A.

t vn :
I. Li m u:
Giao duc va ao tao Vi t Nam trong nhng nm qua kip tip c n voi xu th
chung cua thoi ai. Nghi quyt Trung uong II chi r: "Di moi manh m phuong
phap giao duc ao tao, khc phuc li truyn thu m t chiu, ren thanh np tu duy sang
tao cua nguoi hoc, tung buoc ap dung cac phuong phap tin tin va phuong ti n hi n
ai vao qua trinh day hoc, am bao thoi gian tu hoc cho hoc sinh, sinh vin...".
Day hoc toan thng qua kin thuc la phai day hoc sinh kha nng tu duy: phn tich,
tng hop, truu tuong hoa, cu th hoa, khai quat hoa, ..... Trong o phn tich tng hop
co vai tro trung tm. Phai day hoc sinh kha nng tu tim toi, tu phat hi n va phat biu
vn , du oan uoc cac kt qua, tim uoc huong giai quyt m t bai toan, huong
huong chung minh mt s inh li. Dc bit la trong day toan v ham s va cac bai
toan lin quan n ham s trong o co chu v tip tuyn cua thi ham s.
Trong sng kin kinh nghim ti ch tp trung vo i ton tip
tu!n c"# $ th hm s% m khng kh#i thc cc &'ng tip tu!n
c"# cc (ng cn)c. *ng kin n! c+ng khng i s,u vo vic
ch r# cc cch khc nh#u - gi.i i ton v tip tu!n c"# $
th/ hm s% m ch tp trung vo cc cch 0m 1n gi.n - h2c
sinh c3 th- thnh th'o trong gi.i ton.
II. Thc trng ca vn :
4i ton v tip tu!n c"# hm s% c3 nhiu &'ng khc nh#u. 52c
sinh khi h2c ph6n n! th(ng khng n7m v8ng ph1ng php gi.i
ton trong khi 3 0o'i ton &'ng n! th(ng c3 trong cc thi t%t
nghip T59T v thi tu!-n sinh vo cc tr(ng 'i h2c: ;#o <ng
trong nh8ng n=m g6n ,!. >o 3 c6n r?n 0u!n - h2c sinh
thnh th'o v@i i ton v kh7c phAc Bc nh8ng s#i 06m khi 0m i
tp 0o'i n!. CDt s#i 06m ch" !u khi h2c sinh vit ph1ng trEnh tip
tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s% 0 nh6m gi8# h#i khi nim tip tu!n
i Fu# v tip tu!n t'i mDt i-m thuDc $ th/ c"# hm s%. GE
v! h th%ng mDt cch 6! " v c3 ph,n 0o'i 0 !Hu c,u c6n
thit %i v@i ch" n!.
5in n#! i ton v tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s% I Bc #
Ju%ng ch1ng trEnh 0@p KK. GE v! ,! 0 ti 0iu th#m kh.o cho
gio viHn trong Fu trEnh gi.ng &'! v 0 ti 0iu c3 h th%ng 6!
K
" - h2c sinh h2c tp. Tr.i Fu# Fu trEnh tEm tLi v nghiHn cMu
c+ng nh trong vic gi.ng &'! $ng th(i nhNm g3p ph6n gi.ng &'!
hiu Fu. ch" tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s% ti m'nh &'n
Jut sng kin:
Hng dn hc sinh phn loi bi tp v tip tuyn ca
th h s!"
4. Oi.i Fu!t Gn .
I. Cc gii php thc hin:
- giPp h2c sinh hi-u v n7m rQ cc &'ng ton v tip tu!n c"#
$ th/ hm s% ng(i gio viHn c6n ph.i:
Rm rQ Bc ph1ng php gi.i ton %i v@i i ton vit ph1ng
trEnh tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s% S # &'ng c1 .n: tip tu!n
t'i mDt i-m thuDc $ th/ c"# hm s%: tip tu!n v@i h s% g3c
cho tr@c v tip tu!n i Fu# mDt i-m.
Hc i #i vi hnh &o 3 v$a gi%ng& v$a luy'n 0 mDt
trong nh8ng cch - gi.ng &'! D mn ton hiu Fu.. Day toan khng
chi on thun la day cho hoc sinh nm uoc nhng inh nghia, inh li, khai ni m,
quy tc..... ma iu quan trong hon ca la day cho hoc sinh co nng luc tri tu , co k
nng thuc hanh, co kha nng v n dung kin thuc giai toan va ua toan hoc vao
ung dung thuc t.
Nng luc tri tu s uoc hinh thanh va phat trin trong qua trinh hoat ng nh n
thuc. Nng luc toan hoc s uoc phat trin khi hoc sinh uoc tham gia vao vi c suy
nghi tim toi cach chung minh inh li, giai bai t p toan, lam cac bai thuc hanh.... Boi
v y co hi u qua nguoi thy phai t chuc tt gio day, tao iu ki n hoc sinh
uoc lam vi c nhiu, phat huy tinh tich cuc, chu ng trong qua trinh linh hi kin
thuc.
GE v! c6n h th%ng kin thMc cho h2c sinh tT &U n kh3 -
h2c sinh th#m gi# vo cc ho't Dng mDt cch ch" Dng: c3 hMng
thP trong h2c tp. iu Fu#n tr2ng 0 trong Fu trEnh gi.ng &'! 0
V
gio viHn ph.i tEm r# cc in php h@ng &Wn: tX chMc cho h2c sinh
tEm hi-u: nghiHn cMu - n7m rQ Bc .n cht c"# vn .
II. Cc in php t! ch"c thc hin:
II.#$%in php chung:
Oio viHn c6n nghiHn cMu sch gio kho# mn ton c"# 0@p KK v KVY
thi t%t nghip trung h2c phX thng v X tPc trung h2c phX
thng Fu# cc n=mY cc ti 0iu v thi tu!-n sinh mn ton: kh#i
thc ti 0iu trHn m'ng.... TT 3 tp hBp v h th%ng cc &'ng ton
v tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s%: ph,n 0o'i thnh cc &'ng khc
nh#u tT &U n kh3 - phZ hBp v@i %i tBng h2c sinh.
Trong m[i &'ng c3 ph1ng php chung: cc v) &A mWu cA th- v h
th%ng i tp hBp 0) nhNm &Wn &7t h2c sinh trong Fu trEnh h2c
tp: t'o r# tinh th6n h2c tp hMng thP cho h2c sinh.
II.& 'hn n(i )ung c* th+:
%,i t-n v ti.p tu/.n ca 0 th1 h,m 23
%,i t-n #: Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n t'i mDt i-m thuDc $
th/ hm s%.
#.%,i t-n: ;ho $ th/ \;] : ! ^ _\J] v i-m
) ( ) ; (
0 0 0
C y x M
. Git
ph(ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i i-m
) ; (
0 0 0
y x M
.
&.'h 4ng php:
9h1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i
) ; (
0 0 0
y x M
c3 &'ng :
) )( ( '
0 0 0
x x x f y y
.
`
a
!
! ^ _\J]
!
b
J
J
b
C
b
56 )* : ;ho hm s%
5 3
3
+ x x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n
c"# $ th/ \;] it :
#] T'i i-m A \ cKY d].
] T'i i-m c3 honh D J ^ V.
c] T'i i-m c3 tung D ! ^e.
7ii:
a8 9h1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i i-m
) ; (
0 0 0
y x M
c3 &'ng :
) )( ( '
0 0 0
x x x f y y
T# c3:
3 3 '
2
x y

