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19-6-68

11

q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;
woufwmrSwfwrf;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm;
yxrydkif;
uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;
vlwa,mufonf pkHaxmufrif;BuD;xH tvkyfavQmufxm;onfhtcg
rif;BuD;onf xdkvl\ Oy"d&kyfudk oabmusonfESifh 4if;\t&nftcsif;udk
prf;oyf

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okdUjzpf

rif;BuD;onf rdrdodvdkaom yk*dKvfwOD;\trnf? ae&yfESifh tvkyftudkifwkdU

udkajymjyNyD;vQif xdkyk*dKvftm; rsufpdatmufrS taysmufrcHyJ aeUa&mnyg
t&dyfozG,f wG,fuyfvkdufygvsuf 4if;ajymorQ vkyforQ tvkH;pkHudk
rdrdxHodkU tpD&ifcHpm wifydkU&rnfhtaMumif; ajymjyav\/ tvkyfavQmuf
xm;aomvlonf rif;BuD;odvdkaom yk*dKvfESifh rdwfaqGvnf;r[kwf? &efol
vnf;r[kwfav&um;

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raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk zkH;zdjcif;vnf;r&Sd? aumif;aomtcsif;t&m
rsm;udk csHUxGifjcif;vnf;rjyK? csD;ajrSmufjcif;vnf;rjyK? acsmufwGef;jcif;vnf;
r&Sd? rdrd\ tjriftMum;twdkif; &dk;om;pGm tpD&ifcHayvdrfhrnf/
xdkenf;wlpGm

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txufyg pkHaxmufavmif;uJUodkU oabmxm; tom;vnf;r,l? &Sufvnf;

r&Suf? [kwfrSeforQudk ]t&if;wdkif;} a&;om;azmfjy&efBuH&G,fyg onf/
12

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ay&m?uREkfyfrSmrl rdrdtBuHtpnfESifhpdwful;rsm;udkygod&onfjzpf pkHaxmuf
\ tpD&ifcHpmxuf jynfhpkHEdkifcGifh &Sdygonf/ rnfolrqdk EIdufEIdufcRwfcRwf
ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcg taumif;csnf;vnf; rjzpfEdkif/ tqdk;csnf;vnf;
rjzpfEkdif/ taumif;ESifhtqdk; (tenf;ESifhtrsm;) a&m>yrf;vsuf &Sdjcif;udkom
awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/

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taumif;ESifhtqdk;

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udkvnf; raMumuf? raumif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyonfhtvSnfh
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aumif;oavmuf? raumif;vQif raumif;oavmuf &dk;om;pGm wifjyvdrhfrnf
jzpfygonf/
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aumif;aomtcsif;t&monf
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uREkfyf\ vufawGUt&qdkygrl vlow0gonf b0oHo&m tqufqufrS
ygcJUonfh OmOfuav;rsm;? 0goemtxkHuav;rsm;um;wbuf? ywf0ef;usif
u jyKjyifjcif;cH&csufrsm;um; wbuf a&maESmaygif;pyfvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyf
tzkdU&m rnfonfum; twdwf\zefwD;csuf jzpfonf? rnfonfum;

13

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wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ vdk&if;tcsKyf uREkfyftaMumif;udk uREkfyfa&;om;
azmfjyjcif;jzpfapumrl (trsKd;orD;pma&;q&mwOD;u a0zefzl;onfhtwkdif;)
igwnf;[laom pdwfxm;rygyJ tjyifvlwa,muftaejzifh a&;om;zkdUBudK;pm;
rnfjzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\pmigoabm(yvTm;vdkaomoabm) rnfrQavmuf
uif; ruif;udkrl pmzwfolwkdU qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpfygonf/
uREkfyf\tjzpftysufrsm;rSm twKywd &dk;&dk;taejzifh a&;om;azmfjy
rnfqdkygu

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(a&;wwfolvnf;

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onfjzpfaomaMumifh tjzpftysufoufoufrQru tawG;tac:rsm;vnf;
oufqkdif&mae&mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygonf/ uREkfyf\tawG;tac:
rsm;rSmvnf;

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jzpfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm rSwfrdaomt&m
tjcm;wae&m uREkfyfonf vljzpfvmonfrSp a&S;OD;pGm rSwfrdaom
tcsif;t&mrSm ar;aphuGJ woufywfvkH; xif&Sm;aom trSwftom;wck
jzpf&avmufatmif

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tjzpftysufwckudk

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om;OD;jzpf

'kwd,

arG;zGm;onfh uREkfyf\ESronf uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfcefUi,f&m taemufwdkif;

14

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uREkfyfrSm ESpfESpfausmfrQ EdkUpdkUcGifh&ygvsufESifhyif rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm;
]EdkUrsufom;}uav;[kqdkum

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taumif;qkH;qdkaom

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&SdMuao;[ef rwlay/) ykpGefwkyfaMumf? 0ufom;uif? MuufaygifaMumf paom
pm;p&mrsm;onf uREkfyftwGufjzpf rdbrsm;rlum; Muuf&dk;ESifh 0ufqD
0ufacgufavmufom

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twGuf twlwuG aexdkifMu&m tdrfwGif uREkfyf\ t&D;wa,mufa,muf
jzpfap? ta':wa,mufa,mufjzpfap b,ftcgrQ jywfawmhonfr&Sdacs/
wcgw&H ESpfa,mufjyL; okH;a,mufjyL;yif &SdwwfMu\/ 4if;wkdUonf
uREfkyftm; txufyg pm;p&mtaumif;rsm;udk 0g;cGHMu&\/ ESruav;arG;
NyD; uREfkyfokH;ESpfom;t&G,fausmfausmf&SdonfwGif uREkfyfonf pm;p&mrsm;
0g;cGHaomt&D;rsm; ta':rsm;udk oabmrusawmhyJ rdcifcGHU&rnf[k wpmpm
ylqmjcif;udk rSwfrdonf/
uREkfyfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcg waeUo rdcifu pum;pyfrdonfESifh
]]armifazodef;wkdUrsm; tpm;awmh oGm;rprf;aveJU? 0g;cGHUwJUt&G,fuwnf;u
olUt&D;awG ta':awG cGHUwmudkrBudKufbl; igudkf,fwdkif 0g;cGHU&w,f?
[kwfvJ [kwfrSmaygh? aumif;rav;awGuawmh 0g;NyD; tcsKd&nftcsKdUudk
rsKdcsMurSmudk;?

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twGufaMumifh t&omnHUoGm;jcif;[l i,fpOfu rodaomfvnf; rdcif
0g;cGHUjcif;ESifh t&D;rsm; 0g;cGHUjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;jcif;udk i,fi,fuwnf;u
odaMumif; rSwfrdao;onf/ uREfkyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; ]vQm}onf t&mom

15

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tao;pdwfodwwf\/ taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; 0dkfift&uf ukrPDBuD;rsm;
onf]vQm} tpGrf;xufaom vlrsm;udk t&ufNrD;orm;

(Wine Taster)

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tpGrf;rSm wbufwvrf;wGif tokH;rcsEdkifyJ pum;rajymwwfjcif;omvQif
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rajymwwfay/
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cspf aMumufvnf;aMumufwwf\/ zcifudkrl tcspfxuf taMumufu ydk
rdciftm;rlum; tcspfESifhtaMumuf tnDtrQavmuf&Sdvdrhfrnf/ wa,muf
wnf;&Sdao;aom ESruav;udkvnf; tjcm;aom armifESrrsm; cspfMujcif;
xuf ydk tvGefMuifemonf/ (MuifemykHudk wae&m azmfjyygOD;rnf/)
tvGef ]aqmh}csifwwf upm;azmfoli,fcsif;udk tvGefw&m cifrifwwf
onf/ t&G,fESifh rvkdufatmif vnfcsifywfcsifwwf cspfaomoli,fcsif;
rsm;aemufodkU waumufaumuf vdkufaewwfonf/ xkdpOfu pdwfrwdkwwf
ao;? oabmaumif;onf[k rdcifu ajymbl;onf/ udk,fvkH;udkf,faygufrSm
(rdcifpum;twkdif;) cyfzdkifhzdkifhESifh tdtdpufpuf&Sdonf/ BuD;jyif;vmaom
tcgrl ydefydef&Snf&Snf jzpfvmjcif;udk awGU& aq;jyif;vdyfudk ckHay:wifNyD;

16

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jcif;ayavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/
tEdkifusifhcH&jcif;
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atmif

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pdwfaeoabmxm;udk woufvkH;twGuf ajymif;vJoGm;ap&onf[k ,lq\/
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av;ig;ESpfom;t&G,f jzpf\/ xdkoli,fonf uREkfyfxuf okH;ESpfcefU
toufBuD; uREkfyfu olUtm; cspfvdkufykHrSm rdbrsm;ESifhcGJ olESifhtwl
tdyfcGifh&vQif tdyfEdkif\/ (um; uREkfyf\tjypf[k qdk&rnfxifonf/)
eHeufvif;vQif xdkoli,ftdrfodkU ul;oGm; pm;&kH tdyf&kHrQavmufom tdrfodkU
jyefawmhonf/ waeUywfvkH; olUaemufrS waumufaumuf vdkufaeawmh\/
okdUqdkvQif xkdoli,fuvnf; uREkfyftm; uREfkyfcspfovdk cspfcifwG,fwm
jcif;&Sdygoavm? r[kwfacs/ uREkfyf pm;p&mwck&SdvQif wa,mufwnf;
rpm;EdkifyJ olUqDodkU ,lajy;MunfjzLpGm a0pm;Muonf/ tdrf&Sdao;vQif
vnf; olu ],lacstkH;}[k ckdif;ojzifh ckd;auR;&ao;onf/ olUpm;p&m
&Sdaomtcgrlum;

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pdwf

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&wdkif;

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0rf;enf;zG,ftaumif;qkH;aom tjyKtrlrSm xdkoli,fonf uREkfyfESifh &,fum

17

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omoabmus[ef&Sd\/ olu jrif;pD;csifonfqdkvQif uREkfyfrSm rEdkifhwEdkif
ESifh

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w[D;[D;&,f

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[uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavawmhonf/
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enf;rsKd;pkHwkdUjzifh

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aMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&H uREkfyf\rdcifu idkoHMum;ac:vdkuf&m olu
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vkHcsnfjzifh okwfum rdcifa&SUodkU [efvkyf 0ifoGm;&avonf/
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wqjzpfav[efESifh uREkfyftm; avSum;ay:rS wGef;csvdkufojzifh ajrBuD;ESifh
OD;acgif; aqmifhrdum tawmfemoGm;\/ ]]a[haumifridkeJUuG}}[k olu
ajymaomfvnf; emusifvSaom a0'emaMumifh wtm;[pf idkvkdufrd&m
uREkfyf\

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zcifESifhrwl/

pdwfwif;ol wa,mufjzpf uREkfyf\OD;acgif; 'Pf&m &Sdr&SdMunhfNyD;aemuf

18

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'gavmufBuD; idk&ovm;}}[kajym\/ wGif uREkfyftm; tjypfwifaom
t"dym,foufa&mufonfESifh

rcHcsifaomaMumifh

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tar&JU? [dkaumifu wGef;cswm}}[k vTwfueJ ajymrdavonf/ xdktcg

rdcifonf a'gowBuD;ESifh [dkaumif\OD;pGef;zkwfudk qGJESDrfum ausmudk
okH;av;csuf xkavonf/ 4if;aemufuREkfyfudkqJGac: tdrfodkUjyefvmMu
onf/ [dkaumif\rdcifESifh tpfrrsm;rSm ig;pdrf;onfrsm;jzpf tdrfr&Sdckduf
jzpfav&m aps;rSjyefvmMuaomtcgwGif [dkaumif\wdkifwef;csufaMumifh
tdrfeD;csif; &efjzpfMuavawmh\/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm eef;wGif;ol jzpfaomfvnf;
a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;jzpf jzpfrdvQif ravQmhcsifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif;
ig;pdrf;onf

om;trdokH;a,muf

(rdcifESifh

orD;ESpfa,muf)

wkdUtm;

csHUvifhvkyfao;&m t&yfujzefajz NyD;oGm;&onf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mum;

xdkaeUrSp

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ra&awmhacs/

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wGef;csaomtaumifudk pdwfremyJ ac:csifaomaMumifh pdwfxJ w&G&G
jzpfvsuf

&Sdonf/

uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm

uREkfyfonf

[dkaumif\

ESdyfpufjcif;udk wESpfcefUavmuf cHcJU&onf/

oDv&Sifausmif;
xdktcsdefrSp rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; [dkaumifESifh raygif;rdap&ef
pmoifausmif;okdUydkUavawmhonf/ ausmif;rSm oDv&SifBuD;wyg;wnfaxmif
xm;onfhpmoifausmif;jzpfav&muREkfyfxuf&SpfESpfcefUBuD;aom (rdcif\nDr)

19

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avonf/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;teufwGif uREfkyfyif ti,fqkH;jzpf
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u xdyfxdk;? acgif;ykwf vkyfcsifMuaomfvnf; ta':
ausmif;ol\umuG,frIaMumifhxkdausmif;tawmfoufomcGifh&cJUonf/okdUESifh
yif uREkfyf\ta': ausmif;rwufaom waeU ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf
uREkfyftm; 0dkifusDp,fMuonf/ rdbrsm;onf xdkacwfu cspfwwfaom
rdbrsm;\xkH;pHtwdkif; uREkfyftm; uwDyga&TaZmowfonfh (Zmwfrif;om;
rsm;0wfaom) abmif;bDuav;jzifh qifjyifxm;&m ausmif;om;rsm;onf
uREkfyf\

ajymifvufaom

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rlum; ta':\umuG,frIaMumifh a&TcsnfwrQifwavrQom tEkwfcH&\/
ta':rygaom xdkaeUrl ausmif;om;tm;vkH; 0dkif Ekwf,lvdkufMuaom
aMumifh tem;owfaom a&TcsnfwrQifrQ rusefawmhyJ uwDygabmif;bDcsnf;
ikH;wdwdESifh tdrfodkUjyefvm&avonf/ rdzrsm;onf tvGefrcHcsi oDv&Sif
BuD;tm; wkdifwef;av&m oDv&SifBuD;onf uREkfyfu vufnId;xkd;jyaom
ausmif;ol ausmif;om; tm;vkH;udk&dkufavawmhonf/ xkdaeUrS t&dkufcH&
aomausmif;om;rsm;onf

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24

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27

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28

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29

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30

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31

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32

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33

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34

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35

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36

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38

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39

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40

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42

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43

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44

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45

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46

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47

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51

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52

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57

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60

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61

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62

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63

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64

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65

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78

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79

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81

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82

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83

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85

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86

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92

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102

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103

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104

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105

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106

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107

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108

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apcJUonf/

109

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110

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138

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139

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140

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141

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142

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143

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144

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145

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146

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265

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266

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267

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268

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269

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270

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271

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272

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273

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361

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362

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366

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367

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368

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398

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399

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400

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401

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402

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403

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404

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405

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406

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419

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420

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421

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422

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424

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479

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480

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481

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482

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483

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484

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485

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486

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tvkyfrsKd;Mum&SnfpGm vkyfEdkifrnfhvlwa,muf r[kwf}[l qkH;jzwfvkduf
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udkbvIdifvufrSwfxkd;apzdkUtwGuf

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umv0dygwf aemufydk;wufjcif;avm
waeUo uREkfyfonf ol&d,wdkufwGif wkduftkyfOD;vSaz r&SdawmhyJ
refae*sif;'g&dkufwmae&mwGif vkyfudkifvsuf&SdaMumif; owif;Mum;onfESifh
0wKrsm;a&;zdkU tquftoG,fvkyf&efa&mufoGm;\/ OD;bazu a&S;utwdkif;
rSD;aom0wKrsm; a&;zdkUajymonfESifh oabmwl vufcHcJUygonf/ xdkUaemuf
uREkfyfESifh tuRrf;0ifbl;onfh pma&;wa,mufxHokdU 0ifwkdufom;a[mif;
rsm;taMumif; pkHprf;ar;jref;&m tHUMozG,faom owif;rsm;omMum;cJU&\/

497

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uREkfyftvkyfxkwfcHcJU&ykH

tjzpftysufudk

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rvkyf&onfh uREkfyf\Zmwmtwdkif; uRekfyfuxGufonfjzpfap? tvkyf&Sifu
xkwfypfonfjzpfap

wenf;enf;jzifh

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wa,mufjzpfygonf/

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Mujcif;udk

txdkuftavsmufrQom

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tao;pdwf ajymjyjcif;aMumifh tvkH;pkHod&SdcJU&ygonf/ ajcmufESpfrQaom

tcsdefumv tawmtwGif; uRekfyfudk0dkif;wGef;Muonfh t,f'DwmESifh
pma&;rsm;omru

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OD;vSazudkf,fwkdif

taMumif;wrsKd;pDjzifh ol&d,wdkufrS xGufoGm;Mu& if;wkdUvlpkteufrS

wa,mufrQrusef&SdawmhaMumif; ajymjyavonf/
OD;vSazum; uREkfyftay: rw&m;jyKusifhonf[k rpGyfpJGvdkyg/ ]wGef;}
aomvlrsm;\ pum;udk em;0ifojzifh uREkfyftay: txifvGJNyD; xkwf
vdkufjcif; jzpfonf[kyif ,kHMunfygonf/ okdUESifhyifolvnf; roufom/
olUtay: tjcm;aom 'g&dkufwmrsm;u txifvJGMuonfhvuPmjzifh
ol&d,wdkufESifh

tqufjzwfjcif;cH&ygonf/

uREkfyfum;

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toufwm aemufydkif;wGifvnf; uREkfyfxifay:jcif;udk remvdkaom olrsm;
onf

olwkdUudk,fwdkif

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olwkdUudk,fwdkif

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jzpfavoavm rajymwwf/ okdU&mwGifuREkfyfepfemonfESifhtrQ olwkdUvnf;

498

tvm;wlepfemMu&onfcsnf;

jzpfavonf/

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ol&d,owif;pmwdkufBuD;udk OD;bazESifhtwl wnfaxmifcJUoljzpfygvsuf

ol&d,owif;pmudk0,f

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a&mufoGm;jcif;udk

(aemufydkif;) oludk,fwdkif uREkfyftm; 0rf;enf;pGmESifhajymjybl;ygonf/

1934 ckESpfqDavmufrl OD;vSazonf olUtdrfa&SUrS uREkfyfvrf;avQmuf
oGm;jcif;udkjrifojzifh oludk,fwdkifxGufac: jcif;? vrf;olu jrif;&xm;ESifY
qkHrdMu&m

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pum;ajymjcif;?

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[k ajymjcif; ponfjzifh aemifw&aom vuPmrsm;jyonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif
ol&d,wdkufodkUuREkfyf 'kwd,tBudrfjyef0ifaomtcgwGifvnf; oludk,fwdkif
tdrfodkUvm

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OD;vSazuxkwfcJUaom

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onf[k

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b0Zmwfodrf; oGm;&&Smavonf/

499

abm*aA'usrf;wapmifrQESifhyif

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[dkw,fpm;aomufjcif;? bdvd,ufxkd;jcif;? uvyfwufjcif;? jrif;yGJoGm;
jcif;paom taysmfrIESifh avmif;upm;rIrsm;wGif ol0goemrygaom tvkyf
r&Sdacs/
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wynfhcH\/ jrif;yGJrSmrlum;wGufcsufwwfaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm rnfonfhenf;
ESifhrQ 0goemygEdkifp&m r&Sdacs/ avmif;upm;enf;rsKd;um; aiGaMu;wwf
Edkifaom jrif;&Sifrsm;? 'g&dkufwmrsm;? jrif;yGJESifhqdkif&m x&defem? a*smfuD?
pwl;0yfpaom tvkyform;rsm;twGuf zefwD;xm;aom avmif;upm;enf;
jzpf t&yfom;rsm; tzdkUrSm ]rdkuf&m}usaom upm;enf; oufoufjzpfonf
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avmif;vQifvnf; rJGzdkUomrsm;\/ aysmfcsifavmif;vQif vnf; wusyfwef
avmufaysmf&zdkUtwGuf

ig;usyfukef&aom

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a&mufvdkufygao;\/ xdkUuJUodkU a&muf&jcif;aMumifhjzpf&onfh uREkfyf\
xl;qef;aom tdyfrufrsm; taMumif;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf?

500

xl;qef;aomtdyfrufrsm;
uREkfyf\rdcifonf xl;qef;aom tdyfrufrsm; jrifrufwwfonf[k
wae&m t>rufrQazmfjycJUbl;&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; rdcifxHrS ygvmavoavm
rod? (Psychic) xl;qef;aompdwfobm0wrsKd;qufcH &&SdykH&\/ uREkfyf\
tdyfrufrsm;rSm ]]xef;oD;a<ucdkuf usD;eif;cdkuf}}[l rqdkEdkifavmufatmif
xl;qef;vSaomaMumifh A[kokwtvdkUiSm azmfjy&ygOD; rnf/ uREkfyfonf
e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwkduf twGif;a&;rSL; vkyfvsuf&SdpOf jrif;yGJ0goem
ygaom udkxGef;oef;onf e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmt,f'Dwmvkyfvsuf&Sd\/
xkdESpfu &efukefjrif;yGJrsm;wGif ]][dkw,fvdkufaZ;wm;}}ac: vQyfppf"mwftm;
jzifh *Pef;rsm;ay:xGufonfh pufud&d,mpwiftokH;jyKonf qdkaomaMumifh
uREkfyfonf if;pufud&d,mudkjrifvdkonfESifh udkxGef;oef;ESifhtwl jrif;yGJodkU
vkdufoGm;\/ okdUaomf txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; oabmaygufxm;
onf

jzpfaomaMumifh

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Munfh&kHrQom

MunfhNyD;jyefvmcJU avonf/ aemufwaeUeHeuf tdyf&mrSxaomtcg (Daisy)

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a&mufaomtcg udkxGef;oef;tm; ]a'pD}[laomjrif;trnf &Sdygoavm[k
ar;Munfh&m &Sdonf[k ajym\/ okdUaomf aemufwywfwGif ajy;rnf?
rajy;rnf rodEdkifao;? Ak'[l;aeUrS od&rnf[k ajym\/ Ak'[l;aeUwdkifa&muf
jrif;yGJ[if'Duwf xGufvmaomtcg ]a'pD}ygonf[kajym udkxGef;oef;u
taMumif;udkar;ojzifh uREkfyfutdyfruftaMumif;udk ajymjy\/ udkxGef;oef;
onf jrif;[if'Duwfudk wGufMunfhNyD;aemuf ]a'pD}rSm ]cJ}jzifh rEdkifEdkif[k
ajymaomfvnf;

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501

rEdkifEdkifyg[k ajym vufOD;yGJrsm;rS jrif;rsm;udkxkd;cdkif;\/ a'pD\yGJrSm

aemufqkH;yGJjzpfaeavonf/ uREkfyfonf ukdxGef;oef;\jzm;a,mif;jcif;rsm;udk
em;raxmifyJ (vufrSwftwGuf 5usyfay;NyD;aemuf) usefaomaiG 20d
udkuspfuspfygatmif
waumifrS

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vdkuf&\/

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xdkUaMumifhuREkfyfonf (jrif;q,fyJGajy;rnfhteuf) usefaom jrif;okH;yJGudk
udkxGef;oef;ESifh vGwfatmifa&SmifaeNyD; aemufqkH; 10 yGJwGifrS a'pDtwGuf
0if; ig;usyf? yav; ig;usyf xkd;vdkuf\/ yef;vTwfawmhonf/ okdUaomf
51usyfrQ avsmfaomaMumifh xdkaeUu a'pD\avsmfaMu;rSm tjcm;yJGrsm;rS
]0if;}xufyif ydkao;onf[kajymMuonf/ ]0if;}rwdkufaomfvnf; avsmfaMu;
trsm;qkH;aom jrif;udka&G;NyD; tdyfruf&onf[k ajymp&m&Sdaeavonf/
'kwd,tdyfruf
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]vm&D}[laom

(Larry)

t*FvdyfpmvkH;BuD; bvufbkwf a&;xm;jcif;udk tdyfrufxJ

jrifvdkuf&onf[k

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ajy;rnfhtaMumif;? okdUaomf ]cJ}av;vGef;aomaMumifh Edkifvdrfhrnf rxif
aMumif;ajym\/ (udkxGef;oef;um; uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom vlrsm;teufwGif
,kHcJqkH;aom vlwa,mufjzpf\/) uREkfyfrlum; olajymcsif&m ajymap?

502

]vm&D}udk avmif;rnf[k oEdXmefcsxm;NyD;jzpf\/ jrif;yGJum; okH;&ufvdk

ao;\/ uREkfyfonf xdkpOfu NAdwdoQbm;rm; r*Zif;twGuf pkHaxmuf
armifpH&Sm; 0wKwyk'f 50d EIef;ESifhvwdkif; a&;vsuf&Sd\/ okdUjzpf uRekfyf
onf 0wKwyk'fa&; r*Zif;wkdufodkU oGm;NyD;vQif paeaeUrS aiG50d
vm,lrnfqdkum

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refae*sm udkqdkifu aiG 50d r&SdaMumif;? 25usyfom &SdaMumif;ajym

pdwfysufpGmESifh if;udk,lcJU&av\/
xdkUaemuf udkxGef;oef;ESifhtwl xGufvmMu&m udkxGef;oef;onf
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wavQmufvkH;

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udk (emrnfudkawmh uREkfyfarhoGm;NyD/) avmif;&aom avsmfaiGjzifhvm&Dudk
avmif;EdkifaMumif; ajym\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; avmb0ifvmNyDjzpf aiG50d
ygcJUzdkU pDpOfxm;NyD;rS 25d usyfom ygvmonfESifh rausrcsrf; jzpfaeaom
aMumifh olUpum;udk em;0ifoGm;\/ wGifaiG10davmif;vdkuf&m ygoGm;
avonf/ olUrSmvnf;ajymifavNyD/ &IH;aom vlrsm;onf 0rf;[mwwf
Edkifaomvlrsm;rSm

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wem&DcGJcefU

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ojzifh &Spfusyfom usefawmh ]vm&D}\yGJwdkif a&mufonfESifh aoG;Nidrfpdrfh

503

aomiSm t&ufwcGufpD oGm;aomufvkdufMuonf/ ]vm&D}udk ]yufa'gh}okdU

xkwfvmaomtcg tvGefqkd;ykH&aom jrif;eufBuD;jzpf BudK;ESpfacsmif;ESifh
qdkufukvm;ESpfa,muf
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a&SUqkH;rS 0ifoGm;avonf/ avsmfaiGum; vufrSwfwapmiftwGuf 151
usyf&avonf/
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av;aumif*sif qdkaomfvnf; av;uGufwnf; r[kwfyJ tuGufaygif; 20
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504

jrif&aom *Pef;rsm;rSm (14-8-6)wdkUjzpfav\/ tdyf&mrSEdk; *Pef;

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ruao;?

xdkpOfurl ]]okH;aumifpGyf}}ay:vsuf&Sdjcif;udkvnf;

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wBudrfrl

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vkyfEdkifawmhrnf[k
okH;aumifpGyf

rdrdwa,mufwnf;

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531

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532

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534

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535

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536

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537

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538

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539

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540

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541

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542

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543

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544

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545

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546

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547

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548

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549

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550

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551

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552

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553

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554

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555

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556

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567

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568

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569

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570

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571

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572

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573

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574

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575

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ajym,l&ygonf/ yDrdk;eif;onf if;&yfuGuftodtuRrf; aygrsm;oljzpf
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0g;udktjym;vkdufxkxm;onfh w&kwfzsmay: ae&m,lMu\/ acgif;tkH;rsm;rSm
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tawmfuav; ]zdef;}vmaomtcg udkodef;azu ]tzdef;}ajyatmif bD,m
aomufcsifonfqdk bD,mokH;ykvif; 0,fcdkif;\/ pm;p&mtzkdUrl *Pef;
aygif;rsm;rSmvdkuf\/ tvSnfhusolu &SLvsuf&SdpOf usefESpfa,mufwdkUu
bD,maomuf,if; *Pef;vufrrsm;udk zJU,lpkwf&onfrSm Zdrfwckjzpf\/
bD,mu],pf}

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jzpfaom uREkfyfu ukwfuif; (rufxkyf) okH;xkyf 0,f,lvkduf\/ (ukwfuif;
rSm bdef;cef;yif a&mif;onf/) udkodef;aztzdkUrSm ]ukwfuif;}onf txl;
tqef;jzpf tvGef&Tifysvmjcif;tm;jzifh ol\auseyfjcif;udk azmfjyonf/
ukwfuif;yGwfMupOf

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apmihfMunfhum tuJcwfvsuf&SdMu&m bdef;\zdef;jcif;? bD,m\,pfjcif;

wkdUaMumifh tawmftwefrQavmufom pum;ajymao;aom udkodef;azonf
ukwfuif; xkyf0ufcefU0ifoGm;aomtcgum; uREkfyfwkdUtxJwGif pum;
trsm;qkH;

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pum;rsm;

csifMuyg\/ okdUaomf udkodef;az\ trlt&m ajymif;vJjcif;udk odvdkMu

onfESifh owdxm; xdef;xm;Mujcif;jzpfavonf/

576

uREkfyf\ owdaumif;jcif;wcsuf
]]b,frSmvJAsm? cifAsm;wkdUukwfuif;u bmrSvJ rjzpfygyJvm;As}}[k
udkodef;azu ajymvkduf&muREkfyfwkdUu &,fvkdufMu\/ ]]bm&,fMuwmvJAs}}
[k olujyefar;&m yDrdk;eif;u ]]cifAsm;udkuRefawmfawGU&uwnf;u 'Davmuf
pum;ajymwm wcgrS rawGU&bl;bl;}}[k ajymvdkufonfwGifrS olU[mol
&yfwefUpOf;pm;NyD; ]][kwfw,fAsKdU}}[kqdkum &,farmavonf/ udkodef;azum;
vlqef;wa,mufjzpf\/ pum;enf;ol wa,mufum;r[kwf/ vloGuf
wa,mufyifjzpf\/ okdU&mwGift&ufaomufMuaom tcgrsm; tjcm;vlrsm;
onf tl&Tifonfhtavsmuf pum;rsm;vmwwfMuay&m udkodef;azrlum;
b,frQavmuf aomufonfjzpfap? e*dktwdkif; rSefrSefom ajymwwfol
wa,mufjzpfavonf/ okdUjzpf yDrkd;eif;u pum;rsm;onf[k ajymvkduf
aomtcg csufcsif;em;vnf &,farmum 0efcHavonf/
udkodef;az uREkfyfoabmusaom tcsuftvufrsm;teuf 0efcH
vG,faom

tcsufonf

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wvif;&Sdatmif wrifwum pDrHxm;aom tcef;uav;xJ (t&SLorm;
rsm;onf xdefxdefvif;aom tvif;a&mifrsKd;udk rBudKuff) bD,m\,pfjcif;?
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wnf;[laom

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owd&rdygonf/ xdkuJUodkU owd&onfh tcgwdkif;vnf; ]igonf ,cktcsdef

577

tvGefaysmfvsuf&Sdonf? waeUaomf taysmfrsKd;udkpGefUvTwf vGwfajrmuf

a&;twGuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&OD;rnfh wm0efBuD; &Sdacsao;onfwum;}
[laom pdwftBuHonf jzpfay:vmwwfonfcsnf;jzpf ygonf/ tjcm;aom
tcsdefrsm; arhcsifarhrnf/ taysmfMuL;aom tcsdefrsm;rl um; owd&NrJ
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aysmfawmfqufMujyefjcif;
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rQESifh

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nufnufyg atmif0g;apNyD;rS EdkUwcGufpD aomufcsap\/
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578

]]'Denf;awmh rprf;bl;bl;? Muufom;eJUawmh csufpm;bl;w,f}}

yDrkd;eif;u qufvuf]]auseyfNyDvm; udkodef;az}}
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bl;}}
pum;rSm wu,fajymjcif;jzpf\/ aysmfrIESifh ywfouf wu,f
avmbBuD;aom
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ol\0goemtwkdif;

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tcef;wcef;odkU 0ifoGm;Mu&m aya&npfywfaom Murf;jyifay:wGif tvGef
aya&npfywfaom
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um; &kwfw&ufwefUoGm;jcif;udk jrifvkduf&onf/ odkU&mwGif udkodef;az
taMumif;udk uREkfyfod&oavmufrSm aysmfrItwGufqdkvQif Muufacs;eHUudk
rqdkxm;bd? vlUacs;wGif;xJokdUvnf; uREkfyfwdkUqif;vQif vkdufqif;rnfhol
jzpfavonf/ yxr udkodef;azonf vufudkify0gudkxkwf ESmacgif;odkU
ydwfqdkUrnfjyKNyD;rS

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579

udk,fum,rSonf npfywfaya&aom Murf;jyifrS waiGUaiGUwvlvl jyefvGifh

vsuf&Sdjcif;jzpfaom aMumifh tawmftwefvlrsm; rcHr&yfEdkifatmif &Sdawmh
onf/ uREkfyfudk,fwkdif rSmvnf; yxrtBudrfyDrkd;eif;ESifh a&mufbl;pOfu
avSum;rS jyefqif;ajy;cJU& bl;onf/ t&mrsKd;wGifudkodef;azonf uREkfyf
xuf tonf;aumif;ygonf/ xkdUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyftm; ]aumhyg;zD;vf}[k
ac:jcif;jzpfavonf/
avmbBuD;aom udkodef;az
tcef;\waxmifh riftkd;jzifhxnfhaom a&MunfAl;uav;ESifh pD;u
&uf oHAl;jym;uav;udka&SUwGifcsxm;um 0dkif;xkdifaeMuaom vlokH;av;
a,muf&Sd&modkUuRekyfwdkU vlokH;a,muf oGm;xkdifMu\/ riftkd;jzifhxnfhaom
a&MunfrSm a&udkcsuf acR;xkwf,lxm;onfh ]a&Munf} (Distilled Water)
jzpfav&m pD;u&uf oHAl;jym;uav;xJum; rmzD;,m;xkyfuav;rsm;ESifh
ukwfuif;xkyf

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udkodef;azonf aumif;aumif;rodom ao;[kqdkum xyfxkd;csif ao;aomf

580

vnf; uREkfyfwkdUu apmifhMunfhygOD; qkdum awmif;yefxm;Mu&avonf/

(rmzD;,m;udk ukwfuif;ESifh a&mpyfxkd; &jcif;rSm ukwfuif; ]Zdrf}twGuf
r[kwf? aq;xkd;aomtcg remap&ef jzpfavonf/ ukwfuif;a&mpyf
xkd;aomtcg vkH;0emusifjcif; r&SdyJ ,m;usdusdrQom &Sdavonf/)
uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufvkH;

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oufoufjzpf tawmf]xd}vsuf&SdayaomaMumifhwnf;/ udpNyD;xrnfjyK
Muaomtcg udkodef;az rxEdkifawmhacs/ xrnfvkyfNyD;rS jyefxkdifoGm;
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ukvm;wa,mufu aqmif;xm;aom OD;xkyfudkcRwf udkodef;az\ rsufESm
udkzkH;ay;vdkuf&m ig;rdepfcefUMumaomtcg vla umif;yuwdjzpf Munfvif
pGm&SdvmavNyD/
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jznfhcJUyg&apOD;[k

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yJAsKdU}} [l atmcsaom trlt&mESifh uREkfyftm; ajymavonf/ (xdkpOfurl
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&Sdaumif;rS &Sdawmhrnfxifonf/)

581

yDrdk;eif;\ wkdufcef;
uREkfyfwdkUonf rmzD,m;cef;rSqif;vmMuaomtcg vefcsm;ESpfpD;ac:
udkodef;azESifh yDrdk;eif;uwpD;? uREkfyfESifh bJuifu wpD;jyefvmMu\/
u&dvrf;axmifh&Sdaom yDrdk;eif;\wdkufcef;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg vufzuf
&nfqdkifwqdkifonf eHeufcif;a&mif;&eftwGuf eHjym;rsm; zkwfvsuf&SdavNyD/
uREkfyfwkdUonf eHjym;ajcmufck0,f yDrdk;eif;\ wdkufcef;odkU wufvmMuNyD;
yDrdk;eif;uawmfESifh om;uav;rsm;udk EId;bJuifudk twkH;twpfjzpfatmif
ckwfpif;ap\/
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ajym&m yDrdk;eif;ESifh uREkfyfwkdUu &,fMu&ao;onf/ taMumif;rlum;
bJuif\xl;jcm;csufaMumifhr[kwf? aq;ajcmuf\owdjzpfjcif;udk uREkfyfwdkU
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bJuifwaumifudk
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wvSnfhpDajymMuavawmhonf/

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tlwufrwwf &,frdwwfaom) aq;ajcmufowdaMumifhajymol uvnf;

582

tajymaumif;?

&,folrsm;uvnf;

toifhjyifqifxm;NyD;&um;
wcpfcpf

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wnwnf;

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twlaysmfMujcif;rSm xdknonf yxrqkH;ESifhaemufqkH;njzpfav&m udkodef;az
jyefoGm;onfh aemufwGifvnf; vlESpfa,mufwkdUonf wa,muftaMumif;
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583

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ig;usyfqdkaomaiGrSm
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trJajcmufaMumf tNrD;rsm;jzifh okH;a,mufom; aomufpm;Mujcif;rSmvnf;

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611

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612

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613

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614

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615

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616

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617

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618

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619

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656

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658

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659

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660

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661

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662

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663

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664

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665

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666

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667

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668

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669

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670

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671

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683

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684

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685

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686

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687

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688

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689

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690

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691

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692

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693

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694

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695

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696

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697

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698

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699

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700

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Muygrvm;}}
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tm;i,fMuonf/ rNyKH;MuygESifh/ uREkfyfum; ol&Jaumif;BuD;wa,mufr[kwf

701

aomfvnf;

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wem&DcefUMumaomtcg udkcifarmifjyefvm vufwGiftxkyfwxkyf
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tcg acgufqJGxkyf okH;xkyfawGU& ykvif;rSmum; awmt&ufygonf/
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uREkfyf\pdwfxJ rpdk;\aomuudkjrifojzifh oem;NyD; olygaomufvQif
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avmufatmif rdkufrJvSonfum; r[kwfyg/
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rSefygonf/ okdU&mwGif tjcm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/
ppfESifhywfouf uREkfyf\wGufudef;um; *syefu t*Fvdyfudk EdkifvdrfhrnfrSm

702

aocsmonf/ okdU&mwGif *syefonf &efukefrSp wdkufvmNyD; wjznf;jznf;

tnmodkU wufvm rEav;avmuf a&mufonfqdkvQif t*Fvdyfppfwyf
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wdkfufaezkdUrvkd? uomNrdKUonf ppfajrjyif jzpfEdkifp&mr&Sd[k uREkfyfwGufudef;
&onf/

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udkcifarmif\ tBuHay;csuftwdkif; olUtm; avSum;&if;wGif 0Sufxm;cJUNyD;

703

uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;onf

ypnf;uav;rsm;ESifh tdrfay:odkU

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rsufpdrIHaom vlwa,mufjzpf&m cPwmrQ awGMunfhvsuf aeNyD;aemuf
jAKwfueJ xoGm; udkcifarmif\yckH;udk vIyf,rf;avonf/ udkodef;azum;
udkcifarmif arQmfvifhonfhtwdkif; udk,fxifjyonf/ rxif? csufcsif;yif
trSeftwdkif; &dyfrdavonf/ uREkfyfu-

704

]]wapacsmufw,fvdkU rxifbl;vm;Asm}}
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udk,hftjzpfudk MunfEl;jcif;
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vsuf &SdavNyD/ uREkfyfwdkUonf aqmif;rD;zdkteD;wGif0dkif;zJGUum xdkifMuvsuf
aumfzDaomufum rkefUpm;umjzifh &efukefNrdKU\tjzpftysufudk tm;&yg;&
ajymoluajym em;axmifolrsm;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifMuav
onf/ vGefNyD;aom tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk t*FvdyfvdkwvSnfh? jrefrmvdkwvSnfh
jzifh jyefajym&aom tvkyfrsKd;wGif udkcifarmifuJUokdU tajymaumif;aom
vlwa,mufudk uREkfyf rawGU&bl;aMumif; xkwfazmfa&;om;bl;NyDjzpf&m
xdknOfh rpdk;ESifh uREkfyfrSm &HzefrQom ajymcGifh&Mu olwa,mufwnf;
pma[mq&majymenf;rsKd;jzifh wyg;oGm;MuJygavawmhonf/
ukvm;oif;csKdif;wck tavmif;awG pkNyKHxm;onfhtxJrS udk,f0ef
t&ifhtrmESifh ukvm;rBuD;wa,muf\ tavmif;onf aygifaxmif um;,m;
ESifh &Iraumif; jrifraumif; jzpfaeykHudkrsufpdxJ uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrif
vmatmif ajymjy&mwGif udk,fwdkifjrifcJU&aom uREkfyfomru a':zl;ndKESifh
rpdk;wkdUyg atmhESvkH;emMuonfESifh ]ysKdU}wufvm Muygawmhonf/ tvGef
o&kyfygatmifajymwwfaom vlwa,mufygaywnf;/ odkUjzifh oef;acgif
ausmfwdkifatmif

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0dkif;&Hvsufwa,muf\wifyg;udk wa,mufacgif;tkH;um vufzuf&nfMurf;
wu&m;ESifh rdk;vif;wdkifpum; aumif;Muygawmhonf/ vlokH;a,muf

705

teufu oli,fcsif;wa,mufxH okdU vkdufydkUolwkdUESpfa,muf\ tv,f

wGif vJavsmif;um rdk;vif;onfhwdkifatmif pum;vufqkH0ifMu&jcif;wnf;
[laom uRekfyf\tawGUtBuKHrsKd; BuKHawGU&olwkdUonf avmuwGif rsm;rsm;
BuD;&Sdvdfrfhrnfrxifay/ tjcm;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;udkxm;ygOD;? uREkfyfuJUokdU
t[kwfwu,f cifrif&if;ESD;aom oli,fcsif; av;ig;a,muf&SdcJUbl;olyif
cyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sd ]]a[;vm; 0g;vm;}} ESifh NyD;Muonfh rdwfaqGrsm;om aygrsm;
Muavonf/
vif;tm;BuD;tcsdefwGif udkodef;azu]]OD;cspfpkBuD; wa,mufawmh r&Sd&Smawmhbl;AsKdU}}
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udkodef;az\ apwem
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a[mif;udk aomufyGJuav;jzifh EIwfqufzdkU owd&Muaomfvnf; aiGa&;
aMu;a&; r[efojzifh rodcsifjyKaeMu\/ aemufwaeUrSm ESpfopful;

706

aeUjzpfaomfvnf; tvm;wl taMumif;aMumifh tdrfwGifukyf aeMu\/

Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufaeUonfum; udkodef;az\yifpifvc xkwf&rnfhaeU
jzpfav&m udkodef;azonf uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muftm; &kH;okdUvdkufcJUMu&ef ac:
ojzifh okH;a,mufom; twloGm;Mu\/ vcxkwfNyD; aomtcg uREkfyfwdkU
onf w&kwfacgufqJGqdkifwckokdU 0ifMuav\/ acgifa&ESifh pm;p&mrsm;
auR;arG;jcif;udk pmzGJUvdkaomaMumifhr[kwf? udkodef;az\0wfjyKjcif;ESifh ywf
ouf uREkfyftvGefauseyfaom tcsufwckudk azmfjyvdkaomaMumifhjzpf\/
udkodef;azonf 50 0ifpD;u&ufAl; wAl;udk0,fazmufNyD;aemuf uREkfyfwkdU
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udkodef;az ajymonfrSm]]'D pD;u&ufrsKd;ay:wm b,favmufMumNyDvJ rodbl;? OD;cspfpku
wnfvdkU usKyfaomuf&bl;w,f? odyfBudKufwmyJ? EdkUayr,fh aps;BuD;vdkU
0,fraomufEdkifbl;? 'Dwcgawmh cifAsm;wkdU vmwkef;rdkU b,favmufay;&
ay;&qdkNyD; 0,fvdkufwmyJ}}[k ajymav&m ola omufcsifvsufESifh r0,fyJ
uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf0,fonf[laom pum;onf uREkfyf\pdwfudk tawmfBuD;
xdcdkufvSonf/ udkodef;azum; ESajrmwwfolr[kwf? okH;&uf jzKef;&ufol
wa,muf jzpfav&m ol\yifpifvcuav;jzifh wdkif;wkdif;xGmxGm okH;&&Sm
onfwGif uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf wcgw&H wwfEdkifoavmuf BuJ&Snfonf[laom
t"dym,fyif jzpfavonf/
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onf/ acgifa&awmfawmf rl;vwfaomf udkodef;azonf tvkyfrsKd;wGif

707

avmbBuD;wwfonfhtwdkif; cyfrl;rl;ESifh o'gvGef pm;p&m aomufp&mrsm;

udk rukefEdkif rcef;EDkif qufvufrSm,lav&m uREkfyfux olUtdwfxJrS
yifpifvcudkEdIuf,l rQom okH;&rnfqdkum z,fxm;NyD; tusefudk uRekfyf
\tdwfxJodkU xnfhxm;vdkufygonf/ xdkaeUu uREkfyfwkdU okH;a,muf
teufwGif uREkfyfonfwrifwum tenf;qkH;aomufol jzpfygonf/ tb,fh
aMumifhqdkaomf uRekfyfonf r@dKifozG,fjzpf uREkfyfrSm;vQif tm;vkH;rSm;
ukefMurnf jzpfygaomaMumifhwnf;/
&efukefokdUjyefjcif;
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yifpifvcrSmvnf;

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a0pm;ygrnf[k ajymMuaomfvnf; aiGtaMumif;udkodaom uREkfyfonf jyefrS
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rD;aoG;rD;zdkuav;wckESifh rD;aoG; ESpfjynfcefU aqmif,lum rD;vIHMu&av
onf/ xdkacwftcgu c&D;oGm;&jcif;rSm tvGefpdwfrcs&yJ &ifwaEG;aEG;&SdMu
&aomfvnf; tvGefcsrf;at;aom ebm;blwm&kHrSp rD;usD;awG&J&JeDaom

708

rD;zdkuav;teD; xdkifumvdkuf&jcif;wnf;[laomZdrfudk ,aeUwdkif rarhEdkif

atmif &Sdygawmhonf/ 0ufvufblwmodkU a&mufaomtcgzcifudk owd&
refusnf;wkH&Gmuav;okdU arQmfMunfh&kHom MunfcJUEdkif\/ todrawGUojzifh
ar;jref;jcif;? rSmxm;jcif;rjyKEdkifcJUay/ xdknOfh uREkfyfwdkUonf rEav;blwm
BuD;yif tdyfMu&\/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyf\pdwfxJ ,ciftBudrfuESifhrwlyJ
jcm;em;jcif;wck&SdonfrSmum;wacgufrl rdef;rom;jzpfaomrpdk;wa,muf
rygonfhtwGuf tvGefwm0efaygh\/ uREkfyfwkdUa,mufsm;ESpfa,mufcsnf;
jzpfaomaMumifh BuKHcsif&mBuKHMu&ap? ayghyg;pGm wdrf;a&SmifEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k
,kHMuonf/
vufrSwftcuftcJ
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tcg Adkvfujym; vufrSwfppfwa,muf wufvm\/ uREkfyfwkdU vufrSwf
r&Sdacs/ uREkfyfwkdU\ txifum; tpdk;&edAmeful;wdkUydkUvsufyif &Sdao;onf
xif\/ uomrSrEav;odkUwdkifatmif vufrSwfppfjcif;r&SdaomaMumifh om
yif xifrd\/ okdUjzpf vufrSwfppfwufvmaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUtHUMovsuf
&Sd\/ vufrSwfppfuar;aomtcg vufrSwfrygaMumif; ajymifajymif&J&Jyif
ajymvkdufMu\/ ae&m uREkfyfwkdU\b@ma&;tajctaeudkyg azmfjy&yg
OD;rnf/ udkcifarmif ydkufqHyg[efr&Sd/ uREkfyf aiG10usyfygcJU&m vrf;wGif
xrif;[if; av;eyftwGufom&nf&G,f vufrSwfcHzdkU vkH;0pdwful;rxnfh
cJUacs/ wGifudkcifarmifu &efukefblwmrS ukvm;vufrSwfppfrsm;enf;wl
ES,fxdkES,f ajymygao;\/ rpGHacs/ rQomru vufrSwfppfonf uREkfyf
wkdUESpfa,mufESifh olwa,mufwnf; jzpfaejcif;udk vefUonfvuPmESifh

709

tjcm;ujym; vufrSwfppfwa,mufudk vSrf;ac:vdkuf\/ tawmtwGif;

uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif csnfwkHcswkHjzpfvsuf rqkH;jzwfEdkifyJ&Sdaeaom tjcif;t&m
wckudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/
'kwd,a&mufvmaom ujym;vufrSwfppfudk uREkfyfaumif;aumif;od
\/ oluvnf;aumif;aumif;odbl;\/ okdUaomf rodcsifjyK aejcif;avm?
wu,f rrSwfrdavm rajymwwfacs/ odykHum; odkUwnf;? vGefcJUaom
15 ESpfcefUavmufu v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;&kH; tvkyfvkyfcJUpOf '&uf*Geftrnf
&Sd pma&;wa,muf&Sd&m olESifhuREkfyf awmfawmfcifrifMu\/ rw&me,f
qnfBuD;bufodkU iSufypfoGm;MupOfu '&uf*Gef\ a,mufzrsm;vnf;yg
aMumif; a&;om;cJUbl;&m ,ckvufrSwfppfrSm '&uf*Gef\a,mufzwa,muf
jzpf xkdpOfuwnf;u vufrSwfppfjzpfonf[k uREkfyfodonf/ olwkdUvlpk
onf uREkfyf\jcifaxmifxJodkU OD;acgif;rsm;xdk;oGif; tdyfMujcif;aMumifh
uREkfyf iSufzsm;&cJUjcif;udkvnf; azmfjycJUbl;avNyD/ uREkfyfrSm ,cktcg
tusyftwnf;usae oluu,frnfqdkvQif u,fEdkifavmufaom tajc
tae&Sd\/ odkUqdkvQif xdkoltm; a&S;a[mif;tjzpfudk jyefajym rdwfquf
&rnfavm[k uREkfyfpOf;pm;\/ uREkfyfod&oavmufrSm ujym;rsm;onf
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rodcsifjyKaevQif uREkfyfaovkrwwf &Suf&ayawmhrnf/ odkUjzpf jzpfcsif&m
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[kvdrfajym&\/oGm;rnfhc&D;rSm &efukefjzpfjcif;udkvnf;ajym&\/aemufqkH;

