Umts Hsdpa

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
HSDPA Background & Basics

Principles: Adaptive Modulation, Coding, HARQ
Channels/ UTRAN Architecture
Principles: Fast scheduling, Mobility
Performance Results
UMTS Networks 2 Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011
Motivation (as of 2000)
As the UMTS networks are rolled out, the demand for high
bandwidth services is expected to grow rapidly.
By 2010, 66% of the revenues will come from data services
(source: UMTS forum).
Release 99/4 systems alone will not be capable to meet these
demands. (Realistic outdoor data rates will be limited to
384kbps).
A more spectral efficient way of using DL resources is required.
Competition with CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO/DV
GSM/GPRS
UMTS Rel. 99
Voice, low speed packet data
No Multimedia, Limited QOS
Medium rate Packet data
Theoretical 2 Mbps but ~384 kbps
subjected to practical constraints
HSDPA Background
Initial goals
Establish a more spectral efficient way of using DL resources providing
data rates beyond 2 Mbit/s, (up to a maximum theoretical limit of 14.4
Mbps)
Optimize interactive & background packet data traffic, support streaming
service
Design for low mobility environment, but not restricted
Techniques compatible with advanced multi-antenna and receivers
Standardization started in June 2000
Broad forum of companies
Major feature of Release 5
Enhancements in R7 HSPA+
Advanced transmission to increase data throughput
Signaling enhancements to save resources
HSDPA Basics
Evolution from R99/ R4
5MHz BW
Same spreading by OVSF and scrambling codes
Turbo coding
New concepts in R5
Adaptive modulation (QPSK vs. 16QAM), coding and multicodes
(fixed SF = 16)
Fast scheduling in NodeB (TTI = 2ms)
Hybrid ARQ
Enhancements in R7 HSPA+
Signaling enhancements
64QAM
MIMO techniques, increase of the bandwidth
Higher Order Modulation
Standard modulation scheme in UMTS networks
QPSK 2 bit per symbol
With HSDPA, modulation can be switched between two schemes
QPSK 2 bit per symbol
16-QAM 4 bit per symbol
Low bitrate robust High bitrate Sensitive to disturbances
Key Principles
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
(Mother Turbo code rate = 1/3)
For wireless data, link adaptation through Rate Control is more
effective then Power Control.
Users in favorable channel conditions (based on Channel Quality
indication) are assigned higher code rates and higher order
modulation (16QAM).
This means higher data rates = Reduced latency
But what about when channel is changing at high rate;
Can AMC guarantee reliability?
Hybrid ARQ
H-ARQ automatically adapts to instantaneous channel conditions by:
fast retransmissions at physical layer
adding redundancy only when needed
The retransmitted packets are combined with original packet to
improve the decoding probability.
Simple form of Hybrid ARQ shows
significant gains over link adaptation alone.
Different schemes can be used for
retransmission of original data packet.
Chase combining
Incremental Redundancy
No. In fast fading conditions, AMC alone is not enough.
Fast Scheduling
Channels are uncorrelated Multi-user
diversity
Assign the resources to the best user(s) in
time to maximise throughput
Gains increase with number of users
Max C/I
Proportional fair
Round Robin
10
With HSDPA Scheduling function is moved from RNC to Node-B.
Fading is good in multi-
user environment!!
HS-DSCH Principle I
Channelization codes at a fixed spreading factor of SF = 16
Up to 15 codes in parallel
OVSF channelization code tree allocated by CRNC
HSDPA codes autonomously managed by NodeB MAC-hs scheduler
Example: 12 consecutive codes reserved for HS-DSCH, starting at C
16,4
Additionally, HS-SCCH codes with SF = 128 (number equal to simult. UE)
SF=8
SF=16
SF=4
SF=2
Physical channels (codes) to which HS-DSCH is mapped CPICH, etc.
C
16,0
C
16,15
HS-DSCH Principle II
Resource sharing in code as well as time domain:
Multi-code transmission, UE is assigned to multiple codes in the same TTI
Multiple UEs may be assigned channelization codes in the same TTI
Example: 5 codes are reserved for HSDPA, 1 or 2 UEs are active within one
TTI
Data to UE #1 Data to UE #2 Data to UE #3
Time (per TTI)
Code
not used
UMTS Channels with HSDPA
Cell 1
UE
Cell 2
R99 DCH (in SHO)
UL/DL signalling (DCCH)
UL PS service
UL/DL CS voice/ data
Rel-5 HS-DSCH
DL PS service
(Rel-6: DL DCCH)
=Serving
HS-DSCH cell
HSDPA Channels
HS-PDSCH
Carries the data traffic
Fixed SF = 16; up to 15 parallel channels
QPSK: 480 kbps/code, 16QAM: 960 kbps/code
HS-SCCH
Signals the configuration to be used next: HS-PDSCH codes, modulation
format, TB information
Fixed SF = 128
Sent two slots (~1.3msec) in advance of HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
Feedbacks ACK/NACK and channel quality information (CQI)
Fixed SF = 256, code multiplexed to UL DPCCH
Feedback sent ~5msec after received data
Timing Relations (DL)
NodeB Tx view
Fixed time offset between the HS-SCCH information and the start of the
corresponding HS-DSCH TTI:
HS-DSCH-control
(2 T
slot
= 1.33msec)
HS-DSCH and associated DL DPCH not time-aligned