0 ) 1 ( ' y
.
>o 3 ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i i-m A\cKY d] 0:
0 7 y
h#! ! ^ d.
8 TT
7 2 y x
.
!f\V] ^ g. >o 3 ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i i-m c3
honh D J ^ V 0:

11 9 18 9 7 ) 2 ( 9 7 x y x y x y
c8 T# c3:

+
3
3
0
0 3 5 5 3 5
3 3
x
x
x
x x x x y
h] 9h1ng trEnh tip tu!n t'i c"# \;] t'i i-m \bY e].
!f\b] ^ c`.
>o 3 ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n 0:
) 0 ( 3 5 x y
h#! ! ^ c`J he.
h] 9h1ng trEnh tip tu!n t'i c"# \;] t'i i-m
) 5 ; 3 (
.
6 3 ) 3 ( 3 ) 3 ( '
2
y
>o 3 ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n 0:
) 3 ( 6 5 + x y
h#!
5 3 6 6 + + x y
.
h] T1ng ti ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i
) 5 ; 3 (
0 :
5 3 6 6 + x y
.
%,i t9p #: \ 5 An jinh Ac Vbbb]
;ho hm s%
1
2 3
+ m mx x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"#
\;] t'i cc i-m c% /nh. TEm Fuk t)ch gi#o i-m c"# cc tip
tu!n 3 khi m th#! Xi.
7ii:
O2i \J
b
Y !
b
] 0 i-m c% /nh c"# $ th/ hm s% khi 3 t# c3:
l

'

'

'

+
+
2
1
0
1
0 1
0 1
0 1 ) 1 (
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
3
0 0
y
x
y
x
y x
x
m y x m x
m m mx x y
T# c3: !f ^ `J
V
h VmJ
!f\K] ^ ` h Vm. >o 3 ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i
A\KY b] 0:

) 1 )( 3 2 ( 0 + x m y
h#!
) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 ( + + m x m y
\K]
T1ng ti ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i 4\cK Y cV ] 0:
m x m y 2 1 ) 2 3 ( +
. \V]
m TEm Fun t)ch gi#o i-m c"# h#i tip tu!n khi m th#! Xi:
ohp m tT ph1ng trEnh \K] v ph1ng trEnh \V] t# Bc:
x
x x
y
2 3
2


0 Fuk t)ch c6n tEm. \3 0 mDt 5!pqo0].
%,i t9p &: \ 5G4;GT A c Kggr].
;ho hm s%:
) (
1
1
C
x
x
y

.
#] ;Cs: C2i tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] u 0p v@i h#i (ng tim
cn mDt t#m gic c3 &in t)ch khng Xi.
] TEm tt c. cc i-m thuDc $ th/ s#o cho tip tu!n t'i 3 0p
v@i h#i (ng tim cn mDt t#m gic c3 chu vi t nht.
7ii:
a8 O2i
) ( )
1
1
; (
0
0
0 0
C
x
x
x M