710

 blwmrS vufrSwf,lMu&efajym&m uREkfyfwkdUu tcrJUydkUonf qdkaom

aMumifh pD;cJUMujcif;jzpf ydkufqHrygaMumif; ajym&onf/ wGifvufrSwf
ppfESpfa,muf wdkifyif uREkfyfwkdUtm; &efukefxdatmif ]tapmifhta&Smuf}
ESifhac:cJUzdkU qkH;jzwfMuav\/ ]tapmifhta&Smuf}qdkonf rSm tjcm;r[kwf
uREkfyfwdkUteD; vufrSwfppf wa,mufa,mufxdkifvdkufNyD; tvSnfhESifh
apmifhMujcif;jzpf\/ vufrSwfppfrsm;onf olwkdU\e,fqkH;aomtcg aemuf
a&mufvmaom vufrSwfppfrsm;tm; uREkfyfwkdUudkvTJtyfxm; cJU\/ okdU&m
wGif aemufvlrsm;onf yxrvlrsm;uJUodkU uREkfyfwkdUtay: txifao;
[efr&SdyJ ]]cifAsm;wkdUudk ,kHMunfygw,f}}qdkum uyfrvkdufyJ vGwfvyfpGm
xm;ygayonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf rD;&xm;ay:rS qif;ae&pfjcif; tm;jzifh
wdrf;a&SmifzkdU pdwful;rdygao;\/ odkUaomf ydkufqHrygaom uREkfyfwkdU tzdkU
rD;&xm;ay:rS qif;ae&pfNyD; rnfonfhtcsdefrS aemuf&xm;a&mufvm rnfudk
rajymEdkifaomaMumifh taMumif;rxl;[kqdkum xdkifNrJwdkif;xdkifvdkuf vmMu
\/ &efukefblwmBuD;odkU rD;&xm;qdkufaomtcg n9 em&D cGJNyD;aeav NyD/
vufrSwfppfwa,mufonf uREkfyfwdkUtm; &kHydkifxHodkUac:oGm;&m uREkfyfwkdU
uvnf; trSeftwkdif;ajymjy\/ ckd;pD;jcif;r[kwf tpdk;&u tvum;ydkUay;
onfxifaomaMumifh pD;cJUjcif;jzpfaMumif;? ydkufqHrygjcif;vnf; trSefjzpf
aMumif;? uREkfyfaeaomvlrsm;jzpf &efukefodkU jyefvmjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajym
jy\/ aemufqkH; &kHydkifu uREkfyfwkdU\tvkyftudkifudkar;&m uREkfyfu
ol&d,t,f'DwmjzpfaMumif; ajymjyonfESifh urm&Gwfbuf&SDaom wdkuftkyf
OD;buav;xH w,fvDzkef;qufar;\/ xkdUaemuf OD;buav;ESifh uREkfyf
pum;ajymap uREkfyfutjzpftysufudk trSeftwdkif;ajymjy\/ wGif
OD;buav;u uREkfyfwkdUtwGufwm0ef,laMumif;ajym eufjzefwGif ol&d,
wdkufodkU vlvTwfNyD; vufrSwfcawmif;ygvQif ay;ygrnf[k ajymavonf/

711

aemufqkH; &kHydkifonf OD;buav;\tmrcHcsufjzihf uREkfyfwkdUtm; vTwfrnf

jyK&m uREkfyfu]]vufrSwftwGufb,favmufusovJ &kHydkifBuD;}}
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usyfusw,f}}
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uRefawmfwdkUroGm;bl;}}
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jcif;udk awGU&onfhvuPmESifh cJwHjzifh pm;yGJudkacgufum pOf;pm;vsuf&Sd\/
wGifuREkfyfu]]vlawG 'kujzpfae&wJUtxJrSm &dk;&dk;om;om;rSm;wJUtay:u cifAsm;
wkdUu 'Pf&dkufNyD; tjrwfxkyfvkdU awmfEdkifygrvm;As}}
uREkfyf\pum;onf &kHydkiftm; tawmfxdoGm;[ef&Sd\/
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uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufonf ausmufajrmif;&yf oDwmvrf;&Sdaom uREkfyf
\aetdrfokdUoGm;&ef jzpfaomfvnf; ajzmifhajzmifhroGm;ao;yJ w&kwfwef;
bufodkUoGm;

useforQydkufqHuav;rsm;jzifh

712

ujrif;Muavao;onf/

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ydkufqHrsm;rsm;BuD;ygrS

aysmfEdkifonfr[kwf?

vlwa,muf

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av,mOfysHtcsufay;OMorsm; aESmifh,SufrIaMumifh ajzmifhajzmifh raysmfMu&
ojzifh ZdrfysufvSygbdonf/
oGufcsmyg'orm;
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tvGefzifayghaom udkcifarmifonf csufjyKwfp&m om;ig;rsm; &atmif&Sm
rD;zdkacsmifodkU0if&Smayonf/vlrSm(olUtdrfwGifvnf; oludk,fwdkif]tdk;olBuD;}
vkyfaeusjzpf olUtzdkU 0efrav;vSacs/) xrif;pm;aomufNyD;Mu aomtcg
uREkfyfonftvkyfwdkufokdUoGm; udkcifarmifu npmtwGufESifhwuG tdrfrI
udpt00udk aqmif&Guf,if; tdrfae&pf\/ ol&d,onf urm&GwfteD;
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aeUpOf rSefrSefxGufvsuf&Sd\/ tvkyfXmeodkU uREkfyfa&mufoGm; rMumrDyif
rD;&xm;bufrS rif;apwa,muf a&mufvmojzifh aiG 16usyf ay;vdkuf&\/
uREkfyf\'DZifbmvtwGuf vcrSm ,ckrSxkwf&aomaMumifh OD;buav;tm;
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tzdkU&m topftqef;r[kwfaomaMumifh txdwfwvefUrjzpfyJ wufoGm;&m
tdyf&may: vl;vSdrfhvsuf&Sdaom udkcifarmifudkawGU&\/ udkcifarmifrSm
oGufcsmyg'a&m*gpGJuyfolwa,mufjzpf&m

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awmfawmfMumvQif tvdkav;? tr,fav;ESifh atmf[pf nnf;wGm;&ol

713

wa,muf jzpfavonf/ ,if;okdUjzpfonfhtcg ESdyfvnf;r&? ol\tom;

udkvnf; txdrcHEdkifyJ usifwufonfqdk\/ tpm;rSm;vQif odkUjzpfwwf
onfqdk&m roifhaomtpmudk olodaomfvnf; raeEdkifaomaMumifh pm;rd
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tBudrfaygif;rSm w&mvnf;urnfrxif? okdUESifhvnf; pm;NrJwdkif;pm; cHNrJ
wdkif;cH&&Smonf/ eHeuf rkefU[if;cg;ESifh vdyfO pm;cJUrdonf[k ajymyg
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aMumifhqJGjcif;jzpfonf[k
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a&m*gxvsuf&SdpOf tcsufay;OMo rIwf&kHomru wu,fyif *syefav,mOfysH
rsm;\ toHrsm;udkMum;&\/ rsm;rMumrD av,mOfysHrsm;rS AkH;rsm;BuJcs
ajrjyifrS av,mOfysHypf tajrmufoHrsm;vnf; qlnHvsuf&SdavNyD/ uREkfyf
onf udkcifarmifteD; xdkifvsuf&Sd&m udkcifarmifu olUrSm umuG,fa&;

714

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a&;usif;xJodkUqif;&ef ajym&Smavonf/ uREkfyfonf ao;i,faom udkcif
armif\udk,fuav;udkayGU

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rSm t&Sifvwfvwfusefae&pf [D;csEdkifMuygawmhonf/
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715

urm&GwfodkUoGm;&\/

okdUjzifh

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vkdufvm olUtpfudktm; oabFmay:odkUwifay;um [oFmwodkU ydkUvdkuf
&Smayonf/ udkcifarmifudkMunhf&onfrSm a&m*gtwGuf 0rf;enf;jcif;xuf
rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; ESpfa,mufom; twlwuG raevdkuf&jcif;twGuf
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cspfcifMuykHudk em;rvnfaomfvnf; uREkfyf tpfudk&SdcJUvQif udkcifarmif
xufydkNyD; cspfcifwwfvdrfhrnf rxifyg/
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vc&rnfjzpf\/ okdUESifhvnf; w&ufrqdkxm;bd wem&DrQyif &efukef
aecsifpdwfr&Sdawmhacs/ odkUjzpf tjzpftysufESifh uREkfyf\pdwftajctaeudk
OD;buav;xHodkU pma&; pmwdkufxnfhcJUNyD;vQif uomodkU jyefajy;vm
cJUygawmhonf/
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\ &efukefudk,fawGUudkajymjyav&m tvGeftHUMoMuonf/ udkodef;azurl

716

]]cifAsm;wkdUawmfawmfqwfaqmhMuwJU vlESpfa,mufyJ? AkH;awGMum;xJoGm;NyD;

tvkyfvkyfpm;&r,fqdkvQif 'DrSmyJ jzpfwwfovdk pm;aeMua&mayghAsm}}[k
ajym\/ udkcifarmifESifh uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muf\pdwful;rSm (trSeftwdkif;
0efcH&vQif) 0rf;a&;twGufaMumifhcsnf;r[kwf? &efukefNrdKUBuD;wGif *sydk;b0
ESifh awGU&mpm;? awGU&mtdyf xifovdk aeprf;csifaom tmoDoESifh qif;oGm;
Mujcif;jzpfav&m tu,f udkcifarmifom usef;rmcJUvQif if;pdwful;
twdkif; aeMu tb,fae&m? b,faeUwGif AkH;xd aoMurnfavm rajym
wwfay/ uREkfyftzdkU&mum; aovQifvnf;0rf;renf;? oli,fcsif;wa,muf
ESifh vkyfcsif&mvkyf&vQifvnf; auseyfrnfomjzpfonf/ Z&pfacsmif&SdpOf
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a&mufoGm;aomtcg &efukefrStrIonfrsm; ra&mufvmMuonfESifh rwfv31
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31&ufaeUtrIqdkif&efudkrl

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rvmMu[k Mum;od&onf/

717

roGm;awmh?

tjcm;vlrsm;vnf;

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rajy;Edkifolrsm;om usef&pf wwfEdkifol[lorQ xGufajy;ukefMuavNyD/
{NyDvwGif; udkodef;az\ wlrrsm;onf &efukefrSrEav;okdU ajy;vmMu&mrS
rEav;AkH;BuJ&mwGif udkodef;\aetdrfodkU ajy;vmMujyef\/ if;wkdUESifhtwl
OD;bcspftrnf&Sd Adokum (Architect) wa,mufvnf;ygvm\/ OD;bcspfrSm
uREkfyfESifhtwl

'kua&muf&Sm&rnfhvlwa,mufjzpf

if;wkdUtaMumif;udk

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(Sister)

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vifr,m;xuf jrwfaomae&mudkay;ygonf/ ray;vQif uREkfyfurnfokdUrQ
&Sdrnfr[kwf? odkUaomfay;jcif;twGufum; ol\av;pm;jcif;udk todtrSwf
jyKrdygonf/

718

oabFmrsm;epfjrKyfjcif;
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Mu uomqdyfurf; epfjrKyfvdkuf\/ taMumif;udk uRekfyfwdkUMum;&
OD;bcspf? udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf weHeufwGif oabFmqdyf
okdUoGm;Mu\/ tBuHrSm

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w&mcefU qif;vmMu\/ oabFmay:rSvlrsm; qif;NyD;onfESifhwNydKifeuf
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okH;a,mufvnf; vkdufygoGm;Mu\/ tay:odkU a&mufonfESifh wNydKifeuf
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rsm;xm;onfh pwdk;

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tjrm;ygvmav&m

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719

if;wkdUudk
tjcm;vlrsm;

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720

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721

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tu,fjrifapOD;awmh

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722

ppfBuD;wacwfvkH;wGif wBudrfonf yxrqkH;tBudrfESifh aemufqkH;tBudrf

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Munfhaumif;Munfhjcif;
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723

jyefavNyD/ uREkfyfuZ&pfacsmif&Gmavmufudk AkH;csrnfr[kwfaMumif; ajymaomf

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724

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725

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726

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727

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728

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729

w&kwfppfAdkvfuav;u ppfaq; OD;bcspfu ajzqdk&mwGif uREkfyf

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730

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jrif&awmhonf/

731

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732

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733

zkH;zd&efjzpf\/ ajrBuD;um; rwl;Edkif? rD;&xm;wJGxJrS pyg;awGudkBuKH;

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734

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735

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736

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737

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746

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748

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755

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756

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757

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760

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761

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762

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763

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766

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769

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[if;rSmyJykyfESifh c&rf;csOf;oD;&Guf? Al;&Guf[if;csKd jzpfavonf/

790

&ifxkremjzpf&jcif;
uREkfyfonf

aq;ukefonftjzpfESifh

xdkuJUodkUc&D;oGm;vsuf&SdpOf

rdrdudk,fudk ]a&TOa'gif;}[lb,fawmhrS rajym? nDarmifazbtm;vnf;

rajymzdkUrSmxm;\/ okdU&mwGif armifazbac:cJUonf todvli,fESpfa,muf
wkdUtm; uREkfyfa&TOa'gif;jzpfaMumif; ajymxm;ESifhavNyD/ okdUjzpf vSnf;
atmufxrif;pm;vsuf&SdpOf wa,mufaomvli,fu ]]aetkH;OD;av;}} [k
qdkum uREkfyf\ xrif;yef;uefjym;udkqGJ,l rD;zdkacsmifxJodkU0ifoGm;\/
tjcm;vlrsm;um; qufvufpm;aeMu&m uREkfyfrSmrl wef;vef;BuD; apmifhae
&\/ wcPMumaomtcg rD;zdkxJrS w'kef;'kef; xkaomtoHudkMum;&
teHUwrsKd;vnf;

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xdkvli,fonf uRekfyf\yef;uefjym;udkudkifvsuf jyefvmav&m yefuefjym;

xJ vufav;opfcefU&Sdaom ig;ykyfjym;ajcmufwck ygvmonfudk awGU&
ojzifh uREkfyf\tawG;rSefuefcJUavNyD/
vli,fonf

yefuefjym;udk

uREkfyfa&SUwGif

wnfcif;ay;,if;

tjcm;vlrsm;tm; ]]cifAsm;wkdUuRefawmfwdkUu udpr&Sdbl;? OD;av;uvlBuD;qdk

awmh tiHuav;rygvQif pm;Edkif&SmrSm r[kwfbl;? rsm;rsm;vJrygvdkUygAs}}[k
ajymav\/

rdk;uvnf;

vSnf;atmufwGif

wzGJzGJ?

0rf;uvnf;

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tvGefqmvSonfESifh

xdkif&aomfvnf;

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yJykyfcsufESifh ig;ykyfjym;wcGuf tm;udk;pm;&aom xrif;weyfrSmvnf;

woufwmwGif rarhEdkifaom xrif;weyftygt0if jzpfygawmhonf/
pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcg

ig;ykyfjym;

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vli,fu

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vG,ftdwfqHU&kH tpdwfom;xJ 0,fcJUwm? a[m'DOD;av;udk MunfndKvGef;vdkU

791

uRefawmfawmifrpm;yJ ZGwfay;wmudk cifAsm;wdkUonf;cHMuAsm}}[kajymav\/

rsuf&nfxGufjcif;ESifh
avmuwGif

ywfouf

uREkfyfonf

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uREkfyf\rdcifudk

vlwrsKd;jzpf\/

tcspfqkH;?

urm

tMunfndKqkH;

jzpfaomfvnf; rdcifaoqkH;pOfu uREkfyfrsuf&nfruscJUyg/ xdkvli,fu

olUtarBuD;twGuf ig;ykyfjym;udk olvnf;rpm;yJ uREkfyftm; cJGauR;jcif;jzpf
onf[k Mum;&aomtcgrlum; &ifxJqdkU rsuf&nfrsm;0dkif;vmygonf/
tu,folonfxrif;yGJ taMumif;udkajymjy uREkfyfod&ygrl &ifqdkU
onfhtwGufaMumifh tNrdefqkH;aom xrif;weyfpm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;&awmh
rnfr[kwfyg/
uREkfyfudkodESifhoudk;
xrif;pm;aomufNyD;Mu npmtwGufvnf; rSmxm;NyD;ojzifh pm&if;
&Sif;Muaomtcg xdkvli,fonf uREkfyfwa,muftwGufyg xnfhay;\/
uREkfyfujiif;aomfvnf; olrsufESmysufonfESifh vufavQmhvkduf&\/ xkdU
aemufbk&m;0if;xJodkU orHwvif;ay:wGifcif; uREkfyftwGuf tdyf&mjyif
ay;\/ cPwmrQem;NyD;aemuf a&csKd;&eftwGuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;xJodkU
uREkfyftm;ac:oGm;NyD;vQif

oludk,fwdkifa&iifay;\/

aeUv,fcif;wGif

uREkfyfonf nDarmifazbtm; ]]ightaMumif;udk rif;ajymxm;ovm; a[h

aumif}} [k ar;&m ]]uRefawmfrajymbl; tudkBuD;? bvIdifajymwm}}[k jyefajym
avonf/ (bvIdifum;olUa,mufjzpfonf/)
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pmrsm;teufrS rnfonfhpmtkyfrsm;udk zwfbl;ygoenf;ar;&m vli,fu
uREkfyfa&;aom

0wKrSeforQtm;vkH;zwfbl;

792

tm;vkH;odrf;xm;aMumif;?

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olUxHrSm,lEdkifaMumif;ajymavonf/ (uREkfyfonf ol\vdyfudk a&;rSwfxm;
,cifwavmu ]vGrf;atmifzef}0wK&Sdygoavm[k pma&;ar;Munfh&m xdk
vli,frSm

uG,fvGefNyDjzpfaMumif;ESifh

aemufydkif;

jyefpmwapmif&&Sdbl;ygonf/

uREkfyfonfig;ykyfjym;pm;wdkif;

ay:ay:vmygao;onf/)
blwm&kHodkUoGm;Mu&m

naeydkif;wGif

xkdvli,f\

rsufESmuav;

cyfapmapm

xrif;pm;Mu

rarSmifao;rDyifawmxJykef;ae&aom

pufacgif;

a&mufvm wGJrsm;qufvsuf&SdpOf [dkae&m onfae&mrS c&D;onfrsm;

xGufay:vmMu wGJay:okdU wufMuavonf/
vlwkdif; rsufpdwwfMujcif;
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,refUaeuenf;wl

blwmwckodkU qdkufa&muf&mwGif c&D;onftm;vkH;qif; pufacgif;jzKwfNyD;

ykef;&jyef\/

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tdrfwkdif;vdkyif

xrif;qdkifzGifhaeMuojzifh

BudKuf&mudka&G;pm;EdkifMu\/

qdkifwdkif;vdkyif

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ig;ydcsuf ponfrsm;ESifh pm;pcsifhzG,f &Sdygayonf/ EIef;rSmrl *syefaiG
wefzdk;rusao;onfESifh c&D;onfrsm; vrf;wavQmufvkH; wusyf-&SpfyJyif
jzpfavonf/

if;e,fwGifig;&ufwaps;

c&D;onfrsm;

0,fcsrf;Muojzifh

c&D;onf

tm;vkH;vdkvkdyif

xkH;pH&Sd

aps;onfrsm;

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aps;aeUBuKHonfESifh
a&mif;aumif;vSonf/
tjrwfESifha&mif;zkdU

vmbfjrifolrsm;jzpfonfhtavsmuf (jyefukefoabm)ESifh 0,fcsrf;vdkufMu

onfrSm aps;onfrsm; qdkifvkH;uRwfrwwfa&mif;&\/ aeUv,fcif;wGif

793

opfyifBuD;rsm;atmuf c&D;onfrsm; em;ae,if; ]rsufpdpl;}ol tcsif;csif;

ukefcsif;zvS,fvkdufMuonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&mBuD;wck jzpfae\/ vlwkdif;
onf

(ouFef;0wfrsm;rusef)

ukefonfESifh

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rsufpdwwf

vkdufMuonfrSm *syefacwf\zefwD;csufwck jzpf\/ buftvGefe

aomuRekfyfyif wckwav zvS,fcJUygao;onf/
pdwfysufp&mBuD;aywum;
uREkfyfwkdUvlpkonf

nBuD;rif;BuD;wGif

ppfudkif;awmif&kd;&Sd

acsmif

wacsmifodkUa&mufMu if;acsmifrStpkpyfyg0ifvkdufaom rdwfaqGwa,muf

\tdrf wnf;cdkMu&m tenf;qkH; ]okH;qyGm;} vdrfhrnf[laom arQmfvifhcsuf
jzifh oGm;Muaom uREkfyfwkdUrSm p&dwftEdkifEdkif ESifh jyefcJU&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh
rsufESmyef;rvSyJjzpfae\/
tay;vnf;aumif;?

uREkfyfonf

ppfudkif;awmif&dk;rS

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aqGrsKd;rsm;

rdwfaqGrsm;
tay;wGif

vnf;aumif; rsufESmaumif;r&atmifjzpf (olwkdU\ avmbESifh olwkdU

tpk0ifMujcif;jzpfaomfvnf;) tvGefpdwfraumif;jzpfcJU\/ rdrd\tjypf[l
wa&G;om;rQ rygonfhjyif wyifwyef;ESifh AkH;rsm;? pufaoewfrsm;tMum;wGif
pGefUpm;

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olwkdU\arQmf

vifhcsufuav;awGudk

jynfh0atmif aqmif&Gufray;Edkifjcif;twGuf taecufvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/

xdktcsdefrSp uREkfyfonf olwyg;\ wm0efudk xrf;&onfh ukefonf
tvkyfrsKd;udk q,fqq,fxrf;ydk; jrwfapOD;awmh rvkyfawmhNyD[k pdwfysuf
oGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf zmBuD;ESifhwvkH;tjynfh&Sdaom uGmEdkifrIefU
rsm;udk ppfudkif;awmif&dk; xm;cJU i,fpOfu bvDckHwGif a*;vD&IH; jyefcJU&
onfh pdwftaetxm;rsKd;ESifh refusnf;wkH&GmodkU jyefa&mufvmcJUav\/

794

uREkfyfwkdU\&nf&G,fcsufrSm &efukefNrdKU tajctaeaumif;vmonfhtcgwGifrS

wzefoGm; a&mif;cs&ef jzpfavonf/
vnfywfvSaom bZH
xdkaemuf ig;vcefU Mumaomtcg &efukefNrdKU tajctae aumif;NyD
[kowif;&onfESifh nDarmifbZHonf uREkfyfxHvm olESifhtwl &efukef
qif;zkdUajym&muREkfyfrSm

tBudrf

pdwfcyfav;av;&SdaeavNyD/

yxr

tacguf uREkfyfjrwfcJUaom aiG&if;ESifh txl;ojzifh ppfudkif;awmif&dkf;rS

rdwfaqG\aiGrsm;twGuf

wm0ef&SdouJUodkU

jzpfae\/

uREkfyfudk,fwdkif

rvkdufvQifvnf; aq;a&mif;zkdU rnfolrQrwwfacs/ trSeftwdkif;ajym&vQif

uREkfyfjrwfcsifaomaMumifh r[kwf/ uREkfyfuaoG;aqmifjcif;r[kwfyJ olwkdU\
avmbtavsmuf xnfh0ifMujcif;jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf\aiGudk uREkfyftqkH;
cHEdkifvQif olwkdU\aiGvnf; tqkH;cHEdkifMu&rnfom jzpfygvsuf uREkfyfonf
olwkdUudkoem;onfESifh
wacguftBuD;azbESifh
aMumifhvnf;

&efukefodkUqif;zkdU
r[kwfyJ

oabmusaom

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tcsuf&Sd\/

oGm;&rnfjzpfaom

bZHonf

c&D;oGm;&mwGif

tvGefvnfywfolwa,mufjzpf\/ azbonf vufrSwfcH&m ]usL}wef;xJ

okdU0if pDwef;zkdUom em;vnf&m (uREkfyfvnf;rQavmufom vkyfwwf
onf/) bZHrlum; b,fqDu b,fvdkenf;ESifh &vmonfrod/ vufrSwf
wapmifrQ ra&mif;ao;rD vufrSwf &vmcJUavNyD/ (*syefacwf c&D;oGm;
&mwGif vufrSwf&rIonfvGefpGm ta&;BuD;vSonf/) wydkUwGJvqef; uREkfyf
ESifhbZHwkdUonf &efukefodkUqif;MuzkdU jyifqifav&m bZHu nDuav;
wa,muf ac:vmcJUonf/ uREkfyfonf o,f,lzdkU tawmf0efav;aom

795

qifudkemrIefUrsm;udk ppfudkif;awmif&dk;rS r,la o;yJ xm;cJU ayghyg;onfh

tufwDb&if? qmvfzmeDvmrdkuf? trfbD 639 paom aq;vkH;aq;jym;
av;ig;ajcmufrsKd;avmufom ,lvmcJUonf/ xkdacwfrD;&xm;onf rEav;
blwmrSrxGufyJ yvdyfblwmrS pxGufonfcsnf; jzpfaomaMumifh yvdyf
blwmodkU cgwkdif;enf;wl oGm;Mu ae0ifptcsdefwGif rD;&xm;pD;Mu\/
azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; tjcm;;c&D;onfrsm; pDwef;vsuf&SdpOfbZHu vufrSwf
okH;apmif ,lcJUavNyD/ blwmomr[kwf? a&mufavorQaom blwm
wdkif;wGif enf;ESifESif vkyfwwfavonf/
xdwfvefU&aomn
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b,ftcsdef a&mufonfrod/ uREkfyfwkdU\ rD;&xm;qdkufvsuf&SdpOf taemuf
t&yfrS ta&SUt&yfodkUvmonfh av,mOfysHoHBuD;onf aumif;uif w0D0D
jrnfvsuf ay;vmcJUavNyD/ ]]av,mOfysH[? av,mOfysHvmNyD? qif;Mu?
qif;Mu? jrefjrefvkyfav? b,fola& b,f0ga&}}[laom toHrsm;jzifh
yGufyGuf&dkufvsuf&Sd&m

rD;&xm;pufacgif;onfvnf;

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rxGuf&apatmif rD;rsm;Nidrf;owfxm;[ef wl\/

c&D;onfrsm;onf

av;vHaom

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qGJudkifvsuf wGJay;rS ckefcsNyD;vQif tBudKxdktMum;rsm;okdU wkd;vQKd;ol
rsm;uwkd;? blwmESifha0;rS awmfrnfqdk wwfEdkiforQa0;atmif avQmuf
ajy;oluajy;ukefMuavNyD/ odkUaom ta&;wGif olUvludk,fhvl ra&G;Edkif?
tazmfvnf; r&SmEdkif? wa,mufwOmPfpD udk,fvGwf&kef;Muav awmhonf/

796

xdktcg aysmfbG,fblwm&kHteD;wGif AkH;xdNydKusaeonfh tkwfwdkufysuf

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0ifajy;rd\/ tjyif vomaomfvnf; wkdufysufxJrl arSmifrnf;vsuf&Sd
ojzifh uREkfyfrSm a>rrSef;roduif;rSef;rod tkyfcsyfBudKtkyfcsyfMum;odkU rsufpd
rSdwfum ajccs&ygawmhonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;rSm tkyfwkdufysuf tMum;xJokdU
a&mufaomfvnf;

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[JU} [k uREkfyf\pdwfxJ atmufarhaeckdufwGif wae&mrS wwGwfwGwf
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ta&SUbufodkU ausmfvGefoGm;avNyD/ wkdfufysuftMum;rS acsmif;Munfhvkduf
aomtcg aumif;uifrD;eDuav;wvkH; a&GUaeonfudkjrif&mrS ta&SUbuf
awmifwef;rsm;odkU csOf;uyfoGm;avNyD/
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vkdufMunfhae\/

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taemufbufodkU wzefvSnfhvmjyef\/ ]0D0D0D0D}Mum;&jyefavNyD/ odkUaomf

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onf/ xdkUaemuf taemufwnfhwnfh qufvufysHoGm;&m toHaysmuf
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w&SJ&SJjrnfpjyKvm\/

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qkawmif;Muayrnf/ ]]a[m bmoHvJ}} [k em;yg;olrsm;u ajymonfESifh

797

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vmjyefNyD}}qdkum rD;&xm;ay;rSqif;ajy;MujyefNyD/ wBudrfwGif uREkfyfum;
&kwfw&ufqif;rajy;yJ

t&dyftuJMunhfhaeao;onf/

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ta&SUodkU ysHvmjcif;um; trSefjzpfonf/

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uREkfyfonf toHMum;&mokdU vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg txkyfBuD;awG
tMum;vlwa,mufudk jrif&\/ [efZm;blwmrS txnfxkyfBuD;rsm;ESifh
wufvmaom vlwpkudk owd&onf/
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toH/

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Mum;

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ay:rS rqif;awmh[k qkH;jzwfvdkufNyD;aemufEkyf/ ]]AsKdUq&mBuD; cifAsm;rqif;bl;vm;AsKdU}}
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ESpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfawmhonf/ &xm;wJGrSm vlpD;wGJr[kwf? ukefwGJ
rQomjzpf&m uREkfyfonf taygufteD;okdU csOf;uyf ]0D0D 0D0D}Mum;& aom

798

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awmifbufqDrS ta&SUbufodkU wa&GUa&GUoGm;vsuf&Sd&m vrf;twdkif;
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rwfrwf awmifbufem;rS yGwfuyfoGm;vdrfhrnf[kuREkfyfcefUrSef;rd onf/
okdUESifhudpr&SdEdkifqdkum aeNrJwdkif;aevdkuf&m ]0D0D 0D0D}toHonf jrnfonf
xufjrnfvmaomfvnf;
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awmifbuf
udkufaygif;

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ta&SUpl;pl;odkU

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799

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800

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801

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802

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803

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804

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805

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806

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807

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808

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809

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810

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811

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812

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813

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814

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815

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816

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819

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821

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822

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823

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824

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826

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827

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828

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829

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830

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831

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832

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833

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834

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835

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836

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uREkfyfonf ajrpdkufcJrsm;udk usif;xJodkUypfcspOf pnfpnfum;um; jzpfapvdk
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rQom

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837

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vmaom

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838

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Munfhae&\/ aemufqkH; &Gmom;rsm; odvmMuonfrSmum; *syefrsm;onf

839

0ufvufESifh

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jcif;rSm uREkfyf\BudK;yrf;rIvnf; yg&Sdonf[k xifygonf/

840

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ausmif;aebuf (wwef;wnf;twlaecJUMu wuodkvf0if b*Fvm;pmar;

841

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842

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843

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853

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854

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855

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856

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857

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858

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859

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860

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861

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xifrdonf/

862

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863

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864

BuKHonfwGif &kwfw&uf jyefoGm; ravsmf[lvnf; pOf;pm;rd\/ a':pk\

nDr roufa&SrSm tjcm;olr[kwf? rdbrsm;u uREkfyftm; ykqdk;wkH;vkH;cRwf
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bl;olyifjzpfavonf/ taMumif;udkol\tpfrBuD;a':pkwkdUyif odykHr&?
olESifhuREkfyfom odMuay&m uRekfyfonf vlemar; ESpfa,mufwnf;&Sdckduf
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aom xkH;pHtwkdif; om;a&;orD;a&;rSp i,faygif;BuD;azmfrsm; taMumif;udk

865

pdwfxJ&SdorQ

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866

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867

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em;vnfMuayvdrfhrnf/

868

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tjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;cJUygavNyD/ vlwa,mufum; uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom
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869

onfh oifcef;pmrsm;onfvnf; b0oHo&m c&D;wGif BuD;pGmaom taxmuf

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870

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oabmrxm;? ay;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh jyefqyfzdkUrvdkaMumif; ajymjyygay
onf/

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pum;rpyfMuygay/)

tjyefc&D;wGif uREkfyfonf rif;uGef;buf&Sd rdwfaqGwa,mufESifh awGUojzifh

xdkbufrSvSnfh jyefcJU\/ rif;uGef;wGif rmvmtrI;&Sdaom pma&;q&m

871

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vufzuf&nfyGJESifh

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pma&;q&m

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armifvS? Z0epaom vli,fpma&;q&mrsm; toif;tzJGU jyKvkyfMuaomfvnf;
b,ftcgrS uREkfyftygt0ifrjyKcJUacs/ uREkfyfrSm rnfonfht&mwGifrS acgif;
aqmifvkyfvdkaom qEvnf;r&Sd? (wwfvnf;rwwf) toif;tzGJUtaejzifh
cHpm;&aom tusKd;aus;Zl;udkvnf; rarQmfvifhyJ rdrd\pdwful;ESifh ESvkH;oGif;
w&m;tvdkufNidrf;csrf;pGm aevdkol wa,mufjzpfygonf/
*kPfNyKyGJrSm rif;uGef;bk&m;BuD; wef;aqmif;wckwGif usif;y pma&;
q&m ta&twGufokH;av;a,mufrQom&Sdaomfvnf; pmay0goemyg olrsm;
vnf;

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awmfawmfpnfpnfum;um;

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ajymEdkifrS ajymcsifwwfaom 0goemvnf; &Sdonfjzpf aus;Zl;wifjcif;
avmufrSwyg;

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w&ufyifydk raeEdkifaMumif;jiif;cJUonf/) odkufodkuf0ef;0ef; om;om;
em;em; jzpfatmif rvkyf& tm;r&aMumif; ajymjyMu&m uREkfyfuvnf;
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r[kwfyg/ (pma&;q&mBuD;jzpfvmaom aemufydkif;rl &efukefodkUa&muf
onfh tcgwdkif;vdkyif vli,fpma&;q&m uav;rsm;u*kPfjyKyGJrvkyfvQif
0w&m;ysufuGufonfhtaersKd; ,lqxm;onfh vuPm&Sday&m uREkfyf\
oabmrSmrl uREkfyfxHodkU wa,mufpDvmMu tmvmyovmy pum;ajym
azmf&vQif awmfavmufNyD[k xifjrifygonf/)

872

OD;xGef;vSatmif
tjyefc&D;wGif uREkfyfonf rif;uGef;rS y'lblwmodkU vSnf;ESifhoGm;&rnf
jzpf&m roGm;bl;aom c&D;vrf;wckudk oGm;&rnfhtwGufaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;rI
&Sdjcif;ESifhtwl pdk;&drfruif;aompdwfvnf; jzpfrdygonf/ pdk;&drfruif;jzpf&jcif;
rSm awmvrf;BuD;oufoufjzpf vSnf;ay:wGif wa,mufwnf; vkduf&rnfh
tjyif

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r&SdaMumif;udk &mZ0ifESifhwuG ajymjyav\/ *syef0ifcgptcsdef a&Tbdke,f
w0dkufwGif olcdk;'jr xlxyfcJUbl;&m 0ufvufokdU &mZ0wf0ef OD;xGef;vS
atmif a&mufvm emrnfBuD;aom vlqdk; 12a,mufcefUudk wef;pDNyD;
ypfowfoGm;uwnf;u we,fvkH; ckd;rIwdkufrIrsm; wckrQ ray:ayguf
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uREkfyfMum;bll;yg\/ okdU&mwGif ppfudkif;wavQmufodkU wkdifatmif Nidrf0yf
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vlus,fvlpGmrsm;jzpfaMumif;

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atmif onf uREkfyf\tdrfodkU ESpfacgufrQvm wBudrfvQif ESpfem&DcefU

873

xufrenf; Mumatmif pum;ajymMu\/ olvmjcif;rSm olxkwfaom

Ak'"rpmapmifwGif avmukw&m aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;ay;zdkUpma&; awmif;cHbl;
&mrS uREkfyfurtm;vyfaMumif; jyefMum;bl;onfESifh udk,fwkdifvma&muf
awmif;cHjcif;jzpfavonf/ xdkESpfacgufwGif olonf bmudkpdwful;&onf
rod? aqmif;yg; taMumif;udktusOf;csKyfavmufrQom ajymjyNyD; woufvkH;
ol\ qkd;rdkufcJUykHESifh aysmfcJUykH taMumif;rsm;udk tao;pdwfajymjyavonf/
ol\twdKywdrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aomfvnf; uREkfyfurl rnfokdUaom
&nf&G,fcsufESifh olpdrf;wa,muftm; ajymygavoenf;[k wawG;wnf;
awG;vsuf em;axmifaerd\/ xdkpOfuvnf; uREkfyfrawG;wwf? oluG,fvGef
NyD;aemuf ,aeUwdkifvnf; ol\&nf&G,fcsufudk uRekfyfrawG;wwfatmif
&Sdygonf/ t&rf;awG; awG;&vQif uREkfyftm; w&m;orm;taejzifh oljrif
ol\aemifw&jcif;taMumif;udk

xkwfazmf0efcHjcif;

jzpfavoavm[k

pOf;pm;rdygonf/ (w&m;t,ltqESifhywfouf vlaysmfvl&rf;wa,muf

tjzpfrS vlwnfvlaumif;wa,muf jzpfvmNyDqdkjcif;rSwyg; eufeJaom
tawG;tac: t,ltqrsKd; &SdykHr&aomaMumifh uREkfyfu ESD;aESmaqG;aEG;jcif;
rjyKvdkufyg/)
rif;uGef;-y'l c&D;
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twGuf jzpfonf/) tay:rS zsmcif;ap uREkfyftzdkU tqef;jzpfaom
rif;uGef;y'lvrf;twdkif; armif;vmMu\/ rif;uGef;rStxGufwGif vG,ftdwf
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vSnf;ctwGufw0ufcHygrnf[k

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874

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awmc&D;jzpfonfh

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avonf/ vrf;c&D; pum;wajymajymvmMu&m vli,fESpfa,mufonf
uREkfyf\ A[kokwudk&dyfrdMu rnfoljzpfygoenf;[k ar;MuonfwGif
uREkfyfu trSeftwkdif; ajymvdkuf\/ xdktcgrSp vli,fESpfa,mufu
rdrdwkdUonf

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avmu0wf pum;ajym&kHrQomru 0wfBuD;0wfi,f jyKMuygayonf/ vrf;
c&D;

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tvkyfonf

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&Sdoudk;}}[k tHUMo0rf;ompGmESifh ajym&Smygao;onf/

875

ormtmZD0 tvkyfr[kwf
uREkfyfonf aiG 1500d t&if;tESD;jzifh 0uftlacsmif;vkyfa&mif;zkdU
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r[kwf? uREkfyf\rdcifbufrS tbdk;\ ]]aoG;}ygaomaMumifh jzpf[efwl\/
pm;aumif;aomufzG,fudk BudKufwwf&kHomr[kwf? udk,fwdkifcsufjyKwfvkyf
udkif&jcif;vnf; 0goemyg rD;zdkacsmifodkU 0ifwwfoljzpf\/ ZeD;rpdk;onf
todrdwfaqGrsm;teufwGif tcsuftjyKwfESifh ywfouf emrnf&vsuf&Sd &m
olcsufjyKwfwwfjcif;rSm

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jcif;udk

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onf/

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avmufonf[k uREkfyfutaMumif;jyajymqdkaomfvnf; olwkdUu wbufrS
taMumif;wck azmfjyMuonf/ 0uftlacsmif;tvkyfonf *kPfr&Sdaomtvkyf
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toufESifh vkyf&rnfh tvkyfrsKd;jzpf ,kwfpGmhtqkH; 0ufom;&atmif
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pifMu,faom

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tvkyfrsKd;r[kwfEdkif[k

876

ajymjyonfwGif

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wvkH;ESifhyif uREkfyf\tBuHtpnfysufoGm;ygawmh onf/ (tvkyfvkyf
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rajymwwfay/)
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udk

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qdk ajymif;vJ&dkufxkwfaomfvnf; trSefrSm if;emrnfonf xdkpmtkyf\
oabm&if;trSefudk azmfjyvdkfufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ uREkfyf\vuf0,f&Sdaom
pmtkyfrSm wbufom;tay: ]ausm}&atmif vkyf,laom enf;rsKd;jzifh
r[kwfyJ vltoD;oD;\ oEmef&Sdwwfonfh BuD;yGm;a&;rsKd;aphuav;udk
tanSmufaygufapNyD; tyifBuD;xGm;atmif jyKpkysKd;axmifay;rnf enf;rsKd;
jzpfavonf/ uRekfyfonf if;pmtkyfudk bmomjyefqkd&m Ak'tbd"rm
tac:ta0:rsm;ESifhwuG pdwfobm0ESifh ywfoufonfh udk,fawGUuav;

877

rsm;udkvnf; a&mnSyfjznfhpGufum jyefqdka&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh

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&dkufESdyfa&mif;cs&mwGif puL&Sm;yg;aom *syefacwfjzpf a&mifpkHpuLrsm;jzifh
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t*Fvdyfppfwyf0ifvmjcif;
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uREkfyfawGU&jcif;rSm

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rD;vIHMu\/ if;wkdUonf t*Fvdyfvdk ajymvsuf&SdMupOf ae&m wyfpcef;cs
rnfhtaMumif;udk uREkfyfod&avNyD/ wGifuREkfyfu t*Fvdyfpum;em;vnf
jcif;udk if;wkdUtm; today;zdkUtcsdefa&mufNyD[k jrifvmonf/ today;

878

vdkjcif; rSmuREkfyfwwfjcif;udk jyvdkr[kwf? olwkdUonfuREkfyfem;vnfjcif;

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vQif uREkfyftay: ]tm;wkHUtm;em}vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkrQru &efol
wa,muf[k

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aom t"dym,fudkvnf; em;vnfoGm;Mu[efwlonf/
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uREkfyfwkdU\NcHa&SU vrf;ab;qdkifuav;rsm;&Sd qdkif&SifESifh ppfom;rsm;

879

jyemwckay:aygufojzifh

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jzwf ,lcsifonftxd avmbBuD;aomaps;onfrsm;}} qdk uREkfyfxH
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[kajymonfESifh

tjcm;aps;onfrsm;tm;vnf;

ta&mif;t0,f

twkdif;yif

jzpfoGm;&kHru

uREkfyfaMujimvdkufonf/

vuf&Sd*syefaiGrSm t*FvdyfaiGodkU rMumrDajymif;vJ&vdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfodonfh

jyif t*FvdyfaiGwusyfwefudk *syefpuLwq,fwefESifh vJ,lxm;jcif;jzifh
uREkfyfrepfemEdkif[lvnf;

wGufudef;&NyD;jzpfonf/

uREkfyf\aMujimcsuf

aMumifh aps;onfrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf ta&mif;t0,fjzpf tvGefauseyf

Mu&m uREkfyf\wJuav;rSmvnf; aiGvJvS,fonfh XmeBuD; jzpfvmyg
awmhonf/ tvkyfrSmaps;onfrsm;a&m ppfom;rsm;yg tvGefauseyfMu
uREkfyfrSmvnf; waeU tusKd;&SdzdkU aocsmaomaMumifh tvkyfuJUokdU
ae&musaomtvkyfudk uREkfyf rawGU&bl;acs/
rdwfaqGppf\t*Fg
ppfom;rsm;onf

if;wkdU\jyemudk

uREkfyfxHokdU,lvmMu\/

aq;jyif;vdyf? xef;vsuf? c&rf;csOfoD;paom ukefypnf;rsm; 0,f,l&m

tcuftcJawGUMu&ojzifh uREkfyfudk,fwdkif qdkifzGifha&mif;cszkdU wdkufwGef;

880

Mu&m uREkfyfuvnf; olwkdU\qEtwdkif; vdkufvkyfay;&ojzifh wouf

wGif rvkyfcJUbl;onfh tdrfqkdif&Sifwa,muf jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ ppfom;rsm;
onf txufyg ypnf;rsm;udk rnfonfhqdkifwGifrSr0,fMu/ uREkfyf\qdkif
okdUom

ajy;vmMu\/

ppfom;rsm;onf

eHeuftdyf&mrxaomtcg

]usL}wef;BuD;wef;vsuf

uREkfyf\tdrfa&SU

apmifhaeMuNyDjzpf&m

ppfom;

wa,mufu wa,mufa&SUodkU ausmfwufjcif;aMumifh pum;rsm;Mu&jcif;rsm;

vnf; rMumcPBuKH&\/ onfrSm aps;onfwkdU\ t&omwckjzpf
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif yxrtBudrfcHpm;&pOfu tvGefauseyfrdygonf/ qdkvdk&if;
rSm rdrd\qdkifpnfum;vGef; aps;0,folrsm;u tvkt,uf 0,f,lMu&
onfqdkaom t"dym,fyifjzpfonf/ rnfrnfrQ jrwfjcif; rjrwfjcif;udk
tyxm;

vufvDaps;a&mif;aumif;jcif;onf

aps;onfrsm;

tzdkU&m

t&omBuD;wckjzpf jcif;udk uREkfyfudk,fwdkif cHpm;&bl; em;vnfcJUygonf/

pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm; 0wKrsm;acwfpm;pOfu r*Zif;wdkuf&Sifrsm;u ]pmrlc}
tjyif 'l;&if;oD;? rif;*GwfoD;paom vufaqmifuav;rsm;ESifh vmMujcif;udk
udkodef;az BuKHoGm;&bl; oludk,fwdkifyDwdjzpfNyD; tnmwcGif ajymrqkH;
jzpfcJUjcif;udk uREkfyfowd&onf/ rdwfaqGwa,muf BuD;yGm;jcif;? ausmfapm
xif&Sm;jcif; twGuf vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om jzpfaomvlrsKd;onf
avmu tawmf&Sm;ay&m (uREkfyftzdkU&m wu,f&Sm;ygonf/) udkodef;az
onfum; wckwnf;ESifhyif ppfrSefaom rdwfaqGaumif; wa,muf[l
uREkfyfqkH;jzwfEdkifygonf/ udkodef;azonf uREkfyfuG,f&m csD;rGrf;jcif;jzpf
aomaMumifh

omwefzdk;&Sd\/

uREkfyfESdyfe,fajymqdkolrsm;ESifh

qkHrdvQif

(EIwfvQmoGuftm&Tifolwa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif;) cyfemem jyefwkyfjcif;

taMumif;rsm;udkvnf; olwyg;ajymjy uREkfyfMum;&bl;onf/ okdUaom
rdwfaqGrsKd;onf &SmrS&Sm;onfh tjzpfudk pOf;pm;OmPf&Sdolrsm; odMuayvdrfh

881

rnf/ trsm;tm;jzifhrl a&SUwGifajrSmufajymvQif t[kwfxifwwfaom vlrsm;

om aygrsm;jcif;udk awGU&onf/
vlwGifus,fjzpfvm&ykH
uREkfyfonf refusnf;wkH&GmwGif t*Fvdyfvdkajymwwfonfh wOD;wnf;
aom yk*dKvfjzpf ppfom;rsm;ESifh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tMum;wGif atmifoG,fBuD;
jzpfvmNyD;

ESpfbufvkH;onf

jyemt&yf&yfudk

ajz&Sif;&ef

twGuf

uREkfyfxHokdU ,lvmMu\/ Oyrm ppfom;rsm;onf aomufa&uef rsm;xJokdU

qif; a&csKd;Muonf[k uREkfyfxHwdkifwef;Muav&m uREkfyfu ume,ft&m&Sd
(tdkpD)tm; ajymjyvdkufonfESifh if;ucsufcsif;w,fvDzkef;quf trdefU
ay;vkduf\/ (NAdwdoQppfwyfonf &GmodkUa&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf w,fvD
zkef;BudK;rsm; oG,fwef;xm;\/) xdkUaemuf ppfAdkvfcsKyfu a&ul;jcif;rsm;
&Sdao;vQif ajymyg[k uREkfyftm; rSmxm;ao;&m rnfolrQ aemufxyf
usL;vGefjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf &Gmom;rsm;u ]]wkdUudkBuD;odef; w,f[kwf
ygwum;}} [k aus;Zl;wif txifBuD;jcif;vnf; cH&ayonf/ ppfom;
rsm;uvnf; tvm;wlpGm jyemuav;rsm;udk uREkfyfxH,lcJUMu uREkfyfu
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifjcif;twGuf aus;Zl;wifjcif;cH&ayonf/ uREkfyfonf ]vlwGif
us,f} vkyfcsif pGufzufjcif;r[kwfyJ tvdktavsmuf wm0efusa&muf
vmjcif;aMumifh aqmif&Guf&jcif;jzpfygonf/ okdUESifhvnf; ESpfbufvkH;\
aus;Zl;wifjcif;cH&onfhtcg auseyf0rf;omaom t&omuav; cHpm;rdjcif;
udk 0efcH&rnfjzpf&m xdkUaMumifhvnf; tcsKdUvlrsm; ]vlwGifus,f} vkyfcsif
Mujcif;udk oabmaygufem;vnfygonf/ okdU&mwGif twGufaMumifh
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif ]vlwGifus,f} wa,muftaejzifh qufvufaqmif&Gufcsif

882

aompdwfrsKd;jzpfay:vmonfum; r[kwf&yg/ olwyg;twGuf wkdif;jynf

twGufqdk aqmif&GufMuonfh taumif;qkH;qdkaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
onfyif (EdkifiHa&;vkyfpm;onfh tnHUpm;rsm;udk rqdkxm;bd) vlwGifus,f
vkyfcsifolrsm;\ e,fy,fjzpfonf[k oabmaygufrdcJUygonf/ atmifjrif
onfhtcg cHpm;&aom t&omuav;rSmvnf; [kwfwkwfwkwf&Sdjcif;udk
0efcHygonf/
ppfAdkvfBuD;ESifh uREkfyf
okH;&ufcefUMum&Sdaomtcg ume,fppfAdkvfBuD;ESifh uREkfyfonf tuRrf;
w0ifjzpfvmMu naecif;tcsdefrsm;wGif pum;vufqkHusNyD; udk,fhwdkif;jynf
ESifh udk,fhvlrsKd;taMumif;udk tjyeftvSef ar;Mujref;Mu ajymjyMu\/
ppfAdkfvfBuD;vnf; ausmif;q&mvkyfcJUbl; tawmfpmzwfaom vlwa,muf
jzpf&m ol\paumhwvefjynftaMumif;ESifh ol\om;orD;rsm; taMumif;udk
vGrf;qGwfaom rsufESmxm;ESifhajymjyavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfuvnf; paumhvlrsKd;
pma&;q&mBuD;

qm0gvfwmpaumhESifh

uAsmq&mBuD;

a&mhbwfbef;pf

taMumif;wkdUudk zwfbl;xm;onfhtwdkif; csD;usL;ajymqdkav&m ppfAdkvfBuD;

onf uREkfyfudk txifBuD;&kHomru cifrifvmMu pm;p&mrsm; auR;arG;
avh&Sd\/

uREkfyfuvnf;

jrefrmenf;csufxm;onfh

xrif;udk

ppfAdkfvftm;vkH;wdkUtm;

