(123doc - VN) - Docx 20111111 Cac Dang Bai Tap Hoa Hoc Lop 8doc Do

I - Cu to nguyn t:
Kin thc: Nguyn t l ht v cng nh v trung ha v in

Nguyn t gm ht nhn mang in t!ch "#$ng v v t% &'i m(t hay nhiu )l)ctr%n mang in t!ch m*
+t nhn nguyn t t% &'i ,t%t%n v n$tr%n* -r%t%n mang in t!ch "#$ng. N$tr%n /hng mang in 0n1
2r%ng nguyn t 34 , 5 34 ).
2r%ng nguyn t )l)ctr%n chuy6n (ng r7t nhanh 8uanh ht nhn v 39, :, thnh t;ng l<,. m=i l<, c> m(t 34
)l)ctr%n nh7t ?nh* 0l<, @: c> t4i a A)* l<, A: c> t4i a B)* l<, C: c> t4i a B)*1
Bi 1: +Dy in v% &Eng 3au:
Nguyn t
F4 , tr%ng ht
nhn
F4 ) tr%ng nguyn
t
F4 l<, )l)ctr%n
F4 ) l<, ng%i
cng*
+ir% @ @ @ @
G:i B B A H
Natri @@ @@ @C @
/ali
Il%
Iac&%n
nhm
Bi 2: a1 hDy ch% &it 34 l<, ) cJa cKc nguyn t c> 34 ,r%t%n l: LM HM NM AOM @LP*
&1 hDy t!nh nhanh 34 ) l<, ng%i cng cJa cKc nguyn t >*
c1 +Dy vQ 3$ c7u t% nhRng nguyn t trn*
II Nguyn t ha hc:
@* ?nh nghSa: T tU, hV, nhRng nguyn t cng l%i. c> cng 34 ,r%t%n tr%ng ht nhn*
A* nh# vUy 34 , l 34 Wc tr#ng cJa m(t nguyn t4 h>a hXc*
K! hiu h>a hXc: &Eng @ 3g/YZA*
[=i /! hiu h>a hXc cn ch\ @ nguyn t nguyn t4 >*
C* Nguyn t /h4i:
Kh4i l#Vng cJa m(t nguyn t Iac&%n l: @.NNAH* @O
]AC
g*
IhXn @Y@A /h4i l#Vng cJa nguyn t cac&%n lm $n v? /h4i l#Vng nguyn t gXi l $n v? cac&%n 0vI1
Nguyn t /h4i l /h4i l#Vng cJa nguyn t t!nh &^ng $n v? cac&%n*
_y ch\ l /h4i l#Vng t#$ng 4i giRa cKc nguyn t* IhJ yu ch% &it 3` nWng nha cJa cKc nguyn t*
Bi 1: +Dy 3% 3Knh :)m nguyn t T#u hubnh nWng hay nha h$n. &^ng &a% nhiu lcn 3% v<i cKc nguyn t 3au: %:iM
39tM cac&%nM ng*
Bi 2: +Dy :Kc ?nh nguyn t d tr%ng m=i tr#eng hV, 3au:
a1 Nguyn t d nWng g7, hai lcn nguyn t l#u hubnh*
&1 Nguyn t d nWng g7, @Z lcn nguyn t hir%*
c1 N nguyn t d nWng &^ng B nguyn t nhm*
"1 Nguyn t d nWng &^ng tfng /h4i l#Vng cJa L nguyn t Ian:i v @ nguyn t +ir%*
Bi 3: +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng &^ng gam cJa m=i nguyn t cKc nguyn t4 3au: IaM [gM glM h)M NaM GM FM NM Il P
Bi 4: +Dy ch% &it @ $n v? cac&%n ng va hXc*
A* +V, ch7t: l nhRng ch7t t% nn t; hai nguyn t4 h>a hXc tr' ln*
C* -hn t l ht i "in ch% ch7t. gm m(t 34 nguyn t lin /t va
hXc cJa ch7t*
Z* ,hn t /h4i l /h4i l#Vng cJa ,hn t t!nh &^ng $n v? cac&%n* j^ng tfng nguyn t /h4i cJa cKc nguyn
t tr%ng ,hn t*
L* [=i ch7t l m(t tU, hV, v cng l<n nhRng ht l ,hn t hay nguyn t* ty iu /in. m(t ch7t c> th6 ' &a
trng thKi: k9n. lng. /h! 0hay h$i1* l trng thKi /h! cKc ht r7t :a nhau*
Bi 1: +Dy ch% &it cKc ch7t 3au ch7t n% l $n ch7t. hV, ch7t. giEi th!ch vm 3a%i n hDy t!nh ,hn t /h4i cJa t;ng
ch7t*
1
a1 Kh! %o%n. &it ,hn t gm C nguyn t G
&1 Kh! m)tan. &it ,hn t gm @ nguyn t I v Z nguyn t +*
c1 Kh! cl%. &it ,hn t gm A nguyn t Il
"1 g:it 3unpuric. &it ,hn t gm A+. @F v ZG
)1 _m ur. &it ,hn t gm @I. @G. AN v Z+*
Bi 2: +Dy 3% 3Knh ,hn t /h! nit$ nWng hay nha h$n. &^ng &a% nhiu lcn 3% v ,hn t gm @ d lin /t v ,hn t gm Ad lin /t v ,hn t gm @d. @F v ZG. nWng g7, A.CC lcn ,hn t can:i cac&%nat*
"1 @ hV, ch7t c> ,hn t gm ANa. @I v Cd. nWng &^ng @ ,hn t can:i cac&%nat v C ,hn t /h! hir%*
)1 @ hV, ch7t c> ,hn t gm Agl. Cd v @AG. nWng @N lcn ,hn t n#<c*
Bi 4: +Dy nu cKch tKch ring t;ng ch7t ra /hi h=n hV, cKc ch7t 3au:
a1 +=n hV, gm cKt. mu4i qn v &(t 39t*
&1 +=n hV, gm: #eng. &(t g%*
c1 +=n hV, gm: /h! %:i. /h! am%niqc N+C. &it r^ng /h! %:i !t tan tr%ng n#<c cn /h! am%niqc tan nhiu tr%ng
n#<c*
rrr s Ing thc h>a hXc:
@* cng thc h>a hXc cJa $n ch7t: g:
] _4i va hXc cJa hV, ch7t: g:jyIoP*
2r%ng > gM jM I P l /! hiu cJa cKc nguyn t4*
:M yM o P l chR 34 ch\ 34 nguyn t cJa m=i nguyn t4 tr%ng @ ,hn t ch7t 0gXi l ch\ 341
C* t nghSa cJa cng thc h>a hXc:
] [=i cng thc h>a hXc cn ch\ m(t ,hn t cJa ch7t*
] [=i cng thc h>a hXc ch% &it C u 3au:
v Nguyn t4 n% t% ra ch7t 0"à v% /! hiu1
v F4 nguyn t m=i nguyn t4 c> tr%ng @ ,hn t cJa ch7t 0"à v% cKc ch\ 341*
v -hn t /h4i cJa ch7t*
Bi 1: +Dy nu nhRng gm &it #Vc v m=i ch7t 3au:
a1 Kh! l#u hubnh i%:it: FGA*
&1 Kh! hir%: +A*
c1 Iac&%n: I
"1 _ng: Iu*
)1 g:it nitric: +NGC*
p1 g:it 3unpuric: +AFGZ*
g1 2hu4c t!m: K[nGZ*
h1 _m ur): IG0N+A1A*
Bi 2: a1 IKc cKch vit 3au ch\ u gmi ZNaM L+AGM @HNAM CNaIlM wIaIGCP
&1 +Dy "ng chR 34 v cng thc h>a hXc 6 "ixn t nhRng u 3au: C nguyn t 39tM H ,hn t n#<cM B ,hn t mu4i
natri cl%rua*
Bi 3: +Dy vit I2++ cJa cKc ch7t tr%ng &i C trang A*
rn s +>a tr?:
@* +>a tr? cJa m(t nguyn t4 "à v% hir% c> h>a tr? r. h%Wc %:i c> h>a tr? rr*
A* 8uy t9c h>a tr?: c> I2++ g:jy &it h>a tr? cJa g l a. h>a tr? cJa j l &*
ta lun c>: a * : 5 & * y
C* nUn "yng:
a1 2!nh h>a tr? cJa m(t nguyn t4: ta c> a 5 &*yY: h%Wc & 5 a*:Yy*
&1 TU, cng thc h%a hXc cJa hV, ch7t th)% h>a tr?*
z, "yng 8uy t9c h>a tr? ta c>: :Yy 5 &Ya* {% :. y l nhRng 34 nguyn "#$ng v t\ l cJa ch|ng th#eng l nhRng 34
nguyn $n giEn nh7t* t; > r|t ra #Vc : 5 a} v y 5 &
}
.