+
.
2
0
0
) 1 (
2
) ( '

x
x y
9h1ng trEnh tip tu!n t'i i-m C
b
c3 &'ng:
1
1
) (
) 1 (
2
0
0
0
2
0

+
+

x
x
x x
x
y
\&]
Tim cn Mng c"# $ th/ hm s% \;] 0: J ^ K.
Tim cn ng#ng c"# $ th/ hm s% \;] 0: ! ^K.
e
To' D gi#o i-m c"# h#i (ng tim cn 0 A\KY K].
To' D gi#o i-m c"# \&] v@i tim cn ng#ng 0 nghim c"# h:

'

'

+
+

1
1 2
1
1
1
) (
) 1 (
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
y
x x
y
x
x
x x
x
y
O2i
) 1 ; 1 2 (
0
x C
.
T1ng ti: to' D gi#o i-m c"# \&] v@i tim cn Mng 0:
)
1
3
; 1 (
0
0

+
x
x
B
.
T# c3 : A4 ^
1
4
1
1
3
0 0
0

+
x x
x
A; ^
1 2
0
x
>o t#m gic A4; vung t'i A nHn &in t)ch c"# t#m gic A4; 0:
4 1 2 .
1
4
.
2
1
.
2
1
0
0

x
x
AC AB S
\ ohng Xi] \iu ph.i chMng
minh].
8 T# c3 chu vi c"# t#m gic A4; 0:
2 4 4 8 ) 2 2 ( 2
. 2 . 2 2
2 2
+ +
+ + + + + +
p
AB AC AC AB AC AB AC AB BC AC AB p
>u u ^v khi v ch khi A4 ^ A;
1 2
1
4
0
0

x
x

+

2 1
2 1
2 ) 1 (
0
0 2
0
x
x
x
.
G!: nh8ng i-m thuDc \;] c3 honh D tho. mIn 2 1t x thE
tip tu!n t'i 3 0p v@i h#i (ng tim cn mDt t#m gic c3 chu vi
nhw nht.
%,i t9p :: \5G4;GT Ac Kggg]
;ho hm s%:
2 3
2 3
+ x x y
\;].TEm cc i-m thuDc \;] m Fu# 3
kx Bc mDt v ch mDt tip tu!n n \;].
7ii:
O2i
) ( ) 2 3 ; (
2
0
3
0 0 0
C x x x M +
.
9h1ng trEnh tip tu!n \pttt] c"# \;] t'i C
b
c3 &'ng:

2 3 ) (
2
0
3
0 0
+ x x x x k y
\&]
y
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i C
b
khi v ch khi h s#u
c3 nghim:

'

+
+ +
k x x
x x x x k x x
6 3
2 3 ) ( 2 3
2
2
0
3
0 0
2 3
*u! r#

+ + +
2
3
0 ) 3 3 2 )( (
0
2
0 1
0
2
0 0
2
0
x
x
x x
x x xx x x x x
i-m C
b
tho. mIn !Hu c6u i r# khi v ch khi:
1
2
3
0
0
0 2 1

x
x
x x x .
G!: trHn \;] t$n t'i &u! nht i-m C
b
\ KY b] m Fu# 3 kx Bc
Png mDt v ch mDt tip tu!n v@i $ th/ \;].
%,i t9p ;: \5G4;GT A c VbbK].
;ho hm s%: ! ^ J
`
c `J \K].
#] ;Cs: khi m th#! Xi (ng th<ng cho Si ph1ng trEnh : ! ^
m\J h K] h V \&] 0un c7t $ th/ hm s% \K] t'i mDt i-m A c%
/nh.
] TEm m - \&] c7t $ th/ hm s% \K] t'i # i-m A: 4: ; khc
nh#u s#o cho tip tu!n v@i $ th/ t'i 4 v ; vung g3c v@i nh#u.
7ii:
a8 9h1ng trEnh honh D gi#o i-m c"# $ th/ \K] v (ng
th<ng \&] 0:

+
+ +
+
+ +
(*) 0 2
0 1
0 ) 2 )( 1 (
) 1 ( ) 2 )( 1 (
) 1 ( 2 3
2 ) 1 ( 3
2
2
2
3
3
m x x
x
m x x x
x m x x x
x m x x
x m x x
T# c3 J h K ^ b

J ^ cK

! ^ V. >o 3 i-m c% /nh 0 A\ cKY

V].
8 $ th/ \K] c7t (ng th<ng \&] t'i ` i-m ph,n it A: 4: ; khi
v ch khi ph1ng trEnh \m] c3 h#i nghim ph,n it khc cK.
d
.
0
4
9
0
0 ) 2 ( 4 1
0 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0
2

'

>

'

>

'

>

m
m
m
m
m
O2i 4\J
K
Y !
K
]: ;\J
V
Y !
V
] 0 h#i i-m thuDc $ th/ hm s% \K].
T# c3: !f ^ `J
V
c `
3 3 ) ( ' , 3 3 ) ( '
2
2 2
2
1 1
x x y x x y . Tip tu!n t'i 4 v t'i ; vung g3c
v@i nh#u khi v ch khi:
!f\J
K
].!f\J
V
] ^ cK
0 10 18 ) ( 9 ) ( 9
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
+ + + x x x x x x
C

'