]'if;em;ygwD}

Muufom;[if;ESifh
auR;arG;ygao;onf/

ppfAdkvfBuD;ESifh uREkfyfonf oufwl&G,fwl (56ESpf jzpf pum;enf;ykHcsif;

vnf; wlMuonfESifh wa,mufudkwa,muf tawmfBuD;cifrifvmMuonf/
av;ig;&ufcefU Mumvwfaomf ppfAdkvfBuD;u uREkfyft*Fvdyfpum;ajymykHrSm
a&mufpuESifhrwlyJ tawmfoGufvufvmonf[kajym\/ trSefrSm uREkfyf

883

onf udkodef;az? udkcifarmifwkdUESifh uGJvmuwnf;u wcGef;wyg'rQ

ajym&jcif;r&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyf\vQmonf tokH;rjyKyJ ypfxm;onfh puf
ud&d,mwckuJUokdUoHacs;wufNyD; ,ckrSyif qDxnfhvdkufonfhES,f oGufvuf
vmaMumif; ajymjy&ao;onf/ (acwf acwfynmwwf vli,frsm;onf
t*Fvdyfpum; ajymjcif;twwfwGif tawmfqkwf,kwf vmjcif;udk awGU&ay&m
t*Fvdyfpum;ajymwwfjcif;onf t&ma&mufaom ynm&yfwckjzpfonf[k
xifMuvQif

rdrdwkdUwwfxm;aom

pum;vkH;rsm;

aqG;ajrUrukefap&ef

tavhtusifhjyKMuzdkU vli,frsm;tm; wdkufwGef;vdk\/

okdUr[kwfcJUvQif

em;vnf&kHom&SdNyD; jyefrajymwfaomtjzpfodkU a&mufoGm; em;om&SdNyD;

vQmrygaomvluJUokdU jzpfoGm;rnfudkpdk;&drf&onf/) wnae ppfAdkvfBuD;u
rdrdwkdUppfwyfrSm

ta&SUbufwnfhwnfh

{&m0wDqdyfurf;wGif

&Sdaom

opfqdrfhBuD;&GmokdUajymif;a&TUzdkU trdefUa&mufvmaMumif;udk 0rf;enf;ykH &aom

rsufESmxm;ESifh ajymjyEIwfqufavonf/ aemufwaeUeHeuf rdk;rvif;rD
ppfwyfonf opfqdrfhBuD;&GmodkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;av&m uREkfyf\ ]azmufonf}
rsm;jzpfaom

ppfom;rsm;url

if;wkdU0,faeusjzpfaom

c&rf;csOf;oD;?

aq;jyif;vdyfESifh xef;vsufponfh ukefpnfrsm;ESifh if;wkdU&Sdaom ae&modkU

vm a&mif;cszkdU twefwef rSmoGm;Muavonf/
aps;vkdufa&mif;jcif;
opfqdrfh&GmodkU

aps;a&mif;vdkufaomtvkyfrSm

aysmfp&mr[kwfaomf

vnf; pGefUpm;cef;uav;rsm; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh tusOf;csKH;azmfjy

vdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf a,mufzwa,muf (armifpHvGef)tm; ppfom;
rsm;okdU aps;a&mif;&jcif;\ aus;Zl;&SdykHtaMumif;udk ajymjy&m olonf

884

tvGefpdwfygvm oGm;MuzdkU wkdufwGef;av\/ olUvSnf;EGm;&Sd aq;jyif;

vdyf? c&rf;csOfoD;ESifh xef;vsufpaom ypnf;rsm;vnf; 0,fcJUzdkU wm0ef,l
av&m uREkfyfu ppfom;rsm;tm; aps;a&mif;&eftwGufom wm0ef,lygqdk\/
okdUjzpf

uREkfyfwkdUonf

refusnf;wkH&GmrS

naeokH;em&DtcsdefwGif

vSnf;wpD;ESifh

xGufvmMu&m

ukefypnf;rsm;wif
aqmif;Owk&moDjzpf

aygif;rdk;rygaom vSnf;ay:wGif aeyljcif;\'Pfudk cHEdkifygonf/

ae0ifcsdefwGif rif;ukef;&GmodkU qdkufa&muf olBuD;tdrf xdknOfh
twGuf pwnf;csMu&m olBuD;onf uREkfyfESifhtenf;i,frQom oduRrf;
aomfvnf;

uREkfyfuJUodkUaom

vlwa,mufu

aps;onfvkyfaejcif;udk

oem;Muifemonfh vuPmESifh pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm; csufjyKwfauR;

tdyf&mae&maumif;rGefpGm jyifqifay;ygayonf/ uREkfyf\a,mufz armifpH
vGef onf a*:&mppfom;rsm;odkUa&mif;&eftwGuf uREkfyfrodatmif vQKdU0Suf
,lcJUaom awmt&ufrsm;udk olB uD;ESifhtwl aomufMuav&m uREkfyfonf
t&ufraomufol r[kwfaomfvnf; vlrsm;ESifhtwl raomufvdkojzifh
[efvkyfa&Smifaeygonf/

([efvkyf&jcif;rSm

vlrsm;onf

uREkfyf\

oli,fcsif;rsm;r[kwf? a,mufzi,fESifhuREkfyfudk &dkaoav;pm;onfh olBuD;

wa,muf jzpfaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ uREkfyfxuf i,f t0g;r0aom
vlrsm;ESifhtwlaomufrdaomaMumifh

rSm;jcif;udkBuKHbl;

oifcef;pm

&cJUbl;ygNyD/ tjyKtrlrSm taemufwdkif;om;rsm;\ pepfaumif;wckjzpf

omrefta&SUwdkif;om;rsm; em;vnfaumif;rS em;vnfMuayrnf/ t&uf
aomufjcif;twlwl qdkaomfvnf; jcm;em;jcif; &Sdayao;onf/) xdknOfh
pm;aumif;aomufaumif;jzpfvmatmif aomufcsifvSaomfvnf; atmifhtD;
aevkdufygonf/

885

uREkfyf\0goemwck
aemufwaeUeHufapmapmx vSnf;armif;oGm;Mu&m c&D;vrf;rSm
uREkfyfra&mufbl;onfhvrf;jzpf

tqef;topf

pdwf0ifpm;wwfaom

uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif; vSnf;ay: ysif;&donfr&SdyJ awmifMunfh ajrmuf

Munfhjzifh vdkufygvmcJU\/ a,mufzarmifpHvGefrSm awmifolwa,muf
rQomjzpfav&m uREkfyfESifhA[kokw tqifhtwef;rrSDolrsm;ESifh pum;aMum
&Snfrajymwwfaom uRekfyf\0goemtwdkif; olUbmomvSnf;armif; uREkfyf
bmom ai;armumvdkufvm\/ (pum; cRif;csufwck xm;&ygOD; rnf/
A[kokwtqifhtwef; rrSDaomfvnf; uREkfyf0goemygaom jrif;taMumif;
bdvd,uftaMumif;? *DwtaMumif; ponfrsm;udkrl rnfonfh0goemtdk;ESifh
pum;ajym&onfjzpfap uREkfyftvGef pdwfyg0ifpm; jcif;&Sdygonf/ twwf
rsm;vnf; txkH0goemr&Sd? A[kokwvnf; tvGefenf; &SmrSD;vdkaom
qEvnf; r&Sdolrsm;ESifhrl &dkif;onf[k qdkcsifqdk? olwkdU\ bvpfbvpf
ajymjcif;rsKd;udk Mum&SnfpGm onf;rcHEdkifaMumif; trlt&mjzifh azmfjycsif
wwfygonf/) eHeuf 8em&DavmufwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf opfqdrfhBuD;&GmodkU
0ifvmMu&m vrf;avQmufxGufvmMuaom azmufonf ppfom;ESpfa,muf
ESifhawGU uRekfyftm; 0rf;omtm;& EIwfqufMuNyD; ]]bmypnf; a&mif;p&m
ygoenf;}}

[kar;Muojzifh

uREkfyfu

jyefajym&ao;\/

a,mufzu

t&ufvnf; a&mif;zkdUygaMumif; ajymckdif;&m ]]aetkH;uG? naerS a&mif;vdkU

awmfr,f}}[k jyefajymvdkuf&onf/

886

pwnf;cs&ykH
ppfwyfonf {&m0wDjrpf\ ta&SUbufurf; *syefppfom;rsm; &Sdonf
qdkaom owif;aMumifh &GmokdUajymif;a&TUvmjcif;jzpf&m &Gmom;rsm;onf
owif;udkMum;Mu &GmrSwdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;Muaom aMumifh w&GmvkH;wGif
tdrfvGwfawGomrsm;NyD; vl&Sdaomtdrf tenf;i,fom awGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdU
onf &Gm todrdwfaqG&Sdonfr[kwf? opfyifatmufjzpfap pwnf;csNyD;
ukefa&mif;rnfhtBuHESifh vmcJUMujcif;jzpf&m tdrfvGwfawGaygrsm;jcif;udk awGU
&aomtcg opfyif&dyfudk r&SmawmhyJ oifhwifhaom tdrfvGwfwaqmifudkom
&SmMu\/ ppfwyfrlum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;wcktwGif; pwnf;csxm;
jcif;udk awGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf ppfwyfESifhreD;ra0;wGif pkHprf;&SmazGMu
oifhawmfaom tdfrfvGwfwvkH;udk awGU&\/
xdktdrfrSm

tdrfjrifhjzpf

atmufxyfwGif

ckwifwckESifh

tay:xyfrSm
rD;zdktjyif

aomhcwfxm;aomfvnf;

tdrfa&SU

vSnf;EGm;xm;&ef

opfyifwyifvnf;&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf vSnf;cRwf ypnf;uav;rsm;

pDpOfvsuf&SdpOf vrf;wGifawGUvdkufaom a*:&mppfom;rsm;\ aMumfjimay;jcif;
aMumifhxifhppfom;rsm; ESpfa,mufwwGJ? okH;a,mufwwGJ a&mufvmMuNyD;
uREkfyfwkdUygaom ukefypnf;rsm;udk 0,fpjyKMuav\/ tcsKdUt&yfrsm;
tar&duefppfwyfrsm;\
taMumif;udk

&dumazmaX;jcif;ESifh

ajymoHMum;&bl;ay&m

taetxdkifom;em;jcif;

uREkfyfawGU&onfh

NAdwdoQ

(paumhwvef) ppfwyfrlum; wu,fEkHcsmyg;&Sm;vSay\/ tar&duef ppfwyf

acsmhuvufrsm; tvGefayg t&yfom;rsm;yif pm;Mu&ao;onfqdk&m
wyfom;rsm;rlum; xef;vsufudk om;a&pmaumif;vkyf pm;&SmMuonf/
if;wkdUonf xef;vsufudk ]oMum;vkH;} (Suger Ball) [kac:&m uREkfyfwkdU

887

a&mufvmonfESifh wNydKifeuf ]&SL;*g;abmfvf? &SL;*g;abmvf}[k a<u;aMumf

awmif;cHum 0,f,lNyD;aemuf csufcsif;vufiif;yif ]yvkyfyavmif;}pm;olrsm;
upm;Muavonf/

paumhwvef

awmifwef;om;rsm;um;

tvGef

tcsKdBudKufwwfykH&\/ tcsKdUuvnf; c&rf;csOfoD;rsm;udk tpdrf;vdkuf udkuf

pm;Mu\/ NyD;aomtcgrS aq;jyif;vdyfudk zGmMuavonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\
a&mif;aps;rSm

bmrqdk

wxkyfwusyfjzpf

tm;vyfaom

tcsdefwGif

wusyfweftxkyfrsm; jyKvkyfxm;&\/ rl;aphrwfaph ]ta<u}vnf;r&SdMuay/

tcsKdUppfom;rsm;onf

a,mufz

armifpHvGeftm;

odxm;onfh vuPmESifh awmt&uf

azmufonftjzpfESifh

(Country Spirit)

&Sdoavm[k

ar;Mu&m uREkfyfunaeawmh a&mufvmvdrfhrnf[k ajymojzifh tvGef

0rf;omoGm;Muonf/
pdwfxifhaom xrif;weyf
naecif;wGif armifpHvGefu xrif;csuf uREkfyfuaps;a&mif;&\/
uREkfyfonfppfAdkvfBuD;udk awGUvdkaomfvnf; rQavmufa0;vHaom t&yfodkU
vdkuf

c&rf;csOfoD;a&mif;jcif;udk

rodapvdkonfESifholUxHodkU

roGm;yJ

aevkduf\/ rawmfwq ppfom;wa,mufwav t&ufrl; aygufMum;oGm;

vQifvnf; uREkfyfwkdUvSnf;rS a&mif;aomt&uf[l rodapvdkaomaMumifh
waMumif;vnf; jzpf\/ ppfom;rsm;teufwGif taomufavmbBuD;aom
]udkodef;az}rsm;vnf; yg&Sdav&m uREkfyfuvlwa,mufvQif rQxuf
ydkra&mif;[laom

pnfurf;wckvnf;

vkyfxm;&\/

(xdkacwfwGif

aus;&Gmwdkif; awmt&ufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; armifpHvGef;rSm we,fvkH;wGif

taumif;qkH;awmt&uf

csufwwfoljzpf

888

olUt&ufpGHvSayonf/)

qdkifydwfaomtcsdef (ppfom;rsm;onf ae0ifonfESifhwNydKifeuf ausmif;0if;

tjyifodkUrxGufMu&ay/) uREkfyfwkdU\a&mif;ukefypnf;rsm;rSm armifpHvGefu
olaomuf&efcsefxm;aom t&ufwykvif;rSwyg; tm;vkH;a&mif;ukefNyD;avNyD/
npmpm;Muaomtcg rpdk;ujyKwfaMumfvkyf ay;vdkufonfhtrJom;wkH;BuD;udk
yg;yg;vSD;NyD;

iHjym&nfESifhoHy&moD;nSpf

armifpHvGefcsufonfh

yJ[if;

wcGufESifhyif tawmfBuD;NrdefMuygonf/ uREkfyfonf c&D;xGufaomtcgrsm;

rNrdefaom

xrif;eyf[l

tvGef&Sm;ay&m

pdwfMunf&Tifaomtcg

tNrdefBuD;Nrdef Munf&Tifp&mr&Sdaom tcg tNrdefuav; Nrdefjcif;avmufom

jcm;em;jcif; &Sdavonf/ npmrSmrl pdwftwefi,f ]xifh}aomaMumifh
tNrdefBuD;rNrdefvSyg/
csrf;vSaom nwn
uREkfyfwkdUorD;a,mufzonf tdrfjrifhuav; atmufxyfwGif tum
t&Hr&SdyJ ckwifwckay:tdyfMu\/
armifpHvGefonf pyg;yJGpm;tvkyf? awmifoltvkyfESifh t&ufcsufaom
tvkyfom pdwf0ifpm;oljzpf uREkfyfESifhwm&SnfpGm pum;ajymzdkU taMumif;
t&mr&SdonfESifh cyfapmapmyif tdyfzdkUjyifqifMuav\/ xdkESpfaqmif;onf
tjcm;ESpfrsm;xuf csrf;at;onfhjyif jymodk (Zefe0g&D) vvnf;jzpf
tjcm;aomnrsm;xuf csrf;at;onf[k uREkfyfxifrdonf/ txJwGif
tumt&Hvnf;r&SdaomaMumifh ajrmufavwjzL;jzL; 0ifvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyfrSm
tdrfrS,lcJUaom wdkufapmifESpfxnfESifh auG;rvkH atmif&Sdawmh\/ c&D;yef;
vmcJUygvsufESifhyif 10 em&Dxdk;aomfvnf; tdyfraysmfEdkifao;yJ [dkbuf
onfbuf cPcPapmifh auG;&\/ tcif;twGufrl arGU&mr,lEdkifcJUyJ

889

aumfaZmESifh auG;&ojzifh csrf;vnf;csrf;? emvnf;emvS\/ 10 em&DcefUwGif

]tkH;}]'dkif;}[laom

toHESpfqifhMum;&

armfwmypfjcif;jzpfonf[k

uREkfyfcsufcsif;odygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf uomNrdKU w&kwfwyfESifh

*syefwyftMum;wGif toHrsKd;tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm
jzpf\/

uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufonf

tdyf&mrS

Mum;cJU&bl;aomaMumifh
aigufueJ

xxdkifMu

wdkifyifMu&m ta&SUbufurf;rS ypfjcif;jzpf&rnf[k awG;EdkifMu onf/

uREkfyf\tawG;tac:rSm ta&SUbufrSypfonfqdkvQif opfyifwyif\ yifpnf
t&if; taemufbufrSuyf0yfaevQif vkH;0vGwfrnf[k rqdkEdkifapumrl
xdrSefzdkUvrf; tenf;qkH;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k wGufcsufrdonf/ armfwmqdkvQif
wcsufwnf;ESifh NyD;rnfr[kwfaomaMumifh tumuG,f,lrS jzpfrnfqdkum
uREkfyfwkdU\EGm;ESpfaumif

csnfxm;onfh

opfyifatmufokdU

vmMu

taemufbufrS tjrpf&if;wGif0yfMu\/ armfwmoHawmh[kwfonf/ okdUaomf

wcsufNyD;wcsuf xyfqifh rypfaomaMumifh tawG;&cufae\/ owif;t&
ta&SUbufurf;&Sd *syefwyfu ypfjcif;jzpfcJUvQif wcsufNyD;wcsuf xyfqifh
ypfNyD; bufrS NAdwdoQppfwyfuvnf; wkHUjyef&ayvdrfhrnf/ ,ckaomf
wcsufwnf;ESifh wdwfqdwfvsuf &Sd\/ bmvkyfMuavoenf;/ olwkdU
bmvkyfMujcif;um; udpr&SdvS? wudk,fvkH; cdkufcdkufwkefatmifcsrf;at;
vmjcif;um; udp&Sdonf/ armifpHvGefonf ckwifqDodkUoGm; apmifrsm;,lvm
NyD; uREkfyftm;NcHKay;\/ wcPwmrQ aEG;onfxifvdkuf&NyD;aemuf rMumrD
twGif; csrf;at;NrJwdkif; csrf;at;vmjyefavNyD/ armifpHvGefu rD;zdkay;rnfqdk
&m armfwmypfaom *syefrsm;tm; rD;a&mifjzifh ]rSef;om;&atmif}jyKvkyfay;
onfqdkum NAdwdoQppfwyfu uREkfyfwkdUtm; Budrf;armif;vdrfhrnfxifaom
aMumifh rD;rzdkzdkUajymxm;&\/ nOfheufavav csrf;at;avav jzpfvmonf
wGif uREkfyfonf tBuHwck&-

890

]]naeu rif;[mav; usefao;ovm;a[h armifpHvGef}}

]]av;ykHokH;ykHavmuf usefygao;Asm}}
]],lprf;acsuGm}}
armifpHvGefonf t&ufykvif;ESifh a&zefcGuftjyif tydkzefcGufwck
vnf;,lvm\/ armifpHvGefcsufaomt&ufrSm awmt&ufeHU vkH;0rxGuf
onfhjyif

rD;[kef;[kef;awmufonfwkdifatmif jyif;vSonf/

uREkfyfonf

ykvif;ESifhzefcGufudk,l vufESpfopfcefU xnfhNyD;onfhaemuf armifpHvGefu

a&cGufudkvSrf;ay;\/ uREkfyfuOD;acgif;,rf;jyNyD; a&ra&myJaomufrnfjyK&m
armifpHvGefu ]]rvkyfeJUudkBuD;odef; usKyfcsufwJU t&ufAsaemf}}[k owday;
\/
uREkfyfonf bD,mavmufom BudKufwwf udkodef;azwkdUvlpkESifh
wcgw&H 0DpuD? b&ef'Dponfrsm;udk aomufbl;aomfvnf; qdk'gtrsm;BuD;
xnfhum

]Adkvfaomuf}aomufwwfol

csrf;at;jcif;udk

umuG,fvdkonfjzpf

wcsufwnf;armhfcsvdkuf&m

jzpfygonf/

wBudrfwGifrl

armifpHvGef\t&ufudka&ra&myJ

EdkifiHjcm;t&ufrsm;yif

tqef;r[kwfaom

uREkfyftzkdU&myifcsufcsif;em;&GufBuD; xlvmonfxifrdNyD; tpmtdrf twGif;

xyfudk rD;ESifhNrdKufvdkufonfxif\/
]]trJom;wkH;BuD;xJu eJeJvSD;acsprf;yguGm}}[k ajym armifpHvGef
,lvmaom trJom;wzufESpfzwfudk 0g;vdkuf&onfwGifrS taewnfhNyD;
wudk,fvkH;&Sd aoG;rsm; tajy;tvTm;avQmufum waxmif;axmif;aEG;vm
ygawmhonf/ armifpHvGefonf uREkfyfESifh twlaomuf&rnfudk &GHUonfESifh
t&ufykvif;udk udkifMunfh udkifMunfhvkyfae&m ]]aomufavuGm}} [k uRekfyfu
ajymvdkufaomtcg uREkfyfenf;wl a&ra&myJ aomufavonf/
]]cgwdkif;aum rif;a&ra&mbl;vm;}}

891

]]uRefawmht&ufudk a&ra&myJ aomufEdkifwJUvl udkBuD;odef; wa,muf

yJ awGUbl;w,f? ckawmifrS udkBuD;odef;vkyfvdkU uRefawmfvdkufvkyf 0HUwmyJ}}
csrf;onfxuf csrf;vmjcif;
opfyifBuD;atmuf em&D0ufausmfausmf xdkifaeMuNyD;aemuf bmoHrQ
xyfrMum;onfESifh uREkfyfwkdUonf ckwifay:okdU jyefvmMu apmifNcKHxJ
auG;Muav\/ &moDOwkrSm Mumavcsrf;avjzpfvmcJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonf
apmifNcKHxJwGif vkHaeatmifauG;NyD; vufESpfbufudk aygifMum;xJokdUxkd;oGif;
xm;&\/ okdUESifhvnf; wkd;wkd; csrf;at;vmojzifh tcH&cufwkef;yif&Sd\/
uREkfyfonfol\apmifESifh uREkfyf\apmifrsm;yg tm;vkH;aygif;xyfNyD; twlwl
NcKH zkdUpdwful;&yg\/ okdUaomfBuD;jyif;vmaom aemufydkif; vifr,m;yif
twlNcKHrtdyfMuonfh tavhtusifhaMumifh a,mufsm;csif;twlNcKHtdyfzkdUrSm
tvGefcJ,Of;ae\/

odkUaomfausmcsif;uyf

tdyfMu&ef

tBuHjzpf

armifpHvGefudk uREkfyfteD;okdUa&Tvm&ef ac:,l&onf/ aEG;awmhaEG;yg\/

okdUaomf [dkbufonfbuf rapmif;&yJwbufowftdyf&ojzifh anmif;vS
onf/ aemufqkH; uREkfyfonf tdyf&mrSx ]]a[h armifpHvGef? rifhykvif;
ay;prf;uGm}}[k awmif;,lum aEG;avmufatmif ]0rf;yuf}BuD;BuD; aomufNyD;
wa,mufwtdyf&mpD cGJtdyfvdkufMuygawmhonf/ (ae&m uREkfyfudk
odaom udkodef;azrSwyg; tjcm;vlrsm;u uREkfyftm; ]olaomufcsifvdkU
OmPfqifaewmyg}[k pGyfpGJMuvQifvnf; uREkfyfcHEdkif&nf &Sdygonf/)

892

rarhEdkifaomaysmufjcif;
aemufwaeUeHeuf uREkfyfwkdUonf apmapmBuD;xGufMu&ef tBuH&Sd
aomfvnf; ,refnOfhu tdyfysufonfhtwGufaMumifh apmapmrxGufEdkifMu yJ
rkd;BuD;vif;cgrS xGufEdkifMu\/ jyefcgeD;wGif ppfom;wa,mufESifhawGU
,refnOfhu armfwmoHtaMumif;udk ar;Munfh&m [dkbufurf;rS toHr[kwf
aMumif;? bufppfwyfrS rdrdwkdUEdk;Mum;jcif;udk *syefrsm;odatmif vSefUay;
jcif;jzpfaMumif;ajymjyod&avonf/

tjcm;ppfom;wa,mufu

vnf;

*syefrsm;onf bufurf;odkU ul;Muvdrfhrnf[k owif;&aom aMumifh

vSefUay;jcif;jzpfovdkvdk ajymjyavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf opfqdrfhBuD; &GmrS
xGufvmMu

rkd;csKyfcgrS

refusnf;wkH&GmodkU

jyefa&mufvmMuav\/

c&D;wGif uREkfyftzdkU&m rarhEdkif aomtjzpftysufwckrSm uREkfyftvGef

jrwfEdk;onfh aq;wHwacsmif;usaysmufcJU&jcif;yif jzpfonf/
uREkfyfESifh aq;wH
aq;wHrSm uREkfyfjrwfEdk;avmufonfh &mZ0ifaMumif;uav; &Sdonf
jzpf uREkfyftay: cifrifjrwfEdk;olwkdU pdwf0ifpm;Muvdrfhrnf xifaom
aMumifh q,fESpfausmf aomufvmcJUonfh 'if;uav;taMumif;udk azmfjy&yg
OD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf 1917 ckESpfrSp (armifpH&Sm;udk tm;usNyD;)aq;wH
aomufzkdU tavhtusifhjyK&mwGif okH;av;usyfwef aq;wHrsKd;udk 0,faomuf
cPcPaysmufbl;\/ wacsmif;aysmufwdkif; xkdUxufaumif; aomaq;wH
udk

0,faomuf&m

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arhusefaysmufqkH;&onfcsnf;jzpf\/

893

aomuf&NyD;

yJcl;NrdKU ]pmawmfjyef}tvkyfudkvkyfpOf &dk;wdkufrS 10usyf&SpfyJ ay;0,f

xm;onfh tH'gbdk;

aq;wHwacsmif; aysmuf&jyef\/

(Under Bore)

uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufrSm vkHavmufatmif tzdk;rwefaomaMumifh arhusef&pf

cJUjcif;jzpf&rnf/ tzdk;aiG wq,fausmfwefaom tH'gbdk; aq;wHudkarhaysmuf
ao;vQif xuf tzdk;wefaom aq;wHrsKd;udk 0,faomufOD;rnfqdkum
t*FvefjynfrS 'ef;wD; (Dunhill) aq;wHudkrSm,lpmwdkfufrS 25usyf-&SpfyJESifh
a&G;,l&\/ rQomruao;av;pm;onfxuf av;pm;apjcif;iSm ]trif;}
wGif a&T'*Fg;uGyfxm;vdkufygao;onf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJ aq;wHonf
tzdk;wefaomaMumifhomru t*FvefjynfrS rSm,l&jcif; vnf;jzpfaomaMumifh
tvGefjrwfEdk;vsuf&SdonfESifh arhusef&pfjcif; r&Sdonfhjyif MumavjrwfEdk;av
jzpfvmcJUygonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\NcHBuD;xJ NAdwdoQppfwyfpcef;cspOfu aq;wH
aomufaom ar*smppfAdkvfwa,mufonf uREkfyfESifhtwefi,f ta&m0if
vmMu&mwGif

uREkfyfvkyfxm;aom

aq;&GufBuD;rIefUudk

jrnf;Munfhjcif;?

ol\aq;csKdjym;udk zJUay;jcif; ponfjzifh ta&mw0if jzpfvmMuaomtcg

uRekfyf\aq;wHudk awmif;,lMunfh

(Dunhill)

wHqdyfudk awGUonfESifh

rsufckef;csDvkdufjcif;tm;jzifhtHMoaom trlt&mazmfjy\/ ol\tHUMojcif;

t"dym,frSm ]'ef[D;vf} aq;wHawG bmawGeJU tm*vlBuD; wa,mufyg
uvm;}}[k qdkjcif;yifjzpf\/ ol\trlt&m udk uREkfyfjrifvdkuf&aomtcg
rsufESmjzLwa,mufvnf;jzpf?

aq;wHaomuf

orm;csif;vnf;jzpf

ol\rsufESmxm;udk jrifvdkuf&jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyf\ aq;wHzdk; 25usyf-&SpfyJ

ausoGm;onf[k

atmufarhvkdufonf/

(okdUESifh

vnf;

olwyg;wdkUxuf <um;csifwwfolwa,muf jzpfonf rxifyg/)

894

uREkfyfonf

waeUo vufa0SUyGJwyJGMunfhtNyD;wGif &if;ESD;aom vli,fwa,muf

uuREkfyftm; ]]OD;av;odef;? aq;wHaomufykHMunfhNyD; uRefawmfh&JUukvm;rdwf
aqG wa,mufucsD;rGrf;aew,fAs}}[k ajym\/
]]b,fvdkrsm; csD;rGrf;aeovJarmif}}
]]ArmvlrsKd;awG aq;wHaomufwm jrifbl;vSNyD? 'DvlBuD;aomufwm
avmuf MunfhvdkUaumif;wm wa,mufrS rjrifbl;bl;wJUcifAsm}}
uREkfyf\0wKrsm;? owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifhywfouf
csD;usL;pum;ajymMujcif;udk &Hzef&HcgBuKH&bl;ygonf/ pma&;wwfjcif;
onf aq;wHaomufjcif;xuf t&ma&mufaom t&nftcsif;jzpfjcif;udk
uREkfyfem; vnfygonf/ okdUESifhvnf; pma&;wwfjcif;udk csD;usL;cH&onf
vl\aomuf wwfykHudk csD;usL;cH&jcif;xufydk yDwdjzpfrdaom tBudrfudk
uREkfyfrrSwfrdyg/ onfrSmvl\a,bk,s obm0ayavm? odkUwnf;r[kwf
uREkfyf\ xl;jcm;aom 0goemwckayavm rajymwwfyg/ pma&;jcif;ESifh
ywfouf taumif;ajymMujcif;udk Mum;&zefrsm; wcgw&H tqef;
topfwcktwGuf csD;rGrf;cH&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh ESpfoufjcif;jzpfavoavm
[kvnf; pOf;pm;rdygonf/ aq;wHaomufykHESifh ywfouf qufvuf
pOf;pm;vkduf&mwGif bdvd,uf xkd;&m usLudkifaumif;ykH? wif;epfupm;&m
]&ufuuf}

udkifaumif;ykH[l

[efwrsKd;pD&SdMu
vlrsm;onf

[efwlyg\/
rsufpdxJwGif

&SdbdouJUodkU

aq;wHaomuf&mvnf;

rnfokdUyifjzpfap
]axmfavmfuefUvefU}&Sd

aq;wHaomufcgp
awmfawmfESifh

]tom;rao}Edkifjcif;udkrlum; owdjyKrdMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfum; ESpfaygif;

50cefU aq;wHaomufvm cJUjcif;jzpf\/ tudkiftwG,f? tudkfuftjzKwf
usifvnfrIyif jzpfavoavm [k awG;awmrdygonf/ okdUwnf;r[kwf

895

xdktdEd,wdkif;om;onf

uREkfyfESifh

b0a&pufeD;cJUaomaMumifh

uREkfyf

vkyforQolUrsufpdwGif tqifajyonf[k xifjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/

pmokH;apmif&&Sdjcif;
1946 ckESpfOD;wGif &efukefNrdKU owif;pmwdkufrsm;zGifh owif;pmrsm;
xkwfa0vsuf&SdaMumif;Mum;od&onfESifh

&efukefokdUqif;vdkaomqEjyif;jy

vsuf&Sd\/ okdU&mwGif xdkpOfu &efukefrEav;c&D;rSm toGm;tvm rvG,f

ulacs/ waeUo &efukefrS uREkfyfxHokdU vlBuKHESifhydkUvkdufonfh pmokH;apmif
a&mufvm\/ pmrsm;udkzGifhMunfhonfhtcg (1)ol&d, udkodrf;armifxHrS
wapmif? (2)Armhacwf udktkef;cifxHrS wapmif? (3)NAdwdoQbm;rm; oaX;
OD;nGefUxHrS

wapmifawGU&\/

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uREkfyftm;

tvdk&SdaMumif;yg&Sd\/

udkodef;armifu
acgif;BuD;a&;orm;

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tcsufuav;rsm;&SdcJUjcif;udk

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wa,muftjzpfESifh

ukdodrf;armiftay:

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olurl

rauseyfaom
taMumif;udk

&dyfrd[efr&Sd&Smay/ xkdUaMumifhvnf; olUvufatmufwGif acgif;BuD;a&;orm;

wa,muftjzpfESifhvkyfzkdU ac:aejcif;jzpf\/ rSwfwrf; olUtaMumif;
a&;xm;jcif;rsm;udk olzwfrdvQif tHUMoavrnfavm rajymwwfay/ olU
wdkuf tvkyfvpfvyfonfqdk uREkfyftm; tvkyfay;vdkaom ol\apwem
udk uREkfyftodtrSwfjyKyg\/ okdU&mwGif olajymonfh twdkif; 0ifvkyf&ef
rlum; rjzpfEdkifyg/ xkdUaMumifh pmjyefrdvQif tmCmwxm; onfhtoHrsKd;
ygrnfpdk;aomaMumifh pmrjyefyJ aevkdufygonf/

896

udktkef;cifuac:jcif;
udktkef;cifonf &efukef Armhacwfowif;pm wnfaxmifvsuf&Sd
olUwdkufvkyf&ef pdwfqE&SdygvQif &efukefokdU qif;vmcJUzdkUtaMumif; pma&;
jcif;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfonf e*g;eDpmtkyfwdkuf udktkef;cif refae*smvkyfpOf
u if;wdkuftwGuf pmtkyfESpftkyf bmomjyefay;onfhtjyif '*kHcifcifav;
ESifholwkdU wnfaxmifMuaom pmtkyfwkduftwGufvnf; a&Smvrkefodkuf?
&wemodkuf paom0wKrsm;udk bmomjyefay;\/ vlcsif;um; xdktcsdef
tuRrf;w0ifBuD;&SdvSonfr[kwfacs/ oluac:,lykHrSmvnf; at;at;puf
puf&Sdonfxif

ol\pmudkvnf;

uREkfyfav;av;eufeuf

rpOf;pm;yJ

z,fxm;vkdufonf/ olonf uREkfyfudk txdkuftavsmuf oabmusykH&onf

[k uREkfyf&dyfrdyg\/ aemufydkif;rl xdkrQru wkd;obmusvmjcif;udkvnf;
uREkfyf&dyfrdygonf/ odkU&mwGif xdkpOfu ac:,lykHrsKd;avmufESifhrl uREkfyfu
tl;,m;zm;,m; qif;oGm;vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/
[Hom0wDuac:jcif;
wwd,jzpfaom NAdwdoQbm;rm; OD;nGefU\pmrSm tawmfauseyfzG,f
a&;om;vkdufygayonf/ olonf [Hom0wDowif;pm wnfaxmifvsuf&Sd&m
owif;pmaxmifrnf[k pdwftBuHjzpfuwnf;u uREkfyftaMumif;udk pkHprf;cJU
aMumif;? txufjrefrmjynf &Sdonf[k od&jcif;rSwyg; NrdKU&Gmtrnfudk rod&
ojzifh tcufB uKHcJU&aMumif;? uREkfyfudkawGUrS owif;pmaxmifrnf[k BuH&G,f
xm;aomfvnf; aemufqkH;pkHprf;r&onfESifh jzpfovdk wnfaxmifvkduf&
aMumif;? pmudk&vQif &efukefokdUcsufcsif;qif;vm rEav;NrdKU&Sdaom

897

ol\ &kyf&Sifum;udk,fpm;vS,f pma&;q&m jrrsKd;vGifxHrS vdktyfaom

p&dwfaiGrsm;awmif;,lEdkifaMumif; ponfjzifh a&;om;yg&Sdavonf/ tjcm;
aom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk rpOf;pm;rDuREkfyfonf OD;nGefU\ pma&;ykHwck
wnf;ESifhyif olUbufodkU ygoGm;cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonf tvkyfwckudkvufcH
rnfBuHonfhtcgwdkif; &rnfhvcxuf uREkfyftm; rnfrQavmuf vkdvdkcsifcsif
&Sdonf[laomtcsufudk tav;ay; pOf;pm;avh&Sd\/ rwwfEdkif vcenf;
enf; ay;Edkifonfqdkap vludkav;pm;aMumif;azmfjyvQif tvkyfudk vufcHcsif
wwf\/ OD;nGefUudprl vctaMumif; xnfhra&;aomfvnf; tjcm;olrsm;
ay;EdkifonfxufydkvQifomydkrnf? avsmhvdrfhrnfr[kwf[kpdwfcsEdkifavmuf\/
waMumif;rSmvnf; ol&d,wdkufwGif uREkfyfvkyfcJUpOfuwnf;u OD;apm
r&Sdonfhaemuf uREkfyfrSwyg; t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfoifholr&Sd[k zGifhajymbl;jcif;
udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyftay: txifrao;jcif;udk od&NyD;jzpf\/
okdUjzpf uREkfyfonf OD;nGefU\ [Hom0wD owif;pmwdkufwGif tvkyfvkyf
rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufygawmhonf/
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899

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904

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905

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908

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909

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910

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911

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912

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913

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914

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915

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916

ausmufqnfNrdKUwGif

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c&D;quf&NyD
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vrf;wavQmuf&Sd

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917

rsufpdxJwGif

jrifa,mifao;

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xdkvlBuD;onf

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tuFsDryg zdeyfryg Avmjzpf&onfhtxJwGif aoewfBuD;udk yckH;ay:
xrf;vsuf

wusdyfcefUrQaom

cg;axmuf

avQmuf,if;

&Gmom;rsm;\a&SUrS
uREkfyfwkdUtm;

ppfAdkvfBuD;[efrsKd;ESifh

]][dk;}}[ktrdefUay;vdkuf&m

uREkfyfwkdUrSm ol\ppfom;[eftrlt&maMumifh rvefUonfhjyif NyKH;yifNyKH;cJU

rdygao;onf/ yvdyf&GmodkUa&mufaomtcg avmf&Dum;onf qufvuf
oGm;rnfr[kwf aomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkUonf um;ay:rSqif;NyD; iSufwpif;
iSm;

a&TMuuf,ufodkU

pkefvmMu\/

n9em&DausmfrS

qdkufa&muf

oGm;Muaomtcg a&TMuuf,uf&Gmuav;rSm u&ifolykefrsm;owif;aMumifh

xdwfvefUaeMu

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tdrfodkUvdkufNyD;ajymif;zl;jyKwfjzifh

uyfvsuf&SdMu\/
NyD;&jyef

iSuform;\

waeUvkH;xrif;iwf&aom

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aMumufyJaMumufvGef;onf
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a&muf&mwGif

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vlxkarmifESHwkdUtm;

tjzpftysufudk

tdrfom;rsm;ESifh

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ajymjy&onf/

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rEav;rSvlrsm;url

u&ifrsm; rdwDvmrS 0ifrnfr[kwf? arNrdKUbufrS 0ifvmrnf[k owif;&Mu

aMumufvefUaeMujcif;jzpf\/ okdUqdkvQif ausmufqnfrS ajy;vmMuaom
t&m&Sdwpkonf

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918

jcif;jzpfae\/

uREkfyfonf BuKHawGUcJU&aom 'kursm;taMumif;udk jyefajymif; qifjcif

vdkufonfhtcg

t&m&Sdwpk\

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nHUzsif;rIaMumifh

rdrdwkdU'kujzpf&onf[k

tawmtwGif;ausmufqnfaiGwdkufrS

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]]vSHzsm;ykpOf;em;awmh usD;uef;u aMumufacs;ygonf}}qdkaom pum;ykHESifh
EIdif;um t&m&SdwpkwkdUu taMumufvGefykHtaMumif;udk tawmfjyif;xefaom
acgif;BuD;wyk'fa&;xnfhvkduf\/ uREkfyfwkdU'kua&mufcJUjcif; twGufaMumifh
pdwful;&Sdoavmuf jyif;xefpGm&Iwfcsa0zefrdjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; 0efcHygonf/
xdkpOfu wdkif;rif;BuD;jzpfcJUaom OD;cspfaqGESifhvnf; tawmftwefoduRrf;
uHtm;avsmfpGm awGUqkHrd&mwGif ausmufqnft&m&Sdrsm;taMumif;udk tawmf
zdESdyf wdkifwef;rdao;onf/ aemufqkH; wm0ef&Sdaom t&m&SdBuD; rsm;
ta&;,ljcif;cH&onf[k

Mum;&aomtcg

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&Sdaomfvnf;

tNyD;owfwGif rdrd\a'gotjypfudk jrifrdygonf/

acsmh&aomacgif;BuD;
tawmtwGif; u&ifolykefrsm;onf arNrdKUwGif ArmNrdKUol NrdKUom;
rsm; udk&maxmifcsD owfonf[laom owif;rsm;Mum;&\/ rEav;odkU
qif;vm vdrfhrnf[lvnf; owif;ajy;vsuf&SdonfESifh rEav;NrdKUom;rsm;
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Mum;Mu&mwGif rEav;&Sdaom tpdk;&ppfwyfonf ppfudkif;bufodkU a&GU
ajymif;oGm;onf[k Mum;&jyef\/ wGif tpdk;&ppfwyfonf rEav;NrdKUol
NrdKUom;rsm;tm; tumtuG,fray;yJ ay,smvuefypfxm;cJU onf[laom
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919

qif;vmMu vrf;ckvwfodkUa&mufNyD[laom owif;udkMum;&\/ xdktcg

uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfrSm u&ifolykefrsm;onf arNrdKU tvGef&ufpufMuonf
qdk&m

rEav;odkUa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf;

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&ufpufrnf

r[kwf[k rnfolrQrajymEdkif? tu,f&ufpufM uonfqdkvQifvnf; ]touf

udk zufESifhxkyfxm;ayawmh}qkdonfh tajctaersKd; jzpfoGm;ayawmhrnf/
wGifuREkfyfonf woufwmtwGif; wcgrQra&;bl;onfh acgif;BuD;rsKd;
wyk'fudk a&;vkduf&\/ uREkfyfa&;cJUorQaom acgif;BuD;rsm;rSm taMumif;
t&mwckwGif

rcHcsifaom

pdwfxm;uav;ESifh

a&;rdonfcsnf;jzpf\/

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Armwdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; jzpfMuaom ArmESifhu&ifqdkonfrSm nDtpfukd
t&if; acgif;eif;qif;yrm jzpfcJUMuonfhtavsmuf wbufESifhwbuf txif
tjrifrSm;rIrsm; &SdonfhtcgwGif a'gotavsmufrjyKMurl wdkifwkdifyifyif
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Edkifaomjyem[l &Sdrnfr[kwfaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh azsmif;zsa&;om;
vdkufav\/

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u&ifrsm;0ifvm

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wifjy&efyif jzpfavonf/ owif;pmacgif; BuD;taejzifh udk,fhtwGufiJU
a&;om;jcif;rSm owif;pmq&mwoufwmwGif wBudrfrQom BuKHcJU&bl;yg
onf/

920

u&ifolykefrsm;0ifvmjcif;
rEav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf

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aeMu&NyD;aemuf

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u&ifrsm;onf

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qdkaomaMumifh arNrdKUol arNrdKUom;rsm;\ qkd;&Gm;aomtjzpfrsKd;rS vGwfuif;
csrf;om&m &Muojzifh uHaumif;vSayonf/ 0ifcgpnrsm; b,fqDu
bmvufeufrsm;ESifh ypfonfrod? rD;vkH; (tajrmufqefavm? armfwm avm)
rsm;wufvm uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfrkd;ay:odkUjzwfa usmfoGm;jcif; udk awGU&ojzifh
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&aom tvSnfhrsm;vnf;&Sd\/ *syef? t*FvdyfAkH;rsm;udkyif rykef;cJUaom
uREkfyfrSmrl 15 rdepfcefUavmufwGifrS wcsufavmufypfaom toHrQ
avmufudk

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avSum;&if;rSxdkif

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(&Jonf[k

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&efjzpfonf/) u&if0ifNyD;aemuf w&ufESpf&uftMumwGif Armtpdk;&u
av,mOfysHjzifh AkH;wvkH;BuJcsjcif;udk awGU& 0rf;enf;rdonf/ tjyKtrl
onf tjynfjynfrStpdk;&wkdU jyKrlM uaom cHppfy&d,m,f jzpfavoavm
rajymwwf/

uREkfyf\tjrift& tvGefrSm;aom tjyKtrl jzpfonf[k

xifrdonf/ rEav;NrdKUtwGif;odkU olykefrsm;0ifvsuf&Sd (jynfy&efolyif

jzpfapOD;awmh) NrdKUolNrdKUom; w&mwGifrS &efolwa,muf avmufom&Sdrnf
jzpfaomaMumifh NrdKUay:odkU aumif;uifrSAkH;rsm;BuJcsaom tvkyfonf aop&m
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921

ppfwdkufenf;jzpf

udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;

tpdk;&rsm;u

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aumif;uifrS

av,mOfysHESifh

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jrifMu[ef&Sdayonf/ olykefrsm;0ifaeMuonfhtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdU\ vlxk
owif;pmwdkufudk ydwfxm;&onf/
'dkif;erdkif;cJGjcif;
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jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif *kHwefaq;&kd;0if;twGif;&Sd vlxkowif;pmwdkufudk
'dkif;erdkif;jzifh NzdKcJGvkduf\/ vlxkowif;pm tvkyfwdkufrSm ,ckuJUodkU
vufqnfuef

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rsufESmcsif;

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uREkfyfonf

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r&SdEdkifqdkum pmzwfNrJwdkif; zwfae\/ wcPrQMumaomf jyif;xefvSaom
aygufuGJoHBuD; jzpfay:vm trIdufo&dkufESifh zkHrsm;onf zGifhxm;aom
taygufrS

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0ifvmonfESifh aigufueJ xxdkifvdkuf&m wkduftdkBuD;\ eH&Hrsm;onf

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922

wGif xajy;&rnfavm[k tBuHjzpfaomfvnf; 'dkif;erdkif;wvkH;cJG

vQif vJNydKysufpD;rnfhwJB uD;jzpf aemufxyfcJGzkdUvkdrnfrxif[k qkH;jzwfNyD;
xrajy;yJ wJBuD;bufodkU wdkufaygufrS vSrf;Munfhvdkuf\/ v[mjyifwck
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rsm; rawGU&aomaMumifh xGufajy;zkdUrvkd[k qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/
OD;vSvdkufcJUygwJU
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onf ckwifay:rSxvm vlxkowif;pmykHESdyfwdkufjzpfcJUaom wJBuD;udk
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ydkif&Sifrsm; aexkdifaom AdkvfcsKyfvrf;qDrS <uufpD<uufpDMum;& vlrsm;pk&kH;
vsuf&Sdjcif;udk jrif&onfwGif if;vrf;bufodkU xGufvmcJUonf/ ,ckjrefrm
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a,mufudkvnf;

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rtrmESifhuav;rsm;tjyif armifvS\cg;udk qGJxm;onfh (rtrm\nDr)

rwifwifwkdUudkjrif&\/ rwifwifu ]]rxnfhEdkifbl;&Sif? udkfukdvSudkawmh
rxnfhEdkifbl;&Sif}}[k ajymvsuf&Sdojzifh uREkfyfpkHprf;Munfh&m eef;awmfxJ
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od&avonf/ ppfom;rsm;uvnf;
um;ay:odkUwufcdkif;\/

rvkdufyJrjzpfaMumif; ajymvsuf&Sd

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twGuf tazmf&ap&efqdk if;wkdU\rdbrsm;udkxnfhzkdU owdr&MuyJ uREkfyf

923

tm; vkdufoGm;zkdU wkdufwGef;Muavonf/ xdktcg uREkfyfonf cg;0wfxm;

onfh pGyfus,fuav;ESifhyif um;ay:odkU wufvdkufoGm;&m vlxkOD;vS\
0NzdK;0dkif;pufaom rsufESmrSm yl'DrkefUxuf BuD;awmhonf rxifyg/
AdkvfrI;usifESifhawGUjcif;
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uREkfyfonf

ppfwyfESifhywfouf

tNidtpGef;&Sdonfh

ta&;tom;rsKd;a&;cJUrdbl;ygoavm[k pOf;pm;Munfh&m u&ifrsm; 0ifvmrnf

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ay,smvuef ypfxm;cJUonf[k a&;cJUbl;jcif;udk owd&\/ wGifuREkfyf
ausmpdrfhoGm;jcif;udk 0efcH&ayrnf/ AdkvfrI;usifonf vlxkOD;vStm; xrif;pm;
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txufyg

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xdkifcif;ay; ukvm;xdkifrsm;ay: xdkifvsuf&SdMupOf ppfAdkvfuav;rsm;
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rsufESmodwa,mufyg\/ xkdolrSmar*smbjzLjzpfav&m olonf jrawmif
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924

jrif& uREkfyfuNyKH;&,fvkdufonfwGif olonf uREkfyfarQmfvifhouJUodkU

NyKH;NyKH;&Tif&Tif rvkyfyJrqdkpavmufuav;rQ oGm;uav; azmfjyvdkufjcif;udk
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AdkvfrI;usifu

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ppfAdkfvfuav;

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vufcHrnfrod/ twGufta&;,lOD;rnfavm rajymEdkifay/ xkdUaemuf
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rsm;udk qufvufajymonfESifh pum;jywf oGm;ygawmhonf/ aemufqkH;
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txiftjrifonf

,aeUwdkif pJGvsuf&Sdygonf/)

925

ppfAdkvfuav;rsm;xuf
uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif

tewacgif;BuD;rsm;
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(Topical)

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acgi;fBuDD;} rsm; taMumif;udk vlajymrsm; owif;Mum;onfhvuPm ESifh
(owif;pmzwfolwa,muf r[kwf oludk,fwdkifzwfrdjcif; [kwf[efrwl)
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okdU&mwGif

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vkduf\/ xdktcgolonf q&mawmf\ ]tazmif;tydef} enf;udk a[majym
avonf/ uREkfyfonf w&m;aqG;aEG;&m pum;&Snfjcif;udk rBudKufwwf
aom 0goemtwdkif; ]]cifAsm;a[mjcif;xuf cifAsm;q&mawmfudk zl;awGU

926

vkdonf? b,fhES,fvJ}}[kar;&m q&mawmfudkrawGUrD q&mawmf\pmtkyfudk

zwfygOD;[kajym q&mawmfa&;onfh pmtkyfESpftkyf vSLygonf/ pmtkyf
rsm;rSm wtkyf 10pDjzpf yk*dKvf\apwemudk uREkfyf av;pm;onfh
tavsmuf olvSLaom pmtkyfBuD;ESpfwGJudk av;av;eufeuf zwf&Iqifjcif
ygonf/
prf;oyftm;xkwfjcif;
uREkfyfonftxufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; rdpOfzqufw&m;"r 0go
em xkHcJUoljzpf udk,fhq&m\enf;twkdif; wyifwyef; tm;xkwfjcif;tm;jzifh
,xmblw obm0udktxkduftavsmuf oabmaygufxm;onf[k ,kHMunf
xm;apumrl

udk,hfq&mawmf\enf;emed,rSwyg;

tvum;[m

csnf;jzpfonf[k usOf;ajrmif;aom oabmxm;&Sdolwa,muf r[kwfonfh

tavsmuf q&mawmf\enf;tm; ,kwfpGmhtqkH; prf;oyfxdkufaomenf;
wckjzpfayonf[k qkH;jzwfvkduf\/ (vufawGUtm;xkwfjcif;r[kwfyJ usrf;
*efxJrS xkwfNyD;a&;Muonfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk zwf&bl;aomfvnf;
prf;oyfxdkufonf[k uREkfyfr,lqcJUyg/) okdUjzpf aemufwBudrf xdkrdwfaqG
vmaomtcgwGif prf;oyftm;xkwfzkdUoabmwlaMumif; uREkfyfuajymonfESifh
xdkolonf uREkfyftm;xkwfa&;twGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omwm0ef,l tpD
tpOfjyKvkyfay;ygonf/ vlxkrtrm\zcif OD;xifonf uREkfyfESifhtwl
vdkuf tm;xkwf&efoabmwlonfESifh uREkfyfonf vlxkwdkufrS tcGifh
ckESpf&uf,l ppfudkif;awmif&dk;a&Trif;0HacsmifodkU oGm;Muav\/
r[mpnfq&mawmf\wynfh uREkfyf\"rrdwfaqGrSm a&OD;NrdKUqefpuf
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(,ckaumvif;NrdKU

qefpufydkif)

927

OD;boifjzpfav&m

olonf

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uREkfyfwkdUESifh

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pm;a&;aomufa&;yg

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tpDtpOfjyKvkyfay;oGm;ygonf/

(olUq&mawmf\enf;twdkif; tm;xkwfrnfholqdkvQif vl?&Sif?&[ef;? oDv&Sif

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a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfwdkUtm; jyornfhyk*dKvfrSm q&mawmfOD;aumov
jzpf\/ OD;aumorSm rlvu rdk;nSif;q&mawmf\ vuf&kH;jzpfcJU&m OD;boif
wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh r[mpnfq&mawmfenf;t& tm;xkwfNyD; a&Trif;0Hacsmif
enf;jyq&mawmf tjzpfESifh oDwif;okH;aeaom yk*dKvfjzpfygonf/ OD;boif
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rEav;okdUjyefoGm;avonf/
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uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muftm; tazmif;tydefenf;udk oifjyay; pwiftm;xkwf
Muygonf/

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0dyemtvkyfESifh

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r[kwfojzifh um; orx? um; 0dyem jzpfonf[k odESifhNyD;aom

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okdUjzpf uREkfyfonf q&mawmfnTefMum;oifjyonfhtwkdif; (qifajcuefjcif;?
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928

pBuFavQmufcsnfwvSnfh?