2
Bi 1: +Dy :Kc ?nh h>a tr?: a1 cJa nguyn t4 N tr%ng cKc hV, ch7t: N+CM NGM NGAM NAGL*
&1 IJa nguyn t4 h) tr%ng cKc hV, ch7t: h)GM h)AGCM h)0G+1AM h)0G+1CM
c1 IJa nguyn t4 - tr%ng cKc hV, ch7t: -+CM -AGLP
Bi 2: TU, cng thc h>a hXc v t!nh ,hn t /h4i cJa cKc hV, ch7t c> thnh ,hcn gm:
a1 h) 0rr1 v G
&1 h) 0rrr1 v FGZ
c1 Iu 0rr1 v Il 0r1
"1 [n 0nrr1 v G
)1 + v IGC 0rr1
p1 + v NGC 0r1
g1 + v -GZ 0rrr1
h1 Na 0r1 v FGZ 0rr1
i1 gl 0rrr1 v FGZ
Bi 3: +Dy ch% &it tr%ng 34 cKc cng thc 3au. cng thc n% vit 3aii Fa li ch% |ng:
[gGM NaCGAM IaC-GZM +AFGZM jaC0-GZ1A*
Bi 4: 2h)% h>a tr? cJa h) tr%ng h)AGC. hDy chXn I2++ |ng tr%ng 34 cKc cng thc h>a hXc 3au: h)0G+1AM
h)A0NGC1CM h)A0FGZ1CM h)-GZ*
rn s -hEn ng h>a hXc:
Bi 1: +Dy ch% &it hin t#Vng :Ey ra nh# th n% tr%ng cKc th! nghim 3au:
a1 _4t chKy ngXn nn ri |, c4c chy, ln trn*
&1 2hE mEnh nhm v% "" a:it cl%hiric +Il*
c1 2han tr#<c /hi ch% v% &, l th#eng ,hEi U, ch% /!ch th#<c v;a J. /hng nn 6 8uK t% h%Wc 8uK
&~i
"1 Nh>m l :%ng thm &?t /!n ca &, l* ut mnh v% l*
Bi 2: nit ,h#$ng trmnh chR cJa cKc ,hEn ng h>a hXc 3au:
a1 _4t chKy /h! m)tan. /h! m)tan tKc "yng vng mnh thu4c t!m 0/ali ,)manganat1 &? ,hn hJy thnh /ali manganat. mangan
i%:it v /h! %:i*
n s F` &in fi ch7t:
@* +in t#Vng vUt l!:
A* +in t#Vng h>a hXc:
ji @: tr%ng 34 cKc 8uK trmnh "#a hXci giEi th!chi
{y 39t &? c9t nh thnh t;ng %n ng9n*
+a tan #eng v% n#<c #Vc n#<c #eng*
2hanh 39t 6 m lu ngy &? g\*
_6 r#Vu nht lu ngy chuy6n thnh gi7m qn*
Khi m' chai n#<c giEi /hKt l%i c> ga th7y &Xt /h! 3Ji ln*
+a vi 34ng v% n#<c #Vc vi ti*
nr s -hEn ng h>a hXc:
Bi 1: nh gi7m qn ln t#eng nh th7y c> &Xt /h! &ay ln*
{7u hiu n% chng t c> ,hEn ng h>a hXc :Ey rai
nit ,h#$ng trmnh chR cJa ,hEn ng. &it gi7m l a:it a:)tic t#eng nh c> can:i cac&%nat 3En ,hm 3inh ra l can:i
cl%rua. /h! cac&%nic v n#<c*
Bi 2: giEi th!ch ti 3a% /hi 6 ngXn la n gcn l cn D &9t chKyi jit r^ng cn chKy #Vc l c> 3` tham gia cJa
/h! %:i. t% ra n#<c v /h! cac&%nic* nit ,h#$ng trmnh chR cJa ,hEn ng*
Bi 3: 2rn mWt n#<c vi tr%ng th#eng c> l<, ch7t r9n tr9ng l can:i cac&%nat t% thnh "% can:i hir%:it tr%ng
n#<c vi tKc "yng v cha /h! &utan. /hi chKy /h! &utan D tKc "yng
va &mnh ga 0h%Wc /h>a &,1* Khi &, &n ngXn la /hng :anh m vng v c> th6 c> /h>i* nit ,h#$ng trmnh
chR cJa ,hEn ng*
nrr s _?nh luUt &E% t%n /h4i l#Vng:
z, "yng: t; ?nh luUt &E% t%n /h4i l#Vng ta c> cng thc /h4i l#Vng cJa ,hEn ng:
mg v mj 5 mI v m{
mg v mj 5 mI
3
mg 5 mj v mI
Nh# vUy nu tr%ng ,hEn ng c> n ch7t. &it /h4i cJa n s @ ch7t ta c> th6 t!nh #Vc /h4i l#Vng cJa ch7t cn li*
Bi 1: _4t chKy h%n t%n @H g /h! m)tan ng#ei ta ,hEi "ng HZ g /h! %:i. 3inh ra :g /h! cac&%nic v CH g h%i
n#<c* 2!nh :*
Bi 2: +Dy giEi th!ch vm 3a% /hi nung n>ng &(t ng ng%i /hng /h! thm /h4i l#Vng ch7t r9n thu #Vc tqng ln* jit
ng D tKc "yng v @ chic cn thqng &^ng. @ &n 6 8uE nWng.