+
m x x
x x
2
1
2 1
2 1
\thqo /nh 0) viqt].
>o 3:
3
2 2 3
0 1 18 9 0 1 ) 2 ( 18 ) 2 ( 9
2 2
t
+ + + + m m m m m \ Tho. mIn].
ot 0un: G!
3
2 2 3 t
m thE !Hu c6u i ton Bc tho. mIn.
%,i t9p <: ;ho hm s%:
1
2 4
+

x
x
y
\;]. T)nh &in t)ch hEnh ph<ng
gi@i h'n Si \;]: trAc a! v tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i i-m c3 honh D
J ^ `.
7ii:
T# c3:
2
5
1 3
2 3 * 4
3
+

y x
.
r

8
3
) 3 ( '
) 1 (
6
'
2

+
y
x
y
9ttt c"# \;] t'i i-m
)
2
5
; 3 (
0:
2
5
) 3 (
8
3
+ x y
>in t)ch hEnh ph<ng c6n t)nh 0:
dx
x
x dx
x
x S )
1
6
2
3
) 3 (
8
3
( )
1
6
4 (
2
5
) 3 (
8
3
3
0
3
0
+
+
+
+

^ \
3
) 3 (
16
3
x
c
1 ln 6
2
3
+ + x x
] ^
16
99
2 ln 12
\v&t].
%,i t9p =: \5 5u A c Vbbb].
;ho hm s%:
1
1
+

x
x y
\;]. TEm tt c. cc cp i-m trHn $ th/
c"# hm s% \;] m tip tu!n t'i 3 song song v@i nh#u.
7ii:
T# c3 : 2
) 1 (
1
1 '
+
+
x
y
O2i
) ( ) ; ( ), ; (
2 2 2 1 1 1
C y x M y x M
G@i
2 1
x x
. Thqo gi. thit t# c3:

) ( ' ) ( '
2 1
x y x y

+
+
+
+
) (
2
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
2 1
2 1
2
2
2
1
l x x
x x
x x
G! C
K
: C
V
%i JMng v@i nh#u Fu# gi#o i-m c"# h#i (ng tim
cn c"# $ th/ hm s% thE tip tu!n t'i 3 song song v@i nh#u.
%,i t-n &: Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n Fu# mDt i-m cho tr@c.
#.%,i t-n: ;ho $ th/ \;] : ! ^ _\J] v i-m A\#Y ]. Git ph(ng
trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] i Fu# i-m A.
g
b
`
!
J
a
! ^
_\J]
A\#Y ]
&. 'h 4ng php: Git ph1ng trEnh trEnh th<ng Fu# A\#Y ] v@i h
s% g3c k &@i &'ng: ! ^ k\J c #] h \&].
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h
s#u:

'

+
k x f
b a x k x f
) ( '
) ( ) (
c3 nghim.
Oi.i ph1ng trEnh
} {
n
x x x x b a x x f x f ;...; ; ) )( ( ' ) (
1 0
+
. t)nh k
i
^ _f\J
i
] v@i
n i ; 0
: th#! vo \&] su! r# cc tip tu!n.
56 )*: ;ho hm s%:
x x y 3
3

\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n kx tT
A\cKY V] t@i $ th/ \;].
7ii:
9h1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu# A\cKY V] c3 &'ng: ! ^ k\J hK] h V
\&].
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h
s#u:

'

+ +
) 2 ( 3 3
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 3
2
3
k x
x k x x
c3 nghim.
Th k tT \V] vo \K] t# Bc:
0 1 3 2
2 3
+ x x


0 ) 1 2 ( ) 1 (
2
+ x x

2
1
1
x
x
.
h] G@i J ^ cK su! r# k ^ b. 9ttt 0: ! ^ V.
h] G@i J ^
4
9
2
1
k
. 9ttt 0:
4
1
4
9

x y
.
%,i t9p #:
;ho hm s%
3
4 3 x x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;]
Fu# A\KY `].
7ii:
9h1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu# A\KY `] c3 &'ng: ! ^ k\J cK] h` \&].
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h s#u
c3 nghim:
Kb

'

+
k x
x k x x
2
3
12 3
3 ) 1 ( 4 3

+ +
+
2
3
0
0 12 8
3 12 12 3 3 4 3
3 ) 1 )( 12 3 ( 4 3
2 3
2 3 3
2 3
x
x
x x
x x x x x
x x x x
h] 3 0 k x . 9ttt 0: ! ^ `\Jc K] h ` h#! ! ^ `J.
h]
24 )
2
3
( 12 3
2
3
2
k x
.9ttt 0: ! ^ cVl\J c K] h ` h#! ! ^ cVlJ h Vd.
ot 0un: v! c3 h#i tip tu!n c"# \;] i Fu# A\KY `] 0:
! ^ `J v ! ^ cVlJ h Vd.
%,i t9p &: \5 ;6n Th1 > c Kggr].
;ho hm s%
) ( 2 3
2 3
C x x y +
. Git pttt c"# \;] i Fu# A\cKY cV].
7ii:
9h1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu# A\cKY cV] c3 &'ng : ! ^ k\J h K] c V
\&].
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h
s#u:

'

+ +
k x x
x k x x
6 3
2 ) 1 ( 2 3
2
2 3
c3 nghim.