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ygonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfarQmfvifhonfh (0dyem) OmPftjrifrsKd;rlum;
ray:vmacs/
xl;qef;aom tawGUtBuKH
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azmif;jcif;onf vIdif;0ifvmjcif;ESifhwl 0rf;Adkufydefjcif;onf vIdif;xGuf
oGm; edrfhoGm;jcif;ESifhwl\/ azmif;csnfydefcsnf&Sdaom tjcif;t&monf
vIdif;ay:a&mufvkduf atmufusvdkufjzpfaeaom tjcif;t&mESifhwlvSonf
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tazmif;tydefudk &IrSwf&jcif;aMumifh yifyef;onf[k ,cifu xifcJU&mrS
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929

[kkxif&aomtrSwfonf aysmufoGm; taecufonfh oabmrsKd;xifvmcJU

avNyD/

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toufjyif;pGm&I&Idufjcif;onf

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jzpfaecJUavNyD/ touf&Ijcif;udk rjyKjyifyJ qufvufvTwfxm;vkdufygu
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vdrfhrnf[k pdk;&drfvmonfESifh uREkfyfonf touf&I&Idufjcif;udk b&dwftkyfum
xdef;odrf;xm;vdkuf&m e*dktwdkif; omreftouf&IaomtjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;
ygawmhonf/ xl;qef;vSonfwum;[k atmufarhrdonf/
qufvufpGefUpm;jcif;
uREkfyfonf

&Gufzsifukvm;xdkifay:xdkifum

tvkyfvkyfjcif;jzpf&m

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txufyg tjzpftysufudk jyefvSefokH;oyfonf/ rBuKHbl;aom tjcif;t&m
wckjzpf

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odkUa&mufoGm;jyef toufiifouJUodkU jzpfvmNyD; vefUjyefonfESifh wzef
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930

a&mufvmjyef\/
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vTwfay;vdkufonf/

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arm[dkufjcif; rsKd;uJUodkU tcH&cufjcif;? yifyef;jcif;rsKd;um; vkH;0rawGU&/
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touf&SLjcif;onf wjznf;jznf;uav; jyefaysmhvm\/ tjcif;t&m
udkvnf;

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rSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sd yg/
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ygonf/

931

q&mawmfvnf;tcufawGU\
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ay:a&mufwJUvlvdk
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vSonfvnf;r[kwf? q&mawmfuvnf; [kwfNyD[k axmufcHvdrfhrnf[l
rarQmfvifhcJUbl;onfhtwGufaMumifh

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prf;oyfenf;
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NidrfoufoGm;aomtjzpfrsKd;odkU qdkufa&mufoGm;\/ xkduJUodkU okH;BudrfokH;zef
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onfjzpfap enf;twkdif;om jzpfacsawmhrnf[k &dyfrdonfESifh qufvuf
tm;rxkwfawmhyJ tem;,lxm;vdkufav\/ t&kPfwufcsdefwGif uREkfyf
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932

ausmif;odkUoGm;Mu\/

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q&mawmf\tazmif;tydefenf;jzifh w&m;tm;xkwf ]OmPfpOfem} NyD;ol
jzpfav&m uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\jzpfykHudk oDv&Siftm; ajymjy\/ xdktcg
oDv&Sifu t"dXmefESifh prf;MunfhzdkU tBuHay;\/ prf;enf;rSm a&mufaeus
tjzpfrsKd;odkU em&D0uftwGif; a&mufygapom;? odkUr[kwf 15rdepftwGif;
a&mufygapom;ponfjzifh t"dXmefjyKNyD; ]xdkif}&ef jzpfavonf/ ,m*k
aomufNyD;Mu uREkfyfwkdUaeaom pBuFausmif;odkUjyef a&mufMuaomtcg
uREkfyfonf

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aumif; ? wzef 2 rdepftwGif;vnf;aumif; a&mufapom;[k t"dXmefjyK
xdkifjyef&m xdktcsdefwdwdyif a&mufjcif;udk awGU&onf/
jyefvmcJUjcif;
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odkUoGm; nOfhutm;xkwfykHtaMumif;udk avQmufxm;NyD;vQif uREkfyftzkdU
w&m;tqkH;okdU a&mufonfjzpfap? ra&mufonfjzpfap qufvuftm;xkwf
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cufaeonfjzpfaomaMumifh qdwfqdwfom aeawmfrlonf/

933

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uREkfyfonf a&Trif;0HacsmifrS jyefvmcJU&m

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tjzpftysufudk ajymjy&molurl avSum;ryg[krajymyJ aemufqkH;a&mufonfh
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oabmus0rf;ajrmufvufcHavonf/

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tm;

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934

&Sdonf[k xifaeMujcif;rQomjzpfonf[k wyftyfaocsm ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;BuD;

odvdkuf&onfESifh

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rD;uGif;wck[l xifrSwf&aomfvnf; vnfywfjcif; &yfoGm;onfudk wBudrf
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935

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936

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937

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938

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939

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940

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941

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942

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943

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jrifvkdufw,f? uJGae&pfw,fxifw,f}}[k owif;ay;Muonf/ uREkfyfurl
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vsuf&Sd&m 0ufvuf tjzpftysufudkBuKH&uwnf;u ac:&rnf[k wcg
wnf; qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufygawmhonf/

944

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945

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rpdk;rSm qHyifrsm;zm;vsm;usvsuf OD;acgif;idkufpdkufjzpfum wcsufwcsufwGif
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946

bufvdkufaom abmfbD
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947

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948

okdUr[kwf rl;ajrmif; ponfwkdU a&csKd;Muav&m abmfbDvnf; tyef;ajy

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awmhonf/ okdUjzpf uREkfyfrSm pdwfwloabmwl tazmfaumif;wa,muf
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949

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950

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951

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952

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vdkufvmaomfvnf; auR;onfrsm;udk rpm;csifpm; csifpm;NyD;aemuf jyef
xGufajy;aMumif; ajymjyav\/ uREkfyfa&mufaomtcg nOfhtdyfnOfhae
rvnfaomfvnf; olUtNrD; acG;udkufaom temwck&SdaecJUavNyD/ abmfbD
onf 0if;armifwkdU\tdrf aecJU&uwnf;u olUxuft&dk;&ifhaom acG;BuD;
waumifESifh cPcPudkuf&jcif;aMumifh tavhtusihf & ol\ta&SUydkif;udk
xdatmifrudkufEdkifojzifh aemufydkif;udk tjcm;acG;? waumifu qGJudkuf
xm;jcif; jzpf[efwlonf/ uREkfyfonf temudk aq;xnfhay;jcif;? 0rf;csL
jcif;tm;jzifh abmfbDrSm tawmfoufomvmcJUav NyD/
abmfbDESifhwdkifeD
a':pk\oruf um,Av armifae0if;u acG;cspfwwfaom uREkfyf\
0goemudk odonfjzpf ]]OD;av;odef;udk acG;waumif ay;&OD;rnf}}[k ajym
bl;\/ ol\tdrf t,fvfaq;&Sif; wpkH&Sd acG;uav;&Spfaumif arG;onf
wGif uREkfyftm; ac:oGm; BudKuf&macGG;uav;waumifudk a&G;,lap&m
uREkfyfonf acG;xD;uav;waumifudk a&G;,lNyD; wdkifeD (Tiny) [k trnfay;
xm;\/ wdkifeDa&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif abmfbDrSm uREkfyfjyKpkukorIaMumifh
usef;rmvkrwwf &SdaeavNyD/ waeUo uREkfyfonf ye;fuefjym;wcsyfpDwGif
EGm;EdkU? qdwf&dk;ESifh qefrsm;a&musKdxm;onfh acG;pmrsm;udk xnfhapNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif

apmifhauR;\/

yef;uefjym;

ESpfcsyfudkvnf;

eD;uyfpGmxm;ap&m uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm rvkr,uf? tEdkiftusifh rusifh

953

yJ udk,fhyef;uefjym;ESifhudk,f pm;wwfap&ef usifhay;jcif; jzpfavonf/ olwkdU

aMumufap&ef

(txl;ojzifh acG;BuD;jzpfaom

abmfbD aMumufap&ef)

uREkfyf\vufwGif wkwfwacsmif; udkifxm;\/ wdkifeDonf tpm;BuD;aom

acG;BuD;rsKd;jzpf olUa0pkudkuysmu,m pm;NyD; abmfbDteD;odkU oGm;arQmf\/
vuPmrSm uREkfyfudktm;udk;NyD; csOf;uyf0HUjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; abmfbDudk
tvGefowdBuD;pGmESifh apmifhMunhfvsuf&Sd\/ wdkifeDonf abmfbD\ ye;fuef
wGif tuyftoyftjzpfESifh wzufESpfzwf usefaeao;aom qdwf&dk;wkH;
uav;rsm;\ aoG;aqmifrIaMumifh a&SUokdU wvSrf;wkd;vdkuf&m abmfbDu
]a0gif;}ueJ[efUum wdkifeDudk wcsuf[efUvdkuf jcif;ESifh uREkfyfuabmfbD\
ausmudkwkwfESifh wcsufcsvdkufjcif;wkdUonf wNydKifeufqdk&rwwf uyfjzpf
aom tjcif;t&mrsm;jzpfavonf/ abmfbDu wkdifeDudk[yfvdkufjcif;onf
xdyifxdaomfvnf; remusifvS/ uREkfyfuabmfbD\ausmudk &dkufvkdufjcif;
onfvnf; rjyif;xefvS/ wdkifeDurl ]*def}ueJ vefUxGufajy;aomfvnf;
abmfbDrlum; uREkfyf\wkwfcsufaMumifh rnfokdUrQ toHrxGufyJ rsufESmnId;
usoGm;\/ uREkfyfonfacG;waumif\ rQavmuf rsufESmnId;i,foGm;
jcif;udk wcgrQ rjrifbl;ojzifh wtHUwMo jzpfoGm;\/ uREkfyfMunfhaepOf
abmfbDonf olUyef;uefxJ usef&Sdaeao;aom t&dk;ESpfzwfudk rpm;awmhyJ
ol\tdyf&mokdUoGm; acGvsufaeygawmhonf/ xdktjyKtrludk rpdk;ujrif
]]abmfbDbmjzpfoGm;wmvJ}}[kar;&m uREkfyfu ]]aeygapuGm}}[k pdwfckckESifh
jyefajymvdkufonf/

954

qEjywwfaom abmfbD
trSefudkazmfjy&vQif uREkfyfonfabmfbD\ odwwfaom oabmudk
BudKufaomfvnf; uREkfyf (ocif) tay: qEjy&ma&mufaom tjyKtrl
twGuf pdwfckwkwkjzpfoGm;ygonf/ uREkfyfuvnf;armifae0if;u apwemESifh
ay;onfh acG;tzkd;wef (t,fvfaq;&Sif;rsKd;) jzpfonfhjyif oifMum;wwf
vG,fvSonf[k urmausmfMum;aom acG;rsKd;jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh wkdifeD
uav;udk ,k,k,,vkyfrd\/ abmfbDonf xdktjyKtrludk jrif&aom
tcgwdkif; rsufESmnId;i,foGm;jcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&\/ uREkfyfuolUudk ac:onfh
tcgrsm;wGif ,cifuuJUodkU csufcsif;rvmyJ wcGef;jyif ESpfcGef;ac:rS vmav
awmhonf/ xkdaeUrSp abmfbDonf tpm;taomuf qkwf,kwfjcif;udkvnf;
uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ uREkfyfonfabmfbD\ trlt&majymif;vJjcif;udk oabm
usovdkvdk rusovkdvdkjzpfrd\/ uREkfyftay:,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdatmif wmwG,f
cifrifjcif; udkoabmusaomfvnf; wdkifeDudkta&;w,l vkyf&acsrnfavm[k
0efwkd[ef&Sdaom oabmxm;udk rBudKufEdkifjcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdaeUu wdkifeD
twGufaMumifh olt&dkufcH&jcif;um; rSefygonf/ okdU&mwGif wBudrfrSty
aemufxyf uREkfyfxdkokdUrjyKvkyfrdapzkdU owdjyK&ef uREkfyf em;vnfygonf/
rpdk;url wdkifeDudk jyefydkUvdkufzkdU tBuHay;ygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf
uvnf; acG;rsKd;aumif;waumifudk vufvTwfzkdUcJ,Of;onf waMumif;?
uREkfyfESifh wdkifeDuav;rSmvnf; oHa,mZOfBudK;aESmifzGJUvsuf &SdMuNyDwMumif;?
acG;wefyJvsufESifh

rQavmuf

0efwkdwwf&acsoavm[k

rcHcsifonf

waMumif;aMumifh rpdk;\tBuHudk vufrcHcJUacs/ okdU&mwGif abmfbDa&SU

wdkifeDudkyGwfvm;oyfvm;vkyfum cifrifMuifemrI azmfrjyrdzkdUum; owdxm;
ygonf/ okdUESifhvnf;abmfbDonf waeUwjcm; tpm;qkwf,kwf BuKHvSD

955

vsuf&SdavNyD/ pOf;pm;p&mwcsuf &SdonfrSmum; abmfbDonf (rpdk; xif

ouJUodkU) &ifuGJemusjcif; oufoufr[kwf? tNrD; acG;udkufaom 'Pf&m
uvnf; temrusufao;yJjzpfaeygonf/ uREkfyfu tpmraMuusuf? &if
jynfhonfxif uREkfyfudk,fwdkif Muifem,k,pGm 0rf;csKay;ojzifh "mwfoGm;
NyD; aexkdifaumif;vmonfh tcgrsm;wGif abmfbDonf uREkfyf\ajcaxmuf
rsm;udk vsufjcif;tm;jzifh aus;Zl;wifjcif;? 0rf;omjcif;wnf;[laom trlt&m
rsKd; azmfjyygonf/ waeUo uREkfyfonf abmfbDudk 0rf;csKay; 0rf;ydkuf
xJ a&jynfhonfESifhwNydKifeuf abmfbDuqif;ajy;\/ (oluav;onf
0rf;csLonfjzpfap? tvkdtavsmuf "mwfoGm;jcif;? qD;oGm;jcif; jyKonfh
tcgrsm;jzpfap? uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfteD; em; rvkyfwwfyJ tawmfuav;
a0;aomae&modkU ajy;oGm;NyD;rS vkyfwwfjcif;rSm i,fi,fuav;uwnf;u
0goemjzpf\/) xkdaeU 0rf;AdkufwGif a&jynfhuREkfyfuvTwfay;vkduf&mwGif
tdrfay:rSqif;ajy; tdrfa&SUodkUa&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf csmvywfvnfNyD;
vJusoGm;\/ uREkfyfwkdUvnf; tdrfay:rS qif;ajy;Mu teD;odkUa&mufMu
onfwGif abmfbDonf ajcav;bufudk tpGrf;ukefqefUvsuf wcsufwnf;
qwfqwfwkefoGm;jcif;udk jrifvkdufMu&NyD;aemuf toufukefaysmufoGm;&Sm
ygawmhonf/
uREkfyf\ xl;qef;csufwck
tdrfom;rsm; idka<u;MuonfwGif uREkfyfudk,fwdkifvnf; rsuf&nfrsm;
usrdygonf/ uREkfyfonf rdcif uG,fvGefpOfuvnf;aumif;? zcif toufiif
jcif;udk

jrif&pOfuvnf;aumif;

rsuf&nfruscJUyJ

tkyfaygif;aojcif;

taMumif;udkMum;& abmfbDtoufxGufjcif;udk jrif&aomtcgrsm;wGifrS

956

rsuf&nfBuD;i,f us&onfqdkjcif;rSm xl;qef;onf[k rSwfxifzG,f&Sdaom

aMumifh &Sif;vif;azmfjyygOD;rnf/ onfrSm uREkfyfw&m;tm;xkwf od&jcif;
\ tusKd;tmedoifjzpfygonf/ &Sif;ygOD;rnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh y&da'0rD;
avmifuRrf; idka<u;Mu&mwGif xkdolwkdUonf aoolESifhb,fawmhrS awGUqkH
Mu&awmhrnfr[kwf[k awG;rdjcif;aMumifh 0rf;enf;NyD; &IdufBuD;wiif idka<u;
ylavmifMujcif;jzpf\/

rdcifzcifwkdUESifh

ywfouf

uREkfyfxkdokdUaom

tawG;rsKd;ray:vmacs/ xkdtcgrsm; uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; ig\rdcifESifh

zcif(txl;ojzifhrdcif)onf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ,ckxuf ,kwfnHUaomb0
rsKd;okdUra&mufEdkif/ b0wGifvnf; rdcifum; 70ausmf? zcifum; 80ausmf
aeMu&NyDjzpf olwdkUvnf;auseyfoifhNyD? igvnf;auseyfavmufNyD[k qif
jcifrdaomtm;jzifh tvGeftrif; ylavmifp&m&SmrawGUaomaMumifh rsuf&nf
BuD;i,f ruscJUjcif;jzpfygonf/ ]oluav;}abmfbDESifh tkyfaygif;rl um;
if;wkdU\ao&ykHrSm

&ifemzG,faumif;

oem;rdonfhjyif

b,fb0odkU

a&muf&Smavrnfrod/ vuf&Sdb0xuf wkd;wufzkdUvrf; enf;onfhtwGuf

aMumifh u&kPmpdwfjzpfay:vmonfESifh rsuf&nfuscJUrdjcif;jzpfygonf/
wdkifeDuav;
abmfbDao&jcif;rSm 0rf;csLjcif;aMumifhr[kwf? tNrD;rStemu tqdyf
jzpfNyD; (Septic) tem0ifaojcif;jzpfonf[k aemufwGifrSod&yg onf/ rpdk;
url wdkifeDaMumifh abmfbDao&onf[k (rdef;rNyDNyD) ,lqonfESifh usef&pf
aom wdkfifeDtay: arwmxm;&Sd[ef rwlacs/ uREkfyfurlabmfbDaoNyD;
onfhaemuf wkdfifeDudkwkd;*&kpdkufNyD;? wkd;MuifemvmcJUavonf/ abmfbD
\odwwfjcif;rSm ]vl0ifpm;}jzpfaomaMumifh[k uREkfyfxifrd&m? wdkifeDrlum;

957

acG;rsKd;xJwGif todwwfqkH;aom acG;rsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh[l uREkfyf,lq\/

uREkfyftay: cspfcifwmwG,fMujcif;rlum; (ESpfaumifvHk;tzdkU) uREkfyf\
acG;cspfwwfaom 0goemaMumifh [lxifjrifygonf/ abmfbDaoonfh
aemuf wdkifeDonfvnf; (uREkfyftxl;apmifha&SmufjyKpk auR;arG;xm;onfh
txJrSmyif) csdeJUaoma&m*gpJGuyfvsuf &SdavNyD/ onfrSm uREkfyfwkdU\
tjyKtpknHUaomaMumifh r[kwfwef&macs/ armifae0if; (wkdifeD\nDtpfudk
armifESpfr ckESpfaumif&Sdonfhteuf) acG;uav; waumifNyD;waumif ao
ukefMu wdkifeDonfaemufqkH;aom acG;uav;jzpfaeavNyD/ xkdUaMumifh
uREkfyfonf wdkfifeD\ oufqdk;&SnfykH ray:onfhtjzpfudkodonfESifY olU
usef;rma&;twGuf xyfqifhNyD; BudK;BudK;pm;pm; *&kpdkufygao;\/ wdkifeDESifh
ywfouf uREkfyfrarhEdkifaom tjcif;t&m wcktjzpfESifh usefae&pfonfrSm
waeUo uREkfyfonf zsmay:wGif ajcqif;vsuf ckcsufcsif;a&mufvmaom
owif;pmwapmifudk acwrQ vSefavSmzwf&Ivsuf&SdpOf wdkifeDonf uREkfyf\
ajcovkH;ESpfbuf tMum;odkU0if0yfum uRekfyf\aygifay: ar;wifvsuf
uREkfyf\rsufESmudk vSrf;Munfhae\/ odkUaom taetxm;rSm yxr
tBudrfjzpfaomfvnf; wdkfifeDonf taetxm;udk tvGefESpfoufaMumif;
uREkfyf&dyfrd\/ okdUjzpf uREkfyfu tanmif;cHNyD; ajcqif;xm;&m wdkifeDonf
uREkfyfrxrcsif;0yfae\/ taMumif;udk &dyfrd&mwGif uREkfyfonf cPcP
ajcqif;xdkifay; uREkfyfxdkifwkdif;wdkifeDu vm0yf\/ aemufqkH;waeU
wdkifeDonf

uRekfyf\

ajcovkH;ESpfbuftMum;yif

0yfvsuf

toufxGufoGm;&Smavawmhonf/ wcsDwGifvnf; uREkfyfrsuf&nfuscJU

&ygao;onf/

958

udk,fhacG;udk,fhudkuf
abmfbDESifhwdkifeDwdkUtjyif tjcm;aomacG;uav; (armifESr) ESpfaumif
arG;bl;ygao;onf/ xdkpOftcgu twlaeaom om;orD;r&Sdonfh uREkfyfrSm
acG;r&SdvQif raewwfoavmuf jzpfonfESifh acG;&Sm&ygao;onf/ armif
ae0if; t,fvfaq;&Sif;rsKd; acG;uav;rsm; &Sdygao;vQif uREkfyfawmif;
,lOD;rnfjzpf&m ol\acG;uav; ckESpfaumifvkH;rSm aoukefMuNyDjzpf tjcm;
ae&mrS awmif;,l&onf/ uREkfyfonf "m;wef;&yfrS acG;xD;uav; waumif
udk oabmus awmif;Munhf&m olUocifutxD;csnf;ray;Edkif? tr
uav;waumifyg wJG,l&rnf[k ajymaomaMumifh armifESrwpkH,l&\/
acG;cspfwwfaom uREkfyfwkdUonf EdkUrcGJwcGJ &Sdaeao;aom olwkdUESpfaumifudk
EGm;EdkUwdkufarG;&\/ acG;xD;uav;rSm EIwfoD;cRef em;&Gufaxmifaom
aMumifh ]<uufpkwf}[krSnfhxm;&m (abmfbDrSm EIwfoD;ykwdk ESifhem;&Gufukyf
jzpfonf/) acG;ruav;udkrl ]ruf*D}[k rSnfhxm;\/ waeUo uREkfyfonf
rif;uGef;bufodkU Oykof&uf&Snfapmifh&ef oGm; jyefa&mufvm&m wGif
<uufpkwfESifhruf*DwkdUudkac: EIwfquf\/ ruf*Donf uREkfyftm; ]yvl;
yvJ}vkyfum EIwfqufNyD;aemuf uREkfyf\'l;udk qwfueJudkufvkduf ojzifh
aoG;tenf;i,fxGufvm\/ uREkfyfonf tvGeftHUMopGmESifh ruf*Dudk vSrf;
Munfhvkduf&m ruf*D\rsufvkH;rsm;rSm uREkfyfudk odonfhvuPmr&SdyJ wrsKd;
wrnfjzpfae\/

uREkfyfrpOf;pm;wwfatmif

jzpfaepOfwGif

rpdk;ESifh

c,frrdao;wkdUu olwkdUudkvnf; ,refaeUu udkufao;aMumif;ajymjyav

onf/ wGif uREkfyfonf ruf*Dudkac:Munfh&m? ruf*Donf uREkfyfudk
od[efr&SdyJ rsufvkH;rsm; wrsKd;wrnf jzpfaejcif;udk awGU&\/ xkdtcgrS
uREkfyfonf ruf*D&l;aMumif;od aqmif;BuD;wckESifh ruf*Dudktkyfxm;NyD;

959

(aq;&kHpma&;BuD;)wl 0if;armifxHodkU taMumif;Mum;vkduf&onf/ xkdtawm

twGif; uREkfyfonfruf*Dtm; (aqmif;xJ) tpmauR;jcif;? a&wkdufjcif;
tm;jzifh prf;Munfh&m tpmvnf;rpm;? a&vnf;raomufojzifh ]&l;}jcif;um;
xif&Sm;avNyD/
uREkfyf\tqkH;tjzwf
bmoma&;udk av;pm;onfqdkonfh tjcm;aom Ak'bmom0ifrsm;
onf odkUaom tajctaeESifhrnfuJUodkUjyKvkyfMurnf rajymwwfacs/
uREkfyfpOf;pm;onfum; acG;[lonfrSm ]&l;}onfqdkvSsif uko&paumif;
onfr&Sd? raorDtwGif; tjcm;vlrsm;udk taESmifht,Sufay;zkdUom &Sdawmh
onf/ tcsKdUurl ,if;okdUqkdvQif aqmif;xJwGif tkyfxm;ygu awmfavmufNyD
r[kwfavm[k ajymaumif;ajymMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfrlum; (wae&mwGif
azmfjycJUonfhtwkdif;) udprsKd;wGif taemufwdkif;t,ltq udk oabmus
onfhtjyif Ak'a[mawmfrlonfh ]apwem}taMumif;udk uREkfyfpOf;pm;NyD;jzpf
onfhtavsmuf &J&JBuD;qkH;jzwfEdkif cH&rnfqdkvQifvnf; cHzkdUtoifh&Sdonf/
(cH&rnf[lvnf; rnfoluajym r,kHMunfyg/) uRefyfonf ruf*Dtay:
a'gopdwftvsOf;r&Sd? u&kPmBuD;pGmxm;vsuf&Sdygonf/ ruf*Dudk t&Sifxm;
vnf; rnfonfhtusKd;rQ Munfhrjrifyg/ okdUjzpfaq;&kHrS 0if;armifu
vTwfvdkufonfhvlwa,muf a&mufvmonfhtcg uREkfyfwkdUonf rMunhf&uf
onfESifh a&Smifz,fay;MuNyD; xdkvlu tqkH;pD&ifNyD;aemuf *kefeDtdwfESifh
xnfh xrf;,loGm;ygavawmhonf/ q&m0efrsm;onf ruf*D\OD;aESmufudk
&efukefodkUydkU cGJpdwfMunfh&Ionfhtcg acG;&SL;ydk; (Hydrophobia) awGU&onf
[k taMumif;jyefvkdufav\/ uREkfyfwkdUtdrfom;okH;a,mufonf jrefrmenf;

960

t& (q,fenf;rxufrenf;) ukoMu&onfhtjyif taemufwdkif;enf;tm;

jzifhvnf;

tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm aq;xkd;Mu&ygonf/

uREkfyfwkdUrSmokH;ESpf

twGif; ]acG;&l;jyef}Edkifao;onf[k ajymMuaomaMumifh ]acG;awmuf&Guf}

rpm;0HUyJ a&SmifMuay&m okH;ESpfausmfvGefaomtcgrS pdwfcsvufcs touf&SL
Mu&ay awmhonf/
<uuffpkwfuav;
1950 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv uREkfyfwkdUonf &efukefokdU ajymif;a&TU
aexkdif&ef qHk;jzwfMu&mwGif ]<uufpkwf}twGuf tcuftcJwck jzpfae\/
abmfbDokdUr[kwf wdkifeDjzpfcJUvQif acG;ac:oGm; rjzpfEdkifqdkygu atmuf
jynfodkU roGm;yJaevQifom aevdrfhrnf/ ESpfaumifudkcGJ xm;cJUvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ <uufpkwfrlum; xkdrQavmuf oHa,mZOfNidwG,f jcif;r&Sdao;acs/
okdUESifhvnf; uREkfyftzkdU&m jyemBuD;wckjzpfae\/ aemufqkH; <uufpkwf
\ocifESifh if;\rdcifwkdUudk owd& "m;wef;&Sdaom olUociftm;
pkHprf;Munfh&m <uufpkwfudk jyef,lygrnf[k ajymonfESifh jyefydkUvdkuf
&onf/ jyefydkUNyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf &efukefokdU &kwfw&uf roGm;jzpf
ao;onfESifh rpdk;ESifh uREkfyfonf <uufpkwfwkdU&Sd&mokdU aeUpOfxrif; [if;ESifh
pm;p&mrsm;

wvSnfhpDydkUMuygao;onf/

abmfbDESifh

wdkifeDwkdUqdkvQif

b,fvdkrsm;aeMurnf rajymwwfacs/ uREkfyfum;acG;cspfwwfaom vlw

a,mufqdk

acG;b0rS

vmavoavm[k

ajymMuvQif

uREkfyfpdwfqkd;

vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ uREkfyf\acG;rsm;onf uREkfyftay:wGif tcsKdUvlrsm;xuf

&dk;om;pGm Muifemjcif;? opm&Sdjcif; wnf;[laom t*Fgrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHMu
onf[k wkHUjyefajym&rnfjzpfavonf/ &efukefokdU rajymif;a&TUrD wnOfh

961

uREkfyfonf

aps;csKdem&DpifteD;&Sdonfh

'efaygufpm;NyD;aemuf

'efaygufqdkifwqdkifokdU

tdrfodkUjyefvm&m

uREkfyf\vkHcsnfpudk

0if
aemufrS

jznf;nSif;pGm qJGonfxifojzifh vSnfhMunfhvkdufonfwGif <uufpkwfjzpfae

aMumif; awGU&\/ ae&mrSm <uufpkwf\tdrfESifh rdkifw0ufcefU a0;aomf
vnf; awmfovif;v &moDjzpf vlysKdvSnfhvmjcif;jzpfaMumif; uREkfyfod
&\/

eufjzefwGif

uREkfyfwkdUoabFmqif;Murnfvnf;

jzpfavonf/

<uufpkwfonf uREkfyfaemufodkU vkdufvmrnfjyifae\/ wGifuREkfyfonf

'efaygufwyGJudkrSm? qdkufum;wpD;udkac:? 'efaygufudkzufESifhxkyf <uufpkwf
udk auR;xm;cJUNyD; qdkufum;jzifhokwfajcwifcJU&avonf/
*sL'Da&mufvmjcif;
acG;rsm;onf uREkfyftay: opm&Sdjcif;? tEHGHtemcHjcif;? a*smufrwGef;
wwfjcif;

taMumif;udkuREkfyfodaomfvnf;

olwkdUtay:

oHa,mZOf

NidwG,fjcif;aMumifh 'kua&mufwwfjcif;udkvnf; em;vnfNyD;jzpf aemufxyf

acG;rarG;zkdU qkH;jzwfxm;\/ okdU&mwGif um,Avarmifae0if;onf uREkfyf\
acG;0goemygjcif;udkodonfESifh py,frD,,facG;ruav;waumif vmydkUonf
wGif uREkfyf\ oEdXmefonf rckdifNrJawmhyJ ]cJedXmef}jzpfum t&nfaysmf
oGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf armifae0if;\ apwemudk odonfESifh
vufcHxm;vdkuf&\/ acG;uav;twGufemrnfwck pdwful;&mwGif taemuf
wkdif;Zmwfvdkufrif;orD; *sL'D*gvif\ rsufESmonf bGm;ueJay:vm\/
ay:vmjcif;rSm *sL'D*gvifonf emrnfBuD;&kyftqif; rnHUaomfvnf;
ol\ESma&mifonfcyfaumufaumuf&Sd\/ (*sL'D*gvifMum;vQif uREkfyftm;
w&m;pJGrnfudk aMumuf&\/) acG;ruav;rSmvnf; ESma&mif aumuf

962

awmufawmuf &SdonfESifh uREkfyfu ]*sL'D} [krSnfhxm;vkduf \/ *sL'D

xl;jcm;csufrSm abmfbDuJUokdU uREkfyfoGm;wdkif; rvkduf&kHomru aetdrfrS
wzmvkHxufa0;atmif

b,fawmhrSrcGmyJ

]rtdrfNrJ}

uav;jzpfae\/

wcgw&HuREkfyfESifh vdkufvmaomfvnf; wzmvkHcefU a&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf

csmueJvSnfhjyefajy;wwfavonf/ *sL'Dt&G,fa&mufonfwGif armifae0if;
wkdUvifr,m;onf uREkfyf\tdrfodkU tvnfvm&mwGif *sL'D\armif ]csrf;om}
ac: acG;xD;uav;waumif ygvm\/ xdkUaemuf csrf;omonf uREkfyf
wkdU\tdrfodkU cPcP tvnfvm olUocifrsm;u vlvTwfNyD; tzrf;
cdkif;&\/ onfuaeUzrf;vQif eufjzefcgwGif jyefa&mufvm\/ odkU
av;ig;BudrfjyKaomtcg olUocifrsm;u ]]OD;av;odef;qDrSm aysmfvQifvJ
aeygapawmh}}[kqdkum pGefUvTwfvkdufonfESifh uREkfyfwGif acG;wpkHjzpf vmjyef
av\/
csrf;omudkvGrf;rdjcif;
1956

ckESpf

zqyvtpdk;&onf

olwkdU\ajcmufjypfuif;aom

jyLapmxD;rsm;udk vlxkowif;pmu a0zefa&;om;&acsrnfavm[k uREkfyftm;

axmifBuD;xJ csKyfavSmifxm;&mwGif uREkfyfonf csrf;omudk cPcP
owd&\/ csrf;omonf abmfbDuJUokdUAvraumif;aomfvnf; (acG;rsKd;
aumif;uav; jzpfonfhtavsmuf) owdt&mwGif abmfbDxuf rnHUacs/
abmfbDum; AvESifh usifvnfrItm;udk;jzifh owdaumif;jcif;jzpf [efwl&m
csrf;omrlum; acG;ykuav; jzpfygvsuf rnfonfhacG;BuD;udkrQ raMumufwwf?
tNrD;ukyfjcif;udk

uREkfyfwcgrQ

rjrifbl;acs/

963

olonfabmfbDuJUokdU

olUudk,fol xdxda&mufa&mufckcHumuG,fEdkif&Smonf r[kwf? uREkfyftm;udk;

ESifh ae&mwumwdkif; vkdufvmwwf\/
uREkfyfaemufodkU
xufyif

vkdufvmaomESpfaygif;rSm

Mumayao;onf/

okdU&mwGif

csrf;omonfabmfbD

csrf;omonf

abmfbDuJUokdU

bkdifpu,faemufrS rvkdufyJ ajcvsifavQmufaomtcgrS vkdufvmwwfonf/

eHeufwdkif; apmapmBuD;vrf;avQmufjcif;rSm ESpfaygif; 20rQ uREkfyf\tavh
tusifhwckjzpf acG;ESifhwkwfaumufrSm uREkfyf\taumif;qkH;aom tazmf
rsm;jzpfMuavonf/ axmifxJokdUa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfonf csrf;omudk
cPcP owd&onfESifh olUudkac:,lzdkU axmifydkifxH tcGifhawmif;rnfBuH\/
taMumif;udk

tjcm;vlrsm;tm;

wdkifyifMunfh&m

]]rvkyfeJUq&mBuD;?

pDuvyfpfbufuvlawG pdwfrcs&bl;? acG;00uav;qdkvQif csufpm;rSm

pdk;&drf&w,f}} [kajym\/ wa,mufu ]]q&mBuD;&JU acG;udkawmh vkyfMu
rxifygbl;}}[k ajym&m yxrvlu ]]rvkyfeJUAs? [dkvlawGu EdkifiHa&;
tusOf;orm;awG r[kwfbl;aemf}} [kajymonfESifh rac:0HUawmhacs/ uREkfyf
axmifxJrS vGwfvmwvcefUMumaomtcgwGif csrf;omaysmufoGm;av&m
ppfAdkvfESifhwlaom
jrifvkduf&aMumif;ESifh

vlwa,mufu

*spfum;ay:odkU

vlwa,mufu

wifac:oGm;jcif;udk

owif;ay;avonf/

wcsuf

wGifabmfbDESifh uGmvSonf? abmfbDonf tdrfoltdrfom; rsm;rSwyg; (bmudk

auR; acsmhonfjzpfap) udkifwG,fjcif;udk rcHwwfyJjzpf&m csrf;omrlum;
olUtm; ,k,k,, yGwfoyfudkifwG,fvdkufonfqdkvQif b,folu ayGUac:
onfjzpfap tNrD;eefU vdkufoGm;wwfavonf/

964

r,fBuD;tdkuav; *sL'D
1960

jynfhESpf

atmufwkdbmv(oDwif;uRwf)v

uREkfyfonf

ausmufqnf&Sd a0blq&mawmfudk zl;awGU,if; Oykofapmifh,if; oGm;av&mrS

jyefvmaomtcg

*sL'DaoESifhaMumif;ajymMu

Mum;&onf/

*sL'Donf

uREkfyfwkdUvufxJwGif q,fESpfwdkifwdkifaecJU tr,fBuD;tdkuav;tjzpfodkU

a&mufaecJUavNyD/ olU ]tdrfNrJjcif;? ocifudk'kuray;jcif;? odrfarGUaom
oaE&Sdjcif;? olUocifrtm;
rSwyg; acG;xD;rsm;uJUokdU

cspfwwfjcif;paom

tjcif;t&muav;rsm;

uREkfyftxl;wvnf ESpfoufaom

obm0

rsKd;r&Sdonfh twGufaMumifh oem;&kHrSwyg; pdwfxdcdkufvSatmif rjzpfcJUyg/

*sL'DaoqkH; onfhaeUrSp,aeUwdkif uREkfyfonf acG;arG;csifaom tmoDoudk
jzwfvkdufNyDjzpf&m

pmudka&;aomtcsdefwGif

uREkfyf

acG;waumifrQ

r&Sdawmhyg/ (udk,fhtjzpftysufudka&;&mrS acG;rsm;taMumif;udk a&;&av

oavm[k tjypfajymvdkaom vlrsm;&SdMuvQif uREkfyftzkdU&m acG;rsm;onf
uREkfyf\pdwfudk tcsKdUvlom;rsm;xuf xdcdkufapwwfaMumif; 0efcHNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfudk cifrifolrsm;ESifh acG;cspfwwfolrsm;udk csefvSyfNyD; twGuf
cGifhvTwfyg&ef awmif;yef&rnfxifygonf/)
uREkfyf\wynfhrsm; (1) aomfwmaqG
1946 ckESpfwGif 0ufvufrS rEa v;odkU ajymif;vmcJU "m;wef;&yf
wl0if;armif\tdrfrSDcdkaexdkifvsuf&SdpOf waeUaomeHeuf vli,fwa,muf
a&mufvm\/ uREkfyfonfolUudkwBudrfrQrawGUbl;onfhjyif ol\udpudkvnf;
rcefUrSef;wwfonfESifh tef;wef;wef;jzpfum ae&mxdkifcif;ay;av&m olu

965

vnf;&Jwif;aom trlt&mr&SdyJ cyfwGefUwGefUESifhyif 0ifxdkif\/ uREkfyfu

udpar;aomtcg olu 0wKwyk'fa&;xm;aMumif;? if;udk uRekfyf Munfh&I
jyifqifay;apvdkaMumif;ajymavonf/
uREkfyfonf udprsKd;ESifhvmaom &Sif&[ef;rsm;udk rMumcP awGU&
bl;

if;wkdU\pmrlrsm;udk

aumif;vSonf

zwfMunfhaomtcgwGif

r[kwfjcif;udk

BuH&zefrsm;cJUvSNyD

ykHESdyfavmufatmif
jzpfaomaMumifh

tifwifwif jzpfoGm;rdonf/ (aemufydkif; aomfwmaqGu taMumif;udk

pum;pyfrd ajym&mwGif ]]OD;BuD;udk yxrtBudrf uRefawmfawGUvkduf&wkef;
uodyfNyD; txifrBuD;bl;As? aemufawmhrSwjznf;jznf; MumavMumav
oabmusvmw,f}}[k ajymbl;avonf/)
tvkyftudkif? ae&yf? touft&G,fponfwkdUudk ar;jref;um pum;
ten;fi,f ajymMuNyD;aemuf uREkfyfu ol\pmudk,lcdkif;vdkuf\/ aemuf
wacgufvmaomtcg zdk;usifarmifonf pmrluav;ESifhtwl qefwtdwf
vnf;,lvm\/ tcsdefwefukefaom tvkyfwckudk vkyfay;&vQif vkyfc&
csifwwfaom

uREkfyf\0goemudk0efcH

qeftdwfudk

jrif&jcif;aMumifh

&kwfw&uf0rf;omovdkjzpfrdaomfvnf; qeftdwftwGufaMumifh nHUzsif;

aom pmrlwckudk aumif;onf[k rajymrdapzkdU vkdtyfjcif;udkvnf; owd&
onfESifh qeftdwfudk &dk;om;pGmjiif;y,frdygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif zkd;usif
armifu ]]OD;BuD;pm;&atmif apwemeJU ay;jcif;jzpfygonf}}[k twif;ay;
onfESifh vufcHvdkuf&\/ uREkfyfonf ol\pmrludk csufcsif;zwfMunfhzdkU
tcsdefr&ao;aomfvnf; zkd;usifarmifu cPcP vm pum;ajymonfESifh
pmrltaMumif; rod&ao;apumrl

vludkrlum;

wkd;wkd;

oabmus

vmavNyD/ uREkfyfuwckowdjyKrdonfum; zdk;usifarmifonf txifBuD;

cHcsif 0ifh<um;um [dwfxkwfwwfaom vli,fwa,mufr[kwf? &dk;&dk;

966

uav; wifjywwfolwa,mufjzpfonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrd\/ wcsuf

onfolESifh

uREkfyfa&SUtzkdUwGif

Mum&Snfav;jrifh

qufqHjzpfEdkifrnfh

vli,fwa,mufjzpfaMumif; nTefjy\/ uREkfyf\0goemwckrSm vl<um;rsm;udk

trdzrf; azmfxkwfcsifwwfay&m (aumif;vSa om 0goemawmhr[kwfyg/)
zrf;rdonfqdkvQif

olwkdUonf

uREkfyftm; aomufjrifuyfoGm;onfu

rsm;avonf/
tjyeftvSefem;vnfcGifh&jcif;
zdk;usifarmifESifh uREkfyfonf wlaom0goemuav;tcsKdU&Sd (ok&mudk
&nf&G,fjcif;r[kwf) wBudrfxufwBudrf cifrif&if;ESD;jcif;&SdvmMu&m waeU
o 0if;armifwkdUESifhtwl ppfudkif;awmif&dk;odkU uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muf vkduf
oGm;Muonf/

uREkfyfonf

zdk;usifarmif\pmrludkvnf;,lcJU\/ yxr

uREkfyfonfolUpmrludk zwfvQifzwfcsif; pkHaxmuf0wKjzpfjcif;udk &dyfrd

tawmfpdk;&drfrd\/ pdk;&drfjcif;um; uREkfyf\armifpH&Sm; 0wKrsm;rS urmausmf
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a&;rnfqdkvQif zwfaysmfaom 0wKwckjzpfvmEdkifzkdU cJ,Of;onf[k uREkfyf
,lqxm;aomaMumifhjzpf\/ odkUaomf qufvufzwfMunfh&mwGif zwf
aysmfaom

pkHaxmuf0wKwckjzpfaejcif;udkawGU&

0rf;omrdonf/

taMumif;udk zkdk;usifarmiftm; ajymjyolvnf; 0rf;omonf/ nOfh

zdk;usifarmifESifh uREkfyfonf awGUu&m&Spfaomif; pum;rsm;udk ajymjyMu&m
wnwnf;ESifh tawmfBuD;&if;ESD;NyD; wa,mufudkwa,muf em;vnfaom
tjzpfokdU

a&mufoGm;Mu\/

wnavmuf

twltdyf

ajymcsif&mawG

ajymMujcif;uJUodkU vlwa,mufESifhwa,muf em;vnfrI&apEdkifaom tjcif;

967

t&mwckudk uREfkyfrBuKHbl;yg/ em;vnfapEdkifonf[kqdkygonf/ oabmus

apEdkifonf rqdkvdkyg/ tcsKdUrSmwa,mufudkwa,muf "mwfod&kH omodNyD;
oabmrusaomtjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;jcif;rsm;vnf; BuKH&bl;ygonf/ zkd;usif
armifonf

uREkfyftm;

xdknrSp

q&morm;taejzifh

todtrSwfjyK

oGm;[efwlay&m olonf uREkfyftm; bmudkq&mwifonfhrqkdEdkif? (0wKa&;

&mvnf; w*dkPf;pDjzpfonf/) okdUaomf uREkfyfonfbmomjyef orm;
wa,muftaejzifh

xif&Sm;olwa,mufjzpfonfrSefaomfvnf;

uREkfyf\

wynfhESpfa,muf[k 0efcHMuaom zdk;usifarmifESifh zdk;BuD;armifwkdUu uREkfyf\

bmomjyefwynfhrsm;jzpfvdkMuonfh

&nf&G,fcsuf&SdMuygrl

cyfapmapmu

vufavQmhMuzkdU uREkfyftBuHay;vdkufygonf/ uREkfyfonf zdk;usifarmif\

pkHaxmuf0wKwGif ed'gef;a&;ay; &Ir0u &dkufESdyfxkwfa0&mwGif atmifjrif
onf[k Mum;&0rf;omvSonf/
ckwrsKd; ckwrsKd;
waeUo zkd;usifarmifonf uREkfyftdrfodkUvm txufjrpfnm
qefa&mif;&ef ol\t&yf(aygif;wnf)rS qeftdwf tajrmuftjrm; ,lvmcJU
aMumif; armfawmfwpif;iSm; uomodkUqefwufrnfjzpfaMumif; ajym\/
rQavmuf aiGt&if;tESD;aumif;olwa,mufu pma&;q&mjzpfzkdU &nf&G,f
csuf&Sd&avoavm[k uREkfyiftHUMordygao;onf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap olxGuf
rnfhaeU uREkfyfonf jrpfqdyfokdUqif; olUudkEIwfquf,if; oaX;om;
uav;ayavm[k

rk'dwmjzpfrdygao;onf/

xkdUaemuf

uREkfyfonf

zdk;usifarmifray:vmonfESifh olUwnf;tdrfokdU oGm;pkHprf;&m 8 vwdkifwkdif

bmowif;rSrMum;&onfwGif

ppfNyD;cgpjzpf

968

cyf&Iyf&Iyf&Sdaeao;onfh

tnmwckdtaMumif;udk od&onfESifh oaX;om;wa,muf wpcef;odrf;oGm;

acsNyDavmj[k

pdk;&drfylyefrdygonf/

xkdtawmtwGif;

uREkfyfonf

"m;wef;&yfrS *kHwef&yfodkUajymif;a&TUaexdkifvsuf&Sd&m waeUo zkd;usifarmif

ay:vm ol\qefukefonfZwf&IyfBuD;taMumif;udk tvkH;pkH &Sif;vif;ajym
jyonfwGifrS

ol\oaX;om;tjzpfrSm

uREkfyf\pdwful;,Ofoufoufjzpf

aMumif; od&ygonf/ wnae uREkfyfonf xrif;pm;awmhrnfjyKqJwGif

zdk;usifarmiftm; &kHawmfBuD;odkU bdkifpu,fjzifh tpdrf;aMumft0,fcdkif;&m
ESpfem&DausmfrSjyefvm uomodkUqefa&mif;oGm;pOfu rdef;rwa,mufESifh
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uREkfyfwkdUum; warQmfarQmfESifh apmifhaeMuNyD;rS qmvGef;vSonfESifh npm
pm;vkdufMuNyD;jzpf&m ol0,fcJUaom tpdrf;aMumfudknv,fpmtjzpfESifh pm;Mu
&ygawmhonf/

zkd;usifarmifonf

xdkrdef;rtaMumif;udk

uREkfyftm;

trsKd;rsKd;ajymjy r*Zif;rsm;vnf; trsKd;rsKd;a&;jcif;rsm;udk zwf&onfwGif

uREkfyfu ]]rifh[m b,fhESmvJuG? ckwrsKd; ckwrsKd; ajymvkdufa&;vdkuf jzpfae
ygNyDaum? b,f'if;u trSefvJuG}}[k ar;&m olu ]]tckaemufqkH; ajymwm
trSefyJ OD;BuD;}} [k ajym\/ aemufwzef wrsKd;ajymif;ajymjyefonf wGif
uREkfyfu ]]a[h zkd;usifarmif wrsKd;vkyfvmjyefNyD? b,f'if;udktwnf,l
&rSmvJuG}}[kar; ]]ck[mrS trSefygOD;BuD;}}[k ajymjyef\/ aemufqkH;
uREkfyfu ]]'DudprSmawmhrif;u bmajymajym b,f'if;rS r,kHawmhbl;uGm}}[k
ajymvkduf&onf/ zdk;usifarmif awmfaomtcsufrSm rdef;uav;taMumif;
udka&;&m wckESifhwck EIdif;MunfhrdaomaMumifhom trSm;zrf;&onf/ wck
wnf;zwfMunfhygrl rnfonfhtwKywdudk zwfMunfhonfjzpfap? t[kwf
wu,fxif&avmufatmif ,kwD,kwmqif a&;xm;onfcsnf; awGU&av
onf/ uREkfyfrauseyfaomtcsufrSm okdUjzpf\/ twKywdwck rD;&xm;