&n /ia 6 &mnh /!n `ng:
j(t ng. nung n>ng &mnh /!n* Nung n>ng &mnh h'*
Ih% mEnh K vi v% &mnh n#<c*
Ih% mEnh K vi v% &mnh `ng a:it cl%hiric ri Uy n|t /!n* _6 &mnh h'*
nrrr s -h#$ng trmnh h>a hXc:
Bi 1: a1 h%n thnh cKc ,h#$ng trmnh h>a hXc 3au:
a1 Ir v GA ]]] IrAGC
&1 h) v jrA ]]] h)jrC
c1 gl v +Il ]]] glIlC v +A
"1 jaIGC v +NGC ]]] ja0NGC1A v IGA v +AG
)1 NaAFGC v +AFGZ ]]] NaAFGZ v IGA v +AG
p1 h)0G+1C v +Il ]]] h)IlC v +AG
g1 NaNGC ]]] NaNGA v GA
h1 jaIlA v +AFGZ ]]] jaFGZ v +Il
&1 +Dy ch% &it t\ l 34 nguyn t. 34 ,hn t cJa cKc ch7t tr%ng m=i ,hEn ng*
'i 2: +Dy chXn h 34 v cng thc h>a hXc th!ch hV, Wt v% ch= c> "7u i tr%ng cKc ,h#$ng trmnh h>a hXc 3au:
a1 igl0G+1C ]]] i v C+AG
&1 h) v iggNGC ]]] i v Agg
c1 [g v i ]]] [gIlA v +A
"1 i v i+Il ]]] glIlC v +A
)1 Iu v i ]]] Iu0NGC1A v igg
Bi 3: ch% 3$ cJa ,hEn ng 3au:
h)0G+1y v +AFGZ ]]] h):0FGZ1y v +AG
a1 +Dy &in luUn 6 thay :. y 0&it r^ng : y1 &^ng cKc ch\ 34 th!ch hV, ri lU, ,h#$ng trmnh h>a hXc cJa ,hEn
ng*
&1 Ih% &it t\ l 34 ,hn t cJa &4n cW, ch7t tr%ng ,hEn ng 0ty chXn1
rd s [%l
Bi 1: +Dy ch% &it 34 nguyn t h%Wc 34 ,hn t c> tr%ng nhRng l#Vng ch7t 3au:
a1 O.A m%l nguyn t IuM O.L m%l nguyn t NaM @.A m%l nguyn t [gM A.L m%l nguyn t FM @.Z m%l nguyn
t +M O.O@L m%l nguyn t -
&1 O.AC m%l ,hn t nGM O.OAL m%l ,hn t +AFGZM @.AL m%l ,hn t +AG*
Bi 2: +Dy tmm 34 m%l nguyn t h%Wc 34 m%l ,hn t cJa nhRng l#Vng ch7t 3au:
a1 O.Z N nguyn t IaM @.@A N nguyn t NaM O.O@A N nguyn t gl*
&1 O.OB N ,hn t IGAM O.ON N ,hn t N+C*
Bi 3: +Dy tmm /h4i l#Vng m%l cJa nhRng ch7t 3au: jaM jaGM jaFGZM +C-GZM [g0NGC1AM Ia0+IGC1AM IG0N+A1A*
Bi 4: +Dy tmm th6 t!ch cJa nhRng /h! 3au ' /tc:
a1 @ m%l ,hn t GAM O.A m%l ,hn t +AM O.O@ m%l ,hn t IGAM A.OL m%l ,hn t NA*
&1 +=n hV, /h! gm: O.@ m%l ,hn t GAM O.AL m%l ,hn t +AM O.O@L m%l ,hn t IGA v A.AL m%l ,hn t NA
dr s F` chuy6n fi giRa /h4i l#Vng. th6 t!ch v l#Vng ch7t:
Bi 1: +Dy ch% &it 34 m%l cJa nhRng /h4i l#Vng ch7t 3au:
H gam IM O.@AZ g -M ZA g h)*
C.H g +AGM NL.ZB g IGAM AN.AL g NaIl
Bi 2: +Dy tmm /h4i l#Vng cJa nhRng l#Vng ch7t 3au:
a1 @ m%l ,hn t GAM O.A m%l ,hn t +AM O.O@ m%l ,hn t IGAM A.OL m%l ,hn t NA*
&1 +=n hV, gm: O.Z N nguyn t IaM @.@A N nguyn t NaM O.O@A N nguyn t gl*
c1 O.AC m%l ,hn t nGM O.OAL m%l ,hn t IaFGZM @.AL m%l ,hn t glAGC*
Bi 3: +Dy ch% &it th6 t!ch /h! ' /tc cJa:
4
a1 C.C g NAGM NL.ZB g IGAM O.L N ,hn t FGA*
&1 +=n hV, /h! gm: O.OB N ,hn t IGAM O.ON N ,hn t N+C*
c1 +=n hV, /h! gm: O.BB g IGAM O.HB g N+C*
Bi 4: -hEi l7y &a% nhiu gam cJa m=i ch7t /h! 3au 6 ch|ng cng c> th6 t!ch /h! l A.AZl ' /tc: IGAM +A: GAM N+CM
FGAM NA*
drr s 2\ /h4i cJa ch7t /h!:
Bi 1: +Dy ch% &it /h! IGA nWng hay nha h$n cKc /h! 3au &a% nhiu lcni +A: GAM N+CM FGAM NA*
Bi 2: +Dy ch% &it /h4i l#Vng m%l cJa cKc ch7t 3au:
a1 I> t\ /h4i 4i v t\ /h4i 4i v<i /hng /h! l: O.OHNM O.NHLLM A.A*
Bi 3: +Dy ch% &it h=n hV, /h! gm O.AL m%l GAM O.@AL m%l IGAM A.L m%l +AM @.L m%l FGA* NWng hay nha h$n /h!
hir%. /h! %:i. /hng /h! &a% nhiu lcni
Bi 4: +Dy ch% &it h=n hV, /h! g gm @.AL m%l GAM O.@AL m%l IGAM A.L m%l +AM @.L m%l FGA nWng hay nha h$n
h=n hV, /h! j gm: O.AL m%l GAM O.@AL m%l IGAM A.L m%l +AM
drrr s 2!nh th)% cng thc h>a hXc*
Bi 1: 2!nh thnh ,hcn ,hcn trqm cJa:
h) tr%ng : h)GM h)AGCM h)CGZM h)0G+1AM h)0G+1CM h)A0FGZ1CM h)FGZ*w+AG*
I tr%ng: IGM IGAM +AIGCM NaAIGCM IaIGCM [g0+IGC1A*
Bi 2: +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng nguyn t4 Iu c> tr%ng nhRng l#Vng ch7t 3au: O.AC m%l IuGM @A gam IuFGZM L gam
IuFGZ*L+AGM @.A m%l NaAIGC*@O+AG*
Bi 3: dKc ?nh cng thc h>a hXc cJa nhRng hV, ch7t c> thnh ,hcn gm:
wO h) v CO G. &it /h4i l#Vng m%l hV, ch7t l @HO g*
CC.CC Na. AO.AN N. ZH.Cw G v [hYc 5 HN g
AC.wF. AC.wG v LA.HIl. &it hV, ch7t c> t\ /h4i h$i 3% va hXc cJa cKc hV, ch7t c> thnh ,hcn gm:
a1 @L.B gl. AB.@ F v LH.@ G glA0FGZ1C
&1 mh) : mF : mG 5 w : H : @A h)A0FGZ1C
c1 _)m nung A.ZL g m(t mu4i v c$. thm thu #Vc HwA ml /h! %:i ' /tc. ,hcn ch7t r9n cn li cha LA.CL K
v Zw.HL Il KIlGC
Bi (: m(t nguyn t4 k t% va hXc cJa A %:it*
+#<ng "n giEi: : y [ kaG: : [ k&Gy 5 @.AL
n:
A . @
@H
:
@H
=
y b x a
O MR
y
O MR
x
A . @
@
:
AL . @
=
y x
3uy ra: : : y 5 C : A
Nh# vUy ta ch\ c> cKc tr#eng hV, 3au:
a 5 @ v & 5 @* iEi #Vc k 5 CA v k l F
a 5 A v & 5 @* iEi #Vc k O l%i*
drrr s 2!nh th)% ,h#$ng trmnh h>a hXc:
Bi 1: ch% 3$ Iu v GA ]]] IuG
a1 2!nh /h4i l#Vng IuG 3inh ra /h! c> A.LH g Iu tham gia ,hEn ng*
&1 2!nh /h4i l#Vng Iu ccn "ng 6 iu ch Z g IuG*
c1 2!nh /h4i l#Vng Iu v th6 t!ch /h! %:i ccn "ng ' /tc. 6 iu ch AZ g IuG*
Bi 2: ch% 3$ : n v +Il ]]] nIlA v +A* Nu c> @H.AL g n tham gia ,hEn ng* hDy t!nh:
a1 m+Il 5 i
&1 n+A ' /tc 5 i
c1 mnIlA 5 i 0&^ng hai cKch1*
Bi 3: ch% 3$ h) v GA ]]] h)CGZ* Nu c> Z.ZB l!t /h! GA ,hEn ng* +Dy t!nh:
mh) 5 i v mh)CGZ 0&^ng hai cKch1*
Bi 4: tr%ng ,hng th! nghim ng#ei ta iu ch %:i &^ng cKch nung n>ng /ali cl%rat:
KIlGC ]]] KIl v GA* +Dy h%n thnh -2++ v trE lei nhRng cu hi 3au:
@* [u4n iu ch H.wA l!t /h! %:i ' /tc ccn "ng &a% nhiu gam KIlGCi
(
A* Nu c> A.Z m%l KIlGC tham gia ,hEn ng. 3Q thu #Vc &a% nhiu m%l ch7t r9n v ch7t /h!i
C* Nu c> AA.OL gam KIlGC tham gia ,hEn ng. 3Q thu #Vc &a% nhiu m%l ch7t r9n v ch7t /h!i
Z* Nu c> AH.BA gam KIl t% thnh. hDy t!nh /h4i l#Vng KIlGC ccn "ng v th6 t!ch /h! %:i 3inh ra ' /tci
Bi (: _4t n>ng A.w g &(t nhm tr%ng /h! cl%. ng#ei ta thu #Vc @C.CL gam nhm cl%rua* m hDy ch% &it:
@* Ing thc h>a hXc $n giEn cJa nhm cl%rua. giE 3 r^ng ta ch#a &it h>a tr? cJa nhm v cl%* nit -2++
cJa ,hEn ng*
A* 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! cl% ' /tc D tham gia ,hEn ng*
Bi ): _4t /h! hir% tr%ng /h! %:i ng#ei ta nhUn th7y c A th6 t!ch /h! hir% /t hV, va hXc $n giEn cJa n#<c*
A* nit -2++ :Ey ra /hi 4t /h! hir% tr%ng /h! %:i*
C* _6 thu #Vc @O.B g n#<c ng#ei ta ccn "ng !t nh7t &a% nhiu l!t m=i /h! hir% v /h! %:i ' /tci
Bi *: _4t chKy h%n t%n cac&%n &^ng m(t l#Vng /h! %:i "#. ng#ei ta thu #Vc m(t h=n hV, /h! gm c> /h!