+
2
1
0 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 0 2 3
2 3
x
x
x x x x
h] G@i J ^ cK 9 k . 9ttt 0: ! ^ gJ h d.
h] G@i J ^ V . 0 k 9ttt 0: ! ^ cV.
%,i t9p :: \5 >Bc Ac Kggg].
;ho hm s%:
2
2 2
( ).
1
x x
y C
x
+ +

+
;Cs: ;3 h#i tip tu!n c"# \;] i Fu#
A\KY b] v vung g3c v@i nh#u.
7ii:
9h1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu# A\KY b] v@i h s% g3c k c3 &'ng:
! ^ k\J cK] \&].
T# c3:
2
2 2
1
x x
y
x
+ +

+
1
1
1
+
+ +
x
x
\;].
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h s#u:
KK

'

+
+ +
) 2 (
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
1
1
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2
k
x
x k
x
x
I c3 nghim.
TT \V]
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1
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1 +
+
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x
x
R! \K] z \`] t# Bc:
k
x

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1
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k
x
k
x
I
2
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1
1
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'

'

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k
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^ cK nHn h#i tip tu!n c"# \;] i Fu# A\KY b] vung g3c
v@i nh#u.
%,i t9p ;: ;ho hm s%:
2 2
) 2 ( x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n
c"# $ th/ \;] it tip tu!n 3 i Fu# A\bY l].
7ii:
9h1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu#
) 4 ; 0 ( A
c3 &'ng:
) ( 4 d kx y +
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h
s#u:
KV

'

+ +
k x x
kx x x
8 4
4 4 4
3
2 4
c3 nghim.
*u! r#
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3 2 4
+ + x x x x x

3
2
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2
0
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2 2
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9
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h] G@i
9
3 16
3
2

k x
.9ttt 0: 4
9
3 16
+ x y .
ot 0un: G! c3 # tip tu!n Fu# A\bY l] n $ th/ \;].
%,i t9p <:
;ho hm s%:
1
2

x
x
y
\;] v i-m A\bY #]. {c /nh # - tT A kx
Bc h#i tip tu!n n \;] s#o cho h#i tip i-m t1ng Mng nNm
v h#i ph)# so v@i trAc aJ
7ii:
9h1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu# A\bY #] c3 &'ng: ! ^ kJ h # \&]
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h
s#u:

'

+
k
x
a kx
x
x
2
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3
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c3 nghim.
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2
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+
a x a x a a x
x x
x
\ J ^ K khng 0
nghim].
|u# A kx Bc V tip tu!n n $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi ph1ng
trEnh \m] c3 h#i nghim ph,n it
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1
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a
a
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c"# trAc honh nHn !\J
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] } b \J
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1
2 4
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. Git pttt c"# \;] i Fu#
).
2
3
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7ii:
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)
2
3
; 0 ( A
c3 &'ng:
) (
2
3
d kx y +
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h
s#u:
Kl

'

+ +
k x x
kx x x
6 2
2
3
2
3
3
2
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3
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c3 nghim.
*u! r#

2
2
0
0 6 3
2 4
x
x
x
x x
h] G@i J ^ b 0 k . 9ttt 0:
.
2
3
y
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.
2
3
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h] G@i J^ c 2 2 2 k . 9ttt 0: ! ^
2
3
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.
ot 0un: G! c3 # tip tu!n kx tT
)
2
3
; 0 ( A
n n th/ \;].
m ()i b*nh: i vi bi ton ny hc sinh thng lm hai khi nim
tip tuyn i qua v tip tuyn ti im t! " #$n n vic %c
&nh thiu tip tuyn c'a ( th& )*+, -. v/y qua bi t/p ny
ph0i cho hc sinh nh/n 12 hai loi tip tuyn ny c" s3 khc nhau 12
1t,
%,i t9p >: \5 jgo'i th1ng A c Vbbb].
;ho hm s%
1 9 6
2 3
+ x x x y
\;]. TT mDt i-m t kE trHn (ng
th<ng J ^ V c3 th- kx Bc #o nhiHu tip tu!n n $ th/ \;].
7ii
O2i i-m 4\VY ] 0 i-m t kE nNm trHn (ng th<ng J ^ V. 9hc
1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu# 4\VY ] c3 &'ng: ! ^ k\J c V] h \&].
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h s#u
c3 nghim:

'

+
+ +
k x x
b x k x x x
9 12 3
) 2 ( 1 9 6
2
2 3

(*) 17 24 12 2
) 2 )( 9 12 3 ( 1 9 6
2 3
2 2 3
+
+ + +
x x x b
b x x x x x x
{tt hm s%
17 24 12 2
2 3
+ x x x y
Tp Jc /nh: > ^ s.
R x x x x y + 0 ) 2 ( 6 24 24 6 '
2 2
. >o 3 hm s% $ng in.
Ke
GE hm s% I cho 0un $ng in nHn (ng th<ng ! ^ c c7t
$ th/ hm s% :
17 24 12 2
2 3
+ x x x y
t'i &u! nht mDt i-m h#! ph1ng trEnh \m] c3
&u! nht mDt nghim.
G!: tT mDt i-m nNm trHn (ng th<ng J ^ V kx Bc mDt v ch
mDt tip tu!n n $ th/ \;].
%,i t9p ?: \5 jng nghip ~ Ac Kggg].
;ho hm s%
1 +

x
x
y
\;]. O2i ~ 0 gi#o i-m c"# h#i (ng tim cn
c"# $ th/ hm s%. ;Cs: khng c3 tip tu!n no i Fu# ~.
7ii:
T# c3 tim cn Mng J ^ cK.
Tim cn ng#ng ! ^ K. >o 3 to' D gi#o i-m c"# h#i (ng
tim cn 0: ~\cKY K].
9h1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu# ~\cKY K] c3 &'ng: ! ^ k\Jh K] h K
\&].
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \; ] khi v ch khi h
s#u c3 nghim:
2 1
1
1
1
1 ) 1 (
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (
1
1 ) 1 (
1
2
2
+ +
+

