
ve
ec
ei
ei
ve
ec
R
Light Source
0/45
25
45
15
75
Light
Source
Specular
110
45
45
Multi-angle
Multi-Angle
In the past 10 or so years, car
makers have experimented with
special effect colors. They use
special additives such as mica,
pearlescent materials, ground up
seashells, microscopically coated
colored pigments and interference
pigments to produce different
colors at different angles of view.
Large and expensive goniometers
were traditionally used to measure
these colors until X-Rite introduced
a battery-powered, hand-held,
multi-angle instrument. X-Rite
portable multi-angle instruments
are used by most auto makers and
their colorant supply chain, worldwide.
Colorimeter
Colorimeters are not spectrophotometers. Colorimeters are tristimulus (three-filtered) devices that
make use of red, green, and blue
filters that emulate the response of
the human eye to light and color. In
some quality control applications,
these tools represent the lowest
cost answer. Colorimeters cannot
compensate for metamerism (a
shift in the appearance of a
sample due to the light used to illuminate the surface). As colorimeters use a single type of light (such
as incandescent or pulsed xenon)
and because they do not record
the spectral reflectance of the
media, they cannot predict this
shift. Spectrophotometers can
compensate for this shift, making
spectrophotometers a superior
choice for accurate, repeatable
color measurement.
Integrated
Color
Throughout the
Supply Chain
Accurate Color.
On Time. Every Time.
Whether you're working with
coatings, plastics or textiles,
X-Rite understands the challenges
unique to your business. Because
customer needsnot off-the-shelf
productsdrive the solutions we
bring, our industry experts take the
time to understand your business.
The unique combination of X-Rite's
technology, our vertically integrated
manufacturing capabilities and the
industry's largest global presence
allows us to invent and adapt specific
solutions for you, wherever you are.
Controlling Color
throughout the Process
X-Rite's product portfolio offers
solutions which connect color
accurately throughout the entire
process. Our solutions save you
money by reducing scrap, production downtime, off-color product
shipments and rework. We simplify
the process of managing color
through-out your global supply
chain, whether with multiple
locations or at a single facility,
helping you protect the quality
of corporate brands.
Offering a broad range of benchtop,
portable or non-contact systems,
X-Rite instruments can be found
on the desktop, in retail settings, in
laboratories or on production lines,
all managing color reliably and
accurately. Your total solution
includes software that enhances
instrument functionality by adding
quality control, profiling functions,
color matching, or color management packages. Complimented
with our Macbeth Lighting offering
and visual evaluation tools from
Munsell Color, X-Rite offers the
complete portfolio for all of your
color needs.
Calibrated,
On-Screen Color
X-Rite offers the only color formulation and quality assurance
software to use the International
Color Consortiums (ICC) standard
device profiles for on-screen color.
This means that colors will be
consistently displayed on different
computers, so long as ICC profiles
are used. Use X-Rite monitor
optimizers and auto-scan densitometers for complete color calibration
and control on computers, printers
and scanners.
Applications
Spectrophotometrys applications
are seemingly boundless. Colormatching measurements are made
every day by those comparing a
reproduced object to a reference
point. Spectrophotometry-assisted
color measurement can be useful
in areas such as:
Attributes
of Color
Hue
When asked to identify the color of
an object, youll most likely speak
first of its hue. Quite simply, hue is
how we perceive an objects color
red, orange, green, blue, etc.
The color wheel in Figure 1 shows
the continuum of color from one
hue to the next. As the wheel illustrates, if you were to mix blue and
green paints, you would get bluegreen. Add yellow to green for
yellow-green, and so on.
Yellow
Chroma
Chroma describes the vividness or
dullness of a color in other
words, how close the color is to
either gray or the pure hue. For
example, think of the appearance of
a tomato and a radish. The red of
the tomato is vivid, while the radish
appears duller.
Red
Green
Blue
Figure 1: Hue
Less
Chroma
More
oma
Chr
n)
atio
r
u
t
(Sa
Figure 2: Chromaticity
Attributes
of Color
continued
Lightness
The luminous intensity of a color i.e., its degree of lightness is called
its value. Colors can be classified as light or dark when comparing their
value.
For example, when a tomato and a radish are placed side by side, the red
of the tomato appears to be much lighter. In contrast, the radish has a
darker red value. In Figure 3, the value, or lightness, characteristic is
represented on the vertical axis.