cac&%nic v /h! %:i "#* +Dy :Kc ?nh thnh ,hcn ,hn trqm th)% /h4i l#Vng v thnh ,hn ,hn trqm th)% th6 t!ch
cJa /h! %:i tr%ng m=i h=n hV, 3au:
@* A g /h! cac&%nic v @A gam /h! %:i
A* A m%l /h! cac&%nic v @H gam /h! %:i
C* A.Z g /h! cac&%nic v A.AZ l!t /h! %:i
Z* O.C * @O
AC
,hn t /h! cac&%nic v O.ZL * @O
AC
,hn t /h! %:i
Bi +: Ih% 3$ ,hEn ng: IaIGC v +Il IaIlA v IGA v +AG*
@* Nu c> B.NH l!t /h! IGA t% thnh thm ccn "ng &a% nhiu gam IaIGC. &a% nhiu gam +Il tham gia ,hEn
ngi
A* Nu c> AO gam IaIGC tham gia ,hEn ng. hDy t!nh /h4i l#Vng +Il ccn "ng v th6 t!ch /h! IGA 3inh ra '
/tci
drn s 2!nh ch7t cJa %:i:
I> cKc "ng &i tU, t!nh th)% -2++ v t!nh th)% I2++
1& ,ng 'i cho hai cht tha- gia*
2r#<c /hi t!nh ccn ,hEi lU, luUn 6 &it ch7t n% "# 0&^ng cKch 3% 3Knh t\ l 34 m%l cJa hai ch7t tham gia. ch7t n%
c> t\ l 34 m%l l<n h$n thm ch7t > "#1* ki "à v% 34 m%l cJa ch7t ,hEn ng ht 6 t!nh t%Kn l#Vng cKc ch7t /hKc*
Bi 1: _4t chKy @A.Z g - tr%ng &mnh /!n c> cha AZ g GA*
Ih7t n% "#i {# &a% nhiu gami
Ih7t n% t% thnhi Kh4i l#Vng l &a% nhiu gami
Bi 2: _4t chKy AZg F tr%ng &mnh /!n c> cha AH g GA*
@* Ih7t n% "#i {# &a% nhiu gami
A* Ih7t n% t% thnhi Kh4i l#Vng l &a% nhiu gami
Bi 3: _4t chKy AA.Z g h) tr%ng &mnh /!n c> cha A.AZ l!t GA ' /tc*
A* Ih7t n% t% thnhi Kh4i l#Vng l &a% nhiu gami
Bi 4: _4t chKy C.CH l!t /h! m)tan tr%ng &mnh /!n c> cha A.AZ l!t GA ' /tc*
A* Ih7t n% t% thnhi Kh4i l#Vng m=i ch7t l &a% nhiu gami
Bi (: _4t chKy @A.Z g - tr%ng &mnh /!n c> cha B.NH l!t GA ' /tc
a1 Ih7t n% "#i {# &a% nhiu gami
&1 Ih7t n% t% thnhi Kh4i l#Vng l &a% nhiu gami
Bi ): _4t chKy A@.H g gl tr%ng &mnh c> cha @C.ZZ l!t GA ' /tc*
a1 Ih7t n% "#i {# &a% nhiu gami
&1 Ih7t n% t% thnhi Kh4i l#Vng l &a% nhiu gami
Bi *: _4t chKy C.CH l!t /h! IA+A tr%ng &mnh /!n c> cha H.wA l!t GA ' /tc*
a1 Ih7t n% "#i {# &a% nhiu l!ti
&1 Ih7t n% t% thnhi Kh4i l#Vng m=i ch7t l &a% nhiu gami
Bi +: _4t chKy @N /g than c> cha NH I v t, ch7t /hng chKy tr%ng ,hng /!n c> cha A.AZ m
C
/hng /h! '
/tc* 2han c> chKy ht /hngi nm 3a%i jit %:i chim @YL th6 t!ch /hng /h!*
2& ,ng 'i t.# h/n h"#:
Bi @: _4t chKy h%n t%n @O Kg h=n hV, gm I v F 0tr%ng > I chim CH v /h4i l#Vng1* +Dy t!nh:
)
a1 2h6 t!ch /hng /h! ccn "ng 0&it %:i chim AO th6 t!ch /hng /h!1*
&1 2h6 t!ch h=n hV, /h! IGA v FGA 3inh ra* jit cKc /h! u % ' /tc*
Bi 2: _4t chKy h%n t%n Aw.B g h=n hV, gm gl v h) 0tr%ng > gl chim @N.A1* +Dy t!nh:
a1 2h6 t!ch /hng /h! ccn "ng 0&it %:i chim AO th6 t!ch /hng /h!1
&1 Kh4i l#Vng h=n hV, ch7t r9n t% thnh*
Bi 3: _4t chKy h%n t%n CA g h=n hV, gm h) v [g 0tr%ng > h) chim wO 1* +Dy t!nh:
&1 Kh4i l#Vng h=n hV, ch7t r9n t% thnh*
Bi 4: _4t chKy h%n t%n AB l!t h=n hV, /h! gm I+Z v IA+A 0tr%ng > I+Z chim AO v th6 t!ch1* +Dy t!nh:
&1 2h6 t!ch /h! IGA t% thnh* jit cKc /h! u % ' /tc*
Bi (: _4t chKy h%n t%n B m
C
h=n hV, /h! g gm I+Z v IZ+B 0tr%ng > I+Z chim LO v th6 t!ch1* +Dy t!nh:
n// v nGA* jit cKc /h! u % ' cng iu /in nhit ( v K, 3u7t*
Bi ): _4t chKy h%n t%n @O gam h=n hV, gm I v F ng#ei ta ,hEi "ng @@.A l GA ' /tc* +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng
m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu v th6 t!ch h=n hV, /h! 3inh ra ' /tc* 031) ' )142
Bi *: _4t chKy h%n t%n CN gam h=n hV, gm gl v h). ng#ei ta ,hEi "ng @A.CA l!t /h! %:i ' /tc* +Dy t!nh
/h4i l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu v /h=i l#Vng h=n hV, hai ch7t r9n 3inh ra 3au ,hEn ng* 0(14 ! 331) 2
Bi +: _4t chKy h%n t%n CH gam h=n hV, gm [g v h). ng#ei ta ,hEi "ng @C.ZZ l!t /h! %:i ' /tc* +Dy t!nh
/h4i l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu v /h=i l#Vng h=n hV, hai ch7t r9n 3inh ra 3au ,hEn ng* 0214 ! 331)2
Bi 3: _4t chKy h%n t%n @@.A l!t h=n hV, gm I+Z v IA+A. ng#ei ta ,hEi "ng AL.wH l!t /h! %:i ' /tc* +Dy t!nh
thnh ,hcn ,hcn trqm v th6 t!ch v ,hcn trqm v /h4i l#Vng cJa m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu v th6 t!ch /h!