969

ay:wGif zdk;usifarmiftm; vlqdk;*sydk;rsm;u 0dkif;&dkufMuaomtcg rdef;

uav;onf zdk;usifarmiftm; udk,fvkH;ESifh zkH;tkyf tumuG,fay;onf
[kajymaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf rdef;uav;udkjrifawGU&aomtcg [D;&dk;0if;
wa,mufozG,f
ajymjyef&mwGif

txifBuD;cJUrdbl;onf/ aemufwzef
[D;&dk;0if;

tjyKtrlonf

taMumif;udk

aemufZmwfvrf;ESifhrudkufnD

rqDavsmfawmhonfjzpf txifBuD;atmif vkyfxm;NyD;rS zsufypfjcif;udk

rBudKufEdkifonfESifh ]]ighvacG;wJU? awmfygawmhuGm? rif;OpmawG igb,f'if;rS
r,kHawmhygbl;}}[kajymvkduf&avonf/
&efukefokdUajymif;a&TUjcif;
1949 ckESpfwGif vlxkowif;pmwkdufudk 'dkif;erdkif;cGJcH& owif;pm
&yfxm;&onf uREkfyfonf 0wKtwkdt&Snfrsm;a&;jcif;jzifh toufarG;vsuf
&Sd&m wESpfausmfcefUrQMumaomtcg &efukefodkUajymif;a&TUaexdkifvdkaomqE
jyif;xefvmcJUjyefonf/ odkUjzpf ZeD;rpdk;ESifh c,frrdao;yg uREkfyfwkdU
okH;a,mufonf 1950jynfhESpf? pufwifbmv w&ufaeUwGif oabFmjzifh
&efukefokdUpkefqif;Muav\/ xkdtcsdef rD;&xm;vrf; raygufa o;acs/
oabFmrSmvnf;

txufwef;atmufwef;

c&D;onftm;vkH;

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oabFmxGufcGmaomtcg

tcef;r&Sd?

tdyfMu&onf/

ukef;ywfay:wGif
rEav;qdyfurf;rS

c&D;oGm;&jcif;rSm vkHNcKHrIr&Sd aomaMumifhxifh?

oabFmay:wGif c&D;onftvGefenf; BudKufaomae&mudk a&G;,lEdkifMu

onf/ oabFmOD;ydkif;a&m aemufydkif;yg uufbif(tcef;)r&Sd? awmufavQmuf
BuD; jrifEdkifonfh [mvm[if;vif;BuD;jzpf\/ uREkfyfawmvkdufpma&; jzpfcJU
pOftcgu

rif;BuD;ESifh

oabFmjzifhc&D;oGm;Mu&mwGif

970

uREkfyfu

yJUcef;

(puif;uvyfpf)rS vkdufrif;BuD;u OD;cef;rSvdkufaom xkH;pH&Sd\/ uREkfyf

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971

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qkdum xkacsvTmawmif;Edkifrnfr[kwf[k owd&onfESifh vcpm;r[kwfonfh
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pm;aomuf&jcif;uJUokdU Zdrf&Sdaomtvkyfonf uREkfyftzkdU&m cyf&Sm;&Sm;
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972

vrf;avQmufjcif;\ tmedoif
uREkfyf\toufrSm xdktcg 61ESpf&SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; rdrdudk,fudk 40
t&G,favmufomxifrdonfhtavsmuf
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ykpGefpaom [if;csufp&mrsm;0,f,lum ajcukefokwfjyefvmcJU&m oabFmrS
qif;vmMuonfh tjcm;c&D;onfaps;0,frsm;ESifh vrf;wGifawGU ]]aps;xJrSm
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r&SdyJqdyfurf;wdkif;vdkyif enf;twkdif;jyKvkyf\/ jrefrmvlBuD; wa,muf
taejzifh vG,ftdwfuav;ESifh aps;0,foGm;jcif;onf odumrJU onf[k
xifMuykH&aomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; xdkokdUaom ]odum}rsKd;udk txifrBuD;
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rsKd;aMumifh uREkfyftay: txifao;olrsm; &SdMuykH&aomfvnf; uREkfyf
*&krpdkuf/ olwdkU\ ]odumrsKd;ESifh uREkfyf\zswfvwfayghyg; tokH;0ifjcif;
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uREkfyfrSm oabFmay: ukyfae&aom&ufaygif; rsm;NyDjzpf bk&m;odkU

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973

aemufrSrDatmif rvkdufEdkifaomvlrsm; usef&pfaeNyDjzpf ]]a&SUu q&mBuD;?

ajz;ajz;vkyfyg? uRefawmfwkdU rvkdufEdkifbl;}}[k ajym,l&avonf/ ajymrnfh
om ajymMuonf/ olwkdUtxJwGif tBuD;qkH;vlrSm touf50yif ausmfao;
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vrf;avQmufcJUjcif;\ tusKd;tmedoifaywnf;/ (uREkfyf\wynfh zkd;BuD;armif
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uREkfyfokH;av;jyef vrf;avQmufEdkifonfhaps;csKdc&D;rQavmufudk r&SdrJU&SdrJUESifh
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aom &d,mykwfjzifh udk,fhudk,fudk ao;i,fatmif BuKHxm;Mu&avonf/

974

wae&mwGif urf;yg;apmufBuD;onfoabFmtrdk;xufyif jrifhvsuf&Sd&m urf;

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qdyfurf;odkU qdkufonfhtcgwGif c&D;onf 20? 25xufrrsm;awmh ojzifh
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975

rsufESmri,f?

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r*Zif;rsKd;yif aomfwmaqG\

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976

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uREkfyftay:wGif ,ckwavm awmfoavmuf xdkpOfu a&SmfcJUonf/ vl
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977

tusif;ESifh tauR;tarG;rsm;rSm uREkfyfjrifbl; awGUbl;orQaom jrefrm

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pGm Ak'bmom0ifrsm;\ vrf;vGJaom t,ltqrsm;udk axmufjycsifwwf
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978

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aomaeUrsm;ESifh olra&mufrD tcsdefrsm; aqG;aEG;Muygawmh onf/ OD;qefeD
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odkUqdkaomfvnf; OD;qefeDonf uREkfyftay: "rrp&d,pdwf rsKd;xm;jcif;
udk uREkfyfawGU&onf[k rqdkvdkyg/ rEav;odkU uREkfyfjyefawmhrnf [k
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ESpfouf&m 0wKypnf;tzkd;wefrsm;udk a&G;,lzdkUajymum vufaqmifrsm;
ay;vdkufygayonf/
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979

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980

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jzpfcsif&mjzpfap) uREkfyfjyefa&mufvmjcif;ESifh ywfouf tpDtpOfvkyfykHudk
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wkdUESifhtwl aexdkifMuzdkU BuH&G,fcsufr&Sdacs/ taMumif;um; odkUwnf;/
uREkfyfwkdUonf 0if;armif\t&dyftm0goudk ESpfBudrfwdkifwkdifcdkcJU&bl;ayNyD/
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981

vlrsm;ay;zkdUvnf; cJ,Of;rnf/ 0if;armifu awmif;cHzkdU vnf;cJ,Of;rnfh

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tHUMo0rf;ajrmuf\/ okdU&mwGif 0if;armif\tdrf wwd,tBudrf rSDcdk
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uREkfyfowd&rd\/ zcifu uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tm; ]]a[h rif;wkdUolrsm;tdrfudk
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wacgufoGm;awmh

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982

olwkdUvifr,m;ESpfa,mufvkH;u 0rf;omtm;& vufcHMuygayonf/ xdkpOfu

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983

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984

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985

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986

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987

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990

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991

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992

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993

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994

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995

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996

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997

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998

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999

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1000

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1001

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1002

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1003

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1004

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rdonf/ '*kefwm&mudk,fuvnf; ]pum;a&mazma&m} ESifh aESmwwfol
wa,muf

(Good Mixer)

r[kwfojzifh *GuswwESifhyif xrif;pm;yGJ

NyD;qkH;oGm;cJUonf/ tu,f uREkfyfonf aiGOa'gif;0,fxm;aom &rft&uf

udk aomufcJUygrl (taomuform;wkdU\ xkH;pHtwdkif;) a&ma&maESmaESm
ajymrdqdkrd jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfod\/

1005

xdkUaMumifhyif uREkfyfonf

wrifa&Smif

raomufyJaecJUjcif;jzpf\/

yDuif;okdUa&mufMu

wBudrf

ESpfBudrf pum;ajymrdaomtcgrlum; '*kefwm&mrSm vlaygif;qefUjcif; rqefU

jcif;udk tyxm; t&nftcsif;tm;jzifh ]ac}aom vli,fwa,muf r[kwf
jcif;udk uREkfyftuJcwfEdkifvmygonf/ wnfhwnfh0efcH&vQif '*kefwm&mum;
uREkfyfxifrdonfxuf

]jynfh}aom

t&nftcsif;&Sdjcif;udk

awGU&\/

twD;trIwftaMumif;udkajymMu&mwGif ]]uRefawmfpE&m;wD;vQif awmf&kHwef&kH

tqdkawmfrsKd;eJUrjzpfbl;?

apmjrat;MunfwkdUvdk

tqdkawmfBuD;

rsKd;eJUrS

wD;csifw,f}} [k'*kefwm&mu ajymvdkufojzifh uREkfyftawmfrsufvkH; jyL;oGm;

\/ [kwfavmufonfxifjcif;w0uf (rlvtmCmwaMumifh) <um;onf
xifjcif;um; w0ufjzpfae\/
okdU&mwGifyDuif;yifol\vufoHudk
tm*vli,fwa,mufaywum;[k
taMumif;rSp

uREkfyfem;axmifcGifh&aomtcg

qkH;jzwfcJUygonf/

axG&mav;yg;

xdkUaemuf

pmay

taMumif;t&mrsm;udkaqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif

ol\t&nftcsif;udk tuJcwfrd tmCmwpdwfrsm; vkH;0vGifhpifoGm;ygav

awmhonf/

vlwa,muf

t&nftcsif;jynfh0jcif;udk

awGU&onfhtcg

ol\tjcm;aom csKdUiJUcsufrsm;udk cGifhvTwfEdkifjcif;rSm uREkfyf\cRwf,Gif;csuf

ayavm? okdUwnf;r[kwf aumif;jcif;w&yfayavmrajymwwfyg/ tcsKdUurl
vlpGrf;aumif; MunfndKwwfjcif; (Hero Worship) [kac:MuEkHnHUonf[k
qdkMuavonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap w&kwfjynfc&D;wGif uREkfyftaMumif;udk
'*kefwm&mu odjcif;xuf '*kefwm&m taMumif;udk uREkfyfod&jcif;u
ydkonfxif\/ '*kefwm&mtay: ,cifu xm;cJUonfh tmCmwpdwfrSm
vnf;vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;cJUygavNyD/

1006

q&mBuD;ESifh uREkfyf
w&kwfjynf c&D;vSnfhvnfMupOf uREkfyfonftcGifhBuKHwdkif; q&mBuD;
ocifudkf,fawmfrIdif;ESifhtwlc&D;oGm;avh&Sd\/ ]tcGifhBuKHwdkif;} [l azmfjy
&jcif;rSm

rD;&xm;ESifh

c&D;oGm;Muaomtcgrsm;omvQif

q&mBuD;ESifh

uREkfyfonf wa,mufwcef;pD;Mu& olUtcef;odkUuREkfyfoGm;a&mufvnfywf

EdkifaomaMumifhjzpf\/ armfawmfum;jzifh c&D;oGm;Muaomtcgrl q&mBuD;u
um;wpD;? udkbNidrf;? ref;xGef;&ifESifhuREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufu um;wpD; &&SdMu
aomaMumifh q&mBuD;ESifhtwl pD;cGifhr&SdyJ uREkfyfudkMunfndKav;pm;ykHr&onfh
udkbNidrf;? ref;xGef;&ifwkdUESifhtwl ysif;ajcmufpGm c&D;oGm;&\/ uREkfyf
\0goemwckrSm rnfrQavmufBuD;us,faom yk*dKvfwOD;jzpfap uREkfyftm;
av;pm;ykHr&vQif uREkfyfuvnf; tzufrvkyfyJ aewwf\/ udkbNidrf;u
uREkfyf\A[kokwESifh pOf;pm;OmPfudk rav;pm;[kqdkvQif uREkfyfuvnf;
ol\tdkifpDtufpfESifh twGif;a&;rSL;&mxl;udk txifrBuD;awmhacs/ yDuif;
uGefz&ifhodkU uREkfyfvdkufygvmcJU&jcif;rSm uREkfyf tusKd;aus;Zl;&Sd jcif;xuf
olwkdU\urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf uREkfyfu axmufcHa&;om;ay; Edkifjcif;
uom aus;Zl;rsm;onf[k uREkfyf,lqxm;\/ okdU&mwGif urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
orm;rsm;url

udpuREkfyfESifh

t,ltqrwljcif;udk

aemiftcgwGif

ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmonfjzpf oufqdkifaomae&mwGif &Sif;vif;azmfjyygOD;rnf/

yDuif;odkU vdkuf&jcif;twGuf uREkfyftzdkU&m xif&Sm;aom tusKd;aus;Zl;wck
ay:xGufvmjcif;rSmum; q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;u uREkfyftay:
txifrSm;rIwckyaysmufoGm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfudkol&d,wdkufu
xkwfypfvdkufojzifh q&mBuD;xHokdU oGm;a&mufEIwfquf&mwGif q&mBuD;
onf

olU

]&SdpkrJUpk}

jzpf[ef&Sdaom

1007

'*Fg;rsm;ESifh

rl;aph?

rwfaph

ta<uuav;rsm;udk

vufckyfjzifhaqmif,lvmNyD;

uREkfyf\tdwfxJokdU

ZGwfxnfhum idkoHygBuD;ESifh EIwfqufonftxd uREkfyftwGuf pdwfxd

cdkufjcif;&SdykHudk

uREkfyfjrif&\/

xdkUaemufwESpfausmfcefUMum

awGUqkH

Mu&mwGif q&mBuD;onf uREkfyftay: ajymif;vJjcif;&Sdonfudk awGU&\/

wGifuREkfyfonf taMumif;jcif;&mudkawG;EdkifcJUavNyD/ uREkfyf\ 'kwd,
tdrfaxmifonf

uREkfyfESifhuJGMu&m

olUtjypfudkjrKyfxm;NyD;

uREkfyfESifh

rdbrsm;\tjypf[l q&mBuD;tm; ajymxm;[ef&Sdonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrd

onf/ odkUjzpf uREkfyfonf rD;&xm;ay:wGifwcef;wnf;pD;Mu& &Sif;vif;
cGifh &aomtcgwGif rSwfwrf; wifjycJUonfhtwdkif; 'kwd,tdrfaxmifudk
,kHMunfauseyfonfhvuPmESifh
ac:ajy;w,fqdkrSwfaewmudk;}}

]]igurodaygifuGm?
[kjyefajymavonf/

rif;rdbrsm;u
uREkfyfonfrdrdtm;

rvdkvm;olrsm;u xifcsifovdk xifMujcif;udk ouFm&Sif;&ef rBudK;pm;aomf

vnf; q&mBuD;uJUokdUaom yk*dKvfBuDD;wOD;tm; uREkfyftay: txifvJGjcif;
ajyaysmufatmif&Sif;jyvdkuf&jcif;twGuf

twdkfif;rod

auseyftm;&jcif;

jzpfcJU&bl;ygonf/
uREkfyf\vlaygif;rqefUykH
uREkfyftay: udkbNidrf;uat;pufpufvkyfvmonfqdkvQifyif tjcm;
aom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUu (tm;vkH;awmhr[kwfyg/) uREfkfyftay: wGif
txl;wvnfav;pm;rI r&Sdawmhjcif;udk uREkfyfawGUvm&onf/ uREkfyfonf
tdfrfh&Sifrsm;jzpfaom w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;tay: ({nfh0wfausyGefjcif; twGuf)
auseyfzG,faumif;jcif;udk w&kwfjynfoGm; rSwfwrf;wGif csD;usL;a&;om;
cJUbl;onfjzpf&m rdrdwdkUtcsif;csif; auseyfzG,fraumif;onfh tjcif;t&mudk

1008

ae&mwGif

a&;om;azmfjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/

waeUo

uREkfyfwdkU

udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf jrpf0gjrpfudk wmwrHwl;NyD; a&vTJaygufjyKvkyf onfh

vkyfief;XmeBuD;wckodkU

oGm;a&mufMunfh&IMu

tjyefwGif

oabFmESifh

oGm;&onfh c&D;pcef;wck yg&Sd\/ uREkfyfrSmc&D;yef;onfhtwGuf aMumifh

aexdkifraumif;onfESifh oabFmay: cif;xm;onfh qdkzmBuD;wck ay:wGif
(pum;jyefw&kwfruav;\

nTefjycsuft&)

vJavsmif;um

tdyfae\/

oabFmrSm ao;i,faomaMumifh c&D;onfrsm;twGuf ae&m rvkHavmuf

jcif;um;rSefygonf/ tcsKdUudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf qdkzmBuD;ay: vJavsmif;
aeaom uREkfyfudkjrifMuaomtcg bmjzpfoenf;[k rar;MuyJ ]]tr,f
av;[JU? ae&musOf;usyf&wJUtxJ tdyfwJUvlu tdyfaeoudk;}} [k uREkfyf
Mum;avmufatmif ajymMuonf/ uREkfyfonf(wwfEdkifvQif) tjcm;vlrsm;tm;
taESmifht,Suf ray;vdkaom 0goemtwdkif; xxdkifrnfjyK&m pum;jyef
w&kwfruav;u ]]tdyfomtdyfyg tbdk;&JU? 'djyifae&mrSm olwkdUxdkifMu
vdrfhraygh}}[k

ajymumjyefvJScdkif;ayonf/

tcsdefudkrav;pm;jcif;?

tjzpftysufESifh

uREkfyfwkdUarmfawmfum;pD;&NyD;

wuG

olwkdUtzkdUbwfpf

um;om pD;& rauseyfonfESifhnnf;nLjcif; paomtjcif;t&mrsm;udk

uREkfyfawGUjrifvdkuf&onfwGif

udkbNidrf;a&G;vmcJUaom

urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;

udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;um; awmfawmfnHUao;onf[k uREkfyfrSwfcsufcsvdkufrd

onf/ okdU&mwGif tm;vkH;r[kwf? uREkfyftay: MuifemykH&onfh ocif
aumif;qifh uJUodkUaom udk,fpm;vS,f okH;av;a,mufudkvnf; BuKHcJU&
ygayonf/

1009

avmif;upm;jcif;uif;ykH
uREkfyfwkdUonf w&kwfjynf vSnfhvnfMunfh&IMupOf w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;
tay: rauseyfp&m bmwckrQ rawGU&yJ x<uvkHUv0D&d,&Sdjcif;? olwkdU\
acgif;aqmifrsm;pum;udk MunfjzLpGm em,lMuykH&jcif;wkdUudkom awGU&\/
wdk;wufjcif;[lonfrSmrl w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;\ ,ciftajctaeudk rjrif&bl;yJ
wacgufwnf; a&mufbl;oljzpf EIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfp&m r&SdonfhtwGuf
aMumifh wkd;wufonf? okdUr[kwf qkwf,kwfonf[k uREkfyfu rSwfcsufcscJU
vQif t"dym,f&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ uREkfyfcsD;rGrf;rdaom tcsufwckrSm
avmif;upm;jcif;tvkyf urmausmfatmif 0goemBuD;aom w&kwfvlrsKd;
jzpfcJUygvsuf armfpDwkH;vufxufwGif rnfonfhae&mXmewGifrS avmif;upm;
jcif;ESifhywfouf

t&dyftaiGUrjrifcJU&jcif;yifjzpfonf/

taMumif;udk

a&;om;vsuf&SdpOf jrif;aumif;rsKd; xGef;um;&eftwGufqdk Oa&mywdkufom;

rsm; pwifwnfaxmifcJUonfh jrif;yJGrsm;onf bk&m;r&Sd? w&m;r&Sd? bmom
r&Sdqdkonfh w&kwfuGefjrLepfwdkif;jynf vkH;vkH;BuD; tpwkH;NyD; avmif;upm;
jcif;onf i&JBuD;onf[k yg;pyfuajymum EdkifiHawmfbmom wnfaxmif
onfqdkaom OD;Ek\jrefrmjynf NAdwdoQtpdk;& vufxufu twkdif;
qufvuf pnfum;jyefUyGm;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk owd&rdonf/ rdrdrydkifaomaiGudk
tvJGokH;pm;jyKrdjcif;twGufaMumifh axmifwef;us&onfh aiGudkifpma&;rsm;?
aiGwdkuft&m&Sdrsm;? om;0r,m;0tzGJUtrIaqmifrsm;\ jzpftifudk ppfwrf;
,lvkdufonf&Sdaomf jrif;yGJrsm; &IH;jcif;aMumifh tvJGokH;pm;jyKrd olrsm;\
&mcdkifEIef;ta&twGufonf tawmfBuD;rm; rsm;jym;vdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfawG;
xifrdonf/

1010

tvefUwMum; pdwfysufjcif;
txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm w&kwfjynfodkUoGm;cJU&jcif;
ESifh ywfoufuHraumif;aom tjcif;t&mrsm; tawmfuav; BuKHcJU&\/
w&kwfjynfrS jyefvmMu e,fpyfjzpfaom rD;&xm;blwm&kHodkU qdkufa&muf
Mu&mwGif uREkfyf\ywfpfykwfpmtkyfuav; &SmrawGUyJjzpfaeonf [kajymMu
tawmfpdwfnpfoGm;\/ uREkfyfwkdUudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;onf rdrdwkdU\
EdkifiHul;vufrSwf (ywfpfykwfpmtkyfuav;)rsm;udk w&kwftpdk;& t&m&Sd
rsm;\vufodkU toD;oD;ay;tyfxm;Mu&av&m e,fpyfblwm&kHodkU a&mufMu
aomtcg tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;\ ywfpfykwfrsm; awGU&ygvsuf
uREkfyf\ywfpfykwfwckwnf;rSa&G;NyD; aysmufaeonfqdkaomaMumifh tvGef
pdwfraumif;yJjzpfoGm;cJU\/ ywfpfykwfrygcJUvQif e,fpyfudk ul;ausmfcGifh
r&Sdojzifh uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; w&kwfjynf csefae&pfrnfqdk aomaMumifh
tvGefpdwfysufvsuf&Sd\/ odkUjzpf uREkfyfonf jyefoGm;Murnfh udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;udkyif EIwfrqufEdkifyJ rD;&xm;ay: wa,mufwnf; yufvuf
vSefum tdyfae&pfonf/ okdU&SdpOf rdrdudk,fudk ]]w&kwfjynfa&muf csifvSwJU
ieJwa,muf rSwfaya&mhuGm? rif;wa,mufwnf; b,fESpf&uf b,fESpfv
aecJU&r,frqdkEdkifbl;? tDoGm;atmif ae&vdrfhr,f? rSwfua&maygh uGm}}[k
ajymrdygao;onf/

uREkfyfrSmtazmfcifwwfonfqdkavmufonfh

0goem

r&Sdawmhapumrl EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfodkU wacgufwnf;oma&muf bl;aom

aMumifhxifh? wa,mufwnf; ae&pf&rnfhtwGuf tawmftm;i,fvS onf/
]a&TOa'gif;? a&TOa'gif;}}[k ac:oHMum;onfESifh xMunfhvdkufaom tcg
uREkfyfwkdU\

pum;jyefw&kwfruav;ajy;vmonfudkjrif&

1011

vufxJ

teDa&mif&Sdaom pmtkyfuav;udk 0rf;omtm;&ESifh ajrSmuf,rf;vmjcif;udk

awGU&onf/ t"dym,fum; uREkfyf\ywfpfykwfpmtkyfawGUNyDjzpf e,fpyf\
tjcm;bufqdkufvsuf&Sdao;aom rD;&xm;udkrDatmifajy;&efjzpfav onf/
uREkfyfonfw&kwfjynftqef;topfrsm; jrifawGU&jcif;aMumifh 0rf;ajrmuf&
aomtBudrfaygif; tawmfrsm;cJUyg\/ okdU&mwGifpum;jyefruav;\vuf
xJ

pmtkyfeDuav;udk

rrSwfrdyg/

pmtkyfuav;udk

jrifvdkuf&jcif;uJUokdU

0rf;omaomtjzpfudk

olUvufrSqGJ,lNyD;

vufqGJtdwfuav;udk

vSrf;,lum e,fpyfqDodkU uwdkufu&dkufajy;av&m pum;jyefruav;u

]]*Gwf'fbdkif *&ifyg}} (oGm;ayawmhtbdk;)[k EIwfqufjcif;udkyif r[m;w&m;
jyefajymcJU&onf/ uREkfyf\av;vHaom om;a&tdwfudkrl urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
uGefz&ifh{nfhcHaumfrwDESifh tvkyfvkyfMuonfh vli,frsm;u xrf;ydk;o,f,l
ydkU aqmifMuygayonf/
uHqkd;ykHwcsuf
uREkfyf\uHraumif;jcif;onf a[mifaumifodkU a&mufMuaomtcgwGif
vnf; vufprodrf;ao;acs/ uREkfyfonfa[mifaumifNrdKU vlokH;ypnf;rsm;
aps;aygonfqdkaomaMumifh tdrfrS,lcJUaom aiGESifhyDuif;uGefz&ifhaumfrwDu
wdkvDrdkvDokH;pGJ&ef ay;onfhaiGudk bmrQrokH;yJ a[mifaumifaps;0,f&ef
twGuf csefxm;cJU\/ odkU&mwGiftvmc&D; uREkfyfwkdU'kwd,tokwfudk,fpm;
vS,frsm;pD;vmMuonfh xdkif;av,mOfysHonf aemufwaeUwGif qdkufa&muf
vmav&m (toGm;tjyef vufrSwf0,fxm;Muonfh) udk,fpm;vS,f 10
a,mufrSm aps;0,fcsdefr&awmhyJ avqdyfodkUvmMu&avawmhonf/ uREkfyf
onfaps;0,f&eftwGufomru urmtawmfemrnfBuD;aom a[mifaumif

1012

NrdKUudk

ESHUatmifvSnfhvnfMunfh&Ivdkaom

twljyefMu&rnfh

qEvnf;&Sd\/

&[ef;udk,fpm;vS,fESpfyg;onf

rvdkufvdkao;onfESifh

udkbNidrf;tm;

uREkfyfwkdUESifh

uREkfyfwkdUESifh

ae&pfcGifh&ap&ef

twl

ajymcdkif;Mu&m

tcGifh& ae&pfMu\/ uREkfyfonfvnf; txufygtaMumif;aMumifh olwkdU

uJUodkU ae&pfcsifao; tcGifhawmif;cdkif;zkdU pdwful;ygao;\/ odkU&mwGif
rsufESmomykHr&aom

udkbNidrf;udkjrif&onfESifh

EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;xHrS

bmtcGifhta&;rS rawmif;vdkawmhyg[k qkH;jzwfum olwkdUESifhtwl jyefvdkuf

cJUygonf/ uREkfyfwkdU 10a,mufrSty <uif;usefaom udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;rSmrl
a[mifaumif

okH;&ufcefUqufvufaexdkifcGifh&SdMuav&m

uREkfyfomvQif

bmrSr0,fcJU&yJ aiGudkykdufNyD; jyefvmcJU&onf/

rsufESmi,faom urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;orm;
r*Fvm'kHavqdyfokdU

n8em&DtcsdefwGif

qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg

taumuft&m&Sdrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUurmhNidrf;csrf;a&; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\

ypnf;rsm;udk

txl;aphpyfpGm

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EdkifiHjcm;rS

jyefvmMuonfh c&D;onf trsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonfhteuf taumuft&m&Sdrsm;

onf urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGefz&ifhrS jyefvmolrsm;udk txl;*&kpdkuf ppfaq;
Muonfxif\/

tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;ESifh

orm;rsm;onf

avqdyf

EIdif;pmvQif

tawmfrsufESmi,fykH&\/

urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
t&m&Sdrsm;onf

w&kwfjynfuay;vdkufonfh 0g;xD;uav;wacsmif;udkyif taumufcGefcGJzdkU

owfrSwfMu\/

uREkfyfwkdUonf

jrefrmaiGESifh

0,f,lcJUjcif;r[kwfyJ

wkdif;jynfwjynfu arwmvufaqmifay;vdkonfqdkygvQif uREkfyfwkdU jrefrm

jynf b@m

(Wealth)

wkd;yGm;vmjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh if;ypnf;tay:rS

1013

tcGefaumuf,lxdkufonf rxifyg/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap 0efBuD;tp&Sdaom

{nfhonfrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSjyefvm tvum;&cJUaom vufaqmifrSef
cJUvQif taumufay;aqmifMu& onfrxifyg/ uREkfyfwkdU urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrSrl xD;uav;wvufudkrQ csrf;omray;MuyJ ]vkH;aph
ygXfaph} nSpf,lMujcif;udk cHcJUMu&onf/
OD;nGefUESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;
uREkfyfonf
wOD;jzpfaom

&efukefodkU

jyefa&mufaomtcgwGif

OD;nGefUxHokdUoGm;EIwfqufav&m

"rrdwfaqGBuD;

OD;nGefUESifh

uREkfyfwdkU

aqG;aEG;ajymqdkMuaom pum;rsm;rSm wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh oufqdkif

onfjzpfaomaMumifh pmzwfolwkdU\ A[kokwtvdkUiSm wifjyvdkuf&yg
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rEav;ol rEav;om;awG uGefjrLepfjzpfukefMuava&mhrvm;vdkU pdk;&drfaerd
wmw&kwfjynfu jyefvmawmhrS cifAsm;a&;ykHeJUqdkvQif wjynfvkH; uGefjrLepf
jzpfukefMuawmhrSm xifyghAsm}}
Ekyf/

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Ekyf/]]udk,fhpnf;pdrf jyKwfavrvm;vdkU vefUwmvm;cifAsm? odkUaomf
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1014

nGefU/ ]]'gvJyJ uRefawmfwkdUu vefU wmyJAs? 'gawGxm;ygawmhAsm?

w&kwfjynfrSm bmawGrsm; jrifcJUawGUcJUovJAsm}}
Ekyf/

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w&kwfjynfrSm

tvkyform;

v,form;awG[m a&SUtzdkUarQmfvifhcsufawGeJU aysmfaeMuwmudk jrifcJU&

ygw,fcifAsm}}
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Ekyf/ ]]vufiif;twGufvJ aysmfwefoavmuf aysmfaeMuykH&ygw,f?
okdUaomf qdk&S,fvpfpepftwdkif;olwdkU vdkufemcGifh&Muwmu okH;ESpfom
&Sdao;avawmh vufiif;cHpm;&wJU tusKd;w&m;udk axmufcsifhNyD; a&SUtzkdU
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nGefU/

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av}}
Ekyf/ ]]'guvJ waMumif;ygyJcifAsm;}}
nGefU/

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uvm;cifAsm}}
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1015

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v,fajrawGa0ay;wJU

pepf[mb,frSm

aumif;vdkUvJcifAs}}
Ekyf/ ]]pepfuawmhrqdk;ygbl;? vkyfykHvkyfenf;u ae&mrusvdkUyg?
a0iSay;wdkif;

aumif;wmr[kwfbl;cifAs?

vkyfwwfzdkUu

vdkao;w,f?

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ajymjycsifygw,f}}
nGefU/ ]]Mum;yg&apcifAsm? ajymygtkH;}}
Ekyf/ ]]a&S;wkef;u tdEd,jynfrSm rif;wyg;[m qif;&Jom;awGtay:rSm
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a0ay;vdkufw,fwJUcifAs? 'DtcgrSm qif;&Jom;awG[m tifrwefaysmfMuNyD;
tvkyftudkif rvkyfcsifMuawmhyJ aomufvm;? pm;vm;? yJGMunfhvm;?
avmif;upm;vm;eJU jzKef;wD;vdkufMuwm rsm;rMumrDtwGif; olwkdUvufxJrSm
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txGufr&Sdavawmh tpm;taomuf&Sm;yg;? a&TaiG&wem qdkwmawGuvJ
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jyefa&mufukefw,fwJU?

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a0ay;jcif;[m raumif;bl;aygh}}
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nGefU/ ]]b,fykH ae&mruswmvJ cifAsm}}

1016

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jrifNyD;

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vkdufNyD; ZdrfcHcsifukefMuawmhwmudk;cifAs? w&kwfjynfwkdU? &k&Sm;jynfwkdU
qdkwmawGrSmawmh v,fajrawGudk a0ay;ayr,fh awmifolv,form;awG?
tvkyform;awGudk a&S;,cifuxuf ydkNyD;tvkyfvkyfcsifvmatmif? udk,fhwdkif;
jynfudk

tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;xuf

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wdkif;jynfeJUtrsKd;om;udkcspfwJU

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wdkif;jynfeJU

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atmif tcsdeftMumBuD; oifjyqkH;r Mo0g'ay;NyD;wJUaemuf rSmrScJGa0ay;jcif;
jzpfygw,fcifAsm}}
nGefU/ ]]'DvkdqdkvQifawmh uRefawmfhv,fajruav;awG odrf;,lxm;wm
qkH;csifqkH;ygapawmhAsm? 'DtaMumif;awGudk uRefawmfwkdU tpdk;& em;vnf
oGm;atmif a&;prf;Asm}}
Ekyf/

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nGefU/ ]]'DvdkqdkvJ ckeifu r,fawmfrsKd; arQmf&rnfhykH ay:aeNyDxifw,f}}
Ekyf/ ]]'guawmh ]"rm[a0&uwd "rpm&D}qdkwJU bk&m;a[mtwdkif;
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vlawGpGJaomtcsuf
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1017

 owif;pmwGifxnfhao;\/ NyD;qkH;aomtcgwGifpmtkyftjzpfESifh ay:xGuf

vm\/ w&kwfjynftaMumif;a&;&mwGif odef;azjrifh\ pmtkyfuJUodkU pkHpkH
vifvif

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taMumif;?

xdktaMumif;rsm;udktao;pdwf ar;jref;pkHprf;&ef pum;jyefwa,muf awmif;

r&EdkifonfESifh uREkfyf\pdwf xdcdkufonfrsm;teuf pJGuyf<uif;usef&pf
orQaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udkom a&;om;wifjyEdkifygawmhonf/ ,if;okdU
a&;om;&mwGif uREfkyf txl;wvnfxdcdkufcJUbl;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;onf
pmzwfy&dwfowf\

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wtHUwMoawGU&Sd&ygonf/ w&kwfjynftaMumif;ESifh ywfouf w&kwf

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ykHponfrsm;udk

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pmzwfy&dowfwkdUtxl;oabmus rMumcPajymMuaom tjcif;t&mwck

rSm ]yDuif;bJuif}taMumif;yifjzpfavonf/ pmzwfoltcsKdU uuREkfyf\pmudk
zwf&jcif;aMumifh bJuifpm;csifaom awmifhwrIrSm rcHr&yf Edkifatmif
jyif;xefvm

w&kwfwef;odkUajy;NyD;

bJuifwaumif

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yDuif;bJuifonf uREkfyfa&mufrS ay:onfr[kwf? pm;bl;aom jrefrmvlrsKd;
onfvnf;

uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;

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vmonfrSm

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qifjcifokH;oyfonfhtcg

uREkfyfum;

1018

rsKd;&dk;ZmwdwavQmufvkH;

tpm;

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wlonf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufygawmhonf/
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wzefxvmcJUjyefygavNyD/

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y&dowfydkif;tm; xdwfvefUwkefvIyfjcif; rjzpfMuzdkUowday;&ygrnf/ a&m*g

a[mif;qdkonfrSm tjcm;r[kwf? tvkyfwck okH;ESpfxufydkNyD; rvkyfcsif
wwfonfh uREkfyf\0goemyifjzpfygonf/ w&kwfjynfrS jyefvmNyD;onfh
aemuf rsm;rMumrDtwGif;yif uREkfyfonf owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm; a&;&
jcif;tvkyfudk waeUwjcm;tjyif;txef NiD;aiGUvmawmhav&m 1952ckESpf?
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wkdUxHodkU pma&;today;vdkfufygonf/ uREkfyfonfwpkHwckudk vkdcsifaom
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1019

vlxkowif;pmwdkufrS

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avNyD/ trSefrSm uREkfyfonf ESpfwJGxGufonfh &wemykH0wKudk ol&d,OD;baz
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jzpfausmif;okH;jzpfNyD; pmtkyftajrmuftjrm; a&mif;&onfqdkvQif ol&d,
xHrS

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tawmtwGif; aemufxyfMum;od&aom owif;wckt& &wemykH0wK

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0,f,loGm;onfh

rlydkif&Sifu uREkfyftm; aiG2000d (o'gaMu;) ay;ygrnf[k avoHypf

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ywfouf tvGefyg;eyfonfhtavsmuf (vifaoa<u;yl[louJUodkU BuKHawGU
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apmifhMunhfvsuf&Sd\/

1020

Armhacwf OD;tkef;cif
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&m udktkef;cifu twGuf wm0ef,lrnfhjyif ol\tdfrfvnf; wnf;cdkapvdk
aMumif;zdwfac:avonf/ wGifvGefcJUNyD;aom tjzpftysufwckonf uREkfyf
\pdwfxJ bGm;ueJay:vm\/ 1948ckESpf? rwfvwGif (zqyv tpdk;&
vufxuf) tvkyform;qdkaom vlwpkonf owif;pmwdkuf wcsKdUudk
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ESifh wuG tjcm;yk*dKvfav;ig;a,mufwkdUonf (r[maqGvnf;ygonf/)
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jyKvkyfMuonf/ ppfudkif;okdUoGm;Mu w&m;a[mNyD;tjyef ormefay:wGif
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zqyvtpdk;&\

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1021

cif/ / ]]rif;uodyfrxifygeJUarmif? igac:,if &ygw,f? waeUawmh

rif;Munfhyg}}
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udk,fpm;vS,f armifvSa&Tvnf;ygvm&m jyefcgeD; udktkef;cifu armifvSa&T
tm; uREkfyftvdk&SdaomaeUwGif av,mOfysHvufrSwf0,fay;vdkufzdkU rSmxm;cJU
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1022

wnf;cdkNyD; 2000dxufydk&atmif nSpf&vQif jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf[k pdwful;

ay:vm\/

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oH&kH;rS

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ajymrnfqdkjcif;rSm om"kuolUudk,fol csD;ajrSmufajymqdk&mwGif uREkfyfu
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qkay;yJGtcrf;tem;NyD;pD; xGufvmMu&mwGif uREkfyfudkt&m&SdBuD; wcsKdUu
]]a&TOa'gif;BuD;pum;rajymwwfbl;qdkwmnmwm}}[k

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ajymavonf/ wynfhwa,mufum; uREkfyfvkyforQwGif [kwfrS[kwfygh
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w&m;tm;xkwfaom Xmersm;
1954 ckESpfESifh 1955 ckESpfrsm;wGif uREkfyfonf (vlokH;a,muf&Sdonfh)
uREkfyfwkdU wtdrfaxmiftwGuf pm;avmuf&kHuav;rQ&atmif tvkyfvkyfNyD;
ydkvQHaomtcsdefudk w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;bufwGif trsm;qkH; tokH;jyKvsuf&S\
d /

1032

w&m;ESifhywfouf uREkfyftvkyfvkyfcJUorQrSm ]ig}&Smjcif;tvkyfESifh pdwm

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vlxGuf udkqef;xGef;u rmvkusykwtm; Akk'nTefjyawmfrlcJUonfh 'daX'dX
rwHusifhpOfudk zwfjyojzifh Mum;emvkduf&onfhaeUrSp if;usifhpOft&
tav;ay;NyD; tm;xkwfcJUygonf/ tqdkyg usifhpOft& uREkfyftm;xkwf
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ukef;&dyfom? odkUr[kwf refusnf;wkH&GmrS Oykofawmfrefusnf; yifBuD;paom
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1955 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif uREkfyfonf urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tzJGU em,u
wa,mufrQomjzpfaomfvnf;

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1033

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1034

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1035

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1036

a&;orm;rsm;\ ttkyftxdef;aumif;rIaMumifh olwkdU\tBuHratmifjrifyJ

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1037

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1038

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1039

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1040

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1041

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1042

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1043

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1044

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1045

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1046

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1047

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1048

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vmjcif;rSmuREkfyfonf tvGefw&m pdwfESvkH;aumif;aom yk*dKvfwa,muf
jzpfaomaMumifh[l qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf? uREkfyf tusKd;&Sdonfxuf olU
ydktusKd;,kwfavoavm[k awG;awmrdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf
tzdkU&mum; axmifxJ av;ig;vaevkduf&uwnf;u tawmfusifhom;&
oGm;onfhjyif [dkoGm;onfoGm;rvIyf&Sm;&&kHrSwyg; axmifonf uREkfyftwGuf
aMumufrufzG,f&maom

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uREkfyf\Zmwmtwdkif; jzpfygonf/)
udkbNidrf;
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eyfonfhtavsmuf? auseyfp&mudk auseyfonfhtavsmuf a&;om;azmfjy
cJUjcif;rsm;udk pmzwfolwkdU owdjyKrdMuayvdrfhrnf/ w&kwf jynfodkUoGm;pOfu
udkbNidrf;tay:

uREkfyfrausreyfjzpfcJU&bl;ykHudk

1049

azmfjycJUbl;onfjzpf&m

ol\auseyfzG,faom taMumif;t&mudk razmfjycJUvQif uREkfyfw&m;vdrfh

rnfr[kwfacs/ axmifxJae&pOf uREkfyf\tdrfoltdrfom; rsm;aea&;xkdifa&;
twGuf vlxkrtrmwkdUu wm0ef,lonfhjyif uREkfyfwkdUvnf; tvkyfuav;
tenf;i,f&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh aiGaMu;twGuf ylyif&jcif;r&Sd? rnfol\
taxmuftyHUudkrQ apmifharQmf&ef rvkdtyfaomfvnf; uREkfyfrarQmfvifhonfh
todrdwfaqG ESpfa,mufokH;a,mufwkdUu aiGaMu;ESifh ywfouf tultnD
vdkcJUvQif ajymomajymyg[k rpdk;tm;ajymMuygayonf/ if;wkdUteufwGif
udkbNidrf;um; uREkfyftrSwf&qkH;aom rdwfa qGjzpfavonf/ rEav;odkU
a&mufvmwdkif;

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xdkUjyif uREkfyfudkawGU&ef axmifxJokdU0ifvmMuonfh a'gufwmOD;at;armif?
odef;azjrifhESifh rkH&Gmtrwf av;ig;a,mufwkdU teufwGif udkbNidrf;vnf;
ygvmav&m

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rsufESmxm;udk uREkfyfjrifvdkuf&onf/ vlpkteufwGif udkbNidrf;onf

uREkfyfESifhtrsm;qkH; qufqHrI&Sdol wa,mufjzpfaom aMumifhomr[kwf?
w&kwfjynfodkU twloGm;MupOfu wa,mufESifh wa,muf tjyeftvSef
rauseyfrIuav;rsm;

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rdonf/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap uREkfyf\pdwfxJum; udkbNidrf;ESifh ywfouf
rajyjypfonfh tzktxpfuav;rsm; &SdaecJUygvQif xkdaeUrSp vkH;vkH;BuD;
acsmarmajyjypfoGm;onf[k azmfxkwfa&;om;vdkufyg onf/

1050

ocifcspfarmif
uREkfyfonf ocifcspfarmiftm; trnfudkMum;&kHrQom Mum;&bl;
uREkfyfaxmifxJrS vGwfvmaomtcgwGifrS yxrtBudrf awGU&bl;ygonf/
waeUo ocifcspfarmifESifh udkatmifoef; (AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\tpfudk)
wkdUonf uREkfyf\tdrfodkU 0ifvmMu\/ ocifcspfarmifu ]]q&mBuD;udk
aps;csKdem;rSm bdkifpu,fpD;oGm;wmjrifvdkufvdkU

uRefawmf0rf;omvdkufwm

cifAsm}}[k pajym\/ udkbNidrf;tp&Sdonfh uREkfyfudkcifrifaom vuf0Jorm;

rsm;u uREkfyftoufB uD;NyDjzpf bdkifpu,frpD;zdkU awmif;yefwwfMuonfh
txJwGif ocifcspfarmifwOD;wnf;omvQif xdktwGuf0rf;omonf[k ajymol
&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyftzdkU trSwfw&jzpfrd\/ ]]uRefawmfjzifh q&mBuD;&JU
usef;rma&;aumif;wmudk

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bdkifpu,fawmif

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Mu&mwGif uREkfyfudkav;pm;onfh vuf0JEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;teufwGif awGU
vQifawGUcsif;tjyeftvSefauseyfykH&olrsm;um; eHygwf (1) ocifcspfarmif
jzpf

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vlESpfa,mufum;

uREkfyfudk &dkaoudkif;&Idif;ykH&jcif;t&mwGif wlnDMu tajymtqdk odrfarGU

ykHjcif;rSmvnf; ]eifvm;igvm;}qdkavmufay&m bmoma&; udkif;nGwfjcif;
rlum; ocifcspfarmifuomonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrdonf/ vuf0Jorm;
qdkvQif 'dk;a'guform;rsm;om rsm;Muav&m (uREkfyfvnf; yg0ifonf/)
vlESpfa,mufrSmrl aysmhaysmif;odrfharGUaom trlt&m&Sdjcif;wGif ]rdk;xl;
a&jcm;} qdkavmuf wBudrfrQpD awGUbl;uwnf;u uRekfyf\ESvkH;xJ
pGJvsuf&SdMujcif;udk owdjyKrdonf/ (uREkfyfudk,fEIdufu ]'dk;a'guform;}jzpf
onfhtwGufaMumifh omxdcdkufjcif;jzpfavoavmrajymwwfay/) uREkfyfu

1051

]]EdkifiHa&;orm;awGxJrSm ocifcspfarmif ESpfa,mufyguvm;As? jzpfvJjzpf

wwfw,fAsm? b,folu tvsifocifjzpfwmvJAs}}[k ar;rd&m ocif
cspfarmifu ]]uRefawmfueHygwf(1)ygq&mBuD;}} [k NyKH;&,fum ajymoGm;
avonf/ xdkaeUrSp uREkfyfvnf; &efukefodkUa&mufwdkif; ol\tdrfodkU
r0ifrae oabmxm;oluvnf; a&mufwdkif; 0ifNyD;uefawmhavh&Sdonf/
w&m;"rt,ltqESifh ywfouf uREkfyfudkMunfndKonfhtavsmuf uefawmh
olrsm; &SdMuaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;teufrSrl olwa,mufwnf; xl;xl;
jcm;jcm;BuKH&bl;ygonf/
Aef;armfwifatmif
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; axmifxJ
ig;vcefUaecJU& vGwfajrmufvmonfhaemufwGif vuf0JEdkfifiHa&;orm;rsm;
vnf;uREkfyftm; ]vlwvkH; olwvkH;}taejzifh todtrSwfjyKvmMuonfh
vuPm&Sd\/ *syefacwf Aef;armfwifatmifonf uREkfyfwnf;cdkvsuf&Sd
aom Z&pfacsmif&GmteD;okdUa&muf uREkfyftaMumif;udk Mum;cJU&onf[k
ajymbl;aomfvnf;

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uREkfyfudkav;pm;onfqdk

1052

rarhEdkifpaumif;aom
awGUqkH&efvmaom

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tm;jzifhavmufom

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onf uREkfyf taMumif;udkbmrQodroGm;Muay/ Aef;armfwifatmifrlum;
xdkuJUodkUr[kwfacs/

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Aef;armfwifatmifonf uREkfyfajympum;rsm;udk ayghayghqq omrefum
vQHum

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tawmfvluif;yg;aom

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tcg csD;usL;rqkH;atmif &Sdygawmhonf/
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MunfndKav;pm;aMumif;

azmfxkwf0efcHonfh

1053

pma&;q&monfum;

okcyifjzpfonf/ okc\xl;jcm;csufwckrSmum; olonfrEav;odkU a&muf

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cspfzkdUaumif;onfrSmum; oludk,fwdkif vufaqmifrygaom tacgufrsm;wGif
vufaqmifygvmol wa,mufa,mufudkac:vmwwf\/ wcguolonf
aiG50duefawmhrnfh