+
+ +
+

'

+
+ +
+
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
k
x
x k
x
x
\v nghim]. \iu ph.i
chMng minh].
%,i t9p @:
;ho hm s%
1
1
2
+

x
x x
y \;]. TEm cc i-m trHn trAc tung m tT
3 kx Bc V tip tu!n n $ th/ \;].
7ii:
Git 0'i ! &@i &'ng
1
1
2
+
+
x
x y
\;].
O2i
Oy b B ) ; 0 (
: 9h1ng trEnh (ng th<ng Fu# 4 c3 &'ng: ! ^ kJ h
\&].
(ng th<ng \&] 0 tip tu!n c"# $ th/ \;] khi v ch khi h s#u
c3 nghim:
Ky
\~]

'

+
+
+
+
+
+

'

+
+
+
k kx
x
x
b kx
x
x
k
x
b kx
x
x
1
1
1
1
1
2
) 1 (
1
1
1
1
2
2

2
3
1
1
1
2
3
k b
x
k b
x
+

+

+
+
>o 3 \~]

'

) 2 (
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (
2
3
1
1
2
k
x
k b
x
5 c3 nghim khi v ch khi \K] c3 nghim thw# mIn \V]

'

+ + +
+

'

(*) 0 4 ) 3 ( ) 1 ( 2
3
)
2
3
( 1
0
2
3
2 2
2
b k b k
b k
k
k b
k b
Hu c6u i ton tho. mIn khi ph1ng trEnh \m] c3 h#i nghim khc
h `

'

+
> + +

'

+ + + + +
>

0 8 4
0 ) 4 ) 3 (( ) 1 (
0 4 ) 3 ( ) 3 )( 1 ( 2 ) 3 (
0 '
2 2
2 2
b
b b
b b b b

'

<

2
1
b
b
G!: ;c i-m trHn trAc tung c3 tung D t h1n cK v khc cV
thE tT 3 kx Bc V tip tu!n n $ th/ \;].
%,i t-n :: Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n thqo h s% cho tr@c.
Kd
#. %,i t-n:
;ho hm s% ! ^ _\J] \;] v s% k R .
&. 'h 4ng php:
Oi.i ph1ng trEnh _f\J] ^ k. Oi. sp Bc cc nghim J
K
Y J
V
Y ...YJ
n.
.
T)nh !
i
^ _\J
i
]. 9ttt t'i J
i
0: i i
y x x k y + ) (
.
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m] ;ho tric tip:
...
7
3
; 3 ; 1 ; 5 t t t k k k k
m] Tip tu!n t'o v@i chiu &1ng c"# trAc aJ mDt g3c

: v@i
. ....
3
;
3
2
; 45 ; 30 ; 15
0 0 0

'

ohi 3 h s% g3c k ^
tan
.
m] Tip tu!n song song v@i (ng th<ng \&]: ! ^ #J h . ohi 3 h
s% g3c k ^ #.
m] Tip tu!n vung g3c v@i (ng th<ng \&]: ! ^ #J h
a
k ka
1
1


.
m] Tip tu!n t'o v@i (ng th<ng \&]: ! ^ #J h mDt g3c

. ohi
3:
tan
1

+

ka
a k
.
56 )* #:
;ho hm s%
2 3
3x x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# $
th/ \;] it h s% g3c c"# tip tu!n k ^ c`.
7ii:
T# c3:
x x y 6 3 '
2

>o h s% g3c c"# tip tu!n k ^ c ` nHn:
1 0 1 2 3 6 3
2 2
+ x x x x x
G@i
2 1 y x
. 9ttt c6n tEm 0:
1 3 2 ) 1 ( 3 + x y x y
56 )* &:
Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s%
1 3
2 3
+ x x y
\;].
4it tip tu!n 3 song song v@i (ng th<ng ! ^ gJ h Vbbg.
7ii:
T# c3
x x y 6 3 '
2

.
>o tip tu!n 3 song song v@i (ng th<ng ! ^ gJ h Vbbg nHn
tip tu!n c3 h s% g3c k ^ g 9 6 3
2
x x .

3
1
0 3 2
2
x
x
x x
.
Kr
h] G@i
. 3 1 y x
9ttt c"# \;] t'i J ^ c K 0:
6 9 3 ) 1 ( 9 + + x y x y
h] G@i
1 3 y x
. 9ttt c"# \;] t'i J ^ ` 0:
26 9 1 ) 3 ( 9 + x y x y
G!: c3 V tip tu!n c"# \;] song song v@i (ng th<ng ! ^ gJ h
Vbbg 0:
! ^ gJ h y v ! ^ gJ c Vy.
%,i t9p #:
;ho hm s%
2 3
3
+ x x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;]
it tip tu!n 3 vung g3c v@i (ng th<ng
x y
9
1

.
7ii:
T# c3
3 3 '
2
x y
. >o tip tu!n c"# \;] it tip tu!n 3 vung
g3c v@i (ng th<ng
x y
9
1

nHn h s% g3c c"# tip tu!n k ^ g.