IGA 3inh ra ' /tc* 0nI+Z 5 412 v nIA+A 5 4131
ji @O: _4t chKy h%n t%n @@ gam h=n hV, gm I v -. 3au ,hEn ng thu #Vc C@.B g h=n hV, IGA v -AGL* +Dy
t!nh /h4i l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu v th6 t!ch /h! %:i ccn "ng ' /tc* 041+ ! )12 141() 62
{ng &i tU, /t hV, cKc "ng &i t!nh th)% cng thc h>a hXc
Bi 1: Kh! g c> t\ /h4i 4i v<i /h! %:i l O.B@AL. thnh ,hcn th)% /h4i l#Vng cJa g gm NA.C I v w.w +* _6 4t
chKy h%n t%n L.H l!t /h! g ccn "ng &a% nhiu l!t /hng /h! 0&it %:i chim AO th6 t!ch /hng /h!1* Fau ,hEn
ng thu #Vc &a% nhiu l!t /h! cac&%nici jit cKc /h! u % ' /tc* 0C2722
8Bi 2: +Dy tmm th6 t!ch /h! %:i J 6 4t chKy ht A.AZ l!t /h! j* jit r^ng:
] Kh! g c> t\ /h4i 4i v t\ /h4i 4i v thnh ,hcn gm B@.B I v @B.A
+1* ccn "ng &a% nhiu l!t /hng /h! v 3inh ra &a% nhiu l!t /h! cac&%nic* jit cKc /h! u % ' cng iu /in
nhit ( v K, 3u7t* 0IC+B1
9: i;u ch< o=i:
Bi 1: t!nh 34 m%l v 34 gam K[nGZ 0KIlGC1 ccn thit 6 iu ch #Vc:
N.H g /h! %:i*
AH.BB l!t /h! %:i ' /tc*
Bi 2: Nung n>ng AO g K[nGZ m(t thei gian th7y /h4i l#Vng h=n hV, ch7t r9n cn li l @w.@A gam* +Dy t!nh /h4i
l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, ch7t r9n 3au ,hEn ng*
Bi 3: Nung n>ng LO g KIlGC m(t thei gian th7y /h4i l#Vng h=n hV, ch7t r9n cn li l CB gam* +Dy t!nh /h4i
l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, ch7t r9n 3au ,hEn ng*
Bi 4: Nung n>ng ZL g h=n hV, gm K[nGZ v KIlGC m(t thei gian th7y /h4i l#Vng h=n hV, ch7t r9n cn li l
CC gam* +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng v th6 t!ch /h! %:i ccn "ng ' /tc*
Bi (: Nung n>ng @CH.w g h=n hV, gm K[nGZ v KIlGC 3au ,hEn ng thu #Vc AZ.HZ l!t /h! %:i ' /tc* +Dy
t!nh /h4i l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu v /h4i l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, ch7t r9n 3inh ra 3au ,hEn
ng* 0O.Z m%l HC.Ag v O.H m%l wC.Lg1
Bi ): _6 iu ch /h! %:i ng#ei ta ,hn hJy K[nGZ v KIlGC
a1 _6 thu #Vc l#Vng /h! %:i nh# nhau. ch7t n% ccn 34 m%l nhiu h$ni Icn "ng /h4i l#Vng nhiu h$ni
&1 -hn hJy cng 34 m%l. ch7t n% 3inh ra /h! %:i nhiu h$ni
c1 -hn hJy cng /h4i l#Vng. ch7t n% 3inh ra /h! %:i nhiu h$ni
"1 jit giK thnh @Kg K[nGZ l AOOOOO ng. @Kg KIlGC l COOOOO ng* hDy ch% &it 6 iu ch l#Vng /h!
%:i nh# nhau. thm "ng ch7t n% c> giK thnh r h$ni
Bi *: a1 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! %:i ccn "ng 6 4t chKy h%n t%n @O.B gam gl*
*
&1 2!nh /h4i l#Vng KIlGC ccn "ng 6 iu ch l#Vng /h! %:i ' trn*
Bi +: jmnh `ng ga "ng 6 un n7u tr%ng gia mnh c> cha @A Kg &utan IZ+@O. ' trng thKi lng "% n~n "#*
&1 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! IGA 3inh ra* jit cKc /h! u % ' /tc*
dnr s Khng /h! s F` chKy:
Bi 1: Ih% /hng /h! 0cha BO NA v AO GA1 tKc "yng vng tr%ng thit &? /!n. :Ey ra ,hEn ng
%:i h>a ng thnh ng 0rr1 %:it* +Dy t!nh th6 t!ch /hng /h! tr%ng thit &? tr#<c ,hEn ng l &a% nhiu tr%ng cKc
tr#eng hV, 3au:
a1 -hEn ng :%ng. ng#ei ta thu #Vc @HO cm
C
/h! nit$*
&1 -hEn ng :%ng. ng#ei ta thu #Vc @H m
C
/h! nit$*
c1 -hEn ng :%ng. ng#ei ta thu #Vc B "m
C
/h! nit$*
"1 -hEn ng :%ng. ng#ei ta thu #Vc L.HO "m
C
/h! nit$*
)1 -hEn ng :%ng. ng#ei ta thu #Vc H.ZO cm
C
/h! nit$*
p1 -hEn ng :%ng. ng#ei ta thu #Vc @.@A cm
C
/h! nit$*
Bi 2: 2r%ng ,hng c> chiu "i @O m. chiu r(ng w m. chiu ca% Z m*
a1 2!nh th6 t!ch /hng /h! v %:i c> tr%ng ,hng hXc*
&1 2r%ng ,hng hXc c> ZO )m. hDy t!nh th6 t!ch /h! %:i h!t v% v th6 t!ch /h! cac&%n i%:it th' ra tr%ng ZL
,h|t* jit r^ng m(t hXc 3inh m=i lcn h!t v% A l!t /hng /h! c> cha AO %:i. th' ra A lit /h! c> cha Z /h!
cac&%n i%:it. m(t ,h|t th' @H lcn*
Bi 3: 2rn Sa cn. ' v? tr! thqng &^ng. c> Wt m(t t|i c> "ung t!ch A l!t &n tr%ng cha /hng /h!* Nu thay &^ng
cKc /h! 3au. cn 3Q thay fi nh# th n%i nm 3a%i
a1 Kh! hir%*
&1 Kh! %:i*
c1 Kh! cac&%n i%:it*
"1 Kh! l#u hubnh i%:it*
)1 Kh! cl%*
9:I >uy?n t.# ch@ng 4:
Bi 1: +%n thnh nhRng ,hEn ng h>a hXc 3au:
a1 PP** v PP [gG
&1 PP** v PP -AGL
c1 PP** v PP glAGC
"1 KIlGC PP** v PP
)1 +AG PP** v PP
Bi 2: a1 dKc ?nh cng thc h>a hXc cJa m(t %:it l#u hubnh c> /h4i l#Vng m%l l HO g v &it thnh ,hcn ,hcn
trqm v /h4i l#Vng cJa nguyn t4 l#u hubnh tr%ng %:it l ZO*
&1 +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng l#u hubnh v th6 t!ch /h! %:i ccn "ng 6 iu ch l#Vng %:it trn &^ng:
@* Z g.
A* wA g.