TB size & HARQ Info
Downlink DPCH
HS-SCCH
DATA HS-PDSCH
3 T
slot
(2 msec)
HS-DSCH TTI =3 T
slot
(2 msec)
HS-DSCH-control
=2 T
slot
T
slot
(2560 chips)
ch. code & mod
Timing Relations (UL)
UE Rx view
Alignment to m 256 to preserve orthogonality to UL DPCCH
HS-PDSCH and associated UL DPCH not time-aligned
(but quasi synch)

DATA
Uplink DPCCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
3 T
slot
(2ms)
m 256 chips
UEP
=7.5 T
slot
(5ms)
0-255 chips
T
slot
(0.67 ms)
CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N
HSDPA Architecture
MAC-c/sh
MAC-d
RLC
RRC PDCP
Logical Channels
Transport Channel s
MAC-b
BCH
BCCH
DCCH
DTCH
SRNC
CRNC
NodeB
DCH
Upper phy
DSCH
FACH
Evolution from R99/R4
HSDPA functionality is
intended for transport of
dedicated logical channels
Takes into account the
impact on R.99 networks
MAC-hs
HS-DSCH
HSDPA in R5
Additions in RRC to handle
HSDPA
RLC nearly unchanged
(UM & AM)
Modified MAC-d with link to
MAC-hs entity
New MAC-hs entity located
in the Node B
w
/
o

M
A
C
-
c
/
s
h
MAC-hs in NodeB

MAC-hs
MAC Control

HS-DSCH
Priority Queue
distribution

MAC-d flows
Scheduling
Priority
Queue

Priority
Queue

Priority
Queue

UE #1
UE #2
UE #N
MAC-hs Functions
Priority handling
Flow Control
To RNC
To UE
Scheduling
Select which user/queue
to transmit
Assign TFRC & Tx
power
HARQ handling
Service measurements
e.g. HSDPA provided
bitrate
TFRC: Transport Format and Resource Combination
MAC-hs in UE

MAC-hs
MAC Control

Associated Uplink Signalling
HS-DPCCH
To MAC-d
Associated Downlink Signalling
HS-SCCH
HS-DSCH
HARQ
Reordering Reordering
Re-ordering queue distribution
Disassembly
Disassembly
MAC-hs Functions
HARQ handling
ACK/ NACK generation
Reordering buffer handling
Associated to priority
queues
Flow control per
reordering buffer
Memory can be shared
with AM RLC
Disassembly unit
Data Flow through Layer 2
Higher Layer
L1
Higher Layer PDU
RLC SDU
MAC-d SDU
MAC-d PDU
RLC
header
RLC
header
MAC-d SDU
MAC-d PDU
CRC
MAC-d
header
MAC-d
header
L2 MAC-d
(non-transparent)
L2 RLC
(non-transparent)
Segmentation
&
Concatenation
Reassembly
Higher Layer PDU
RLC SDU
MAC-hs SDU MAC-hs SDU
MAC-hs
header
L2 MAC-hs
(non-transparent)
Transport Block (MAC-hs PDU)