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ac:vmcJUbl;onf/

odkU&mwGiftaumif;ESifhtqdk; yl;wJGuyfygwwfonfh Zmwm&Sif wa,muf[l

azmfjycJUbl;onfhtwdkif; okcESifh aZ,swkdU jyefoGm;onfhaemuf w&ufwGif
uREkfyfrSm tat;rd aq;xkd;&onfESifh aZ,su uefawmhcJUonfh aiG50donf
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uREkfyfawGUbl;onfh

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rsm;teufwGif

todtrSwfjyKrdygonf/

1054

vllxl;wa,muf[l

trSwfw& tjzpftysuf
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wOD;wnf;aom om;wa,muf uG,fvGefMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ yxruG,fvGef
olrSm rEav;jynfolUbPfrefae*sif;'g&dkufwm OD;barmifjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf
vGefcJUonfhokH;av;ESpfavmufuwnf;u

we*FaEGaeUwdkif;

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bPfwkdufokdU OD;xifESifhtwloGm; rEav;NrdKU&Sdw&m;aqG;aEG;&ef 0goem&Sd

aom vlwpkESifh awGUqkHaqG;aEG;&mwGif tygt0ifjyKvkyfcJU\/ xkdvlpkteuf
wGif a'gufwmqdkeD? a'gufwmacsm[ef? a&SUaerpwmbdkUpf? rpwmAm;rm;
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xkdifol

(Back Bencher)

wa,muftjzpfESifhom yg0ifcJU\/ uREkfyfum;

]tvkyform;}? xdkvlpkum; pmuav;bmav; zwfbl;onfh ]tajymorm;

rsm;} jzpfMujcif;udk odonfESifh aqG;aEG;&eftaMumif;t&m &Sm;yg;aomaMumifh
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uGefjrLepfwa,muf[lyif xifrSwfMuykH& bmoma&;A[kokw &Sdonf[k
yifrxifMuacs/

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0g' taMumif;udk vufcsmay;&m rnfolrSqifajcuefjcif;r&SdyJ a&ikHaeMu\/
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a&aomufrQavmufom ajymwwfovdkjzpfaeonfESifh bmrQrajymyJ em;

1055

axmifaevdkuf\/ OD;pHazjyefoGm;aomtcg ]]cifAsm;wkdU'DvdkyJ cHaeMuawmh

rvm;}}[k uREkfyfuar;onfwGif tcsKdUu ]]cifAsm;a&;csifa&;prf;Asm}} [k
wdkufwGef;Mu\/

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twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfaeaom OD;pHazxHodkU tew0g'taMumif;udk t*Fvdyfvdk

pm&SnfBuD;wapmifa&;vdkuf&m oluvnf; pm&SnfBuD;wapmif jyefa&;vdkuf
\/
uREkfyfu 'kwd,wapmif xyfa&;&m olujyefa&;\/ uREkfyf\
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usefaomvlrsm;rSm

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aumif;aumif;rwwf em;rvnfMuovdkvdkESifhyif NrKHaeMuonf/ a'guf

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wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf;

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uGJaevdkUyg}}[kajymaeao;\/ uREkfyfurl vufrcHEdkifacs/ OD;barmifrSm
we*FaEG aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif y&dowftm; tauR;tarG;rsm;ESifh aumif;rGefpGm
{nfhcHonfjzpfav&m &kwfw&uf uG,fvGefaMumif;udk axmifxJrSMum;&
,lBuKH;r&jzpf&ygonf/

1056

om;aojcif;
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onf uREkfyfESifh "rrdwfaqGtjzpfodkU a&mufcJUykkHtaMumif;udk wae&mazmfjy
cJUNyD;jzpf&m (,cktcsdefwGif uREkfyf "rrdwfaqGrsm;omru wynfhwyef;rsm;
yif&SdaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf;) xdkpOfurl uREkfyftaMumif;udk txdkuftavsmuf
em;vnfonfh yk*dKvfyif &Sm;yg;ao;onfjzpf yk*voyg,taejzifhvGefpGm
ESajrmrdygonf/ OD;nGefUtm;rl aemufydkif;wGif uREkfyftm;xkwfxm;onfh
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twGuf txl;wrf;w0rf;enf;vSonf/ uREkfyf\wa,mufwnf;aomom;
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tjcm;aom enf;jyq&mrsm;\ usifhpOfusifhenf;twdkif; prf;oyftm;xkwf

1057

bl;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? rmvkusykwESifh bm[d,ax&fwkdUtm; Ak'a[mjy

awmfrlcJUonfh 'daX'dXrwH usifhpOft& tm;xkwfbl;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
(uREkfyf\ pmaywynfhwyef;rsm;rSwyg;) w&m;*dkPf;q&mrsm;teufrS vlod
enf;vSao;onf/ okdUjzpf rEav;NrdKUrS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh &dkufESdyf
xkwfa0onfh (LightofBuddha) ]Ak'a&mifjcnf}trnf&Sd r*Zif;wapmif wGif
]uREkfyfem;vnfonfh aomwmyef}[laom acgif;pOfjzifh aqmif;yg;wyk'f
a&;xnhfvdkuf&m (uREkfyfrSmvnf; if;pmapmifwGif t,f'Dwm tzGJU0ifwOD;
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1058

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1059

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1060

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1061

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1062

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1063

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1064

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1065

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1066

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aywum;[k pOf;pOf;pm;pm;ESifhyif oabmusvsuf&Sdygonf/
vrf;avQmufjcif; tavh
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taMumif; ajymMu\/ OD;buav;u olonf vGefcJUaom 15 ESpfcefU
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ajymjy\/ xdktcg uREkfyfu ]]aeraumif;xdkifrom jzpfvQifaumAsm}}[k
ar;Munfh&m ]]uRefawmfrSwfrdoavmuf 'DtcsdeftwGif;rSm wcgrS rzsm;bl;As}}
[k jyefajymavonf/ wGifuREkfyftvGeftHUMo olESifhuREkfyf oduRrf;vm
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OD;buav;aeraumif;

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vrf;avQmufjcif; avhusifhvmonfrSm wESpfausmfausmfrQom &Sdao;ay &m
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1945ckESpfavmufu

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1067

aygifusKd;oGm;NyD;

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Muygavawmhonf/

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(,ckyifpifpm;) OD;vluav;onfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwlvrf;avQmufazmf

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1068

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vrf;avQmufjcif;onf usef;rma&;twGuf uREkfyftzdkU tavhtrSefwck
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1945 ckESpf uREkfyfonf tar&duefjynfxkwfusef;rma&; pmtkyfwtkyfudk

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1069

aoG;om;pifMu,frIaMumifh aoG;om;xJwGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; tajcwnfNyD;rS

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uREkfyfwdkU\ ,kHMunfcsufonf obm0usonfxifaomaMumifh tawmf

twef

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1070

rpGrf;Edkif[k

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ed*kH;csKyf taejzifhrl uRekfy\
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rsm;u ]]uRefawmfwkdUawmh pmrsm;rsm;rzwfbl;aygif}}[k xkwfazmf ajymqdk
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t*Fvdyfvdk pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfzdkU &nfrSef;csufxm;bl;onfhtavsmuf

t*Fvdyfbmom ]pHwifavmufonf} qdkonfhpmtkyfBuD;rsm; (Classics) udk
1071

zwf&IcJU jrefrmpmaybufwGif avhvmrIenf;yg;cJUygonf/ xdkpmtkyfrsm;rSm

(0wKrsm;aomfvnf;)

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ta&;tom;aumif;vSonf[k

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tom;aumif;jcif;? raumif;jcif;rQudkyif cJGjcm;rodwwfyJ (pma&;q&mrsm;
vnf;ygonf/) pmtm;vkH; twlwljzpfonf[k rSwfxifonfhtvm; tajy;
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0if0ifoGm;onf[kxifygonf/
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ESpfoufoabmusaom

1072

avmh'fraumav;:pmrsm;udk

oli,fcsif;armif&Du

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1073

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aumif;wmvJ}}[k ar;vkduf&m trsKd;orD; rsufESmysufoGm;\/ uREkfyfqdkvdk
aomt"dym,fudk em;vnf[efrwlacs/ uREkfyf\0goemrSm odkUaomvSefU
vkH;uav;rsm;ESifh

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uREkfyfpum;

t"dym,fudk usepGmem;rqifMuyJ ]]a&TOa'gif;BuD;u OD;Mobmoa&;wJUpmawG

raumif;bl;qdkyguvm;}}ponfjzifh

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avonf/ uREkfyfqdkvdkaom t"dym,frSm bmompum; wckwnf;yif

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pma&;q&mrsm;yif &SdMuavonf/

1074

OD;Mobmoaumif;ykH
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atmif aumif;jcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ ol\a&;enf;rsKd;rSm um&efuav;
rvGwfapyJ tcsdeftqufuav;awGESifh [yfum[yfum a&;xm;jcif;jzpf
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1075

t0ifr[kwfacs/ rQavmuf a&;jyonfqdkygu ]]OD;Mobmou bmta&;

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rsKd;onf 0wKrsm;a&;&myif uG,faysmufrwwf &SdaecJUavNyD/ tjzpftysuf
taMumif;t&mudk
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1076

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1077

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tusifhjzpfvm\/ q&myDrdk;eif;u uREkfy\
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1078

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u ydkrdkxda&muf awmufajymifjcif;udk awGU&onfhtcg uREkfyfonf ]ajympum;
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vkH;}udkjzpfap? t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;udk jzpfap? ygVdpum;vkH;udkjzpfap pmzwfol
rsm;em;vnfrnfqdku okH;csifwwfonf/ wcgw&H ygVdvkH;udkuREkfyfokH;vQif
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1079

t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD;

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jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdktcsdefrSp uREkfyfonf [efwvkH;yefwvkH;ESifh
cefUcefUxnfxnfBuD; a&;wwfrS aumif;onf[laomtxifonf wjznf;
jznf; avsmhyg;vsuf&Sdygawmhonf/
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1080

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1081

oJjzL;NyD; owKtdk;zifESifh yGwfaomtoHuJUokdU uREkfyf\em;xJ tcH&cufvS

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rod&SdyJaewwf\/ uREkfyf\txifrSm pmtajrmuftjrm;zwf pmtajrmuf
tjrm;a&;jcif;tavhtusifhjyKvkyfNyD;onfhtcgrSomvQif

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onfxif\/ odkUaomf ]&GufMurf; a&usKd}rQavmuf aumif;zdkUrSmBudK;pm;vQif

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umwGef;q&mrsm; yg0ifonfh ]ynmonf}wpkESifh tqifoifh qkHpnf;rdojzifh
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1082

pum;vkH; <u,fjcif;ESifh ]yD}jcif;

pma&;q&mrsm;onf pmxJrSawGU&aom pum;vkH;rsm;rSvnf;aumif;?
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Mu&onfcsnf;jzpf&m pmawGUt&mwGiftxufom;ESifh atmufom;jcm;em;jcif;
r&Sd? tzwfrsm;olu omEdkifonf/ okdUaomfajympum;rS&aom ]tvkH;}rsm;rSm
rl txufom;uomEdkif atmufom;xuf (Vocabulary) <u,f0Edkifonf
[kuREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf/

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yifjzpfaomfvnf;

t"dym,fay:vGifaom

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pum;vkH;rsm; ygwwf em;rSvnfygrnfavm[k pdk;&drfrdbl;onf/ odkU&mwGif
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txufom;wdkif;onf atmufom;wdkif;xuf omonf[krqdkvdk? txufom;
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1083

EdkifonfqdkcJUvQif atmufom;pma&;q&mrsm;tzdkU ]cdkomcHom} &SdMuvdrfhrnf

[k arQmfvifhygonf/
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oabmxm;wwfMu\/ acwfwGifrlum; pum;vkH;cefUjcif; oufoufxuf
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jcif;udk

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avoavm? &dyfrdvQifvnf; aumif;aoma&;enf;wck jzpfonf[k tod
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ta&;tom;ESifh wcgw&HrSm;rdMuygonf[k tHUMopGmESifh0efcHajymjyMubl;\/

1084

okdU&mwGif ]ajympum;vkH;} nSyf okH;jcif;rl tavhtusifh&Sdao;ykHr&? wwkH

wwkHrS awGU&wwfavonf/ onfrSmrl &kwfw&ufcsufcsif; twlckd;
&avmufatmif

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vnf;[kwfonf/ ]ajympum;vkH;}okH;onfqdkvQifvnf; okH;csiftm;BuD;ESifh

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t"dym,fav;eufaom

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ajymif}rsm;udk r&Smwwf&SmonfESifh omrmefajympum;vkH;rsm;udkuREkfyfenf;wl ]

}aumfrmwyf okH;aomfvnf; olarQmfvifhovdkjzpfrvmjcif;udk awGU&onf/
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cyf&J&JokH;0HUygonf/ xdkUaemuf vlxkowif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;ESifh rSwfwrf;
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1085

wkdUxHrS (txufwGifa&;jycJUonfhtwdkif;) olwkdUpma&;ykHudk tBudrfBudrf yDwd

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qdkvdkygonf/

yxrq&mxhrSrl BudK;BudK;pm;pm;oif,l& 'kwd,q&mxHrSrl olESifhuREkfyf

tBudKufjcif;wlonfudk awGU& uREkfyftm;wufNyD; olUenf;twdkif; ]rlao}
vmjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ 'kwd,q&mxHrS uREkfyf&&Sdvkdufaom a&;enf;rSm
pmudkzwfMunfhvdkufonfhtcg (raumav;\pmrsm;uJUokdU) cJcJ,Of;,Of;ESifh
wyifwyef;a&;xm;&onfh

toGifo@mef[efyefavoHrsKd;

tvG,fuav;aumufjcpfxm;onf[k xif&aompmrsKd;

ay:rvmapyJ

(Easy Flow)

a&;

wwfzdkUyif jzpfavonf/ odkUa&;om;azmfjy&jcif;tm;jzifh q&mraumav;

\aus;Zl;udk ypfy,fjcif;r[kwf&yg/ aqmrm;qufarmfrfonf raumav;
xufpma&;aumif;onf[k rqdkvdkyg/ trSeftwdkif; &Sif;jy&vQif ]tvG,f
uav;aumufjcpfonf}xif&onfh pmrsKd;a&;wwfzdkUrSm ESpfy&dap' Mum&Snf
pGm pmtajrmuftjrm;a&;NyD;aomtcgrS 0ifvmaom ]ynm}wck jzpfygonf/
xdktajctaeodkU a&mufvmaom tcgrl0guswnfaqmufa&; twGuf
wyifwyef; owdrxm;&awmhyJ vG,fvG,fuav; a&;xkwfEdkif aomfvnf;
pmra&;wwfolrsm;

a&;ouJUokdU

]uysufuacsmf?

awmftdavsmftd}

0gusrsKd;rjzpfvmyJ oyf&yfajyjypf tzktxpfr&Sdaom pmrsKd;jzpfvmEdkifay

onf/ Oyrmaqmif&aomfraumav;\ 0gusrsm;onf yGwfcHxm;onfh
]*sif}uav;rsm;ESifh wlonfqdkvQif aqmrm;qufarmfrf\ 0gusrsm;onf
tdk;aygufrS,kdxGufvmonfh a&aygufuav;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOf oifhayonf/

1086

0guswnfaqmufykH
&dk;&dk;0gusrsm;rSm uwm;? Bud,m? uH[l tcsuftcsmBuD; okH;ck&Sd\/
t*FvdyfbmomwGifif;wkdUonf tpDtpOftwdkif; owfrSwfwnf&SdMu
jrefrmbmomrl uwm;? uH? Bud,m [laomtpDtpOfjzifh a&;wwfMu\/
okdU&mwGif usifvnfaom 0guswnfaqmuform;onf (t*Fvdyfbmom
vnf;aumif;? jrefrmbmomvnf;aumif;) wcgw&HwGif txufygtpDtpOf
udkzsuf a&;jcif;tm;jzifh t"dym,fydkav;eufapEdkifonfh tcgtcGifhrsKd;
ay:vmjcif;udk

jrifwwf\/

xdktpDtpOfudk

zsuf

a&;jcif;tm;jzifh

ydk&Sif;jcif;? ydkacsmarmajyjypfjcif;wkdUudkvnf; jrifwwf\/ xdkrSwyg;

emr0daooe? Bud,m0daooe ponfwdkUvnf; &Sdao;ay&m if;wkdUudk
]rlao}rxm;yJ oifhawmfaom ae&mrsm; nSyfoGif;xkd;xnfhwwfjcif;onf
vnf;

usifvnfaom

0gus]vuform;}\t&nftcsif;wckaywnf;/

0gusvuform;aumif;wa,muf a&;xm;onfh 0guswydk'frS pum;vkH;rsm;

udk xdkrSrS a&TUajymif;vkdufonfhtcg tqifajyrI ysufoGm;Edkifonfhenf;wl
rusifrvnf &Iyf&IyfaxG;axG; a&;wwfolwa,muf\ 0gus pum;vkH;rsm;
udk ae&majymif;a&TUvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh ydk&Sif;vif;vmEdkifjcif;udk em;vnfxm;
zkdUoifh\/ tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;onf 0guswnfaqmufjcif;ESifh ywfouf
rnfrQavmuf em;a0;Muoenf;[lrl 0gustm;vkH;onf a&;ykHtwlwlyifjzpf
onf[k rSwfxifMu\/ uspfvspfodyfonf;aom 0gus? ]yGavsmif;avsmif;}
jzpfaeaom 0gus? acsmarmajyjypfaom 0gus? tzktxpfrsm;aom 0gus[l
&Sdwwfjcif;udk oabmyifraygufMuacs/ xkdokdUaom pma&;q&mrsKd;onf
teuft"dym,fESifh

pdwful;pdwfoef;bufwGif

cRefcsifvnf;cRefayrnf/

odkU&mwGif 0gusvuform;aumif;wa,muf jzpfEdkifonf[lum; rqdkvdkyg/

1087

tcsKdUrSm 0gustaMumif;em;rvnfaomfvnf; tjcm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;

aumif;rGefjcif;aMumifh emrnfausmfpma&;q&mrsm; jzpfaejcif;vnf;&SdMuyg
onf/ odkU&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf tjyeftvSefa&;Muonfh pmrsKd;wGif
rlum; pdwful;pdwfoef;csif;? pum;vkH;ajymifykHcsif; wlnDcJUvQif 0gusaumif;
orm;u tEdkif&vdrfhrnfjzpf\/ tcsKyf0gusaumif;orm;\pmonf ydk
]touf0if} onf[k qdkvdkygonf/
0gustwdkt&Snf
tcsKdUu 0gus&Snf&Snfa&;jcif;onf pm]cefU}onf? pma&;q&m\vuf
&myDoonf[k ,lq&Snf&Snfa&;zdkU BudK;pm;Mu\/ tcsKdUuvnf; 0guswdk
ygrS t"dym,f&Sif;onfqdkum wdkwdka&;Mu\/ uREkfyf\t,ltqrSm &Snfwdkif;
vnf;rcefU? wdkwdkif;vnf;r&Sif;? ]rlao}rSwfxm;zkdUrvdkaom t&mwckjzpf
onfxif\/
rnfonfhae&m

0gusvuform;aumif;wa,muf
&Snfoifhonf?

jzpfvmaomtcgwGif

rnfonfhae&mwdkoifhonfqdkjcif;udk

tvdktavsmuf jrifvmwwfayonf/ &SnfrSyifzwfaumif;aomae&mrsKd;

vnf;&Sd wdkwdkESifh qwfqwfa&;zdkU vdktyfaom ae&mrsm;vnf;&Sd\/
0gusvuform;aumif;rsm;\

t,ltqwckrSm

0gus&SnfBuD;rsm;csnf;

qufumqufum a&;xm;onfhtcgpmzwfolonf (rSwf&zefrsm;onfESifh)

yifyef;oGm;wwfaomaMumifh

0guswdkuav;rsm;tm;jzifh

tem;ay;oifh

onf[k qdkMu\/ [kwfovdkvdkawmh &Sdyg\/ okdU&mwGif 0gusvuform;

aumif;wa,muf\pmudk zwf&onfhtcg (&Snfoifh&Snf&jcif;jzpfcJUvQif)
pmzwfolonf

wyifwyef;BudK;pm; rSwfxm;zdkUrvdkyJ 0gusrqkH;rcsif;

zwfNyD;cJUaom t"dym,frsm;onf pmzwfol\ OD;acgif;xJwGif uyfvdkuf

1088

ygvmwwfayonf/ tcsufonf 0gusaumif;raumif; qef;ppfaom

enf;wenf;jzpf\/ t"dym,fonf

olUtcsdeftqufESifhol OD;acgif;xJ

vdkufygaecJUvQif 0gus&Snfaomfvnf;rarhEdkifyJ&Sdwwf\/ zwf,if;arhukef

aom 0gusrsKd;um; 0gus&SnfvGef;jcif;? okdUr[kwfnHUzsif;aom vuform;
\vuf&mjzpfjcif; xif&Sm;avonf/ 0gusvuform;twwf ruRrf;usif
ao;olwdkUtzdkUrSmum;

wdkwdka&;jcif;onf tE&m,fuif;onf[kqdkoifhay

onf/
oAEtokH;
tcsKdUpma&;rsm;onf oAEtokH;ESifh ywfouf trSwfwrJUoabm
xm;Mujcif;udkawGU&\/ 0guswckwnf;twGif; tqifwlaom orE wck
xufydk rokH;rdap&ef uREkfyftNrJowdxm;\/ ]NyD;vQif} rsm;jzpfap? ]}
rsm;jzpfap? ]&m}rsm;jzpfap wckxufydkokH;onfh 0gusrsKd;udk zwf&onfh
tcguREkfyftzdkUwGif ]em;uavm}vS\/ (wcgw&HjyefzwfzdkU tcsdefr&Sdaom
pmrsm; uREkfyfudk,f wdkifvnf;rSm;wwfjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/) tjypfrsKd;rSm
]t&yfom;}rsm; rSm;csifrSm;Muygap? pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh cPcP
rSm;jcif;rlum; rjzpfMuapzdkU owday;vdkuf\/ ]NyD;vQif}wckokH;NyD;aemuf
]}odkUr[kwf]&m}

paom

orErsKd;jcm;NyD;rS

]NyD;vQif}udkjyefaumufvQif

cHomygao;\/ ]NyD;vQif} ESpfckqufokH;jcif;um; txl;]toHqdk;}vSonf/

1089

tokH;rsm;aom]&m}
]&m}[laom orEtaMumif;udk txl;wvnfazmfjyvdkao;\/ ]&m}[l
onfrSm 0gusqkH;rnfqdku tqkH;owfEdkifygvsuf wrifquf a&;csifao;
ojzifh tokH;jyKaom orEjzpf\/ ]&m}udkjzKwfNyD;]{}udkokH;vQif jzpfEdkifjcif;udk
awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ okdU&mwGif 0guswdkvGef;rnf xifaomaMumifh tqkH;rowf
ao;yJ ]&m} ESifhquf,ljcif;jzpfavonf/ tawmftwefokH;vQif udpr&Sd?
tcsKdUrSmrl 0guswckwGif wpf]&m}ESpf]&m}okH;]&m}wdkifatmif wckNyD;wck okH;jcif;
tm;jzifh

pmzwfol\

]em;}udknSOf;yef;ESdyfpufwwfMu\/

jrefrmbmom

jzpfap? t*Fvdyfbmomjzpfap Bud,mwckwnf;ygonfh 0gusrsKd; (Simple

Sentences)

csnf;a&;oGm;vQif ]em;}atmifhwwfonfjzpf orErsm;okH;

umem;oufomatmif vkyfay;&\/ odkU&mwGif]&m}awGrsm;vGef;vQifvnf;

NiD;aiGUvmwwfjyefavonf/

uREkfyfudk,fwdkif]&m}udkvdktyfrS

okH;rnf[k

owdxm;avh&Sdaomfvnf; wcgw&HwGif 0guswdkif; ]&m}wckxnfhokH;aom

tavhtusifhay:vmao;\/ tjcif;t&mudk owd&onfESifh wNydKifeuf
]&m}udktvQif; rokH;awmhqdkum jzwfxm;wwf\/ orEtaMumif;udkaumif;
pGmem;vnfaom uavmiform;onf ]&m}rokH;yJ a&;jzpfEdkif&kHomru om
uspfvspfodyfonf;aom 0gusrsKd; wnfaqmufEdkifjcif;udk awGU&ay vdrfhrnf/
okdUjzpf ]zkHyGyG} 0gusrsKd; a&;rdaomtjypfrsKd; uif;vGwfvdkaom uavmif
orm;onf ]&m} wnf;[laom orEudk acRacRwmwmokH;zdkU owdjyKMu
&macsonf/

1090

a&Smiftyfaom orE
0guswck tqkH;owfNyD; aemufwck tpjyKonfhtcg ]okdUjzpfav&m}[l
aom pum;vkH;jzifh tpjyKjcif;onf cGeftm;enf;aom0gusrsKd;wnfaqmufap
zdkU tavhtusifhudk ysKd;axmifjcif;jzpf\/ woufywfvkH; uREkfyfpma&;cJUorQ
wGif ]okdUjzpfav&m} [laom pum;vkH;udk wcgrQ tokH;jyKcJUbl;onfrSm
rrSwfrdyg/ ]odkUjzpf}aomfvnf;aumif;? cefUcsifvQif ]okdUjzpf&um;}[l
vnf;aumif; okH;bl;yg\/ ]okdUjzpfav&m}[laom pum;udkrl rokH;cJUbl;yg/
ESpfckonf

t"dym,fjcm;em;jcif;&Sd\/

taMumif;w&m;tjzpfESifh

]odkUjzpf&um;}[laompum;onf

txufwGifazmfjycJUNyD;orQudk

axmufxm;NyD;

tusKd;w&m;udkazmfjyawmhrnf[k [efjyifvdkufjcif;jzpf\/ ]odkUjzpfav&m}[l

onfrSmum; txufrS 0gusqkH;ykH ae&mrusjcif;aMumifh bmrQt"dym,f
xl;r&SdyJ ]wkH;} ckay;&jcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyf\pmrsm;wGif ]okdUjzpfav&m} [laom
pum;vkH;ckay;zdkU vkdaomae&m[l rawGU&bl;yg/ uREkfyfu ]cs} xm;cJU
onfhqdkNyD;
ayvdrfhrnf/

xnfhay;vQifvnf;

]0if}rnfr[kwf?

tcsKdUvlrsm;\pmrl

tydkoufoufjzpfae

]okdUjzpfav&m}[laom

tvkH;udk

okH;xm;onfhtcg jzKwfypfr&? jzKwfypfvQif [mvm[if;vif;BuD; jzpfoGm;

Edkif\/ uREkfyftzdkU&m ]odkUjzpfav&m} [laom pum;vkH;rvdk? tcsKdUvlrsm;
twGufrSm ]odkUjzpfav&m}pum;vkH;onf wu,fyifvdk\/ tb,fhaMumifh
odkUjzpf& oenf;/

1091

BudKwifjyifqifrI
taMumif;udk em;vnfatmif&Sif;jy&efrSm rvG,fulaomfvnf; a&;rd
aom vufp&SdaeNyDjzpf wwfEdkiforQ BudK;pm;NyD; &Sif;jyygrnf/ usifvnf
aom 0gusvuform;onf pma&;onfhtcgwGif 0guswckqkH;cgeD; a&SU
0gustwGuf

BudKwifjyifqifxm;wwf\/

t"dym,ft&jzpfap?

pm[eft&jzpfap

BudKwifjyifqifonfqdk&m

BudKwifjyifqifrI&Sd&\/

Oyrm

a&SUwvSrf;wGif csKdifhwckudk jrifxm;aom vrf;avQmuform;onf xdkcsKdifhudk

rausmfrD&uwnf;u ajcaxmufudk [efjyifxm;&ouJUodkUyif/ xdkUtwl
usifvnfaom 0gusvuform;onfvnf; rdrda&;aeonfh0gusqkH;cgeD;onf
udkodonfjzpf pdwfxJBudKwifjyifqifrI&Sdxm;onfh twGufaMumifh ]okdUjzpf
av&m}wnf;[laom ]wkH;}ckay;zdkUrvdkawmhacs/ xkduJU odkU jyifqifrIr&Sdaom
pma&;q&mtzdkUrSmrl ]wkH;}rckvQif ][yfxdk;}jzpfoGm;NyD;pmracsmyJ jzpfwwfav
onf/ ]odkUjzpfav&m}[laom pum;vkH;onf &IyfonfqdkNyD; jzKwfypf&onf
r[kwf? BudKwifjyifqifrIr&SdyJ ZGwft"rjzKwfypfcJUygvQif pmzwfoltzdkU
vrf;avQmuf,if; csKdifhxJodkUtrSwfwrJU ajcaxmufusoGm;onfhES,f [mueJ?
eifhueJ jzpfoGm;wwfayonf/ tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;onf ]tusifhBuD;yg}ae
wwf ]odkUjzpfav&m}[laom pum;vkH;udk cPcPokH;&aom tjzpfrsKd;okdU
a&mufoGm;Mu&avonf/ uREkfyf\tqkH;tjzwfum; acgif;BuD;wyk'favmuf
twGif; ]odkUjzpfav&m}wckxuf ydkygcJUvQif uREkfyf\]0gusvuform;
ausmif;}rS atmifvufrSwf&vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

1092

cGeftm;&SdaompmrsKd;
vufxufrsm;pGmaom
(Forceful Language)

pma&;q&mwdkUonf

]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}

[lonfrSm bmudkqdkvdkonf[k em;vnf&SmMuykHr&

acs/ ]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}rsKd; a&;wwfzdkUrSm (1)a&;vdkonfh taMumif;t&mudk

aumif;pGmem;vnfjcif;?

(2)tcsufususa&;wwfjcif;?

(0g)oifhawmfaom

pum;vkH;udka&G;cs,fwwfjcif;? (3) BuHUcdkifuspfvspfaom0gusrsKd;wnfaqmuf

wwfjcif;wkdUvdktyfayonf/
(1) tcsKdUvlrsm;onf taMumif;t&mwckudk aumif;pGmem;rvnfygyJ
vsuf

udk,fh[mudk,fem;vnfNyDtxifESifh

a&;csifajymcsifwwfMu\/

omrefum vQHumrQavmuf odxm;jcif;udk wu,fodxifMu jzef;oef;um

a&;wwfajymwwfM u\/ rdrdwkdUudk,fu ]0dk;wdk;0g;wm;}jzpfaeao;aomtod
rsKd;udkyif t[kwfodxifNyD; rydkifEdkifyJvsufESifh ydkifEdkifav[ef a&;wwfajym
wwfMu\/

xdktajcrQavmufESifh

a&;xm;onfhpmrsKd;

jzpfrvmEdkifacs/

xdkolwkdUonf trItaMumif;udk wu,fodonfr[kwfyJ aMu;pm;vkdufaom

oufaotm;

usifvnfaoma&SUaeu

ppfaMumar;jref;vkdufonfhtcg

a,mifcsmcsmESifh

z&dkz&JjzpfukefwwfouJUodkU

pOf;pm;wwfaom

pmzwf

y&dowfrsKd;u (odyfawmhrrsm;vS) OmPfjzifharTaESmufqifjcifvkduf onfhtcg

jzef;oef;a&;om;xm;aomvl\pmonf tvum;jzpfoGm;wwfav onf/
(2) olUae&mESifhol wdusrSefuefaompum;vkH; a&G;cs,fokH;EIef;wwf
jcif;onf tcsufusatmifa&;wwfjcif;yifjzpf ]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}rsKd;jzpfvm
Edkif\/ ynmrSm vG,fulonfr[kwf? pmaumif;rsm;rsm;BuD;zwfxm;NyD;
pum;vkH;

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;

wwfxm;onfhjyif

a&G;cs,fwwfaom

todOmPfrsKd;vnf; &SdzkdUvdk\/ tbd"mefuJUodkU pum;vkH;awG wwfxm;aomf

1093

vnf; ta&G;rwwfvQif cGeftm;&SdaompmrsKd; a&;wwfao;onfr[kwfacs/

tcsKdUaom yk*dKvfrsm;rSmrl pum;vkH;rsm;rsm;BuD;rwwfyJvsufESifh wwfo
pum;vkH;rsm;teufrS txda&mufqkH;aomtvkh;udk a&G;cs,fokH;EIef;wwfonf
[l &Sdyg\/ okdU&mwGif xdkolwkdUum; yg&rDxl;aomyk*dKvfrsm;jzpfMuayonf/
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif BuKH&bl;onfrSm 10ESpfom;ausmfausmfrQ&Sd ]]xrif;pm;
a&aomuf}}

pum;vkH;rQom

pum;vkH;uav;rsm;teufrS

wwfao;onfjzpfygvsuf

olwwfaom

uREkfyfudk,fwdkifwtHUwMojzpfavmufatmif

xda&mufaom pum;vkH;rsm; a&G;cs,fokH;EIef;wwfaom vli,fuav;udk

awGU&bl;avonf/

oli,fum;BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg

tajymaumif;

aomfvnf;aumif;?

ta&;aumif;aomfvnf;aumif;

uREkfyfarQmfvifhcJu&m

t&G,fra&mufrD aoqkH;oGm;ojzifh uREkfyfESmajrm

jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k

rdygonf/ omtHUMozkdUaumif;onfrSm xdkoli,fonf NrdKUBuD;om;r[kwf?

&Gmom;uav;wa,mufrQom jzpfavonf/
(3) BuHUcdkifuspfvspfaom 0gusrsKd;wnfaqmufwwfjcif;onf ]cGeftm;
&Sdaompm}rsKd;twGuf eHygwf(3)ae&m azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; ta&;BuD;&mrl
eHygwf(3)r[kwf?
pum;vkH;

(1)ESifh(2)wkdUuJUokdUyif

]ajymif}vQif

wef;wlxm;vdkufonfxif\/

]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}rsKd;

jzpfvmwwfaomfvnf;

0guswnfaqmufykHu yGpdpd csnfheJUeJU avsmh&J&JESifh caemfceJU jzpfaeonfqdk

vQif pum;vkH; ]ajymif}jcif;aMumifh ]em;}udkxdckdufaomfvnf; pmzwfol\
OD;aESmufESifhESvkH;odkU rxdckdufyJ &Sdaewwfonf/ (uREkfyfqdkvdkaom t"dym,f
udk em;vnfMuapjcif;iSm tjcm;vlrsm;a&;Muonfh pmaumif;ESifh pmqdk;rsm;rS
O'g[&kPfrsm; &SmazGpkaqmif;NyD; oD;oefUpmwtkyftjzpfESifh wifjy&vQif
om ay:vGifxif&Sm;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; raumif;aompmudk erlemtjzpf
wifjy&vQif um,uH&Sifrsm;\ &efolBuD;jzpfvmEdkifonfwaMumif;? BuD;jyif;

1094

vmNyDjzpfaom t&G,f usef&Sdaom toufwmuav;udk xdkUxuf

ta&;BuD;aom tvkyfrsm;wGif tokH;cs&rnfjzpfonf waMumif; aMumifh
woD;wjcm;

pmwtkyfa&;om;zkdU

BuH&G,fcsufr&Sdawmhyg/)

]0gusvuf

orm;}\tvkyfrSm pum;vkH;rsm;udk olUae&mESifhol tpDtpOfjyKvkyf&jcif;yif

jzpf\/

tvkyfudk

em;vnf&efrSm

q&mESifhoifjyjzpfonfr[kwf?

]vuform;}aumif;rsm;\pmaywkdUudk BudKufwwfatmifavhvmNyD; yDwdESifh

wuG txyfxyfzwf&I&jcif;yifjzpfavonf/
0dbwfrsm;
pmacsmatmif a&;wwfcsifvQif 0dbwfrsm;udkvnf; wvSnfhpDokH;wwf
zkdU tavhtusifhjyKvkyfoifh\/ ,ckwavm ]udk}[laom 0dbwftpm;
]tm;}[laom 0dbwfudk xyfcgxyfcg okH;Muaomtavhtusifhwckjzpfay:vm
\/ wvkH;pDMunfhvdkufvQif ]udk}[laom 0dbwfonf ]tm;}[laom0dwfbwf
xuf t"dym,fxda&muf wdkuf&dkufoabmrsKd;vnf; yg&Sd\/ okdUESifhvnf;
]udk}udkzwfxm;NyD; ]tm;}udk oabmusonfhvuPmESifh txyfxyfokH;Mu
jcif;udk awGU&\/ 0dbwfESpfckonf t"dym,fwloa,mif xifMuaomfvnf;
jcm;em;jcif;&Sd\/ O'g[&kPfum; armifbonfpmwtkyfudk uREkfyftm;ay;\
[ka&;oifhygvsuf armifbonf pmwtkyftm; uREkfyfudkay;\[ka&;ygrl
rSm;onf[kqdkoifhonf/ armifbonf pmwtkyftm; uREkfyftm;ay;onf[k
a&;ygrlum; rSm;&kHomru(uREkfyftzdkU) em;uavmvSonf/ odkUESifhvnf;
]tm;}ESpfvkH;xyfa&;Muol tawmfrsm;vm txl;ojzifh ]jrefrmhtoH}onf
uREkfyf\em;udk cPcP ESdyfpufwwfavonf/ jrefrmbmom t"dym,f
cyfqifqif&Sdonfh 0dbwfrsKd;&Sdav&m (txufyg O'g[&kPfuJUodkU) ]}]rSm}

1095

]wGif}]0,f}wnf;[laom 0dbwfrsm;udk xyfvnf;rxyf? tokH;vnf;wwf

atmif

avhusifhxm;jcif;onf

tqifajyaompmrsKd;

a&;vdkolrsm;tzdkU

vdktyfvSayonf/
0daooersm;
emr0daooeESifh emrfudkvnf;aumif;? Bud,m0daooeESifh Bud,mudk
vnf;aumif; eD;uyfpGmxm;jcif;onf t"dym,f&SifapzdkU taxmuftyHUjyK\/
vSyaom armifjzL\tdrf[k a&;jcif;xufarmifjzL\ vSyaomtdrf[k a&;jcif;
onfvnf;aumif;? vsifjrefpGm wdkufay:odkUwufoGm;onf[k a&;jcif;xuf
wkdufay:odkUvsifjrefpGm
t"dym,f&Sif;jcif;udk

wufoGm;onf[k
em;vnfoifhygvsuf

a&;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;
pnf;urf;udk

csKd;azmufol

tawmfrsm;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&\/ uREkfyftzdkUrSmrQavmuf vlodrsm;aom

pnf;urf;udkomru 0guswcktwGif; rnfonfhpum;vkH;udk rnfonfhae&m
wGif xm;oifhonf[k csufcsif;odjrifzdkU tavhtusifhjyKxm;onfh aus;Zl;
aMumifh

uREkfyf\cufcJeufeJaom

avmukw&m

aqmif;yg;rsKd;onfyif

&Sif;ygayonf[k ajymMu&jcif;jzpfygonf/
jrefrmpmESifh t*Fvdyfpm
uREkfyfausmif;aepOftcguRekfyf\

q&mrsm;u

]]rif;wdkUpma&;vQif

pum;ajymwJUtwdkif;a&;wm taumif;qkH;yJ}} [k Mo0g'ay;jcif;udk uREkfyf

rSwfrdao;\/

if;Mo0g'onf

t*FvdyfpmtwGuf

oufoufjzpfonf

[kuREkfyfvufcHonf/ jrefrmpmtwGufrSmrl a&;[efESifhajym[efonf tBuD;

1096

tus,fjcm;em;jcif;&Sdonfjzpf if;Mo0g'twdkif;a&;onfh jrefrmpmonf

taumif;qkH;aompmrsKd;jzpfrvmEdkifacs/ t*Fvdyfpmrl uREkfyf\erlemq&m
BuD;raumav;onf uAsmvuFmrsm;vnf; pDukH;a&;pyfonf/ pum;ajyrsm;
vnf;a&;onf/ NAdwdoQygvDref (trwfwa,muftjzpfESifh) tacstwif
rdefUcGef;rsm;vnf; ajymcJUonf/ yk*dKvfBuD;rSm ygvDrefwGif pum;ajym
aumif; wa,muftjzpfESifhvnf;emrnfBuD;cJUol\ rdefUcGef;rsm;rSm pmtkyf
tjzpfESifh oD;oefU&dkufESdyfa&mif;cscJUavonf/ 0guswnfaqmufjcif;ynm
wynfhcHcJUaom uREkfyfonf ol\uAsmvuFmrsm;? pum;ajyrsm;ESifh rdefUcGef;
rsm;ruseftm;vkH;vdkvdkyif aphaphpyfpyfzwf&IavhvmcJUonf/ if;wkdUteuf
wGif vuFmrsm;ESifh pum;ajyrsm;\jcm;em;jcif;rSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdaomfvnf;
rdefUcGef;rsm;rSmrl

]a&;pm}rsm;ESifh

vkH;0jcm;em;jcif;r&SdonfudkawGU&\/

(0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf ygvDrefrdefUcGef;rsm;udka&;NyD;rS zwfonfqdkaomfvnf;

olzwfjyaomtcg ]a&;[ef}twdkif; zwfjcif;r[kwf? ]ajym[ef}ESifh zwfjcif;
jzpf\/ a&;[eftwdkif;zwfcJUygrl ol\rdefUcGef;rsm;onf ,ckuJokdU xda&muf
vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/) t*FvdyfbmomwGifwa,mufESifhwa,muf tcsDtcs
pum;ajymMu&m

a&;vkH;rsm;ESifhjcm;em;jcif;&Sdaomfvnf;

rdefUcGef;taejzifh

wa,mufwnf;t&SnfBuD; ajym&aomtcgrsKd;rl tajymESifhta&;onf twl

wlvdkyif &Sdae\/ jrefrmbmomrl tajymESifh ta&;onf pum;rsm;wGif
omru [efyef avoHESifhwuG bmrQrwlatmif jcm;em;jcif;&Sdavonf/
udkavm&kHESifhuREkfyf
ae;&Sif;t,f'Dwmudkavm&kHESifh uREkfyfonf EdkifiHa&;tjrifcsif; wrsKd;pD
&SdMuaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfvdkowif;acgif;BuD; a&;ykHESifh ywfouf udkavm&kH

1097

um;jrefrmjynfwGif taumif;qkH;acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wa,muf[l pdwfxJu

oabmusxm;\/ 1952ckESpf udpwckESifh ywfouf ae;&Sif;owif;pm
zwfy&dowfxHrS xifjrifcsuf awmif;cH&mwGif uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\t,ltq
udkwifjyonfh aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;ydkUvdkuf\/ ae;&Sif;onf pmzwfolrsm;xHrS
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk owif;pmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyzdkUuwday;xm;aomfvnf;
uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;rSm aemufusaeaomaMumifh azmfrjyyJ csxm;vdkuf&onf
qdk\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;udk vufcH&&SdaMumif;azmfjy uREkfyf\
t*Fvdyfvdkta&;tom;Edkifeif;ykHudk tawmfuav; tus,fw0ifha&;om;xnfh
oGif;vdkufbl;\/ wzefokH;ESpfcefUMumaomtcg uREkfyfonf w&kwfjynf
tay:

ae;&Sif;\oabmxm;udk

tawmfjyif;xefpGm

&Iwfcsa0zef,if;

udkavm&kH\ t*Fvdyfvdk ta&;tom;udk csD;usL;vdkufonfh aqmif;yg;wyk'f

a&;ydkUvdkuf\/ if;aqmif;yg;udk ]xnfh0HUxnfhprf;} [laom acgif;pOfwyfay;
vdkuf&m

udkavm&kHu

olUowif;pmwGif

xnhfay;vdkuf\/ okdU&mwGif

uREkfyf\aqmif;yg; tqkH; t,f'DwmrSwfcsufjzifh ]tuGefU} uav;a&;xnfh

vdkuf\/ t"dym,frSm t,f'Dwmtm; tjyif;txefa0zefxm;onfh aqmif;yg;
rsKd;udk tjcm;t,f'D wmrsm;xnfh0HUMuygrnfavm[laom ar;cGef;uav;
rsKd;yifjzpf\/

wGif

uREkfyf'kwd,aqmif;yg;udkvnf;

owif;pmwGif

xnfhay;vdkuf\/ okdUaomf ]tuGefU}uav;rygawmhacs/ taMumif;t&mudk

a&;om;azmfjyjcif;rSm uREkfyft*Fvdyfvdk a&;wwfjcif;udk <um;vdkr[kwf&yg/
vlwdkUrnfonf

wa,mufuwa,muf\

ta&;tom;udk

ESpfNcdKufvS

onfqdkvQif wa,muf uvnf;wkHUjyefESpfNcdKufwwfaom obm0&Sdjcif;udk

wifjyvdkaomaMumifhrQom

jzpfygonf/

udkavm&kHESifh

uREkfyfwkdUudp

uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf (qefUusifbuf0g'&SdMuaomfvnf;) pmayta&;

tom;ESifh ywfoufrl tBudKufcsif;wlMujcif;udk xif&Sm;apvdkaomaMumifh

1098

jzpfygonf/

uREkfyfu

olUtm;oabmusaeaMumif;udk

yxrolrod?

odkUaomf uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;udk olzwf&onfESifhwNydKifeuf wkHUjyefBudKuf

&avawmhonf/ udkavm&kH taMumif;udk xnfhoGif;a&;om;&jcif;rSm udp
tjyif tjcm;aom &nf&G,fcsufwckvnf;&Sdygao;onf/
,ckwavm udkavm&kHonf EdkifiHopfowif;pmwGif acgif;BuD;rsm;
a&;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfawGU&aomtcg t*Fvdyfvdk ta&;aumif;vSonf[k
uREkfyfoabmusxm;onfh

vlwa,mufonf

jrefrmvdka&;aomtcg

b,fuJUokdU&Sdavrnfenf;[k odvdkpdwf jzpfay:vmonfESifh ol\acgif;BuD;

rsm;udk tvGefpdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh zwfMunfhygonf/ pdwf0ifpm;onfqdk&m
ol\tmabmfudk

qdkvdkonfr[kwf?

udkifuwnf;u

uREkfyfodNyD;jzpfonf/)

(tmabmfudkrl

uavmifwHudkol

ol\jrefrmvdkta&;tom;udk

odvdkjcif; aMumifhjzpf\/ acgif;BuD;wyk'fudk zwfvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf

udkavm&kH\ jrefrmpmta&;tom;ESifh ywfouf uREkfyf\rsufpdxJwGif
]rkefUwD[if;uJUokdU

uGif;uGif;BuD;}jrif&ygawmhonf/

(tokH;tEIef;rSm

OD;ykn\pum;vkH;jzpf omvkdufNyD; okH;vkduf&onf/ ]rkefUwD[if;}onf

rnfonfhenf;ESifh uGif;uGif; BuD;&SdaeEdkifjcif;udk uREkfyf,aeUwdkif rawG;
wwfEdkifatmif &Sdygao;onf/) udkavm&kHum; t*Fvdyfvdkacgif;BuD;ta&;wGif
jrefrmjynfolrwlatmif

aumif;olwa,muf

jzpfjcif;um;rSefonf/

t*FvdyfbmomrSm pmvdka&;aom tcg (txufwGif azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif;)

pum;ajymovdka&; vufcHMujcif;vnf;rSefonf/ udkavm&kHonf t*Fvdyf
bmome,fy,fbuf wGif ]wef;ukef}avNyD? xyfqifhatmifyef;
Laurels)

(Fresh

qGwfcl;&ef r&SdawmhNyD[l ,lqonfh vuPmESifh jrefrmpm

ta&;tom;zufodkU e,fcsJUonfhoabmESifh ajcwvSrf;0ifvmcJU[efwlonf/

olonf jrefrmvdk pma&;bl;[efr&Sd? (wu,fhpmudkqdkvkdonf/) pum;

1099

avmufom ajymbl;ol jzpf&rnf/ ol\txifum; t*Fvdyfvdk a&;aomtcg

pum;ajymovdka&; jzpfonfqdkvQif jrefrmbmomwGifvnf; pum;ajym
ovdk pma&;jzpf&rnf[k ,lq[efwl\/ onfudkavm&kHcrsmrSm tBuD;
tus,frSm;&SmavNyD/ udkavm&kHu jrefrmvdkta&;tom;buf ]vufwnfh
prf;}vdkjcif;um;

udpr&Sd?

vlawmfwa,mufuwckckjyKvkyfvkdufonfhtcg

]evAdefwkH;} rsKd;u t[kwfBuD;rSwfum ta,mifa,mif trSm;rSm;jzpfukef

Muygu jrefrmpmay ta&;tom;onf tvdkvdkrS r[ef&onfhtxJwGif
udkavm&kH\

zsufqD;rI

pdk;&drfrdygaomaMumifh

aMumifh

aZmufxdk;rdk;arQmfusqif;oGm;rnfudk

vuf0,fodkUa&muf&SdNyD;om;

]atmifyef;}rsm;ESifh

auseyfavmufNyDjzpf jrefrmpmaye,fbufudk usL;ausmforI rjyKyg&ef

av;eufpGm arwm&yfcHvdkuf&ygonf/
tajymESifhta&;
t*FvdyfbmomwGif tajymESifhta&;onftwlwlvdkyif jzpfaomfvnf;
jrefrmbmomrl ajym[efESifh a&;[efrSm 0guswyk'fwynf;yif jcm;em;jcif;
&SdykHudk xif&Sm;pGm odEdkifayonf/ tajymESifhywfouf jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;
jrefrmvdkajymwwfykHonf t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm; t*FvdyfvdkajymwwfykHESifh EIdif;pm
vQif xrif;pm;a&aomuf ajymwwf&kHavmufom &Sdonf[kqdkygu jrefrm
vlrsKd;rsm;u cHcsifMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfay/ rcHcsifawmhrS&SdMuap? pum; onf
trSeftwdkif;xuf wa&G;om;rQ ydkonfr[kwfyg/ t*Fvefjynf pum;
taumif;qkH;ajymwwfolwkdUonf ygvDrefwGif trwfjzpfzdkU wufvSrf;Mu
taumif;qkH;aom

pum;rsm;rSmvnf;

ygvDref

Mum;&wwfayonf/

jrefrmjynfrSmrl ygvDrefouf tvGefEkao;onfjzpf NAdwdoQygvDrefudk

1100

rqdkxm;bd? tdEd,ygvDrefESifh EIdif;,SOfvdkufvQifyif Armtrwfrsm;onf

uav;omomavmufom ajymwwfMuao;\/ NAdwdoQygvDrefwGif tcsKdU
trwfrsm;onf b,frQavmuf pum;ajymaumif;Muonfudk pmzwfol wkdU
A[kokwtvkdUiSm azmfjyvdkufygOD;rnf/ NAdwdoQygvDref tuf'frefbmhuf
(Edmund Burke)