C* @ Kg*
Z* @@.A l!t
L* A.B m
C
Bi 3: 2r%ng ,hng th! nghim /hi 4t chKy 39t tr%ng %:i ' nhit ( ca% #Vc %:it 39t t;*
a1 F4 gam 39t v /h! %:i ccn "ng 6 iu ch Z.HZ gam %:it 39t t; lcn l#Vt l:
@.HB g v O.HZ g L.OZ g v @.NH g C.CH g v @.AB g @.N g v @.ZB g*
Bi 4: _4t chKy 39t tr%ng %:i 3inh ra %:it 39t t;. 4t nhm tr%ng %:i 3inh ra nhm %:it*
a1 +Dy vit cKc -2++ cJa cKc ,hEn ng*
&1 Nu 4t cng 34 m%l thm th6 t!ch /h! %:i ' ,hEn ng n% ccn nhiu h$ni
c1 Nu 4t chKy cng /h4i l#Vng thm th6 t!ch /h! %:i ' ,hEn ng n% ccn nhiu h$ni
Bi 4: a1 Nung a gam KIlGC v & gam K[nGZ thu #Vc cng m(t l#Vng /h! %:i* 2!nh t\ l aY&*
&1 Nu nung h=n hV, cE hai ch7t trn thm th6 t!ch /h! %:i 3inh ra ' /tc l &a% nhiu l!ti 2!nh th)% a v &*
Bi (: 2!nh /h4i l#Vng i,h%t,h% ,)nta%:it 3inh ra tr%ng cKc tr#eng hV, 3au:
a1 Khi 4t O.A m%l - tr%ng &mnh c> cha O.C m%l /h! %:i*
&1 Khi 4t Aw.N gam - tr%ng &mnh c> cha AB l!t /h! %:i ' /tc
+
2
O
2
O
2
O
2
O
_in ,hn
c1 Khi 4t A.CB Kg - tr%ng &mnh c> cha H m
C
/h! %:i ' /tc
Bi ): Nung n>ng AO gam h=n hV, gm K[nGZ v KIlGC. 3au m(t thei gian thu #Vc @B.BB gam ch7t r9n:
a1 +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng h=n hV, ch7t r9n thu #Vc 3au ,hEn ng*
&1 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! %:i 3inh ra tr%ng ,hEn ng*
dnrr s 2!nh ch7t cJa hir%:
Bi 1: _4t chKy h%n t%n A.AZ l!t /h! hir% tr%ng &mnh /!n cha C.A gam /h! %:i* +Dy ch% &it ch7t n% cn "#i
2!nh th6 t!ch /h! cn li 3au /hi D lm ng#ng ty ht l#Vng h$i n#<c 3inh ra 3au ,hEn ng*
Bi 2: 2!nh 34 gam n#<c 3inh ra /hi 4t chKy ZA l!t /h! hir% v th6 /h #Vc &a% nhiu gam m=i %:it /im l%i 3au: IuGM h)GM h)AGCM
+gGM h)CGZ* 2!nh /h4i l#Vng m=i /im l%i 3inh ra tr%ng ,hEn ng*
Bi 4: {n t; t; H.wA l!t /h! hir% i 8ua 4ng 3 `ng m gam 39t 0rrr1 %:it. 3au ,hEn ng thu #Vc ZC.A gam h=n
hV, hai ch7t r9n*
a1 +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, hai ch7t r9n 3au ,hEn ng*
&1 +Dy t!nh th6 t!ch /h! hir% ccn "ng 6 /h ht m gam 39t 0rrr1 %:it trn*
Bi (: {ng ZO.CA l!t /h! hir% 6 /h h%n t%n @@A gam h=n hV, IuG v h)AGC* +Dy t!nh:
a1 2hnh ,hcn ,hcn trqm cJa m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu*
&1 Kh4i l#Vng m=i /im l%i 3inh ra tr%ng ,hEn ng
dnrr s ,hEn ng %:i h>a ] /h :
Bi 1: +Dy lU, cKc ,h#$ng trmnh h>a hXc th)% 3$ 3au:
a1 h)AGC v IG ]]] h) v IGA
&1 h)CGZ v IG ]]] h) v IGA
c1 h):Gy v IG ]]] h) v IGA
"1 h)AGC v IG ]]] h)G v IGA
)1 h)AGC v IG ]]] h)CGZ v IGA
p1 h)AGC v +A ]]] h) v +AG
g1 h)AGC v gl ]]] glAGC v h)
h1 IGA v [g ]]] [gG v I
IKc ,hEn ng h>a hXc ny c> ,hEi l ,hEn ng %:i h>a s /h /hngi nm 3a%i Nu l ,hEn ng %:i h>a s /h. ch%
&it ch7t n% l ch7t /h. ch7t %:i h>ai nm 3a%i
Bi 2: 2r%ng ,hng th! nghim. ng#ei ta D "ng IG 6 /h O.H m%l h)AGC v "ng /h! hir% 6 /h O.B m%l h)CGZ
' nhit ( ca%*
a1 nit ,h#$ng trmnh cJa cKc ,hEn ng D :Ey ra*
&1 2!nh 34 l!t /h! IG v +A ' /tc ccn "ng ch% m=i ,hEn ng*
c1 2!nh 34 gam 39t thu #Vc ' m=i ,hEn ng h>a hXc*
Bi 3: +Dy t!nh 34 gam h)AGC v th6 t!ch /h! IG ccn "ng 6 iu ch #Vc C.CH gam 39t*
Bi 4: {ng H.wA l!t /h! IG 6 /h m gam h=n hV, cKc %:it 3au: IuGM h)AGCM h)CGZM nG* Fau ,hEn ng thu #Vc
/h4i l#Vng ch7t r9n ch\ &^ng BZ /h4i l#Vng ch7t r9n &an cu* +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng m gam h=n hV, &an cu*
Bi (: Kh h%n t%n m(t %:it 39t nguyn ch7t &^ng IG "# ' nhit ( ca%* Kt th|c ,hEn ng. /h4i l#Vng ch7t r9n
giEm i Aw.LB* G:it 39t D "ng l:
a1 h)AGC '2 AB3C4 c1 h)G "1 IE C tr#eng hV, 0a1. 0&1. 0c1 u tha &i
Bi ): Ih% lung /h! +A c> "# i 8ua 4ng 3 c> cha AO gam h=n hV, g gm [gG v IuG nung n>ng* Fau /hi
,hEn ng h%n t%n. )m cn li. th7y /h4i l#Vng ch7t r9n giEm C.A gam* Kh4i l#Vng m=i ch7t tr%ng h=n hV, g l:
a1 AgamM @Bgam '2 4ga-D 1)ga- c1 HgamM @ZgamM "1 BgamM @Agam
dnrrr s _iu ch hir% s ,hEn ng th*
Bi 1: _6 iu ch /h! hir% tr%ng ,hng th! nghim. ng#ei ta ch% cKc /im l%i [gM nM h)M gl lcn l#Vt tKc "yng
va hXc :Ey ra*
[u4n iu ch #Vc @C.ZZ l!t /h! hir% ' /tc. ccn "ng &a% nhiu gam m=i /im l%i trni
Nu "ng m=i /im l%i c> cng 34 m%l. ch7t n% iu ch #Vc nhiu /h! hir% nh7ti
Nu "ng m=i /im l%i c> cng /h4i l#Vng. ch7t n% iu ch #Vc nhiu /h! hir% nh7ti
Bi 2: Ih% L gam [g v% "ung "?ch c> cha @Z.H gam +Il*
Fau ,hEn ng ch7t n% "#i {# &a% nhiu gami
2!nh th6 t!ch /h! hir% 3inh ra ' /tc*
3
Bi 3: +a tan ht C.LC gam h=n hV, g gm &a /im l%i [g. gl v h) tr%ng "ung "?ch +Il. c> A.CLA l!t /h! hir%
th%Kt ra 0/tc1 v thu #Vc "ung "?ch {* I cn "ung "?ch {. thu #Vc m gam h=n hV, mu4i /han* 2r? 34 cJa m l:
a1 @A.ZOL gam &1 @O.NBL gam c1 @@.@NL gam "1 w.ALwL gam
0[g 5 AZM gl 5 AwM h) 5 LHM Il 5 CL.L1
Bi 4: Ih% B gam h=n hV, gm Iu v h) tKc "yng v tr%ng h=n hV, i
Bi (: Ih% h=n hV, gm gg v gl tKc "yng v tr%ng h=n hV, i