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HARQ is a stop-and-wait ARQ
Up to 8 HARQ processes per UE
Retransmissions are done at MAC-hs layer, i.e. in the Node B
Triggered by NACKs sent on the HS-DPCCH
The mother code is a R = 1/3 Turbo code
Code rate adaptation done via rate matching, i.e. by puncturing and
repeating bits of the encoded data
Two types of retransmission
Incremental Redundancy
Additional parity bits are sent when decoding errors occured
Gain due to reducing the code rate
Chase Combining
The same bits are retransmitted when decoding errors occured
Gain due to maximum ratio combining
HSDPA uses a mixture of both types
HARQ Processes
HARQ is a simple stop-and-wait ARQ
Example
RTT
min
= 5 TTI
Synchronous retransmissions (MAC-hs decides on transmission)
UE support up to 8 HARQ processes (configured by NodeB)
Min. number: to support continuous reception
Max. number: limit of HARQ soft buffer
Number of HARQ processes configured specifically for each UE category
1
1
2 2
2
3 4 5 3
3 4 5
1
RTT
HARQ
Data
HS-PDSCH
ACK/NACK
HS-DPCCH
HSDPA UE Categories
The specification allows some freedom to the UE vendors
12 different UE categories for HSDPA with different capabilities
(Rel.5)
The UE capabilities differ in
Max. transport block size (data rate)
Max. number of codes per HS-DSCH
Modulation alphabet (QPSK only)
Inter TTI distance (no decoding of HS-DSCH in each TTI)
Soft buffer size
The MAC-hs scheduler needs to take these restrictions into account
HSDPA UE Physical Layer Capabilities
HS-DSCH
Category
Maximum
number of
HS-DSCH
multi-codes
Minimum inter-
TTI interval
Maximum
MAC-hs TB size
Total number of
soft channel
bits
Theoretical
maximum data
rate (Mbit/s)
Category 1 5 3 7298 19200 1.2
Category 2 5 3 7298 28800 1.2
Category 3 5 2 7298 28800 1.8
Category 4 5 2 7298 38400 1.8
Category 5 5 1 7298 57600 3.6
Category 6 5 1 7298 67200 3.6
Category 7 10 1 14411 115200 7.2
Category 8 10 1 14411 134400 7.2
Category 9 15 1 20251 172800 10.1
Category 10 15 1 27952 172800 14.0
Category 11* 5 2 3630 14400 0.9
Category 12* 5 1 3630 28800 1.8
cf. TS 25.306
Note: UEs of Categories 11 and 12 support QPSK only
Channel Quality Information (CQI)
Signalled to the Node B in UL each 2ms on HS-DPCCH
Integer number from 0 to 30 corresponds to a Transport Format Resource
Combination (TFRC) given by
Modulation
Number of channelisation codes
Transport block size
For the given conditions the BLER for this TFRC shall not exceed 10%
Mapping defined in TS 25.214 for each UE category
CQI Mapping Table
CQI value
Transport
Block Size
Number of
HS-PDSCH
Modulation
Reference power
adjustment
NIR XRV
0 N/A Out of range
1 137 1 QPSK
0

6 461 1 QPSK
0
7 650 2 QPSK
0

15 3319 5 QPSK
0
16 3565 5 16-QAM
0

23 9719 7 16-QAM
0
24 11418 8 16-QAM
0
25 14411 10 16-QAM
0
26 17237 12 16-QAM
0
27 21754 15 16-QAM
0
28 23370 15 16-QAM
0
29 24222 15 16-QAM
0
30 25558 15 16-QAM
0
28800 0