? azmufpf

(Fox)

? &S&D'if

(Sheridan)

wnf;[laom

pum;ajym tvGefaumif;vSonfh trwfokH;a,mufwkdUonf wacwfwnf;

pifNydKifay: xGef;cJUMu\/ xdktcsdefwGif Oa&mywdkufjyifopfjynf awmfvSef
a&;BuD;

(Frence Revolution)

jzpfay:cJU&m jyemESifh ywfouf

tuf'frefbmhufonf NAdwdoQygvDrefwGif twkduftcHbufrS pum;ajym\/

NAdwdoQygvDrefrSm xkH;pHtwdkif; ntcsdef usif;y&m bmhufonfoef;acgif
rwdkifrDrS ppum;ajym\/ oef;acgifausmfaomfvnf; ajymwkef;? 2 em&D 3
em&Dxkd;awmhvnf; rqkH;ao;? rkd;vif;awmhvnf;ajymwkef;? eHeuf aumfzD
aomufcsdef wefvwfaomf bmhufurdrd\pum;rqkH;ao;ojzifh acwem;NyD;
aumfzDaomufMuzdkUajymav&m

y&dowfub,fodkUjyKonfxifMuoenf;/

]]armifrif;BuD;om; tem;ay;ayvdkU

awmfygao;Asm}}[kqdkum

vufzuf

&nfcef;odkUxoGm;Muonfxifoavm? r[kwfyg/ trwfrsm;onf (twdkuf

tcHa&m tpdk;&bufyg) tvGefpdwf0ifpm;vsuf &SdMuonfjzpf vufzuf
&nfaomufvdkufvQif

tm&kHjywfoGm;vdrfhrnfqdkum

vufzuf&nfaomuf

zdkUrxMuyJ (G0 on! Go on!) ]]ajymomajymyg? ajymomajymyg}}[k [pfatmf

MuonfESifh

tem;r,lyJ

qufvufajym&avonf/

wzefeHeufpmpm;

csdefwGifvnf; xdkenf;twlbmhufu tem;ay;aomfvnf; y&dowfu rxyJ

(*dk;atmfef? *dk;atmfef)[k ckHrsm;udkxkum atmfaeMujyefojzifh bmhufu
qufvufajym&jyefavonf/

1101

t*FvdyfwkdU\ pm&dwpHcsdef
jrefrmjynfrl 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku tdrfrSa&;,lcJUaom rdefUcGef;udk okH;em&D
cefUavmufMumatmif zwfajymonfqdkvQif ]]{&mrrdefUcGef;&SnfBuD;}} (rm&oGef
rdefUcGef;BuD;) [l owif;pmrsm;u csD;usL;axmyem Mobmay;Mu avonf/
bmhuf\rdefUcGef;onf tvsm;&Snfjcif; oufoufjzpfonf[k rxifMuyg
ESifhOD;/

awmfvSefa&;jyemESifh tjynfhtESuf yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh

pmtkyfrsm; &dkufESdyfa&mif;cs&ao;ay&m uREkfyfwdkUi,fpOfu bDattwef;wGif

ausmif;okH;tjzpfESifh oifMu&onf[k trSwfjyKrdygonf/ bmhufonf q,f
em&Dru ajym&onfh if;rdefUcGef;udk tdrfrSa&;,lcJUNyD; zwfjyjcif;r[kwf? rSwfpk
(Notes)

uav;rsm;avmufom a&;cJU wcsufwcsufwGif owday:ap&ef

vSrf;Munfh&&kHom&Sdavonf/ (uREkfyfonf t*Fvdyfvlawmfrsm; taMumif;udk

zwf&

MunfndKrdjcif;um;

0efcHygonf/)

rMumao;rDu

OD;EkESifh

tawmf&if;ESD;onfh vlcyf&G,f&G,fwa,mufonf uREkfyf\aetdrfodkU a&muf

vm t*FvdyfpmtkyfawGzwfNyD; t*Fvdyfudk MunfndKaeMuwmudk;uG,fh}} [k
Budrf;armif;aMumif;ajymjybl;avonf/ OD;Ekonf uREkfyfESifh roduRrf;ojzifh
aqG;aEG;cGifhr&onfhtwGuf OD;EkuHaumif;onf/ pmtkyfaumif;udk ypfypfcgcg
ajymwwfolrsm;tm; bkd;atavmuf *kPfBuD;ap? uREkfyfwG,fprf;csifonf/
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;teuf rw&m;aom avmb&Sdonfh t&if;&Sifrsm;onf uREkfyf
wkdU\ vnfrsKdudkeif;NyD; aoG;pkwfMuonfrSefaomfvnf; ynm&Sdydkif;rS t*Fvdyf
rsm;onf (e,fcsJUorm;onf ynm&SdxJwGifrygacs/) ynmbufwGif omru
pm&dwbufwGifvnf; urmwGif OD;aqmifcJUol rsm;jzpfMuonf/
*sefwvfrJef (Gentleman) [lonfrSm pm&dwbufwGif vlwa,muf
taeESifh

aumif;aomt&nftcsif;rsm;

1102

tawmfjynfhpkHol

wa,muf[l

(t*FvdyftokH;tEIef;udk em;vnfaom) urmolurmom;wdkif;u todtrSwf

jyKMu&onfjzpf&m ta&SUwdkif;a&m taemufwdkif;yg xdkpum;vkH;ESifht"dym,f
tjynfhtpkHwlnDaom pum;vkH;[l r&Sdjcif;udk urmu 0efcHvsuf&SdMu&
onf/ twGufaMumifh t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm; *kPf,lwwfMujcif;udk uREkfyf
vnf;axmufcHonf/ *sefwvfrJef [laompum;vkH;udk em;rvnfolrsm;
odMuatmif Oyrmaqmifjy&aomf Ak'bmom0ifrsm;onf ]t&d,m}[laom
pum;vkH;udk tjrwfwEdk;oabmxm;Muonfhenf;wl t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wkdUonf
vnf; xdkpum;vkH;udk tjrwfwEdk;xm;Mu\/ odkUqdkjcif;tm;jzifh *sefwvf
rJefonf t&d,mESifh t&nftcsif;wlonf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfay/ t&d,m
[lonfavmurS vGefajrmufolrsm;[l Ak'bmom0ifrsm; (tMurf; tm;jzifh)
em;vnfMuay&m *sefwvfrJef[lonfrSm avmutwGif; taumif;qkH;aom
pm&dwt&nftcsif; &Sdolwa,muf[l olwdkUuqdkvdkayonf/ avmuDom;
wa,muftaejzifh *sefwvfrJefxufydkNyD;aumif;&ef rjzpfEdkif[l olwkdU
,lqMuonf/ t*Fvdyfudk uREkfyfMunfndKaom tcsufwckrSm pdwfESvkH;
aumif;aomvlrsm;onf *sefwvfrJefjzpfzkdU BudK;pm;Mu&efowd& wwfjcif;
yifjzpfavonf/ *sefwvfrJeftppfonf olwkdUtxJwGifvnf; w&mwGif
wa,mufp ESpfa,mufp &SdcsifrS&Sdonf[k t,l&SdMu[efwlav onf/
t*Fvdyf 0wKaumif;rsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm pmzwfolrsm;tm; ]*sefwvfrJef}
jzpfatmiff BudK;pm;csifaomqErsKd; EId;qGay;Muonf jzpfygvsuf OD;Ekonf
xdkodkUaom pmrsKd;udk ausmcdkif;onfqdkjcif;twGuf tHUMorqkH; jzpfrdonf/
OD;Ekum; pm&dwaumif;a&;twGuf ]eDwd}pmtkyfrsm;zwfvQifvkH avmufonf
[k rSwfxifonfhvuPm&Sdonf/ rSm;avpGwum;/

1103

pum;ajymaumif;aom Armrsm;
t*FvdyfvlrsKd; tuf'frefbmhuf\ pum;ajymaumif;ykHudk azmfjyrd&m
wGif pum;ajymaumif;aom ArmvlrsKd;rsm; taMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyvdkuf
csifygao;onf/ ,if;odkUazmfjy&mwGif uREkfyfudk,fwdkif em;axmif&bl;olrsm;
taMumif;udkom azmfjyEdkifygrnf/ uREkfyf yxrOD;pGm em;axmif&bl;onfh
yk*Kd vfrSm rEav;om; pDyDOD;cifarmifjzpf\/ ol&d,wdkuf EdkifiHa&; tpnf;
ta0;wck jyKvkyf&mwGif (0dkiftrfbDatavm? ig;yGifhqdkifavm rrSwfrd)
OD;cspfvIdif?

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tokH;tEIef;rsm;ESifh

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ajymoGm;onfESifh

y&dowfrsm; ai;vsufem;axmifMu&\/ atmufom;y&dowfonf OD;cifarmif

ajymenf;rsKd;udk

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q&mvGef;u ]]'DuacG;rom;awG 'Dvdkwa,mufrQ rajymwwfygbl;}} [k

uREkfyfum;ajymonfudk rSwfrdygao;onf/ uREkfyf\t,ltqrSmum; pum;
\t"dym,fav;eufjcif;xuf oGufvufjcif;? yDojcif;? acsmarm jcif;ESifh
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t"dym,f av;eufjcif;wGif omcsifomrnfjzpfaomfvnf; txufyg t*Fg
av;&yfwGif pDyDOD;cifarmifteD;odkU csOf;uyfzkdU cJ,Of;vdrfhrnfxifrdygonf/

1104

*VKHOD;apm
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aomfjim;vnf; tMuifyk*dKvf xl;jcm;aom t&nftcsif;wrsKd;&Sdonfudk
awGU&vQif tjypf&Sdonfqdk ajrjrKyfrypfvdkufcsifyJ xl;jcm;csufudk azmfxkwf
wifjyvdkjcif;rSm uRekfyf\0goemwckjzpf\/ ae&mwGif ]ajcmufwef;orm;}
[kajymaeMuonfh

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(xdkacwftac:)

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jcif;ESifh ywfouf tvsOf;oifhonf xifojzifh a&;om;rnfBuHjcif;jzpfyg
onf/ rEav;odkU &efukefrS uREkfyfacwa&mufaepOf r*Fvmaps;buf
EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJ&Sd uREkfyfa&mufoGm;\/ xdkpOfu a&G;aumufyJG usif;yvkqJ
qJ&Sd&m rsKd;cspftrwfavmif;a&Tjynfq&mOD;bwiftwGuf eef;&if;0ef *VKHapm
pum;ajymrnfqdkojzifh

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vkyfcJUbl;aomfvnf;

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OD;apm\

pum;ajymaumif;aomt*Fgw&yfudk

1105

uREkfyftrSwfjyKcJUrdonfrSm

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vdkuf

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uav;rsm;ozG,f wajymwnf;ajymvsuf usef&pfjcif;yif jzpfavonf/

wGif if;ajymenf; onf OD;apmtzdkU ]pm;ayguf} aywnf;[k uREkfyf
rSwfcsufcsxm;vkdufonf/
a&Tjynfq&m OD;bwif
OD;apmajymNyD;onfhaemuf um,uH&Sif trwfavmif; q&mOD;bwif
xajym\/ pcsDvdkufonfqdkvQifyif a&TjynfOD;bwifu y&dowfem;vnf
csifvnf? rvnfcsifae ygVdygXfom; cyfrsm;rsm;&Gwfajym&rS ajymwwfonf
qdkum pum;yvifcHvdkufNyD;aemuf (bmokwf[k uREkfyfrrSwfrd) tawmf
&Snfvsm;aom ygVdwyk'fudk &Gwfqdkavonf/ uREkfyfonf ywf0ef;usif&Sd
y&dowf\rsufESmrsm;udk vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg ygVdoHudktxifBuD;avh
&Sdaom rEav;y&dowfjzpf (tvSLr@yfxJ emrnfBuD;q&mawmfwyg;\
w&m;udk emMum;Mujcif;uJUodkU) atmifhtnf; onf;cHum em;axmifvsuf
&SdMuaomfvnf; olwkdU\ rsufESmxm;rsm;rlum; ESpfNcdKufoabmusjcif;udk
rqdkxm;bd? wcGef;wyg'rQ em;vnfonfh txdrf;trSwfrsKd; rawGU&ay/
(xdkpOfurl

a&TjynfOD;bwifonf

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rMumao; [k uREkfyfxifonf) uREkfyfonf y&dowfESifhtwl pdwf&SnfpGm

em;axmifvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; pum;ajymaumif;jcif;ESifh ywfouf acwf
wGif emrnfBuD;vsuf&Sdaom a&Tjynfq&mOD;bwif\ aumif;jcif; t*Fg
vuPmrsm;udk t&dyfedrdwfrQyif rawGUcJU&aMumif;&Sif;&Sif;yif azmfxkwf

1106

0efcH&ayrnf/ uREkfyfawGU&onfrSmum; a&Tjynfq&mOD;bwif\ pum;ajym

onfhtuGufrSm EdkifiHa&;bufr[kwf? &mZ0ifbufwGifjzpfonf/ uREkfyfpOf;
pm;rdonfrSmum; yk*dKvfwOD;onf rnfrQavmuftajymaumif;onfjzpfap?
ta&;aumif;onfjzpfap rdrdruRrf;usifonfh ynm&yfwckwGif t&mxif
avmufatmifrajymEdkif? ra&;Edkif[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufonf/ &mZ0ifESifh
ywfouf uREkfyfonf q&mOD;bwif\ a[majymjcif;udk wBudrfMum;em
vdkuf&uwnf;u xdkyk*dKvf\ xl;uJcsufrsm;onf uREkfyf\OD;aESmufwGif
trSwfxifvsuf&SdcJUavNyD/ q&mOD;bwifonf jrefrm&mZ0ifudk ESHUpyfajcjrpf
pGm avhvmqnf;yl;xm;&kHomru rdrdod&Sdxm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;onf
(rSm;awmhrS rSm;ap){uefrkcsrSefuefonf[k pdwfcsxm;onfh twGufaMumifh
ajyma[m&mwGif ]]ighjyif r&Sd}} [laom ,kHMunfcsuf (SelfConfidence) onf
em;axmifaom y&dowftm; vufrcHyJ raeedkifavmufatmif twif;
aoG;aqmifvsuf&Sdawmh\/ pma&;q&m jzpfap? w&m;a[mq&mjzpfap
(txl;ojzifh pum;ajymorm;rsm;) ,kHMunfcsufonf tvGefta&;BuD;
\/ ajyma[molu prf;w0g;0g;vkyfaevQif rSefyifrSefapOD;awmh y&dowfu
r,kHcsifyJ &Sdaewwf\/ xkdUjyif pum;ajymjcif;ESifh ywfouf q&mOD;bwif
\]py,f&S,f}aumif;aom t*Fg&yfrsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ olonf (Zmwfq&m
BuD;OD;zdk;pdefu Zmwfausm&SnfoGm;rnfudk rpdk;&drf&onfhenf;wl) y&dowfrsm;
NiD;aiGUukefMuvdrfhrnf[k pdk;&drfaMumifhMurI tvsOf;uif;onfh vuPmESifh
ajym&ef&Sdaom taMumif;t&mudk ]tqdkif;uav;? ]tiHU}uav;? ]twefU}
uav;? ]t[efU}uav;rsm;jzifh pdefajyeajy ajymwwfavonf/ if;t*FgrSm
tawmftwefpum;ajymaumif;&kHrQESifh jynfhpkHao;onfr[kwf/ y&dowf\
]qdkufaumfvdk*sD}udk em;vnfNyD; tcsdefudk y"merxm;olwkdUom wwfEdkif
ayonf/

(ae&m

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y"merxm;}

1107

[laom

pum;udk

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udk qdkvdkygonf/) xkdUjyif q&mOD;bwif\ ajc[efvuf[efrsm;onfvnf;
pum;t"dym,fudk wkd;av;eufap\/ a[majymyGJwck q&mOD;bwif onf
wpkHwckudk

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tjzpftysufESifh

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udk,f[efESifh wuG,drf;EGJUjyav&m tjypf&Smcsifaom vlrsm;u Zmwf[efyg

onf[k qdkaumif;qdkMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfurl bmajymajymMunfh
aumif;onf[kxifrdygonf/
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rEav;wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u ar;cGef;rsm;udkajz&onfh pum;yGJ
wck (BrainTrust) odkU uREkfyftm;zdwfac:&m xdkyGJwGif a&Tjynfq&m OD;bwif
ESifh udkqef;xGef;wkdUygonf[kod&\/ uREkfyfutajymorm; r[kwfojzifh
awmif;yefaomfvnf; twif;ac:MuonfESifh tm;emyg;emESifh vufcHvkduf
&\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftm; a&S;OD;pGm ]xkwf}ygrnf[laom y#dnmOf
wckawmif;,lvdkufygonf/ aomvkH;rsm;jzifh &Trf;&Trf;a0atmif ajymwwfaom
udkqef;xGef;ESifh q&mOD;bwifwkdUaemufrS uREkfyfajym&vQif ajcmufuyfBuD;
jzpfNyD; NiD;aiGUzG,fjzpfaevdrfhrnf[k odaomaMumifh jzpf\/ odkU&mwGif
ausmif;om;rsm;onf if;wkdU\ uwdtwdkif; rwnfMuacs/ udkqef;xGef;ESifh
q&mOD;bwifwkdUudk uREkfyfa&SUrSxkwfESifhMuavNyD/ txl;ojzifh udkqef;xGef;
\]'Pf}udk ref;wuodkvfwGif rnfolrQcHEdkifMurnfrxifay/ wuodkvf
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;um;

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aom udkqef;xGef;0ifvmonfqdkvQifyif ausmif;aqmifBuD; NydKusawmhrwwf

1108

vufckyfwD;Mu

em;uJGrwwfqlnHoGm;\/

xvdkufaomtcg

bmwcGef;rQ

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rajym&ao;rDu

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vsuf&SdMuavNyD/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ ar;cGef;rsm;udk q&mudkqef;xGef;u

ajzqdkaomtcg &,fp&m tvkH;rsm;aygrsm;vSonfum; rSefyg\/ odkU&mwGif
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;url jyufvkH;avm? twnfvkH;avm ra&G;EdkifMu
awmhyJ olwkdUq&majymwdkif; wa0ga0gwaomaomESifh oabmusvsuf&SdMu
aomaMumifh udkqef;xGef;rSm bmrQpOf;pm;aezdkU rvdkawmhyJ yg;pyfvIyfaevQif
yif vkHavmufaeavNyD/ ausmif;q&mwa,muftaejzifh ]aomvkH;}xkwf&
aombufwGif udkqef;xGef;]ay:jyLvm}jzpfvdkufykHrSm tm;&p&maumif;ygbd
onf/ odkU&mwGif atmifOD;bMunf ponfh (olUtxGmESifhol) cyfaomaom
uav;ajymcsif[ef&Sdaom yk*dKvfrsm;tzdkUrl udkqef;xGef;aemufrS ajym&jcif;udk
cyfwGefUwGefU&SdonfhvuPmESifh

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Mum;vkduf&\/

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tBuHr&Sdaom uREkfyfonfyifvQif udkqef;xGef;aemufrS ajym&NyD; ausmif;om;
rsm;uwdysufMuykHudk tvGefrauseyfonfESifh wuodkvfyGJrsm;okdU bmtwGuf
rQ roGm;awmhyg[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvkdufygawmhonf/ xdkaeUu udkqef;xGef;
ESifh ]'dk;a'guf}vkdufEdkifolrSm (ausmif;om;avmurS rMumao;rD urSxGuf
vmcJUonfh)a&SUaeudkjrpdefwa,mufom&Sdyg\/
ocifcspfarmif
ygvDrefwGif (tdrfrSa&;cJUNyD;

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pum;ajymaumif;onf[k emrnf&vsuf&Sdaom yk*dKvfrSm ocifcspfarmifyif

jzpfonf/ rEav;NrdKUodkU EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;w&m;a[m&ef wufvmMuonfh

1109

tcgwdkif; uRekfyfonf if;wkdU\ajyma[mykHrsm;udk avhvmvdkonfhtwGuf

aqmif;&moDrsm;yif tcsrf;cHNyD; em;axmifavh&Sd\/ wcgw&H vufvGwfcH
aomfvnf; ocifcspfarmifESifh odef;azjrifhwdkU\ w&m;yGJrsm;udkrl rvGwfwrf;
em;axmifavh&Sd\/ ocifcspfarmifonf tcsdefvkHavmufpGm &&Sd at;at;
aq;aq; ajymcGifh&ygrl olajymvdkaom taMumif;t&mudky&dowfoabm
aygufatmif ajymwwfjcif;t&m &SmrS&Sm;aom pum;ajymorm;wa,muf
jzpf\/ olonf taMumif;t&mwckudk ajymrnfBuHonfhtcg wae&mrS
tpwnfvdkufNyD;aemuf

xkdae&modkU

jyefqkdufum

(0vkH;a&;onfhES,f)

ajymwwfonfh tavhtusifh&Sd uREkfyfoabmusvSonf/ tcsKdUtajym

orm;rsm;onf ajymenf;\ xda&mufjcif;udk r&dyfrdMuyJ ajymcsiftm;BuD;
ESifh ]ckESpfpiftrQifwef;} avQmufajymjcif;tm;jzifh vkd&if;odkUra&mufyJ tcsdef
aphukefNyD; &yfvdkufMu&avonf/ ocifcspfarmifrlum; 0vkH;pepf okH;jcif;udk
trsm;tm;jzifh awGU&onf/ ajymcGifh&cJUvQif ocifcspfarmifonf a&;zwfaom
OD;Ek\ ]rm&oGef}pHcsdefudk rDEdkifavmufonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunf onf/
odef;azjrifh
pum;ajymaomtcg wkefvIyfjcif;tvsOf;uif; tat;qkH;ajymwwf
aom

tajymorm;wa,mufudk

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tajymorm;rsKd;um;

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odef;azjrifhonf tE&m,fuif;atmif c&D;oGm;csifwwfonfh vuPmESifh

1110

waZmufuef; tajymrsKd;? tvkyfrsKd;udk (0d&wDp)ta0;rS wdfrf;a&Smifcsifwwf

onfh 0goem&Sd[efwl\/ odkUygaomfvnf; ol\ajymvkH;rsm;onf rxda&muf
onfr[kwf? tcsufvnf; usvSonf/ ol\&S&ywf&nf Oyrmuav;rSm
tcsKdU&yfuGufrsm; ,aeUwdkif pNrKHUjyefvsuf usef&pfcJUao;onf/
pum;ajymjcif;onf uREkfyfESifhrqdkifykH
tcsKdUaom

yk*dKvfrsm;u

uREkfyftm;

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vlBuD;wa,muftaejzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif pum;ajymzdkU wdkufwGef;wwf

Muav&m uRekfyfonf ]]zdk;ajymcsif}}wa,muf r[kwfygyJvsuf tm;emyg;em
ESifh ajymcJU&bl;aom tBudrfaygif; tawmfrsm;cJUygavNyD/ uREkfyfupum;
rajymwwfjcif;udk zGifh0efcHbl;ygvsuf ,aeUwdkif ZGwftwif; wkdufwGef;ol
rsm;vnf; &SdaeMuao;onfjzpfaomaMumifh pum;ajymjcif;onf uREkfyfESifh
bmrQrqdkifykHudk ae&mwGif tvkH;pkHzGifh a&;vdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ yxr
tcsuf uREkfyftaMumif;udk tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm rSefuefatmifa[mEdkifonfh
vuPmq&mBuD;OD;pdefu uRekfyfonf vlqef;wa,mufjzpfaMumif;? tcsKdU
vlrsm;ol&wDonf

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udk uREkfyfukefpifatmif em;rvnfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\udk,fawGUt& csifhcsdef
onfhtcg

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1111

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ay:vmwwfygonf/ xkdUjyifpmjzifh tacstwifa&;&rnfqdkvQif

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qdkygu

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uREkfyfaMumufcsifwwfygonf/

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rajymwwfay/
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pum;vkH;

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rsm;\tv,fwGif BuD;jyif;vm&olwa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrIqdkif
&m ,Ofaus;aomtajymtqdk trlt&mponfrsm;udk uREkfyftm;vkH;em;vnf
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rsm;onf uREkfyf\em;xJokdUr0ifyJ wa,mufESifhwa,muf tvum; ]nm}
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ygbk&m;}}? ]]ykpGefwkyfaMumfa[mfa[mfa[mfygbk&m;}}ponfjzifh oH&SnfBuD;qGJ
NyD;

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1112

rnf/) uREkfyf\pdwfxJum; vlESifhvlcsif; tvGeftrif;t&dktaoay;jcif;udk

twkrckd;csifwwfonfh OmOfqdk;uav;&Sdjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm
uREkfyfonf pDyDOD;cifarmif\ ,Ofaus;aom tokH;tEIef; tac:ta0:rsKd;jzifh
ajymvdka&;vdku ajymwwfa&;wwfaomfvnf; uREkfyfudk,fu okH;EIef;zdkU
EkwfwGefUrdygonf/ yrmqdkaomf ]]uRefawmfwkdU}} [kajym&rnfhtpm; ]]uRef
awmfrsm;}} [kajymjcif;onf ZmwfobifqHonfxif ]vlnm}wa,muf[k
NyKH;rdygonf/ Zmwfobiform;onf uREkfyfwkdUxHrS ydkufqH&atmif ]csL}
,lonf/ ]nm} ,lonf[laomtrSwfudk uREkfyf azsmufzsufzkdUcJ,Of;
vSonf/

]uRefawmfrsm;}

[laomtvkH;udk

(uREkfyftxif)

a&S;OD;pGm

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cyfxefxef&Sdonf[k Mum;&bl;aomfvnf; t&m&Sdykdif;ESifh awGUqkHaom tcg
rsm;rl

]]jym;jym;0yf}}onfrqdkEdkifaomfvnf;

(,kwfpGmhtqkH;)

aps;onf

wa,mufu aps;0,fudkjrLonfh trlt&mrsKd; omomBuD;&Sdonf[k uREkfyf

xifonf/ rnfolUxHrS bmudkrQjrLcszkdU pdwful;r&Sdaom uREkfyftzkdUrSm pifjrifh
ay:wufNyD;

rJqG,faomvlrsm;vkyfMuonfh

a[majymjcif;tvkyfrsKd;udk

tavhtusifhjyK&ef tvdkr&Sdacs/ uREkfyfpdwfwdkif;us pum;ajym&vQifacsmh

rajymcsif? aigufom qkH;rcsifwwfonf/ vltm;vkH;onf uREkfyf\wynfh
rsm;

r[kwfojzifh

uREkfyfaigufjcif;udk

cHEdkifMurnf

r[kwf&um;

uREkfyftzdkU&m pum;rajymjcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfygawmhonf/

wwd,tcsuf uREkfyfrSm pum;xpfwwfol wa,mufjzpfonf/
taMumif;udk zGifha&;&OD;rnf/ pum;xpfonfqdkaomfvnf; pum;vkH;
wdkif; xpfonfr[kwf? wcgw&H (w)ESifhpaompum;vkH;rsm;? wcgw&H(y)ESifh
paom pum;vkH;rsm;? wcgw&H (p)ESifhpaom pum;vkH;rsm;? wcgw&H
(u)ESifhpaom pum;vkH;rsm; ponfjzifh

1113

wvSnfhpDajymif;xpfwwf\/

wcgwnf; ]rlao}r[kwfacs/ wvwGif (u)oHrsm;xpfvQif aemufwv

wGif (y)oHrsm;xpfcsifxpfjyef\/ enf;tm;jzifh tajymif;tvJ&Sdwwfav
onf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;onf pum;xpfwwfMuaomfvnf; xpfcsifxpfqdkum
ZGwftwif; ajymwwfMu\/ tcsKdUvnf; xpfapumrl tajymrnHUvSjcif;udk
awGU&bl;\/ a'gufwmodef;armifonf txpfcHNyD; tawmfrsm;rsm; pum;
ajym\/ 5yGifhqdkif OD;pdefbonf xpfyifxpfaomfvnf; tawmftwef vlrsm;
xuf pum;ajymaumif;onfudk awGU&\/ uRekfyf\tcuftcJrSm y&dowf
a&SUxpf&jcif;udk &SufonfESifh a&SmifvTJajym&\/ a&SmifvJTykHum; (u)
oHxGufaom tvkH;rsm;xpfwwfaomtckdfufwGif taumif;qkH; pum;vkH;
tjzpfESifh pdwfxJay:vmaomtvkH;rSm (u)oHESifhpaom tvkH;jzpfae onf
qdktHU/ if;pum;vkH;udk txpfcHNyD; rajymyJ if;ESifht"dym,fwlnDaom tjcm;
pum;vkH;wckudk

csufcsif;&atmif&SmNyD;

odkUajymif;vJjcif;twGufaMumifh

tpm;xkd;

ajym&ygonf/

tBudKufqkH;tvkH;udk

rajym&onfESifh

t"dym,fav;eufrI avsmhoGm;\/ xdkUjyifvnf;ajymif;vJ&rIaMumifh wcg

w&HwGif 0guswnfaqmufjcif;udkxdckdufNyD; cGeftm;&Sdaom0gusrsKd;rS csnfheJU
aom0gusrsKd; jzpfoGm;ygonf/ rQomruao; uREkfyfonf iHUwefiHU?
wefUwefwefU?

aomhwefaomh?

wGef;wefwGef;&onfh

pum;ajymjcif;

enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk em;vnfxm;ygvsuf xpfrnfpdk;onfESifh qdkif;iHU&rnfh

ae&mrsm;wGif 'vwGef;ajymcsvkduf&aom tjzpfrsKd;ESifhvnf; Budrfzefrsm;pGm
BuKH&bl;ygonf/ rQavmuf zGifh[ 0efcHNyD;onfhaemufwGif uREkfyftm;
tpnf;ta0;? xkdtpnf;ta0;rsm; rdefUcGef;ajymzkdU wdkufwGef;&ufaom
vlrsm;onf uREkfyfudk wrif]a*smufcs}vkdolrsm;[l ,lqvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;
aemufqkH;tBudrf aMujimvdkuf&onf/

1114

pmtkyfokH;rsKd;
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;teuf

pmaybufvnf;aumif;?

tawG;tac:

t&m vnf;aumif;? pum;vkH;wdkwdkESifh xdatmifa&;wwfjcif;vnf;aumif;

u0dwqltjzpfESifh wifajrSmufjcif;cH&onfh z&efqpfabaumfef
Bacon) u

(Francis

pmtkyfokH;rsKd;okH;pm;&SdaMumif; a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;&m if;\tqkH;

tjzwfrSm EdkifiHra&G;? bmomra&G; pmayavmuwckvkH;twGufrSefuefonf

[k qdkEdkifonfhjyif uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; ol\Mo0g'twdkif; vdkufem
usifhokH;cJUonfjzpfaomaMumifh A[kokwtvdkUiSm wifjy&ygOD;rnf/ ab
aumfefu pmtkyfokH;rsKd;&Sdonfhteuf tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;rSm jrnf;&kHrQ jrnf;Munfh
xdkufonf? tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;rSm ]rsKd} csvdkuf&onf? tenf;i,frQaom
pmtkyfrsKd;rlum; nufnufygatmif0g;csNyD; tpmaMuatmif acs,lxdkufonf
[k

a&;cJUbl;avonf/

uREkfyfonf

pmwtkyfudk

udkifvdkufonfhtcg

rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;wGif yg0ifonf[k tuJcwfNyD;onfhaemufwGifrS zwf&I

avh&Sd\/

wcgw&Hrl

jrnf;&kHjrnf;Munfhprf;rnfqdkum

zwf&I&mrS

nufnuf0g;csNyD; tpmaMuatmifacs&bl;onfrsm;vnf; BuKH&bl;ygonf/

pmzwfy&dowfteuf jrnf;&kHomjrnf;&rnfh pmtkyfrsKd;jzifhom tcsdefukefMu
onfh &mcdkifEIef;onf tawmfrsm;ykH&av&m tcsKdUrSm nufnuf0g;&aom
tvkyfrsKd;udkysif;&d wwfonfESifh zwfaom tkyfa&rsm;aomfvnf; r,fr,f&&
ajymyavmuf atmif tzwfrwifolrsm;vnf; tajrmuftjrm; awGU&bl;\/
nufnufygatmif 0g;zdkUvdkonfqdkaom pmtkyfrsKd;rSm tbd"rmqefaom
pmtkyfrsKd;udkcsnf; qdkvdkonfr[kwf? vlUobm0udk eufeufeJeJ xdxdcdkufckduf
azmfjy

pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;

0ifvmapwwfaom

pmtkyfrsKd;[l

uREkfyfem;vnfonf/ pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;0ifvmonf qdkjcif;rSmvnf;

1115

bk&m;&Sdcdk; ausmif;wufcsifaompdwfrsKd; jzpfay:vmjcif;udkqdkvdkonfr[kwf?

wbufom;udk Muifemwwf rw&m;jcif;udk &GHUrkef;wwfaompdwfrsKd;[l
uREkfyfbmomjyefvdkonf/

uREkfyftzdkUrl

abaumfef\

tqkH;tjzwfudk

vufcH&m nufnufygatmif 0g;&onfhpmtkyfrsKd;udkrS zwfcsifonf[k

rqdkvdk? pmpkHatmifzwfzdkU BudK;pm;NyD; nufnuf0g;&aomtvkyfrsKd;udkvnf;
rwGefUqkwf? jrnf;wef;ujrnf;? rsKdwefursKd&jcif;rsm;vnf; yg&Sdygonf/
wdkwdkwkwfwkwf a&;wwfykH
wzef abaumfef\ wdkwdkwkwfwkwf a&;wwfykHESifh ywfouf erlem
wifjyvdkonfrSm pmzwfjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;? pma&;jcif; wnf;[laom
tvkyfokH;ck taMumif;udk tusOf;csKH;a&;xm;ykHum; ]pmzwfjcif;jzifh]jynfh}aom
vlwa,mufjzpfvmEdkifonf? aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh wcFPkywdOmPf(vsifjrefaom
OmPf)aumif;vmEdkifonf/ pma&;jcif;jzifh wdusaomvlwa,mufjzpfvmEdkif
onf}}[k qdkavonf/ jrefrmpum; ]rjynfhaomtdk; abmifbifcwfonf} [k
tqdk&Sdav&m

pmrzwfaomvlrsm;onf

abaumfef\

pum;twdkif;a&

rjynfhaom tdk;uJUodkU abmifbifcwfonf[k t"dym,f&Sd obm0usonf

[kvnf;uREkfyfxifrdonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&aomf ]a[mifzGma[mifzGm}
ajymwwfaom vlrsm;onf pmrzwfolrsm;jzpfonfudkawGU&\/ bmpmrSrzwf
aomvlwa,mufonf ao;i,faom ta&;t&mudk {&mrudpBuD;taejzifh
jrifwwf wtHUwMo ajymjcif;rsKd;udk BuKH&bl;onf/ ]aqG;aEG;jcif;onf
wcFPkywdOmPFaumif;apwwfonf}qdkjcif;\

t"dym,frSm

olUtvSnfh

udk,fhtvSnfh tjyeftvSefajymum aqG;aEG;&jcif;tm;jzifh vlwa,mufonf

vsifjrefaomOmPfrsKd;

wkd;wufvmapzkdU

1116

tavhtusifhjyKvkyf&ma&muf\/

"m;odkif;? vSHodkif;wwfxm;aom olonf rMumrMum owfykwfxdk;ckwf&ygrS

vsifjrefoGufvuf tcsuftvufudk jrifvmwwfonfhenf;wl tjyeftvSef
acsyajymqdk&aomtvkyfonfvnf; vl\OmPfudk vsifjrefpGm nSpfxkwfjcif;
wnf;[laomtvkyf usifvnfrI&SdvmEdkifonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ ]pma&;jcif;
jzifh wdusaomvlwa,muf jzpfvmEdkifonf} qdkjcif;\t"dym,f rSm ]vabmf
oa&} pOf;pm; qkH;jzwfavh&Sdaom vlwa,mufyif jzpfapumrl pmrsm;rsm;
a&;&aomtcgwGif pOf;pm;jcif; tvkyfonf rvTJra&Smifomaom tvkyfwck
jzpfvm\/ rnfonfhenf;rqdkol&SdorQaom OmPfuav;jzifh pOf;pm;vm
&awmhonf/

odkUjzifh

xdkolonf

wdusatmifpOf;pm;zdkU

BudK;pm;

&onfESifhyif ,cifuxuf wdusaom tawG;tac:rsm; jzpfay:vmzdkU

vrf;yGifhvm\/

odkUqdkjcif;tm;jzifh

pma&;olwdkif;onf

wdusaom

tawG;tac:rsm; &&Sdvmonf[k qdkvdkjcif;um; r[kwfay/ ol\A[kokwESifh

ynmyg&rDuvnf; &Sdayao;onf/ t"dym,frSm vlwa,mufonf pmra&;
bl;ao;aom

tcsdefuxuf

pmcyfrsm;rsm;

a&;vmaomtcsdefwGif

rdrdqdkvdkaom taMumif;t&mudkydkxif&Sm;atmif wifjywwfonf[kqdkvdk

jcif;jzpfavonf/ okdU&mwGif tMuifolwifjyaom t,ltqonf rSm;csif
vnf; rSm;Edkifygao;onf/
jrefrmpum; tokH;tEIef;
jrefrmpum;rSm pma&;aom tcgjzpfap? pmqefqef ajymaomtcg
rsm;jzpfap twJGvdkufuav; okH;wwfaom xkH;pH&Sd\/ Oyrm ]oGm;a&muf}?
]zrf;qD;}? ]ajymqdk}? ]vkyfudkif}? ]wkefvIyf}? ]jznfhpGuf}paom pum;vkH;rsm;pGm
wkdUwGif twJGvdkuf okH;wwfjcif;rSm xkH;pHwck jzpfae\/ txl;ojzifh ]Bud,m}

1117

rsm;wGif wvkH;wnf; rokH;paumif;oavmuf jzpfae\/ twJGvdkuf okH;jcif;

tm;jzifh t"dym,fav;eufjcif;rsm;&Sdwwfaomfvnf; tcsKdUrSmrl twGuf
aMumifh ydkrav;eufonfhjyif rrSefuefaomt"dym,frsKd; ay:xGufvmjcif;udk
yifawGU&\/ yrmqdkaomf ]0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf rnfonfhaeUwGif ygupwef
jynfodkU oGm;a&mufvdrfhrnf}[laom owif;udkazmfjyvdkufMu&m oGm;rSroGm;
&ao;rD ]a&muf}[laom pum;onf tydkjzpf&kHru rSm;yifrSm;ao;\/
wavmu OD;EktaMumif;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif txufygtwdkif; azmfjyMu&m
oGm;yifroGm;jzpfonfESifh
]a&muf}[laom

xdkowif;\rSm;jcif;onf

pum;vkH;udk

xnfh&efyif

vkHavmufoifhayNyD/
rvkdacs/

okdU&mwGif

wvkH;wnf;ra&;onfh xkH;pHaMumifhrxnfhrjzpfouJUodkU oabmxm;vsuf

&SdMuavonf/ owif;pmrsm; ]]vlwa,mufudkzrf;qD;onf}}[k a&;wwf
Mu&m pifppfrSm ]zr;fonf}[k a&;vkdufvQif t"dym,f jynfhpkH&kHomru
em;xJwGif omay:vGifaom toHxGuf&Sdonfxif\/ ]]armifbonf tvkyf
vkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf}} [ka&;rnfhtpm; ]]armifbtvkyfvkyfaeonf}} [k
a&;vkdufvQif omem;&Sif;onfxif\/ a&;enf;rsKd;onf owif;pmrsm;
twGuf txl;oifhavsmfonfxif\/ acgif;BuD;rsm;twGuf ]pmcefU}a&;vdku
a&;Edkifonf/ ]owif;}rsm;twGufrSm twJGvdkufrokH;yJ wvkH;wnf; a&G;okH;
vQif puLtukefenf;NyD; em;&Sif;onfxifygonf/ uREkfyf\ tBuHay;csufudk
oabmus

vkdufolrsm;vnf;

vkdufMuap?

,ckrvdkufao;vQifvnf;

aemifumv txl;ojzifh owif;pmrsm;wGif vkH;ydktwGJrsm; jyKwfukefMuvdrfh

rnf[k jrifa,mifrdygonf/

1118

t"dym,fESpfrsKd;&Sdaom pum;rsm;
jrefrmpum;wGif

pum;wvkH;onf

wae&m

aumif;aomt"dym,f&Sd

tjcm;wae&mwGif raumif;aomteuf &Sdwwfjcif;udk awGU&wwfay&m

]<u,f}[laom pum;wvkH;rSm xdkpum;rsKd;yifjzpfonf/ rEav;om;rsm;onf
atmufom;rsm;xuf pum;vkH;<u,fonf[k txufwGifa&;cJUbl;&m if;rSm
aumif;aomt"dym,fESifh okH;jcif;jzpf\/ pum;vkH;aygif; rsm;rsm;wwfonf[k
qdkvdk\/ tqdkyg ]<u,f}[laom pum;vkH;onfyifvQif raumif;aom
t"dym,fESifh okH;onfrsm;vnf;&Sd\/
Oyrm]]awmifBudKawmifMum;aygufwJU0g; tzsm;cyfoG,foG,f}}
]]tdrfBudKtdrfMum;arG;wJUom; pum;cyf<u,f<u,f}}
pum;ykH ]<u,f}[laom pum;vkH;onf raumif;aom teuf
oabm &Sd\/ pum;<u,fjcif;[lonfrSm avcyfaygaygESifh cyf<um;<um;
ajymwwfjcif; udk qdkvdkygonf/ xkdUjyif]pif}[laom pum;wvkH;vnf;&Sdao;
\/ vltrsm; onf ]olawmfpif}[laom pum;vkH;udk ]olawmfoljrwf}
[laomt"dym,fESifh okH;wwfMu\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfMum;bl;aom pum;ykH
wckrSmum;]]olawmfaumif;? raumif;xifrd? ab;&efxd/
olawmfpif?

pkef;yifxifrd?

jypfr&Sd}}

[kqdk&m

twdkif;qdkvQif

]olawmfpif} [laom pum;onf ]vl,kwfrm}[l t"dym,f&Sdavonf/

1119

[mopmayrsKd;
urmausmfvuFmq&mBuD; rDvfweftaMumif;udk avmh'fraumav;u
a&;om;&mwGif ]]rDvfwefpma&;q&mrsm;wGif &SdwwfMuonfh aumif;jrwf
aom *kPft*FgtvkH;pkHESifh jynfhpkHonf[k qdk&efrSm ][mo}ynmwckwnf;vdk
vsuf&Sdonf}}[kqdkbl;avonf/ pma&;q&mrsm; &Sdwwfonfh t*Fgaumif;
rsm;rSm cefU nm;jcif;? eufeJjcif;? &Sif;vif;jywfom;jcif;? pmacsmjcif;? em;vnf
vG,fatmif a&;wwfjcif;? ESvkH;udk xdcdkufatmif a&;wwfjcif;? pum;vkH;
ajymifjcif; ponfwkdUjzpfav&m vuFmq&mBuD; rDvfwefwGif txufyg
t*Fgrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkH][moOmPf}wckwnf;om csKdUiJUvsuf&Sdonf[k
qdkvkdjcif;jzpf\/ [mouav;zufjcif;onf jrefrmpmrsm;xuf t*Fvdyfpm
wGif om tjrwfwEdk;xm;wwfMu\/ t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD;rsm;onf
pma&;onfhtcg wwfEdkifvQif [movkH;uav;wvkH;wav nSufxnfh
EdkifygrS ]pmajymifonf}okdUr[kwf]&Tifonf}pk ,lqMuav&m jrefrmpmrl
a&S;q&mBuD;rsm;teuf OD;yknrSwyg;&SifoDv0Ho? &Sifr[m&Xom&paom
yk*Kd vfBuD;rsm;\ pmrsm;wGif wcsufwavrQ NyKH;&aom tvkH;rsKd;? tuGuf
rsKd;yif awGU&cJvSonf/ xdkyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;u [mozufvQif pmysufonf?
okdUr[kwf ayghonf[k ,lqMuavooavm rajymwwfay/
[moESpfrsKd;&Sdjcif;
t*Fvdyf0wKrsm;a&;&mwGif

tvGrf;Edkifaompma&;q&m

(Pathos)

&Tif&Tifuav;a&;wwfaom pma&;q&m (Wit and Humor) [l ESpf*dkfPf;

owfrSwfxm;\/

ESpfrsKd;vkH;a&;wwfzkdUvdkaomfvnf;

1120

wbufbufwGif

cRefaomq&mrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ jrefrmpum; ][mo}qdkvQif &,f&aom?

odkUr[kwf NyKH;&aompmrsKd;[l wrsKd;wnf; em;vnfwwfMuay&m t*Fvdyf
pmrl

(Wit)

ESpfrsKd;cJGjcm;

tayghpm; &,fp&mESifh
em;vnfwwfMuavonf/

(Humor)

tcefUpm; NyKH;p&m[l

yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm

wckaom

tajctaewGif &,fp&mtjcif;t&mudk tuGufusus jrifwwf tcsufusus

a&;wwfjcif;tm;jzifh pmzwfoludk &,farmapEdkifonf/ 'kwd, trsKd;tpm;rSm
tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;wkdUwGif ]*G}usaom tjcif;t&mudk jrifwwf olNyKH;ovdk
tjcm;vlrsm;tm;vnf; NyKH;atmifvkyfEdkifaom owd xl;yifjzpfavonf/
t*Fvdyfpm 'kwd,t*FgrSm tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;wGif BuKHawGUEdkif pmzwf
oltm; rMumcP NyKH;apEdkifaomaMumifh tvGefwefzdk; xm;wwfMu\/
0wKa&;q&mBuD; 'pfuif;pfonf oem;p&mrsm;txJrS NyKH;p&muav;rsm;
udkvnf; jrifwwf oljrifonfhtwdkif;vnf; wifjywwf aomaMumifh
tqifhtwef;tjrifhqkH;aom 0wKa&;q&m twef;tpm;wGif wifxm;Mu\/
acwfynmwwf pmzwfy&dowfonf a[ma[m'dkif;'kdif;ESifh 0g;vkH;uJGovdk
&,f&onfqdkaom tar&duef0wKrsm;aemufodkU vkdufMuNyD; 'pfuif;pfuJUodkU
aompma&;q&mrsKd;udk t&omcHzdkUem;rvnfMuonfrSm acwf\avQmqif;
jcif; w&yfjzpfonf[k qdk&rnfxif\/ acwfvli,frsm;onf bDatatmifNyD;
aomfvnf; 'pfuif;pf\0wK wpftkyfrQqkH;atmifrzwfEdkif[k 0efcHMujcif;rSm
oem;zdkUaumif;\/ tcsOftiefpl;pl;&m;&m;awGudkcsnf; pm;xm;aom vQmwGif
EGm;EdkUuJUodkU ,Of,Ofuav;qdrfhaom t&omrsKd; wkd;raygufEdkifonfhES,f
jzpfukefMuonf[k xifrdonf/

1121

q&mvGef;\ pm&Trf;rsm;
jrefrmjynf tqifhtwef;jrifhaom NyKH;p&m

(Humour)

pmrsKd;udk

yxrOD;pGm a&;om;aomyk*dKvfrSm q&mvGef;( q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;)

jzpfonf[k uREkfyfawGU&onf/ q&mBuD;onf ]tlESdyfae&onf}[k ajymwwf
Muonfh ]pm&Twf} rsKd;a&;onfr[kwf? t&om&SdpGmESifh NyKH;&onfh pmcefUrsKd;om
a&;avh&Sdavonf/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifudk q&mBuD;jyefa&;pOfu uREkfyftm;ajymzl;
onfrSm ]]rSefeef;&mZ0ifBuD;[mu ajcmufuyfuyfBuD;jzpfaeawmh vlawG
rzwfMuvdkUrdkU vlawGzwfcsifatmif pmcyf&Trf;&Trf;eJU q&mu jyefa&;xm;
w,f}} [k q&mBuD;u ajymzl;avonf/ q&mBuD;onf i,fpOfu "m;ydef
q&mOD;armifBuD;ponfh pma&;q&mrsm; a&;Muaom (rif;orD; idk? rif;om;idk?
vljyufajym) [laom jyZmwfuav;rsKd; a&;cJUzl;aomfvnf; Adkvf#Dum
aqmif;yg;rS tpjyK ]pmcefUavmuodkU}0ifvmcJUavonf/ xdktcdsef rSp
]#Dum}tajrmuftjrm; a&;xkwfcJUzl;&m q&mBuD;a&;av;orQaom pmrsm;
onf b,ftcgrS ajcmufuyfuyfr&SdyJ wnfwnfcefUcefUESifh NyKH;&onfh
pmrsKd;csnf; rsm;vSonf/ ta&;rsKd;rSm tcsKdUjrefrmrsm; t&omrcHwwfyJ
&SdMuaomfvnf; t*Fvefjynfrl vlUtzdk;wefrsm; ESpfoufMu t*Fvefjynf
q&mBuD;arG;cJUygu ,ckxufyif ausmfaZmxif&Sm;Edkifonf[k uREkfyfawG;rd
onf/ odkUqdkvQif q&mBuD;\pmrsm;udktb,fhaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmom rjyef
Muoenf;[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ jyufvkH;r[kwfyJ t&om&SdpGmESifh NyKH;&aom
pmrsKd;rSm bmomwckrS tjcm;bmomwckodkU jyefqdkrjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh[k
ajzqkd&ayrnf/ (uREkfyfonf 'pfuif;pf\arQmfwvifhvifh 0wKBuD;udk bmom
jyefqdk&mwGif ZmwfuGuf Zmwfvrf;rQudkom jyefqdk&efjzpfEdkif NyKH;p&mtvkH;
uav;rsm; humour udkrl jyefqdk&efrjzpfEdkifonfh twGufaMumifhxdkpmtkyfrSm