ji H: Ih% @@ gam h=n hV, gm gl v h) tKc "yng v;a J v tr%ng h=n hV, i
&* 2!nh th6 t!ch "ung "?ch +Il D tham gia ,hEn ng i
Bi *: Ih% B.B gam h=n hV, gm [g v [gG tKc "yng v;a J v tr%ng h=n hV, i
2!nh /h4i l#Vng "ung "?ch +Il D tham gia ,hEn ng i
2!nh nng ( ,hcn trqm cJa mu4i t% thnh 3au ,hEn ng i
Bi +: Ih% @N.ZH gam h=n hV, gm [g . gl v n tr%ng > /h4i l#Vng cJa [agi) &^ng /h4i l#Vng cJa nhm tKc
"yng v tr%ng h=n hV, i
2!nh th6 t!ch "ung "?ch +Il D "ng &it ng#ei ta "ng "# @O 3% va hXc cJa /h! hir% v Z lX `ng ring &it cKc /h! 3au: %:i. /hng /h!. hir%. v cac&%n i%:it* j^ng th! nghim n% c> th6 nhUn
ra ch7t /h! tr%ng m=i lXi
Bi 3: +Dy vit ,h#$ng trmnh h>a hXc cJa cKc ,hEn ng giRa /h! hir% va hXc trn. ch7t n% l ch7t /h. ch7t n% l ch7t %:i h>ai nm 3a%i
&1 Nu thu #Vc @A gam h=n hV, A /im l%i 0tr%ng > c> A.B gam 39t1 thm th6 t!ch /h! hir% t4i thi6u ccn "ng '
/tc l &a% nhiu 6 /h h=n hV, trn*
c1 Kh h%n t%n LH gam h=n hV, hai %:it trn ng#ei ta thu #Vc ZC.A gam h=n hV, hai /im l%i* hDy t!nh th6
t!ch /h! hir% h%Wc /h! cac&%n %:it ccn "ng ' /tc* jit l#Vng cKc /h! "ng "# l AO*
Bi 4: +Dy vit ,h#$ng trmnh h>a hXc cJa cKc ,hEn ng giRa /h! hir% v<i h=n hV, cKc ch7t %:it 39t t; v 39t 0rr1
%:it ' nhit ( th!ch hV,*
a1 Nu thu #Vc AH.A gam 39t ng#ei ta ,hEi "ng @@.A l!t /h! hir% ' /tc* +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng h=n hV, hai
%:it D "ng*
&1 _6 /h h%n t%n ZN.A gam h=n hV, hai %:it trn ng#ei ta ,hEi "ng @w.NA l!t /h! hir% ' /tc* +Dy t!nh
/h4i l#Vng m=i %:it v /h4i l#Vng 39t 3inh ra* jit ,hEn ng :Ey ra v<i hiu 3u7t l @OO*
dd s N#<c*
Bi 1: +Dy vit cKc ,h#$ng trmnh ,hEn ng cJa n#<c v<i cKc ch7t 3au: NaM KM IaM jaM NaAGM KAGM jaGM FGAM FGCM
-AGLM NAGL* +Dy ch% &it m=i ,hEn ng trn thu(c l%i ,hEn ng n%i nm 3a%i
Bi 2: 2!nh th6 t!ch n#<c ' trng thKi lng 3inh ra /hi 4t chKy h%n t%n m(t l#Vng /h! hir% l: AAZ l!tM AB m
C
*
&it th6 t!ch /h! % ' /tc v t\ /h4i cJa n#<c l @ gYml*
Bi 3: Ih% h=n hV, gm N.A gam Natri v @@.w gam Kali tKc "yng va hXc &i6u "ixn cKc &in h>a 3au v ch% &it m=i ,hEn ng thu(c l%i ,hEn
ng n%i
a1 K KAG KG+
&1 Ia IaG Ia0G+1A
c1 - -AGL +A-GZ
"1 IaIGC IaG Ia0G+1A IaIGC
14
Bi (: _4t chKy ZN.AB m
C
/h! hir% tr%ng AB m
C
/h! %:i* 2h6 t!ch ch7t /h! cn li 3au ,hEn ng l &a% nhiu m
C
* t!nh
/h4i l#Vng n#<c 3inh ra. &it cKc /h! u % ' /tc*
ddr s g:it s &ao$ s mu4i*
Bi 1: tr%ng nhRng ch7t 3au y. nhRng ch7t n% l %:it. &ao$. mu4i v a:it: jaGM +AFGZM h)0G+1CM h)A0FGZ1CM
IuFGZM +NGCM +IlM [nGAM [g0G+1AM FGCM -AGL*
Bi 2: +Dy vit cng thc h>a hXc cJa &ao$ t#$ng ng va hXc cJa %:it &ao$ t#$ng ng va hXc cJa a:it t#$ng ng v<i cKc %:it a:it 3au:
FGAM FGCM IGAM -AGLM NAGL*
Bi (: Kh LO gam h=n hV, ng 0rr1 %:it v 39t 0rr1 %:it &^ng /h! hir%* 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! hir% ccn "ng. &it r^ng
tr%ng h=n hV, ng 0rr1 %:it chim AO v /h4i l#Vng* cKc ,hEn ng > thu(c l%i ,hEn ng gmi
Bi ): +a tan h%n t%n AO.B gam nhm &^ng "" a:it cl%hiric* +Dy t!nh:
2h6 t!ch /h! hir% 3inh ra ' /tc*
Kh4i l#Vng a:it cl%hiric ccn "ng*
Kh4i l#Vng nhm cl%rua 3inh ra 0&^ng A cKch1*
ddrr s Nng ( "ung "?ch
Bi t.# !; EF tan:
Bi 1: 2!nh /h4i l#Vng ggNGC c> th6 tan tr%ng ALO gam n#<c ' AL
O
I* &it ( tan cJa ggNGC ' ALOI l AAA gam*
Bi 2: jit ( tan cua KIl ' AOOI l CZ gam* [(t "ung "?ch KIl n>ng c> cha @OO gam KIl tr%ng AHO gam +AG
#Vc lm lnh v nhit ( AO
O
I* +Dy ch% &it:
I> &a% nhiu gam KIl tan tr%ng "ung "?chi
I> &a% nhiu gam KIl tKch ra /hi "ung "?chi
Bi 3: I> &a% nhiu gam NaNGC 3Q tKch ra /hi LOO gam "ung "?ch &D% ha NaNGC ' LO
O
I. nu "ung "?ch ny
#Vc lm lnh n AO
O
Ii &it: FNaNGC 0LO
O
I1 5 @@Z gM FNaNGC 0AO
O
I1 5 BB g*
ji tU, v nng ( "ung "?ch*
7on thnh 'Gng Hau:
IKc "ung
"?ch
Kh4i l#Vng
0g1 +AFGZ
F4 m%l
+AFGZ
2h6 t!ch "ung
"?ch 0ml1
Nng (
m%l I[
Kh4i l#Vng
ring {
0gYml1
Nng (
,hcn trqm I
@* @N.H @OO @.A

A* COO @.AL @.AL
C* ZN @ @.@
Z* ZOO @.AL AO
L* CN.A A @.L
H* O.@L AOO H.@AL
w* O.ON AL @N.BA
B* wB.Z ZOO @.@L
'i 1: +Dy t!nh nng ( ,hcn trqm cJa nhRng "ung "?ch 3au:
@1 -ha AL gam KNGC v% @wL gam n#<c*
A1 -ha CA gam IuFGZ v% n#<c #Vc AOO gam "ung "?ch IuFGZ*
C1 -ha @A gam NaG+ v% wB gam "ung "?ch NaG+ H*
Z1 -ha AOO gam "" +Il @A v% COO gam "" +Il @B*
L1 -ha BO gam "" +NGC AZ v% @AO gam "" +NGC B*
Bi 2: +Dy t!nh nng ( m%l cJa nhRng "ung "?ch 3au:
@1 -ha @A gam NaG+ v% n#<c #Vc @LO ml "" NaG+*
A1 -ha @N.H gam +AFGZ v% n#<c #Vc BO ml "" +AFGZ
C1 -ha @.L l!t "" IuFGZ @.A[ v% A.L l!t "" IuFGZ O.H[
Bi 3: +Dy t!nh /h4i l#Vng ch7t tan c> tr%ng cKc "ung "?ch 3au:
@1 @LO gam "" KG+ @H*
A1 ALO ml "" +AFGZ O.L[
C1 CLO ml "" IuFGZ AZ c> /h4i l#Vng ring @.@A gYml*
Z1 AZO ml "" h=n hV, gm NaG+ O.Z[ v KG+ O.H[*
11
L1 t!nh /h4i l#Vng "ung "?ch KNGC &D% h% 0' AO
%
I1 c> cha HC.A gam KNGC