White
Lightness
White
Black
Figure 3: Three-dimensional color system depicting lightness
Black
Scales for
Measuring
Color
An object (sample)
An observer/processor
We as humans see color because
our eyes process the interaction of
light hitting an object. What if we
replace our eyes with an instrument
can it see and record the same
120
100
Percent Reflectance
120
80
60
40
20
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 5: Spectral curve from a measured sample
700
100
80
60
40
20
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 6: Daylight (Standard Illuminant D65/10)
Scales for
Measuring Color
continued
Tristimulus Values
2.0
z()
A spectrophotometer measures
spectral data the amount of
light energy reflected from an
object at several intervals along
the visible spectrum. The
spectral data is shown as
a spectral curve.
1.5
y()
1.0
x()
0.5
0.0
380
430
480
530
580
630
680
730
780
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 7: CIE 2 and 10 Standard Observers
400
400
40
20
(nm)
Wavelength
(nm)Wavelength
Wavelength
(nm)
Spectral Curve
80
60
40
20
700
400
250
300
80
60
40
20
400
100
80
60
40
20
(nm)
Wavelength
(nm)Wavelength
Wavelength
(nm)
D65 Illuminant
200
200
150
100
50
0
700
380
150
100
50
Tristimulus Intensity
Values
Reflectance
20
60
100
Reflectance Intensity
40
100
300
250
Reflectance Intensity
20
60
80
300
120
120
Reflectance Intensity
40
80
120
100
Reflectance Intensity
60
100
Relative
Spectral
Power
Reflectance
Intensity
80
120
120
Reflectance Intensity
100
Reflectance Intensity
Percent
Reflectance
Reflectance
Intensity
120
250
2 Observer (CIE 1931)
2 Observer
(CIE 1931)
2 Observer
(CIE 1931)
10 Observer (CIE 1964)
10 Observer
(CIE 1964)
10 Observer
(CIE 1964)
200
2.0
z()
1.5
150
y()
1.0
100
0.5
50
z()
z()
y()
x()
x()
x()
0.0
0
0
380580
430 480 530 580 630 680 730
430380480430530
480 530630580680630730680780730 780
780
(nm)
Wavelength
(nm)Wavelength
Wavelength
(nm)
Standard Observer
10
y()
X = 62.04
Y = 69.72
Z = 7.34
Tristimulus Values
Chromaticity Values
Tristimulus values, unfortunately, have limited use as color specifications
because they correlate poorly with visual attributes. While Y relates to
value (lightness), X and Z do not correlate to hue and chroma.
As a result, when the 1931 CIE standard observer was established, the
commission recommended using the chromaticity coordinates xyz. These
coordinates are used to form the chromaticity diagram in Figure 9. The
notation Yxy specifies colors by identifying value (Y) and the color as
viewed in the chromaticity diagram (x,y).
As Figure 10 shows, hue is represented at all points around the perimeter
of the chromaticity diagram. Chroma, or saturation, is represented by a
movement from the central white (neutral) area out toward the diagrams
perimeter, where 100% saturation equals pure hue.
Hu
y
Figure 9: CIE 1931 (x, y)
chromaticity diagram
Saturation
x
11
Expressing
Colors
Numerically
CIELAB (L*a*b*)
When a color is expressed in
CIELAB, L* defines lightness, a*
denotes the red/green value and
b* the yellow/blue value.
Figures 11 and 12 (on page 13)
show the color-plotting diagrams
for L*a*b*. The a* axis runs from
left to right. A color measurement
movement in the +a direction
depicts a shift toward red. Along
the b* axis, +b movement represents a shift toward yellow. The
center L* axis shows L = 0 (black
or total absorption) at the bottom.
At the center of this plane is
neutral or gray.
To demonstrate how the L*a*b*
values represent the specific
colors of Flowers A and B, weve
plotted their values on the CIELAB
Color Chart in Figure 11.
Flower A:
L* = 52.99 a* = 8.82 b* = 54.53
CIELCH (L*C*h)
While CIELAB uses Cartesian
coordinates to calculate a color in
a color space, CIELCH uses polar
coordinates. This color expression
can be derived from CIELAB. The
L* defines lightness, C* specifies
chroma and h denotes hue angle,
an angular measurement.
Flower B:
L* = 29.00 a* = 52.48 b* = 22.23
12
90
Yellow
+b*
Hue
L* = 116 (Y/Yn)1/3 16
a* = 500 [(X/Xn)1/3 (Y/Yn)1/3]
b* = 200 [(Y/Yn)1/3 (Z/Zn)1/3]
L* =116 (Y/Yn)1/3 16
C* = (a2 + b2)1/2
h = arctan (b*/a*)
180
Green
-a*
0
Red
+a*
Blue
-b*
270
Figure 12: The L* value is represented on the center axis. The a* and b* axes
appear on the horizontal plane.