Tables specified in TS
25.214
For each UE category
Condition:
BLER 10%
Example for
UE category 10
3G (Rel.99)
with dedicated channels
C/I
C/I
C/I
CQI
CQI
CQI
2 TTI
@1.2M
2 TTI
@76k
7 TTI
@614k
1 TTI
@1.2M
64k
64k
64k
Note: No fast channel quality feedback
3G with high speed feedback/scheduling
on shared channels
HSDPA Fast Scheduling
Scheduler Inputs
Schedul er
QoS & Subscriber Profile
QoS: guar. bitrate, max. delay
GoS: gold/ silver/ bronce
Feedback from UL
(CQI, ACK/NACK)
History
How long had
the user been
waiting?
Traffic Model
Morning Afternoon
Evening Off peak
UE capability
Radio resources
Power, OVSF codes
Buffer Status
Scheduled Users & Packet Formation Strategy
Packet Formation Strategy
Scheduler Outputs
Selected User
Adaptive
Transport
Block size
Adaptive
Coding
or redundancy
Adaptive
Modulation
(QPSK, 16 QAM)
#of OVSF
codes
So that
QoS/GoS constraints are satisfied and
Network throughput is maximized, while
Subject to constraints (standards restrictions and service requirements)
Maintain fairness across UEs and traffic streams
Classical Scheduling Disciplines
Round Robin: allocate the users consecutively
Advantage: - Offers fair time allocation
- One of the simplest solutions
Disadvantage: - Low cell and user throughput
Best Effort scheduler: prefer the users with good channel conditions
Advantage: - Highest system throughput and easy to
implement
Disadvantage: - Starvation to users with low C/I
Proportional Fairness: equalise the channel rate / throughput ratio
Advantage: - Higher throughput than Round Robin
Disadvantage: - Does not use QoS information
HSDPA scheduler runs every TTI (2 msec)
Comparison of Schedulers
Simple Round Robin doesnt care about actual channel rate
Proportional Fair offers higher cell throughput
QoS aware algorithm offers significantly higher user perceived throughput than
PF with similar cell throughput
aggr egated cell throughput
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Round Robin Proportional Fair QoS aware
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user perceiv ed thr oughput
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
aver age thr oughput [kbps ]
P
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Round Robin
Proportional Fair
QoS aware
Mobility Procedures I
HS-DSCH for a given UE belongs to only one of the radio links assigned to
the UE (serving HS-DSCH cell)
The UE uses soft handover for the uplink, the downlink DCCH and any
simultaneous CS voice or data
Using existing triggers and procedures for the active set update
(events 1A, 1B, 1C)
Hard handover for the HS-DSCH, i.e.
Change of Serving HS-DSCH Cell within active set
Using RRC procedures, which are triggered by event 1D
Mobility Procedures II
Inter-Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change
Note: MAC-hs needs to be transferred to new NodeB !

NodeB

NodeB
MAC-hs

NodeB

NodeB
MAC-hs
Source HS-
DSCH Node B
Target HS-
DSCH Node B
Serving
HS-DSCH
radio link
Serving
HS-DSCH
radio link
s t
CRNC CRNC
HS-DSCH Serving Cell Change
Event 1D: change of best cell within the active set
Hysteresis and time to trigger to avoid ping-pong
(HS-DSCH: 12 dB, 0.5 sec)

Reporting
event 1D
Measurement
quantity
Time
CPICH 2
CPI CH 1
CPI CH3
Hysteresis
Time to
trigger
Handover Procedure
Example: HS-DSCH hard handover (synchronized serving cell change)

SRNC
=
DRNC
Target
HS-DSCH cell
UE
RL Reconfiguration Prepare
RL Reconfiguration Ready
Radio Bearer Reconfiguration
Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete
Source
HS-DSCH cell
ALCAP Iub HS-DSCH Data Transport Bearer Setup If new NodeB
Synchronous
Reconfiguration
with Tactivation
RL Reconfiguration Commit
ALCAP Iub HS-DSCH Data
Transport Bearer Release
DATA
Reset MAC-
hs entity
Serving HS-DSCH
cell changedecision
i.e. event 1D
RL Reconfiguration Prepare
RL Reconfiguration Ready
RL Reconfiguration Commit
HSDPA Managed Resources
a) OVSF Code Tree

b) Transmit Power
SF=8
SF=16
SF=4
SF=2
Codes reserved for HS-PDSCH/ HS-SCCH
C
16,0
C
16,15