0&it F KNGC 5 C@.H gam1
] 2!nh /h4i l#Vng n#<c . /h4i l#Vng "ung "?ch &D% h% KNGC 0' AO
%
I1 c> cha C@.H gam KNGC *
] 2!nh /h4i l#Vng "ung "?ch &D% h% ' AO
%
I cha HC.A gam KNGC *
Bi 4: +Dy in nhRng giK tr? ch#a &it v% nhRng 6 tr4ng tr%ng &Eng &^ng cKch th`c hin cKc t!nh t%Kn th)% m=i
c(t:
_i l#Vng IaIlA [g0NGC1A KNGC IuFGZ NaG+ +Il
mct 0g1 AH.CL H.Z
m+AG 0g1 @CC.HL
m"" 0g1 CHO @NC.H AOO
nct 0m%l1 O.Z O.Aw
n"" 0l1 @.A O.AL CLO @NO A.LO
{"" 0gYml1 @.OL @.OZ @
I @L
I[ @.H
Bi (: 2r%ng ZOO ml cJa m(t "ung "?ch c> cha @AO gam NaG+*
@1 +Dy t!nh nng ( m%l cJa "" ny*
A1 ,hEi thm &a% nhiu ml n#<c v% AOO ml "" ny 6 #Vc "" NaG+ O.@[*
C1 -ha thm v% @OO ml "" trn ZOO ml "" NaG+ A[* hDy t!nh nng ( m%l cJa "" m<i thu #Vc*
Bi ): +a tan L.Z gam gl ccn AOO gam "" +Il* +Dy t!nh:
Nng ( ,hcn trqm cJa "" +Il D "ng*
Kh4i l#Vng glIlC 3inh ra 0&^ng A cKch1
Bi *: +a tan N.A gam Na v% ZO gam n#<c* +Dy t!nh:
nng ( ,hcn trqm cJa "" NaG+ 3au ,hEn ng*
Bi +: +a tan @@.A gam IaG v% "" +Il AO* +Dy t!nh:
Kh4i l#Vng "" +Il D ,hEn ng*
nng ( ,hcn trqm cJa "" mu4i 3au ,hEn ng*
'i 3: +a tan @@.A gam 39t &^ng "" +AFGZ O.Z[* +Dy t!nh:
2h6 t!ch "" +AFGZ D ,hEn ng*
th6 t!ch /h! hir% 3inh ra ' /tc*
Nng ( m%l cJa "" mu4i 39t 3au ,hEn ng 0&it th6 t!ch "" 3au ,hEn ng /hng thay fi1*
Bi 14: +a tan @O gam h=n hV, h) v Iu &^ng BO ml +Il. 3au ,hEn ng thu #Vc A.AZ l!t /h! hir% ' /tc* +Dy
t!nh:
Kh4i l#Vng m=i /im l%i tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu*
Nng ( m%l cJa "" +Il D "ng*
Nng ( m%l cJa h)IlA 3au ,hEn ng. &it th6 t!ch "" /hng thay fi*
'i 11: _6 h% tan m gam /Qm ccn v;a J LO gam "ung "?ch +Il w.C
] nit ,h#$ng trmnh ,hEn ng *
] 2!nh m i
] 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! thu #Vc 0' iu /in tiu chun1 *
] 2!nh /h4i l#Vng mu4i t% thnh 3au ,hEn ng 0 n 5 HL . + 5 @ . Il 5 CL.L 1
Bi 12: Ih% L.Z gam gl v% AOO ml "ung "?ch +AFGZ @.CL [ *
a. Kim l%i hay a:it cn "# i 0 3au /hi ,hEn ng /t th|c 1 * 2!nh /h4i l#Vng cn "# li *
&. 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! th%Kt ra 0' /tc1
c. 2!nh nng ( m%l cJa "ung "ich t% thnh 3au ,hEn ng * I%i th6 t!ch "ung "?ch thay fi /hng Kng /6 *
Bi 13: +% tan B.Z gam h) &^ng "ung "?ch +Il @O.NL 0v;a J 1
a. 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! thu #Vc 0' /tc1
&. 2!nh /h4i l#Vng a:it ccn "ng i
c. 2!nh nng ( ,hcn trqm cJa "ung "ich 3au ,hEn ng
1& Ih% L.H g /im l%i [ v% @OO g "ung "?ch +Il. ,hEn ng :%ng c cn " " tr%ng iu /in /hng c> /hng /h!
thu #Vc @O.NL g ch7t r9n /han* 2hm ti, LO g " " +Il trn v% ch7t r9n /han trn* -hEn ng :%ng c cn " "
tr%ng / /hng c> /hng /h! thu #Vc @A.w g ch7t r9n * +Dy t!nh:
12
a. Nng ( ,hcn trqm " " +Il D "ng*
&. Kim l%i [ l /im l%i n%i
0&it r^ng cKc ,hEn ng :Ey ra h%n t%n1*
2* +=n hV, g gm A /im l%i [g v n v% " " j l " " +Il :[* 2in hnh A th! nghim*
] 2h! nghim @: Ih% AO.A g h=n hV, g v% A lit " " j thm thu #Vc B.NH l!t +A ' /tc
] 2h! nghim A: ch% AO.A g h=n hV, g v% C l!t " " j thm thu #Vc @@.A l!t +A ' /tc*
2!nh : v thnh ,hcn ,hcn trqm v /h4i l#Vng m=i /im l%i tr%ng g*
3* +a tan @C.A g h=n hV, g gm A /im l%i c> cng h%K tr? v% ZOO ml " " +Il @.L [* I cn " " 3au ,hEn ng
#Vc CA.w g h=n hV, mu4i /han*
a. Ihng minh r^ng h=n hV, g /hng tan ht*
&. 2!nh th6 t!ch /h! +A 3inh ra ' /tc*
@* Kh h%n t%n A.Z gam h=n hV, IuG v h):Gy cng 34 m%l nh# nhau &^ng +A thu #Vc @.wH gam /im
l%i * +a tan /im l%i > &^ng "ung "?ch +Il "# th7y th%Kt ra O.ZZB l!t /h! +A ' /tc dKc ?nh I2++ cJa
39t %:it i
nY 2!nh thnh ,hcn ,hcn trqm :
A* Ih% B gam h=n hV, gm Iu v h) tKc "yng v tr%ng h=n hV, i
C* Ih% h=n hV, gm gg v gl tKc "yng v tr%ng h=n hV, i
Z* Ih% @@ gam h=n hV, gm gl v h) tKc "yng v;a J v<i "ung "?ch +Il A[ t% thnh B.NH l!t /h! +A th%Kt ra
' /tc *
&* 2!nh th6 t!ch "ung "?ch +Il D tham gia ,hEn ng i
L* Ih% B.B gam h=n hV, gm [g v [gG tKc "yng v;a J v tr%ng h=n hV, i
&* 2!nh /h4i l#Vng "ung "?ch +Il D tham gia ,hEn ng i
c* 2!nh nng ( ,hcn trqm cJa mu4i t% thnh 3au ,hEn ng i
H* Ih% @N.ZH gam h=n hV, gm [g . gl v n tr%ng > /h4i l#Vng cJa [agi) &^ng /h4i l#Vng cJa nhm tKc
"yng v<i "ung "?ch +Il A[ t% thnh @H. CLA l!t /h! +A th%Kt ra ' /tc *
&* 2!nh th6 t!ch "ung "?ch +Il D "ng &it ng#ei ta "ng "# @O 3% v tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu i
&* 2!nh th6 t!ch +A thu #Vc ' /tc i
B* Ih% m(t lung IG "# i 8ua 4ng 3 cha @L.C gam h=n hV, gm h)G v nG nung n>ng . thu #Vc m(t h=n
hV, ch7t r9n c> /h4i l#Vng @A. wZ gam * jit tr%ng iu /in th! nghim hiu 3u7t cKc ,hEn ng u t BO
a* 2!nh v /h4i l#Vng cJa m=i %:it c> tr%ng h=n hV, &an cu i
&* _6 ha tan h%n t%n l#Vng ch7t r9n thu #Vc 3au ,hEn ng trn ,hEi "ng &a% nhiu l!t "ung "?ch +Il
A[ i
13

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