13
Color
Differences,
Notation and
Tolerancing
Hue
Chroma
b*
Standard
b*
CIELAB Tolerancing
When tolerancing with CIELAB, you must choose a difference
limit for L* (lightness), a* (red/green), and b* (yellow/blue).
These limits create a rectangular tolerance box around the
standard (Figure 14).
When comparing this tolerance box with the visually accepted
ellipsoid, some problems emerge. A box-shaped tolerance
around the ellipsoid can give good numbers for unacceptable
color. If the tolerance box is made small enough to fit within
the ellipsoid, it is possible to get bad numbers for visually
acceptable color (Figure 15).
Lightness (L*)
b*
Samples within
the ellipsoid
are visually
acceptable
a*
a*
15
Color Differences,
Notation and
Tolerancing
continued
CIELCH Tolerancing
CIELCH users must choose a difference limit for L* (lightness), C*
(chroma) and H* (hue). This creates a wedge-shaped box around the
standard. Since CIELCH is a polar-coordinate system, the tolerance box
can be rotated in orientation to the hue angle (Figure 16).
H*
Lightness
When this tolerance is compared with the ellipsoid, we can see that it
more closely matches human perception. This reduces the amount of
disagreement between the observer and the instrumental values
(Figure 17).
Standard
L*
CMC Tolerancing
CMC is not a color space but rather a tolerancing system. CMC tolerancing is based on CIELCH and provides better agreement between
visual assessment and measured color difference. CMC tolerancing was
developed by the Colour Measurement Committee of the Society of Dyers
and Colourists in Great Britain and became public domain in 1988.
Ch
rom
C*
The CMC calculation mathematically defines an ellipsoid around the standard color with semi-axis corresponding to hue, chroma and lightness. The
ellipsoid represents the volume of acceptable color and automatically
varies in size and shape depending on the position of the color in color
space.
Figure 18 (on page 17) shows the variation of the ellipsoids throughout
color space. The ellipsoids in the orange area of color space are longer
and narrower than the broader and rounder ones in the green area. The
size and shape of the ellipsoids also change as the color varies in chroma
and/or lightness.
The CMC equation allows you to vary the overall size of the ellipsoid to
better match what is visually acceptable. By varying the commercial factor
(cf), the ellipsoid can be made as large or small as necessary to match
visual assessment. The cf value is the tolerance, which means that if
cf=1.0, then E CMC less than 1.0 would pass, but more than 1.0 would
fail (see Figure 19 on page 17).
b*
H*
C*
H*
C*
H*
C*
Since the eye will generally accept larger differences in lightness (l) than in
chroma (c), a default ratio for (l:c) is 2:1. A 2:1 ratio will allow twice as
much difference in lightness as in chroma. The CMC equation allows this
ratio to be adjusted to achieve better agreement with visual assessment
(see Figure 20 on page 18).
16
a*
Yellow
Red
Green
Tolerance ellipsoids
are larger in the
green region.
Blue
Figure 18: Tolerance ellipsoids in color space
Cross sections
of the ellipsoid
Hue
Chroma
Hue
Chroma
Standard
cf = 0.5
cf = 1
17
Color Differences,
Notation and
Tolerancing
continued
CIE94 Tolerancing
In 1994 the CIE released a new tolerance method called CIE94. Like
CMC, the CIE94 tolerancing method also produces an ellipsoid. The user
has control of the lightness (kL) to chroma (Kc) ratio, as well as the
commercial factor (cf). These settings affect the size and shape of the
ellipsoid in a manner similar to how the l:c and cf settings affect CMC.
However, while CMC is targeted for use in the textile industry, CIE94 is
targeted for use in the paint and coatings industry. You should consider the
type of surface being measured when choosing between these two tolerances. If the surface is textured or irregular, CMC may be the best fit. If the
surface is smooth and regular, CIE94 may be the best choice.
Lightness
(1.4:1)
(2:1)
Hue
Chroma
Tolerance Method
% Agreement
with Visual
CIELAB
75%
CIELCH
85%
CMC or CIE94
95%
18
Other
Color
Expressions
Glossary
20
color-matching functions
Relative amounts of three additive
primaries required to match each
wavelength of light. The term is
generally used to refer to the CIE
standard observer color-matching
functions.
21
Glossary
continued
22
23
Glossary
continued
24
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