Codes available for DCH/
common channels
Border adjusted by CRNC
Tx power available for HS-PDSCH/ HS-SCCH
Tx power available for DCH/
common channels
Border adjusted by CRNC
Note: CRNC assigns resources to Node B on a cell basis
Cell and User Throughput vs. Load
36 cells network
UMTS composite channel model
FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte
download, 30 sec thinking time)
The user throughput is decreased
when increasing load due to the
reduced service time
The cell throughput increases
with the load because overall
more bytes are transferred in the
same time
Load Impact
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Number of Users/ Cell
T
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Mean User Throughput
Aggregated Cell Throughput
HSDPA Performance per Category
36 cells network
UMTS composite channel model
FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte
download, 30 sec thinking time)
Higher category offers higher
max. throughput limit
Cat.6: 3.6 MBit/sec
Cat.8: 7.2 MBit/sec
Max. user perceived performance
increased at low loading
Cell performance slightly better
Cat 6 - Cat 8 Comparison
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Cat 6/ 10 users Cat 8/ 10 users Cat 6/ 20 users Cat 8/ 20 users
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(
k
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)
Mean User Throughput
Peak User Throughput
Aggregated Cell Throughput
Coverage Prediction with HSDPA
Example Scenario
15 users/cell
Pedestrian A channel
model
Plot generated with field
prediction tool
HSDPA Throughput
depends on location
HSDPA Summary
New downlink transmission concept
Optimised for interactive & background, support of streaming
Design for indoor & urban environment
Improved PHY approach
New DL transport channel: HS-DSCH
Additional signalling channels to support fast adaptation
Advanced architecture
MAC-hs entity located in NodeB
Radio Resource Control procedures similar to DCH
HSDPA Resource Management
Cell resources managed by Controlling-RNC
Re-use of principles for DCH control (handover, state transition)
Significant improved performance
HSDPA References
Papers:
Arnab Das et al: Evolution of UMTS Toward High-Speed Downlink Packet
Access, Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 47 68, June
2003
A. Toskala et al: High-speed Downlink Packet Access, Chapter 12 in
Holma/ Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS, Wiley 2010
T. Kolding et al: High Speed Downlink Packet Access: WCDMA
Evolution, IEEE Veh. Techn. Society News, pp. 4 10, February 2003
H. Holma/ A. Toskala (Ed.): HSDPA/ HSUPA for UMTS, Wiley 2006
Standards
TS 25.xxx series: RAN Aspects
TR 25.858 HSDPA PHY Aspects
TR 25.308 HSDPA: UTRAN Overall Description (Stage 2)
TR 25.877 Iub/Iur protocol aspects
Abbreviations
ACK (positive) Acknowledgement
ALCAP Access Link Control Application
Protocol
AM Acknowledged (RLC) Mode
AMC Adaptive Modulation & Coding
CAC Call Admission Control
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CQI Channel Quality Information
DBC Dynamic Bearer Control
DCH Dedicated Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FEC Forward Error Correction
FIFO First In First Out
GoS Grade of Service
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
H-RNTI HSDPA Radio Network Temporary
Identifier
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control
Channel
HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
HS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared
Channel
HS-SCCH High Speed Signaling Control Channel
IE Information Element
MAC-d dedicated Medium Access Control
MAC-hs high-speed Medium Access Control
Mux Multiplexing
NACK Negative Acknowledgement
NBAP NodeB Application Part
OVSF Orthogonal Variable SF (code)
PDU Protocol Data Unit
PHY Physical Layer
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RB Radio Bearer
RL Radio Link
RLC Radio Link Control
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
SDU Service Data Unit
SF Spreading Factor
TB Transport Block
TFRC Transport Format & Resource
Combination
TFRI TFRC Indicator
TTI Transmission Time Interval
UM Unacknowledged (RLC) Mode
16QAM 16 (state) Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation

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High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

HSDPA Background & Basics

UMTS Networks 19 Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011

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