>o 3
. 2 4 9 3 3 '
2 2
t x x x k y
h] G@i J ^ V
4 y
. 9ttt t'i i-m c3 honh D J ^ V 0:
. 14 9 4 ) 2 ( 9 + x y x y
h] G@i
0 2 y x
. 9ttt t'i i-m c3 honh D J ^ c V 0:
18 9 0 ) 2 ( 9 + + + x y x y
.
G!: c3 h#i tip tu!n c". \;] vung g3c v@i (ng th<ng
x y
9
1

0:
! ^gJ c Kl v ! ^ gJ h Kr.
%,i t9p &:
Git pttt c"# $ th/ hm s%
1
1
2
+

x
x x
y \;]: it tip tu!n 3
song song v@i (ng th<ng ! ^ c J.
7ii:
T# c3 2
) 1 (
1
1 '
1
1
2
+

+
+
x
y
x
x y
.
C !f ^ cK nHn

+
+
+

+

2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
) 1 ( 2
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
2
2 2
x
x
x
x x
G@i
2
2 3 3
2
1
1

+ y x
. 9ttt c"# \;] t'i
2
1
1+ x
0:
. 4 2 2 + x y
T1ng ti pttt c"# \;] t'i
2
1
1 x
0:
. 4 2 2 x y
Kg
G! c3 h#i tip tu!n tho. mIn i r#.
%,i t9p :: \5 R't > c Vbbb].
;ho hm s%
1
1 2
+
+

x
x
y
\;]. Git pttt c"# $ th/ \;] it tip tu!n
3 song song v@i (ng th<ng ! ^ c J.
7ii:
T# c3 2
) 1 (
3
'
+

x
y
. >o h s% g3c c"# tip tu!n Nng k ^ cK nHn:

+

+

3 1
3 1
1
) 1 (
3
2
x
x
x
h] G@i
3 2
1 3 1
1 ) 3 1 ( 2
3 1 +
+ +
+ +
+ y x
9ttt c"# \;] t'i i-m c3 honh D 3 1+ x 0:
3 2 3 + x y
.
T1ng ti pttt c"# \;] t'i i-m c3 honh D 3 1+ x 0:
3 2 3 x y
.
%,i t9p ;:
;ho hm s%
3 9 3
2 3
+ + x x x y
\;]. ;hMng minh rNng trong s% cc tip
tu!n c"# \;] thE tip tu!n t'i i-m u%n c3 h s% g3c nhw nht.
7ii:
T# c3 h s% g3c c"# tip tu!n t'i i-m t kE c"# $ th/ \;] 0:
k ^
9 6 3 '
2
+ x x y

6 6 ' ' + x y 1 0 6 6 0 ' ' + x x y
{tt &u !v tEm Bc i-m u%n \cKY Kl].
5 s% g3c c"# tip tu!n t'i i-m u%n 0: k
K
^ cKV.
4.ng in thiHn c"# hm s%
9 6 3 '
2
+ x x y
J cK
+
!ff c b h
!f
+
+
Vb
cKV
TT .ng in thiHn su! r# 12 k . >u u ^ v J.! r# khi v ch khi J
^ cK \honh D i-m u%n] \iu ph.i chMng minh]
%,i t9p <: \5GoT Fu,n si AcKggd]
;ho hm s%: ) (
) 1 (
2 2
C
m x
m m x m mx
y

+ + +
. TEm i-m J
b
- v@i m2i
0 m
: tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s% \;] t'i i-m J
b
song song v@i
mDt (ng th<ng c% /nh. TEm h s% g3c c"# (ng th<ng 3.
7ii:
T# c3:
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
0 2 2
0
2 2 2 2
' '( )
( ) ( )
mx m x m mx m x m
y y x
x m x m



.
Hu c6u i ton 0 tEm J
b
- !f\J
b
] ^ k \ hNng s%]
0 m
2 2 2
0 0
2
0
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
0
2
0 0
2
0
2 2
( )
(2 2 ) (2 ) 0 0
2 2 0 (1)
2 0 (2)
0 (3)
mx m x m
k m
x m
x k m kx x m kx m
x k
kx x
kx

+ + + +
+ +

+
'

T# c3 : \`]

0
0
0
x
k
h] G@i J
b
^ b su! r# k ^ cV \tho. mIn].
h] G@i k ^ b

'

0
1
0
0
x
x
\v nghim]
G!: J
b
^ b v k ^ cV thE thE tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i J
b
song song
v@i mDt (ng th<ng c% /nh.
4i tp tXng hBp
%,i t9p #:
;ho hm s%
1 2
2
1

+
x
x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"#
\;] t'i A\bY `].
%,i t9p &:
;ho hm s%:
) 1 (
1
1 2
+

x
x
y
. Git pttt c"# \;] it tip tu!n 3 song
song v@i (ng th<ng ! ^ `J.
%,i t9p ::
VK
Git pttt c"# $ th/ hm s%:
2 3
2 3
+ x x y
t'i i-m c3 honh D J
^ `.
%,i t9p ;:
;ho hm s%
4 3
2 3
+ x x y
\;]. Git pttt c"# \;] it tip tu!n 3
vung g3c v@i (ng th<ng
0 10 9 + y x
.
%,i t9p <:
;ho hm s%
4 3
2 3
+ x x y
\;]. Git pttt c"# \;] t'i i-m A\KY cV].
%,i t9p =: \>i / kh%i 4cVbbV]
;ho hm s%
3
4
2
2
1
3
1
2 3
+ x x x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n
c"# \;] it tip tu!n 3 song song v@i (ng th<ng
. 2 4 + x y
%,i t9p >: \5 oh%i 4c Vbby].
;ho hm s%
2
1
2
+
+

x
x x
y \;]. Git pttt c"# \;] it tip tu!n 3
vung g3c v@i tim cn JiHn c"# $ th/ \;].
%,i t9p ?: \5 kh%i 4 z Vbbr].
;ho hm s%
1 6 4
3
+ x x y
\;]. vit pttt c"# \;] it tip tu!n 3
i Fu# C\cKY cg].
%,i t9p @: \5 kh%i > c Vbbd].
;ho hm s%
1
2
+

x
x
y
\;]. TEm to' D i-m C thuDc \;] s#o cho
tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i C c7t h#i trAc to' D aJ v a! t'i A:4 s#o cho
t#m gic aA4 c3 &in t)ch Nng
4
1
.
%Di t9p #E: \ thi t%t nghip T59T j=m Vbbr].
;ho hm s%
2 4
2x x y
\;]. Git ph1ng trEnh tip tu!n c"# \;] t'i
i-m c3 honh D J ^ cV.
%,i t9p ##:
;ho hm s%
d cx bx ax y + + +
2 3
\;]. ;Cs: trong s% cc tip tu!n c"#
\;] thE tip tu!n t'i i-m u%n khi # b \ # } b] c3 h s% g3c nhw
nht \0@n nht].
%,i t9p #&: \5 kin trPc 5 jDi A c Kggr].
;ho hm s%
1
1 2
2
+
+ +

x
x x
y \;]. TEm cc i-m trHn trAc tung s#o cho
tT 3 kx Bc V tip tu!n n $ th/ \;] v h#i tip tu!n 3
vung g3c v@i nh#u.
;. ot 0un c"# sng kin:
ohi p &Ang sng kin n! vo &'! thp nghim S cc 0@p KVA
`
Y KVA
y
Y
KVA
g
trong n=m h2c Vbbd c Vbbr: c+ng nh p &Ang S cc 0@p KKA
K
Y
VV
KVA
V
... n=m h2c Vbbr c Vbbg c"# tr(ng T59T ;m Thu ` kt Fu.
't Bc nh s#u:
I. 5 ph6a gi- viFn:
c I &U &ng h1n trong vic h@ng &Wn h2c sinh tip cn cc &'ng
ton v tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s%.
c {tt S mDt g3c D no 3: ,! 0 ti 0iu th#m kh.o c3 h
th%ng cho gio viHn gi.ng &'! D mn ton.
c 5@ng &Wn h2c sinh 0m rQ Bc cch gi.i ton: trnh nh6m 0Wn gi8#
cc khi nim.
II. 5 ph6a hGc 2inh:
c Tip cn Bc cc khi nim v tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s% mDt
cch &U &ng.
c G@i h th%ng 6! " cc &'ng v tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s%
Bc s7p Jp thqo thM ti tT &U n kh3 0m cho h2c sinh hMng thP
trong h2c tp. c it 0 giPp cho h2c sinh n,ng c#o kh. n=ng ti
h2c: ti nghiHn cMu. ot Fu. kh.o st cho th! kho.ng db h2c sinh
s#u khi tip cn 6! " ti 0iu n! u 0m thnh cng i ton
v tip tu!n c"# $ th/ hm s%: Fu# 3 n,ng c#o i-m ton
c"# h2c sinh trong cc kE thi t%t nghip hoc thi 'i h2c: ;#o
<ng g3p ph6n n,ng c#o t 0 trPng tu!-n c"# nh tr(ng trong
nh8ng n=m Fu#.
Cc &Z c3 nhiu c% g7ng nhng &o th(i gi#n c3 h'n: kinh nghim
nghiHn cMu v Mng &Ang sng kin cLn h'n ch: khng 0iHn tAc v
m#ng t)nh 'i tr nHn ti khng trnh khwi nh8ng thiu s3t v
m#ng t)nh ch" Fu#n. Tc gi. ti mong nhn Bc kin 3ng
g3p c"# Fu th6! c - sng kin Bc hon thin h1n..
V`
Ti 0iu th#m kh.o
K. Tu!-n tp cc chu!Hn 0u!n thi 'i h2c mn ton c"# Tr6n
9h1ng \j{4 5 jDi].
V. Tu!-n tp cc thi 'i h2c: ;#o <ng mn ton.
`. *ch gio kho# 'i s% v Oi.i t)ch 0@p KK \j{4 Oio >Ac c Vbbd].
l. *ch gio kho# 'i s% v Oi.i t)ch KV \j{4 Oio >Ac c Vbbd].
e. thi t%t nghip T59T cc n=m g6n ,! v th#m kh.o ti
0iu trHn m'ng.
Vl