1122

aumif;oifhoavmuf

raumif;yJjzpfcJU&onf)/

wnfwnfcefUcefUBuD;ESifh

NyKH;&aompmrsKd; a&;wwfolwkdUonf jrefrmjynf tvGef&Sm;vSay&m uREkfyfqdk

vdkaom t"dym,fudk em;vnfvdkaom olwkdUonf q&mBuD;\#Dumrsm;udk
aphaphpyfpyfzwf&IavhvmoifhMuayonf/
qdwfjrnfoHjyufvkH;
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;uJUodkU wnfwnfcefUcefUBuD;ESifh NyKH;&aom
pmrsKd;a&;wwfolwkdUonf jrefrmjynf tvGef&Sm;aomfvnf; vljyufoabm
rsKd;jzifh ]pm&Twf}a&;olwdkUum; enf;enf;yg;yg;&SdMuyg\/ acwf if;pmrsKd;
a&;wwfolwkdUteuf Z0eonf a&S;OD;pGm xGufay:vm&m aomfwmaqGonf
'kwd,ay:vmol jzpfonf[k uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ Z0eonf aumvdyfausmif;
om; 0wKjzifhay:xGufvm olU0wKaMumifh&,fMuonfh ]0g;} oHonf
xdkacwfu &efukefwGif tawmf*,ufjyif;onfudk BuKHvkduf&\/ ol\&,fp
&mrsm;rSm tjzpftysuftm;jzifh &,f&atmif ]qif}xm;&kHomru yGJxJuvl&Tif
awmfrsm;\ jyufvkH;rsm;vnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;yg&Sdavonf/ tcsKdUaom
jyufvkH;rsm;rSm vljyufrsm;\yg;pyfrS rEav;wGif uRekfyfMum;zl;onfxif\/
rnfokdUyifjzpfap xkdokdUaom ][mo}ynmrsKd;rSm tqifhtwef;jrifhvSonf
r[kwfay/ Z0eudk,fwdkifrSm taMumif;udkem;vnfonfh vuPmESifh
[movrf;udk

pGefUoGm;avoavm

rajymwwfay/

Z0e\aemuf

aomfwmaqGwa,mufay:vmav&m aomfwmaqGonf Z0exuf Mum&Snf

cHonfhvuPm&Sd\/ olwkdUESpfa,muf\taumif;qkH;aom &,fp&mrsm;onf
]usyef;}jyufvkH;rsKd; tvGefenf; ]qifvkH;}wdkUom rsm;Muonf/ if;wkdU
&,fp&mjzpfatmif ]qif}a&;&onfh

(Wit)

1123

[moOmPfwrsKd;rQomjzpfav

onf/ &,fp&ma&;Mujcif;ESifh ywfouf ,ckwavmwGif nHUzsif;aom

tusifhqkd;wck

ay:vmjcif;udk

uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/

pum;wvkH;udk

a&;xnfhNyD;aemuf

]aigh}vkH;qefqef

qdwfjrnfoHuJUodkU

][J[J}[laom

pum;vkH;udka&;xnfhMu\/ odkUa&;xnfhMujcif;rSm ]jyufvkH;}[l pmzwfol

u oabmraygufcJUaomf ]jyufvkH;} rygyJ&,fMuayawmh}[k owday;,l&
jcif;ESifh wlvSonf/ ay:vGifatmif a&;wwfonfh&,fp&mjzpfcJUygrl pmzwfol
tm; ]qdwfjrnfoH}rsKd;jzifh owday;zdkU vkdtyfonfrxifay/ tokH;udk
wnfxGifolrSm Z0eavavm? rdk;BudK;avavm rajymwwf/ (tjcm;vlrsm;
vnf; oHk;aeMuonf/) uREkfyf\wynfhaomfwmaqGvnf; ygcJUygrl wynfh
wa,muftaejzifh tusifhudkazsmufzkdU owday;vdkufonf/
uREkfyfawGUbl;onfh q&mBuD;rsm;
jrefrmjynf acwfynmwwfNyD; jrefrmvdka&;Muonfh pma&;q&mrsm;
&SdMuonfhteuf ]armif&ifarmif rr,fr}0wKa&;onfh *sdrf;vSausmf? a&Tjynf
pdk;0wKESifh py,fyif 0wKrsm;udk a&;onfh OD;armifarmifvwfwkdUonf pmay
avmuwGif uREkfyftvsif ay:xGef;Mu uREkfyfESifhvnf;awGUqkHzkdU tcGifhr&
ojzifh

xdkq&mBuD;rsm;

taMumif;udk

uREkfyfazmfjy&ef

rwwfEdkifay/

acwfynm rwwfonfh q&mBuD;rsm;teuf uREkfyfawGUbl;onfh yk*dKvfokH;OD;

taMumif;udk

uREkfyfodovdk

azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/

q&mvGef;taMumif;udk

txufwGif tenf;i,f azmfjycJUbl;aomfvnf; pmayESifhywfouf jznfhpGuf

p&muav;rsm; ay:vmonfESifh xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdygao;onf/ 1917 ck
uREkfyfESifhawGUpOfu q&mvGef;rSm touf 42ESpfrQom&Sdao; okH;vcefU
wpm;yGJwnf;xdkifum tvkyfvkyfMu&ojzifh vsifjrefpGm&if;ESD;vmMuonfwGif

1124

q&mvGef;onf zdk;olawmfOD;rif; vlOD;rif;ponfh pmqdkawmfrsm;a&;aom

(umvom;BudKuf) cyfMurf;Murf; a&;pyfxm;onfh pmaytwdktxGmrsm;?
trnfrod pma&;q&mrsm;a&;cJUonfh (q&mvGef; a&;pyfjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkif
onf/) cyfaomaom aw;xyfrsm;udk uREkfyftm;&Gwfjy uREkfyfuvnf;
a&;rSwf,lavh&Sd\/ ol&d,wwdkufvkH;wGif uREkfyfavmuf &if;ESD;olwa,muf
rQr&Sdojzifh uREkfyftm; tnmom;uav; wa,mufqdkum (tnmom;cspf
wwfaom q&mvGef;u)rnfolESifhrQrwlatmif ta&mw0if qufqHjcif;
aMumifh tqdkygvQKdU0Sufaom pmMurf;rsm;udk uREkfyftm;&Gwfjyjcif;jzpfav
onf/ q&mvGef;udk,fwdkifrSmvnf; ,ckESifhEIdif;pmvQif tvGefqkH; vlvwf
wa,muft&G,frQom&Sdao;onfhjyif jrefrmpm oufoufomwwfaom q&m
wa,mufonf acwfynmwwf t,f'Dwmuav;wa,mufxuf vcenf;
armfhMunfh&OD;rnfuJUodkUjzpfcJU&aom ol&d,wdkufxkH;pHt& uREkfyfwkdUvlpkuyif
*kPfBuD;ovdkvkd

jzpfcJUbl;onfESifh

q&mvGef;onf

uREkfyfvdkcsifaom

]pmMurf;}rsm;udk MunfjzLpGmay;wwf&Smonf/ odkU&mwGif q&mvGef;um;

tjcm;aom jrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;ESifh jcm;em;jcif;&Sdayonf/ ol&d,wdkuf
q&mvGef;tjyif tjcm;aom jrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;vnf; ESpfa,mufokH;a,muf
&Sdao;&m

uREkfyfwkdUvlpkonf

tjcm;aom

jrefrmq&mrsm;tm;

vlzuf

r[kwfav[ef qufqHrIenf;yg;aomfvnf; q&mvGef;\ynmudk wefzkd;xm;

MuzkdU uREkfyfwkdUu em;rvnfMuapumrl q&mvGef;\Oy"d&kyfonf rnfonfh
y&dowfrsKd;jzpfap rxDrJUjrifjyK&ef rjzpfEdkifaom &kyfrsKd;jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh
uREkfyfwkdU
onfjzpfap

acwfynmwwf

uav;rsm;u

av;pm;Mu&avonf/

BudKufonfjzpfap?

rBudKuf

q&mvGef;udk,fuvnf;

xdkpOf

uwnf;u olUudk,fol txifao;onf r[kwf? wkduftkyfESpfa,muf

wkdUtm;armifbaz? armifvSaz[k ac:avh&Sdav onf/ aemufydkif;

1125

q&mvGef;onf EdkifiHa&;t& wkdif;jynf\bkd;attjzpf odkUa&mufaomfvnf;

xkdpOfurl tvkyform;vcpm; jrefrmq&m wa,muf uacwfynmwwf
wkduftkyfrsm;tm; ]armif}wyf ac:0HUjcif;rSm ao;i,f aom owdr[kwfay/
ol&d,wkduf&SdMuonfh tjcm;jrefrmq&mrsm;url (q&mvGef;ESifh &G,fwl
avmuf&SdMuaomfvnf;)

wdkfuftkyfrsm;udk

]armif}wyf

ac:zdkUa0;pG

rwfwwf&yfyif pum;ajym0HUMu[efrwlacs/
pma&;q&mrsm;\ BudKufvkH;uav;
uREkfyfonf q&mvGef;xHrS ]pm0Sufrsm;}udkcsL,l&mwGifq&mhtBudKuf
vkyfzkdU em;vnfygonf/ q&mvGef;onf rpwmarmifrIdif;trnfESifh ol&d,
owif;pmwGif tcgtcGifhay:wkdif; av;csKd;BuD;rsm; a&;xnfhavh&Sd&m uRekfyf
onf if;wkdUudk tm*kHaqmifxm;NyD; udk,fh[mudk,fvnf; oDqdkavh&Sd\/
tcGifhBuKHaom tcgrsm; ol\av;csKd;rsm;udk olUtm;vnf; &Gwfqdkjyavh
&Sd\/

waeUo

q&mvGef;ESifh
tvGefw&m

cyfMurf;Murf;ajymavh&Sdaom

uREkfyfonf

umrESifhpyfvsOf;aom

t"dym,fqDavsmfonfESifh

xkdpOfu

xkH;pHtwdkif;

pum;rsKd;ajymrdMu&m

ol\av;csKd;BuD;xJrS

uREkfyfu

]]oHo&m *EdkifMumNrdKif tvGefeufaywJU? nGefAGufuef olUtwGif;qDokdU?

oufqif;um ruf&if;tmom &SdolwkdUrSmjzifh? pufuGif;yrmrSm vufiif;rMum
rdjyefawmh}}[k &Gwfjyvdkuf&m q&mtvGefyDwdjzpfykH&onf/ pma&;q&mwkdU
rnfonf rdrdwkdU pDukH;bl;onfhpmudk wOD;wa,mufu tuGufqdkufaom
tcg &Gwfjyvdkufjcif;udk Mum;&onfhtcg ESvkH;acGUwwfjcif;rSm "rwm
yifjzpf ayvdrfhrnf/ pmawGudk wykHBuD;&Gwfjyjcif;xuf tcsufusaomtcg
wydk'fwnf; &Gwfvdkufjcif;onf em;0ifcsKdvSonf/ rkH&GmodkU urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;

1126

udptwGuf twlwuG oGm;MupOfuvnf; acsmif;OD;blwmodkU rD;&xm;

qkdufem;vsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfu ]]acsmif;OD;q,f&Gmu ajymif;zl;o,f r,fnSm
wkdUrsm; &SdMuao;ovm;q&m&,f}}[k ajymvkduf&m q&mBuD;\rsufESm
tvGeftxl;MunfEl;ESpfodrfhaom

trlt&mudk

jrifvkduf&jcif;tm;jzifh

uREkfyftzkdU qkvmbfBuD;&ouJUodkU xifvdkufrdygonf/ uREkfyf tjypftem

rsm; 'kESifha'; &Sdae&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; uRekfyfMunfndKjrwfEdk;aom yk*dKvfrsKd;
tm; ESpfodrfhauseyfatmif vkyfvkduf& uREkfyfudk cifrifoabmusjcif;jzifh
wkHUjyefjcif;udk

jrifvdkuf&aomtcg

jzpfay:vmonfh

rk'dwmpdwfonf

uREkfyf\tjypftemtqmrsm;teufrS w0ufxufrenf; ajyaysmufoGm;ap

Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfvsuf &Sdygonf/ xdktcsdef uREkfyfonf q&mBuD;\
av;csKd;BuD;rsm;udk tm*kHaqmifxm;NyD; vkdtyfaomtcsdefwGif ay:vmwwf
onfh uRekfyf\rSwfOmPftwGuf udk,fhausmudk udk,foyfay;csifonfhpdwf
jzpfrdygonf/
v,fwDy@dw q&mOD;armifBuD;
ol&d,wdkufokdU uREkfyfa&mufrsm;rMumrD NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf yOr
ajrmufa*smhbk&iftm;

csD;usL;onfh

]bkef;awmfbGJU}wyk'fudk

jrefrmvdk

taumif;qkH;pDukH;Edkifoltm;qkaiG 100d csD;jrSifhrnf[k aMujimvkduf&mblb,f

ESpfa,mufu a&;wifjyonf[k rrSwfrd/ jrefrmausmif;q&mBuD;wa,muf
pDukH;onfhpmudk taumif;qkH;[k qkH;jzwfNyD; qkaiGcsD;jrSifhvkdufbl;avonf/
wdkuftkyf OD;vSazonf tqdkygpmudk taumif;qkH;[kqkH;jzwfNyD; qkaiGcsD;jrSifh
vdkufbl;avonf/ wdkuftkyf OD;vSazonf tqdkygbkef;awmfbGJUudk q&mvGef;
tm;jy

xifjrifcsufawmif;av&m

q&mvGef;u

1127

ajymyavmufatmif

ajymifajrmufjcif;

r&Sdonfhjyif

udk,fwdkifa&;pyfxm;jcif;omjzpfaMumif;

ajymavonf/ wGifOD;vSazu bkef;awmfbGJUudk a0zefcsufa&; ol&d,

r*Zif; xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef qkH;jzwfav\/ q&mvGef;onf bkef;awmfbGJUxJ
rS pum;vkH;rsm;rSm rnfonfhpmrsm; rS xkwfEkwfcdk;,lxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;
azmfjy

wyk'fpD

wyk'fpDudk

rl&if;pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhwuG

wifjyvdkufav\/ q&mvGef; wifjyonfhtwdkif; qdkygvQif cdk;,lxm;aom

xdkpmydk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fvdkufrnfqdkygu bkef;awmfbGJUwckvkH;rSm ]\}onf
]}wnf;[laompum;vkH;rsKd;rSwyg; rsm;rsm;pm;pm;usefawmhonf r[kwfay/
r*Zif;xGufNyD;onfhaemuf rsm;rMumrD v,fwDy@dw q&mOD;armifBuD;onf
ol&d,wdkufokdUvm uREkfyfESifhwpm;yGJwnf;twl xdkifvsuf&Sdaom q&mvGef;
ESifhpum;ajymMu\/

q&mOD;armifBuD;u

a0zefcsufudk

zwfcJU&ojzifh

q&mvGef;\pmESHUykHudk csD;usL;ajymqdkavonf/ q&mvGef;onfvnf; (olwkdU

txif) xdyfoD;pma&;q&mtcsif;csif;u csD;usL;jcif; jzpfonfqdkum tawmf
yDwdjzpfykH&\/ uREkfyfonf q&mvGef;\ av;csKd;BuD;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
q&mvGef;\

]tcefUpm;}&Trf;jcif;rsm;ESifh q&mOD;armifBuD;\

Ek,Ofaom

pdwful;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; csD;usL;&eftoifh&Sdaomfvnf; eufeJaompOf;pm;

vkH;rsm; yg&SdonfhpmrsKd; [kwfonfrxifaomaMumifh tcgcyfodrf; xdyfoD;
wef;wGifxm;zdkU uREkfyfoabmrwlEdkifacs/ uAsmtaejzifh xdyfwef;usay
rnf/ pum;ajytaeESifh xdyfqkH;wef; xm;oifhonfrxifyg/ onfrSm
xifjrifcsufrQomjzpf rSm;csifvnf; rSm;ayrnf/

1128

jzpfykHcsif;rwkdufqdkif
q&mvGef;ESifh q&mOD;armifBuD;wkdU pum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf uRekfyfrSm
yk*Kd vfBuD;ESpfa,mufudk tuJcwfvsuf&Sd&m pum;twefuav; ajymMuNyD;
aemuf

q&mvGef;onf

uREkfyfudkq&mOD;armifBuD;ESifh

rdwfqufay;\/

q&mvGef;u uREkfyfonf &wemykH0wKESifh &efBuD;atmif0wKrsm;a&;onfh

]wufopfp} pma&;q&muav;wa,mufjzpfonf[k ajymjy&m OD;armifBuD;
onf r[m0dZmwef;atmifjrifolwa,mufu rufx&pform;wa,muftm;
vSnfhMunhfvkdufonfh

rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifhMunhfvkduf\/

ol\yg;pyfurl

]]jrefrm pmaye,fxJokdU acwfynmwwfuav;wa,muf 0ifvmjcif;twGuf

0rf;ajrmufygonf}

[kajymygonf/

trSefudk0efcH&vQif

uREkfyfonf

OD;armifBuD;\ txufpD;ESifh Munfhjcif;udkrBudKufEdkifacs/ taMumif;rlum;

uREkfyfonf OD;armifBuD;\ tcspf0wKrsm;udk zwfcJU&bl; ZmwfuGuf
Zmwfvrf;r[kwfvSyJ

vlysKdvSnfhcPf;wkdUomrsm;onf[k

atmufarhum

ZmwfuGufygaom0wKrsKd;a&;jyrnf[k &efBuD;atmif0wKudk a&;cJUoljzpfaom

aMumifhwnf;/ xdkUjyif taMumif;w&yfrSmvnf; acwfynmwwf wa,mufu
jrefrmvdkoufouf a&;wwfol wa,muftm; (rnfrQavmuf]Ek,Of}aom
pmrsKd;[kwfapumrl) txifrBuD;jcif;uvnf; &Sdayao;onf/
xifjrifcsuf ajymif;vmykH
xdkUjyifw0vnf;

pmpDorm;zdkrifarmifbouf

qdkolu

q&m

OD;armifBuD; taMumif;udk uREkfyftm;ajymjybl;onfh tjcif;t&mwckuvnf;

1129

pdwfxJwGif ay:vmvdkufacsao;\/ armifboufonf q&mOD;armifBuD;ESifh

tawmf vufyGef;wwD;aevmcJUbl;ol wa,mufjzpf ajymjybl;onfrSm
q&mOD;armifBuD;onf cifjrifhBuD;0wKudk a&;pOftcgu rdef;rtaMumif;
a&;awmhrnfqdkvQif aq;ayghvdyfrSdef;vsuf olUZeD;\ &kyfvuPm wkdUudk
wpdrfhpdrfhMunfhNyD;rS pmzGJUavh&Sdonf[k qdkavonf/ odkUaomtjyKtrlonf
pma&;q&mrsm;

jyKaeustvkyfrsKd;

jzpfcsifjzpfayrnf/

uREkfyftzdkUrSm

&[ef;vlxGufwa,mufqdkonfhtwGuf rESpfoufEdkifatmif &Sdygonf/

twdkif;qdkygrl q&mOD;armifBuD; uREkfyfBudKufcsifp&m twGufenf;yg;vsuf
&dSavNyD/ odkUaomf aemufydkif; csD;usL;p&m tcsuftvufrsm; awGUvm&
awmfygao;\/

uREkfyfonf

v,fwDq&m

awmfbk&m;\

pmrsm;udk

zwf&Iaomtcg q&mOD;armifBuD;\ bmomjyefrsm; ESifh BuKH& pum;

okH;EIef;xm;ykHrsm;udk ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpfvmygawmhonf/ t&mBuD;um;
pmEkudkom a&;wwfonfr[kwf? pmcefUrsm;vnf; ta&; aumif;ygayonf[k
csD;usL;rdygonf/
q&moif
uREkfyfonf jrefrmhtvif; t,f'Dwm q&moifudkrEav; wdkif;owif;
pmwdkufwGif yxrOD;pGm awGUbl;ygonf/ &efBuD;atmif 0wKa&;NyD;aemuf
uREkfyfonf pmrludk ol&d,wdkufodkUrydkUao;rD rEav;wdkif;owif;pmwkdufodkU
ydkUprf;\/ rEav;onf &efukefxufeD; tqkH;tjzwfudk jrefjrefodvdkaom
aMumifhjzpf\/
jzpf\)

wdkif;owif;pmwkdufrefae*smonf

uREkfyf\pmudk

jrefrmq&mtjzpfESifh

(Adkvfujym;wa,muf
tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom

q&moiftm;jy uREkfyfESifhpum;ajymMu&ef vTwfvdkuf\/ q&moifonf

1130

jyifa&;cay;NyD;

refae*smxHodkUwif

a&mif;aomenf;om&Sdonfqdk\/

uREkfyfrSmtvkyfvufrJU tjzpf&Sd ydkufqHvdkvsuf&SdonfhtxJwGif olUudkjyifc

ay;ESifh&OD;rnfqdkaom tpDtpOfudk vufrcHEdkifonfESifh pmrludkjyef,lcJUNyD;
ol&d,wdkufodkU ydkUvdkuf jcif;jzpfavonf/
jrefrmhtvif;tkyfpk
ol&d,wdkuf uREkfyfr*Zif;t,f'Dwm jzpfvmaomtcsdefwGif jrefrmh
tvif; owif;pmwkdufwGif t,f'DwmcsKyfOD;pdef;? t,f'Dwm pdefuavmif
(xdkUaemuf AEKv) OD;pdefwkdU&SdMu\/ q&mvGef;onf rpwmarmifrIdif;
trnfESifh av;csKd;BuD;rsm; a&;&mwGif OD;pdeftm; ]t&D;pdrf;}trnfESifh &Hzef&Hcg
]uvd}wwfonfjzpf "mwfodrsm;\ tac:ta0:t& OD;pdefonf ]t&D;pdrf;}
jzpfvmonf/

,cktcg

OD;Ektpdk;&

vufxuf

omoema&;XmewGif

nTefMum;a&;0efjzpfaeaom AEKOD;pdefonf xdkpOftcgu &[ef;vlxGufuav;

jzpf qHyifwkduav;ESifh yGa&mif;a&mif;&Sdao;\/ AEKOD;pdefrSm olUOD;acgif;
wGif a&;p&mrsm;rsm;&SdykH r&aomfvnf; rEav;om; wa,mufjzpf pum;
vkH; <u,f0jcif;twGufaMumifh t,f'Dwmjzpfvkdufao; OD;Ekvufxuf
wGifvnf; Oy"d&kyfaumif;jcif; twGufaMumifh nTefMum;a&;0ef jzpfvsuf
&Sdonf/

OD;Ekvufxuf

OD;aESmufrsm;rsm;&SdzdkUrvdk?

vl[efaumif;NyD;

pum;rawmufwacguf ajymwwfvQif ae&maumif; &aeMuonfjzpf

AEKvOD;pdef tzkdUqdkvQif rQru BuD;yGm;xdkufygao;onf/ xdkpOfu
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdonf ynmtkyf tvkyfESifh jrefrmhtvif;

owif;pmwGif

]awmufwJU}trnfESifh aqmif;yg;rsm; rSefrSefa&;xnfhavh&S\

d / xdktcsdefwGif
uREkfyfonfq&moifESifh rawGU&aomfvnf; t&D;pdrf;? AEKvOD;pdef? awmufwJU

1131

OD;bcsKdwdkUESifh &Hzef&Hcg qkHrdwwfMuav&m uRekfyfrSm 0wK&Snf okH;ydk'fcefU

a&;xkwfNyD;jzpf emrnfuav; tawmf twefxlaxmifrdNyD jzpfaomaMumifh
jrefrmhtvif;tkyfpkonf (uREkfyf\Zmwmtwkdif;) uREkfyfudk emvdkMuonfh
vuPmr&Sdacs/ uREkfyfuJUokdUyif acwfynmwwf wa,mufjzpfonfh OD;bcsKd
url uREkfyftm; ]cdk;cs} orm;wa,muftaejzifh tacsmifemrnfBuD;aeonf[k
,lqykH&onf/ OD;pdefESifh OD;bcsKdwdkUuwwJG? yDrdk;eif;ESifh uREkfyfuwwGJ
wbufESifhwbuf tjyeftvSeftxiftjrifao;xm;MuykHrsm;udk xkwfazmf
a&;&vQif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tukodkvfpdwf yGm;rsm;zdkU
tvdkr&Sdaom tcsdefwGif rQESifhyif &yfvdkuf&ygawmhrnf/
q&moif
q&moifrSm jrefrmjynf owif;pmavmuwGif rBuKH&bl;ao;onfh
aoenf;rsKd;jzifh uG,fvGeftedpa&mufoljzpfavonf/ q&moifonf t&D;
pdrf;ESifhtwl jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdkufrS (xdkpOfu yef;qdk;wef;&Sd
onf/) nudk;em&DcefUwGif qif;vmMu uGrf;NcHblwmteD;odkUa&mufMuonf
wGif vlqdk;irdk;qdkolu "m;ESifhxdk;owfojzifh yJGcsif;NyD; aoqkH;&Smonf/
irdk;udkrl csufcsif;yif vufyl;vufMuyfrd

&kH;wifppfaq;NyD;

wouf

wuRef;ydkU tjypfay;cH&onf/ q&moifonf uREkfyf\&efBuD;atmif 0wKudk

oljyifa&;rS aumif;rnf[k ajymbl;jcif;twGuf olUtay:wGif rausrcsrf;
jzpfcJUbl;aomfvnf; towfcH&ykHudk uREkfyfMum;od&aomtcg pma&;q&mcsif;
taejzifh vGefpGmu&kPmjzpfvSonfESifh ol\ao&ykHESifhywfouf wu,fh
tjzpftysufa&m? pdwful;uav;rsm;ygxnfhoGif;um uREkfyfudk,fudk rsuf&nf
awGawG

usavmufatmifawG;awmNyD;

1132

aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;

ol&d,

owif;pmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufavonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;onf pmzwfol

rsm;\pdwfudk xdcdkufvSonfqdk MunfhjrifwkdifbufrS toif;woif;u
uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;udk pm&Gufrsm;&dkufESdyfNyD; q&moif;\ tokb a0iS
urf;vSrf;avonf/ q&moif\ tokb uREkfyf\pdwfudk xdcdkufvSaom
tjcif;t&mwckrSm q&moif\tavmif;udk yef;&xm;ay:okdU wifMurnf
jyKaomtcg ol&d,wdkuftkyf OD;vSazonf (awmif&Snf tNrJ0wfolwa,muf
jzpfygvsuf) awmif&SnfBuD; wum;um;ESifh q&moif\ tavmif;udk
owif;pmorm;rsm; csnf; xrf;MupdkUqdkum pk&kH;ac:iifNyD; yef;&xm;ay:odkU
uREkfyfwkdUvlpk xrf; wifMu&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ awmif&Snfykqdk;ESifh
oyf&yfcefUx,fpGm

tNrJ0wfwwfaom

olwa,mufjzpf

OD;vSaz\

tjyKtrlonf uREkfyftm; tHUMoap&kHru oabmusrqkH; jzpfrdygonf/

q&moif\ psmye tnw&ausmif;om;tjzpfrS waeUcsif;twGif; rkd;xdk;
atmif emrnfBuD;oGm; olwa,muf&Sd\/ xdkolrSm*syfqifaumvdyfrS ]zdk;usm;}
(xdkUaemuf ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;) yifjzpfavonf/ psmye ]zdk;usm;}
pum;ajymvkdufonfESifh wNydKif euf y&dowfrsm;onf ]olb,folvJ}?
]b,fuvJ}?

]bmvkyfwJUvlvJ}

paom

ar;cGef;rsm;jzifh

wwGwfwGwf

ar;Muav&m olUudkodaom wa,muf wavu ajymojzifh ]zdk;usm;?

]zdk;usm;}? ]zdk;usm;}ESifhtkwfatmfaomif;wif; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/
ouFmruif;Mujcif;
q&moifudkowfonfh

irdk;rSm

vufonftjzpfESifh

tjypf&onf

rSefaomfvnf; aoolESifh w&m;cHwkdUrSm rnfonfh tquftoG,frQr&Sd?

&efnIdf;&efp[lvnf;

&Smr&onfh

twGufaMumifh

1133

okdUavmokdUavmawG;

awmp&mjzpfae\/ w&m;cHirdk;udk,fwdkifrSmvnf; aMu;wef;pm; vlowf

orm; wa,mufjzpfonf[k ajymolrsm;uajymMu\/ q&moif udk,fwdkif
uvnf; jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmtcsKdUwGif tcsKdUvlrsm; rcHcsifp&mowif;rsKd;
xnfhoGif;onfqdk\/ okdUjzifh irdk;udk apcdkif;ol&Sd&rnfqdkum ykvdyfu
rouFmaomvlrsm;udk ta&;,lao;onf[k Mum;vkduf&aomfvnf; irdk;rSty
tjypf&aomvl &Sdao;onf[k rrSwfrdawmhay/
q&moif\vufpGrf;
q&moif\ pmayta&;tom;ESifhywfouf uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm
acwfynmwwfr[kwfonfh jrefrmq&m&dk;&dk;wa,mufrQom jzpfonfhtwGuf
aMumifh owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;udkajymifajrmufatmif a&;Edkifonf[k uREkfyf
rxifay/ acwfynmrwwfyJvsuf yxrwef;acgif;BuD;rsKd; a&;Edkifonf[k
ajymol&SdvQif uREkfyfum; ,kHvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ jrefrmtaqGr*Zif;onf
q&mvGef;tm;

vnf;aumif;

(*kPfBuD;aomjrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;taejzifh

ykqdk;awmif&Snf "mwfykHBuD;rsm;xnfhum) cefUnm;atmif okH;cJUMubl;\/

okdU&mwGif if;wdkUonf acgif;BuD;a&;q&mrsm;tjzpfESifh atmifjrifMuonf[k
uREkfyf0efrcHEdkifay/ okdU&mwGifq&moifonf uAsmbufwGif tawmfcRefonfh
vuPm&Sd\/

raorDtcsdeftenf;i,fu

av;csKd;BuD;rsm;ESifh

ywfouf

q&moifonf

q&mvGef;\

(t&D;pdrf;u]wkdU}ay;avoavmrqdkEdkif/)

av;csKd;rsm;\ tydk'fpnf;urf;udk azmufzsufonf[k a0zef,if; oDaygbk&if

ygawmfrljcif;taMumif;udk oludk,fwdkif pDukH;a&;om;onfh av;csKd;wyk'fudk
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif

xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufonf/

uREkfyfonf

if;av;csKd;udk zwfMunfh&m tydk'fpnf;urf;Oya'qdkonfudk em;rvnfaomf

1134

vnf; q&mvGef;\ t&om&Sdaom NyKH;p&muav;rsKd; Humour rawGU&ap

umrl v,fwDy@dw q&mOD;armifBuD;\ ]tEkt,OfvlUwcGif olUjyifr&Sd}qdk
aom

pum;tokH;tEIef;rsKd;bufwGif

tawmfBuD;tqifhtwef;jrifhonfudk

awGU&ayonf/ uREkfyfonf if;av;csKd;udk tm*kHraqmifEdkifyJ owif;pmjzwf

ydkif;udk

odrf;qnf;xm;&m

ppfBuD;twGif;

tjcm;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh

twlaysmufqkH;oGm; ESajrmrdygonf/
][mo}\pnf;urf;csuf
pum;ajym&mjzpfap? pma&;&mjzpfap &,fp&muav;nSyf ajymwwfa&;
wwfjcif;onf jyKvkyfoltzkdUvnf;aumif;? Mum;&zwfoltzkdUvnf;aumif;
t&omwrsKd;&Sd vdkvm;tyfaom ynmwckjzpf\/ okdU&mwGif vlwbufom;
udk &,fatmifjyKvkyfMu&m pnf;urf;uav;wck em;vnfMu&avonf/
[mobuf urmausmfMum;ovdk jyifopfpma&;q&mBuD; aAmfvfwJ,m;
(Voltaire)

onf tvGef]&Twf}csifwwfol wa,mufjzpf *kP0k'd qdkonfudk

vnf;aumif;? bk&m;*dkPf; &mZ*dkPf;qdkonfudkvnf;aumif; axmufxm;jcif;

r&SdyJ &TwfwGwfwGwfa&;um aemufajymifavh&Sd\/ odkU&mwGif if;q&mBuD;
onfyifvQif r&TwfrajymifyJ csefvSyfxm;onfhtcsuf&Sd\/ if;onfum;
vlwOD;wa,muf\ udk,fum,ESifh ywfoufonfh cRwf,Gif;csufwrsKd;rsKd;udk
jyuf&,fajymifavSmiforIrjyKjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ pma&;q&mwkdUrnfonfrSm
vlrsm;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifhywfoufjzpfap tusifhpm&dwESifh ywfouf
jzpfap? tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;ESifh ywfoufjzpfap ajymifavSmif
Edkifaom tcGifhta&;&Sd\/ ajymifavSmifp&mrsm;udk ajymifavSmif ay;jcif;tm;
jzifh vlrsm;udk jyKjyifay;jcif;rSm pma&;q&mrsm;\tvkyfjzpf\/ okdU&mwGif

1135

udk,fum,ESifhywfoufonfh csKdUiJUcsufrsm;rSm jyKjyifEdkifpaumif; aomudprsKd;

r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh

if;wkdUudk

jyuf&,fajymifavSmifjcif;

onf

uav;qefaom tvkyfrsKd;jzpf\/ ajcusKd;aom vlwa,muf vrf;oGm;ykHudk

ajymifavSmifonfhtaejzifh ]axmheJUaxmheJU}avQmufjyjcif;? rsufpdrjrifaom
vlwa,muf wpkHw&mESifh wdkufvJykHudkvkyfjcif;paom tjyKtrlrsm;onf
]vlBuD;}

rsm;\tvkyf

r[kwfouJUodkU

t&kyfqdk;jcif;?

oGm;acgjcif;?

tom;eufjcif;? cg;ukef;jcif; paom csKdUiJUrIudk &,fzG,fvkyf a&;jcif;rsKd;

wkdUonfvnf; vl\,Ofaus;vSaom pnf;urf;rsm;udkazmufzsuf &musonf
(BadForm) [k

[mopma&;q&mrsm; em;vnfoifhMuonf/

owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;
waeUo trsKd;orD;pma&;q&m rtrmu owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;
a&;ykHa&;enf;ESifhywfouf Mo0g'ay;onfhtaejzifh wcef;wav a&;cJUzdkU
tBuHay; wdkufwGef;bl;&m udk,fhpmudk udk,ftaumif;qkH;[k owfrSwfaeMuykH
&onfh acwfwGif rnfolUtay:rS q&mvkyfNyD; Mo0g'ay;zkdUrBuH&G,fyJ
acgif;BuD;a&;orm;aumif;wa,muf &Sdtyfonf[k uREkfyfxifaom t&nf
tcsif;rsm;taejzifhom

azmfjyvdkufygonf/

pma&;q&mwa,mufonf

A[kokw jynfhpkHa&;twGuf pmrsm;rsm;BuD;zwfxkdufonfqdkvQif acgif;BuD;

a&;orm; wa,mufonf omrsm;rsm;BuD;zwfxdkufonf[k uREkfyfqdkcsif
onf/ t*Fvefjynfxkwf vef'efwdkif;owif;pmBuD;rSm owif;pmavmuwGif
]tmPmpuf} tvGefjyefUESHUonfh owif;pmBuD;wapmiftaejzifh todtrSwf
jyKjcif;cH&av&m aeUpOfxkwf owif;pmwapmifwnf; acgif;BuD;okH;av;yk'f
okH;av;rsKd;yg&Sd

vlokH;av;a,muf

1136

a&;Muonfqdk\/

EdkifiHa&;?

abm*aA'a&;? ynma&;? ukefoG,fa&; ponfjzifh qdkfif&mqdkif&m acgif;BuD;

rsm;udk qdkif&mqdkif&myg&*lrsm;u a&;Mu&onfqdk\/ uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynf
rl acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wa,mufwnf;u ay:yiftaMumif;t&m[lorQudk
tvsOf; oifhovdk wvSnfhpD a&;&onfhjyif aumufumiifum vSef&SmEdkif
rnfh pmtkyfrsm;uvnf; enf;yg;av&um; acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wa,muf
tzkdU&m A[kokw&SmrDS;zdkU rnfrQvdktyfonfudk txl;ajymzG,f&mrvdkay/
jrefrm&kyfao;pif 0ef&kyf? rif;om;BuD;&kyf? yk@m;&kyf?ponfjzifh wvSnhfpD
udkifwG,f&aomvlonf 0efvdk? rif;om;vdk? yk@m;vdk ajymwwfatmif
avhusifhxm;&ouJUokdU acgif;BuD;a&;orm;onfvnf; EdkifiHa&;? ynma&;?
pD;yGm;a&; ponfwdkUudk txkduftavsmuf ]acguf}rdatmif avhvmxm;zkdU
vkdtyfayonf/ okdUr[kwfcJUvQif jymemwckwGifav;eufaom xifjrif
csuf rsKd;ray;EdkifyJ ]t&l;acs;yef;}pmrsKd;om a&;wwfayvdrfhrnf/
ygvDrefonf
jzpfoifhouJUodkU

pum;tajymaumif;qkH;aomolrsm;
owif;pmwkdufrsm;onfvnf;

pka0;&mXmewck

taumif;qkH;aompma&;

orm;rsm; pka0;&maomXmejzpfoifhonf[k uREkfyf,lqonf/ pum;onf

tenf;i,fvGefonf[k qdkMuvQifvnf; ,kwfpGmhtqkH;tm;jzifh aeUpOfESifhtrQ
ay:xGufvsuf&Sdaom

pmayrsm;teufwGif

owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;onf

jyemwckESifh ywfouf xifjrifcsufay;&mwGif uav;pum;ajymovdk

ryDuvm yDuvmESifh ]uaygufxd uaygufcsm}ta&;tom;rsKd;rjzpfapyJ
wnfwnfcefUcefU BuHUBuHUcdkifckdifESifh EdkifEdkifeif;eif; a&;wwfzdkU vdktyf
ayonf/ acgif;BuD;wyk'fonf bk&m;a[m usrf;wapmifuJUodkU opmw&m;
awGcsnf; pka0;&mXme rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf; txufazmfjy&myg t&nftcsif;
rQavmufudk rl ]olUqefudkpm;aom} acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wdkif; rjzpfjzpfatmif
BudK;pm;xdkuf onf[k uREkfyfqdkcsifonf/ jrefrmjynf jrefrmrsm;a&;xkwf

1137

onfh jrefrmowif;pm acgif;BuD;rsm;onf jrefrmrsm;a&;xkwfonfh t*Fvdyf

owif;pm acgif;BuD;ydkif;rsm;xuf (zsrf;rQtm;jzifh) ta&;tom; rsm;pGm
nHUzsif;jcif;taMumif;udk uREkfyfa&;cJUbl;avNyD/
bufrvdkufjcif;
rnfonfhwdkif;jynfjzpfap ygwDwck? odkUr[kwf tzGJUtpnf;wck?
okdUr[kwf vlwpk? odkUr[kwf tpdk;&wck\ tusKd;udk umuG,f&efjzpfap?
aus;Zl;&Sdap&efjzpfap

wnfaxmifxm;onfh

owif;pmrsm;&SdwwfMu\/

tqdkyg owif;pmrsm; vkyfudkifa&;om;Muaom uavmiform;rsm;onf

,kHMunfrIjzifh a&;om;Mujcif;rsm;vnf; &SdEdkif 0rf;a&;twGuf a&;cRwfMu
jcif;rsm;vnf;&SdEdkif\/

uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSm

,kHMunfrIr&SdyJ

aMu;wef;pm;

uavmiform;tjzpfESifh a&;vnf;ra&;cJU? a&;vdrfhrnfvnf; r[kwfapumrl

enf;jzifh toufarG;&olrsm;tm; txifrBuD;&kHrQom&Sd uJU&UJ&Iwfcsvdk
aom apwem r&Sday/ xdkokdUaomvlrsm;u bmudka&;Muonfjzpfap (0rf;a&;
twGufqdkaomaMumifh) uREkfyfu rJU&GJUvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ okdU&mwGif udk,fh
odumudk udk,fapmifhpnf;onfh acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wa,muf jzpfygrlum;
bufrvdkufrdapzdkU txl;owdjyKoifhayonf/ b,fvkdufjcif;[k qdk&m
udpaygif; tajrmuftjrm;&Sdonfhteuf tBuD;tuJudprsm;rSm jynfolESifh
tpdk;&? vuf0JESifhvuf,m? ygwDESifh xdkygwDponfwkdUtjyif t&Hzef&Hcg
ay:vmwwfonfh ausmif;om;ESifh ausmif;q&m? tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyf
orm;rSp jyemaygif;aomif;ajcmufaxmifru &SdwwfMuavonf/ wcg
w&Hay:vmwwfonfhudprsm;rl

vlom;onf

vlom;omjzpf

rdrdESifh

tusKd;csif; qufpyfonfh jyemrsm;wGif eD;pyf&mbufokdU rvkdufyJ aezdkU

1138

cJ,Of;vSonf/

yrmqdkaomf

ausmif;q&mESifh

ausmif;om;rsm;

jyemay:onfqdkvQif ausmif;om;rdbjzpfaom t,f'Dwmwa,mufonf

ausmif;om;rsm;bufrS cyfyif;yif; ra&;yJ aeEdkifzdkU cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/
tvGefwnfhrwfvSygonfqdkaom t,f'Dwmwa,mufonf rdrduwnfhrwf
pGma&;ygawmhrnfqdkonfhtxJuyif udk,hf[mudk,frodyJ b,fvdkufvsuf
&SdEdkif \/ odkUaomtcuftcJrsKd;rlum; vGefajrmufEdkifol r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;
vdrfh rnfxifonf/ odkUaom udprsKd;wkdUudk csefvSyf jynfolESifhtpdk;&?
vuf0J ESifhvuf,m ponfh udprsKd;wkdUwGifrl bufvdkufoifh rvkdufoifh
[laom

jyemwck

oD;oefUyif&Sdaejyefavonf/

vuf0JESifhvuf,m

udpwGif vuf0J0g'BudKufolESifh vuf,m0g'BudKufolwkdUu rdrdBudKufaom

0g'udk axmufcH&rnf? Mum;ae rjzpfEdkif[k qdkMuayvdrfhrnf/ jynfol
ESifhtpdk;& jyemay:aygufvQifvnf; jynfolUowif;pm qdkonfrsm;u
bmajymajym jynfolUbufu axmufcHa&;om;&rnf? jynfolUbufu trSm;
&SdvQif rdrdwkdUu axmufjyzdkU rqdkxm;bd? wbufu axmufjyjcif;udkyif
0efcHvdrfh rnfr[kwfacs/
rSefonfxifovdka&;csifonf
uREkfyfrSm rsufESmrvkdufyJ rdrdrSefonfxifaombufrS axmufcHa&;
om;vdkaomqE
rnfolrBudKufBudKuf

jyif;xefoljzpfonfhtavsmuf
BudKufBudKuf

rSefonfudkom

rnfonfhudpESifhjzpfap
0efcHa&;om;vd\
k /

wdkif;jynf pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif vuf0J0g'udk oabmusapumrl vuf0J orm;

rsm; trSm;awGUvQifvnf; axmufjycsifwwf\/ uJUodkU axmufjy
rdonfhtwGufaMumifh vuf0J0g' atmifjrifa&;twGuf taESmifht,Sufjzpf

1139

onfqdkvQifvnf;

uREkfyf*&krpdkuf?

uREkfyfvljzpfvmonfrSm

vuf0J0g'

atmifjrifa&;twGuf r[kwf? trSefw&m;udk odatmifvkyfNyD; uREkfyfjrifonfh

twdkif; wifjy&eftwGufomjzpfonf/ wdkif;jynf vuf0J0g'atmifjrifvQif
vlrsm;pk acsmifcsdEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfaomfvnf; vuf0Jacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;
rSm;onfxifvQif zkH;zkH;zdzdrvkyfcsif; uREkfyfvufvrf;rSDoavmuf azmfxkwf
wifjy&rS auseyfwwfonf/ uREkfyf ygwDpdwf"mwfrsKd;? 0g'pdwf"mwfrsKd;
wwfEdkiforQ uif;atmifaecsifwwf xdktwdkif;vnf; a&;csifwwfonf/
twGufaMumifh

rdwfaqGenf;vQifvnf;

udpr&Sd?

opmw&m;udkom

rdwfaqGzGJUcsifonf/ t*Fvefjynfxkwf wdkif;owif;pmBuD;onf vuf,m0g'

jzpf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; jynfolESifhtpdk;& wbufwvrf;jzpfonfh udprsKd;wGif
bufrvkdufyJ rSefonfxifovdk a&;xm;onfqdkaomaMumifh uREkfyfoabm
usvSonf/

uREkfyfBudKufykHonfaumif;aomenf;vrf;

rSefaomenf;vrf;?

BuD;yGm;aomenf;vrf;? vlcspfvlcifrsm;aom enf;vrf;[l rqdkvdk? uREkfyf\

0goemwcktaejzifh wifjyjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/
pOf;pm;p&may;jcif;
owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;onf A[kokway;jcif;? pOf;pm;ay;jcif;[l
(tMurf;tm;jzifh)

tvkyfESpfrsKd;

aqmif&GufMuonfjzpf&m

ESpfckudk

tvsOf;oifhovdk wvSnfhpD aqmif&GufMuavonf/ avmjynf qlqlylyl

jzpfonfqdkvQif avmjynf\ordkif;udk pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS&SmazGNyD; tusOf;
csKyfa&;om;

wifjyjcif;onf

uREkfyfrSmrlrnfonfhpmudk
a&;om;csifwwfaom

pmzwfoltm;

A[kokway;jcif;jzpf\/

a&;onfjzpfap

pOf;pm;p&muav;rsm;ygatmif

tavhtusifh&\
Sd /

taMumif;wkdufqdkifonfhtcg

1140

A[kokwtjzpf wifjyjcif;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyftNrJwap tmoDoxm;

onfrSm pmzwfolrsm;tm; pOf;pm;p&muav;rsm; wifjy&efjzpf\/ vljzpf
vQifpOf;pm;qifjcifOmPfokH;&rnf? pOf;pm;qifjcifwwf&rnfqdkum pOf;pm;
qifjcifzdkU tavhtusifh xlaxmifay;vdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh trsm;vlwkdU
rBudKufEdkifonfh tvkH;uav;rsm;udk wrifwum azmfxkwfwifjycsifwwf\/
OD;Ekuig;yg;oDvtaMumif;a[m\/ xm0&bk&m;ocifu ynwfawmfq,f
yg;wGif aot&uf raomuf&[laom trdefUay;csufwckyg&Sd\/ obm0udk
uREkfyfem;vnfonfum; ow0gudk (oHo&mtaejzifh) rnfonfhyk*dKvf?
rnfonfhbk&m;urS trdefUay;jcif;? tmPmjyjcif; rjyKEdkif? wOD;udkwOD;u
aus;Zl;jyKvsuf aumif;usKd;ay;onf? xdcdkufepfematmif apwemESifhvkyf
xdcdkufepfemcJUvQif raumif;usKd;ay;onf? t&ufaomufvQif i&JBuD;onf[k
Ak'u a[mawmfrrlcJU? 'kp&dkufq,fyg;wGifvnf; ryg[k wa,mufwnf;
x a&;cJUzl;onf/ pum;udk c&pf,efrsm;ESifh OD;EkwdkU BudKufEdkifrnf
r[kwfaomfvnf; pOf;pm;OmPfokH;zkdU ysif;&dNyD; rsufpdrSdwf ,kHcsifwwfaom
vlrsm; tvefUwMum;jzpfoGm;atmif vSefUay;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfudk,f
wdkif pOf;pm;qifjcifwwfaom 0goem&Sd pmzwfolrsm;tm; pOf;pm;qifjcif
aomtavhjzpfatmif ysKd;axmifay;jcif;onf uavmiform;wa,muftae
jzifh uREkfyf\0w&m;wck[l owfrSwfxm;ygonf/
&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywfpOf;pm;wwfjcif;
taemufwdkif;ynm&SdBuD;rsm;u urmavmu axG;vkH;&pfywf pOf;pm;
wwfonfh

(Muddled Thinkers)

pOf;pm;wwfonfh

vlwkdUomaygrsm; &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf

(Clear Thinkers)

vlrsm;onf tvGefenf;yg;onf[k

1141

qdkMu\/ Ak'uvnf; rnfolajymvQifrSefvdrfhrnf[k r,HkMunfyJ udk,fydkif

OmPfjzifhvnf;
okdUESifhvnf;

pOf;pm;&rnf[k
obm0

pOf;pm;wwfonfh

usrusudk

vlOD;a&

(umvmrokwfwGif)

a[mawmfrlcJU\/

udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh

&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf

&mcdkifEIef;onf

tydkif;*Pef;rQavmuf

om&Sdrnf[k uREkfyfqdkcsifonf/ t&nftcsif;onf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;

vnf;aumif;?

pma&;q&mrsm;

vnf;aumif;?

owif;pmq&mrsm;

vnf;aumif; tvGefw&m ta&;BuD;vS \/ odkUESifhvnf; if;t*FgrsKd;ESifh

jynfhpkHaomvlrsm;rSm xdkolwkdUteufwGif cyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdae\/ om"uwck
wifjy&aom umvfrmhufpfu bmoma&; onf ]bdef;}jzpfonf[k t"dym,f
wrsKd;ESifh a&;cJUjcif;jzpfygvsuf (zefqif; aomxm0& bk&m;ocif&Sdonf[k
,kHMunfaom

bmomrsKd;udkom

qdkvdkonf

[k

ArmuGefjrLepfrsm;u

em;rvnfyJ) Ak'bmomudk ,kHMunfjcif;onf olwkdU\tvkyfudk aESmifh,Suf

onf[k t"dym,faumufonfh vuPmESifh Ak'bmomudk zsufypfEdkifvQif
aumif;onf[k ,lqMuykH&\/ (,ckum; rajymwwf) tjcm;wbufuvnf;
qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfonf Ak'bmomESifh rudkufonfhES,f ]"rE&m,f}
[kajymMu\/ ESpfbufvkH;onf avmua&;ESifh "ra&;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
rpOf;pm;wwfolrsm; jzpfMuavonf/ aemufydkif;wGif uREkfyf\ ]pm}rsm;rSm
olwyg;\ pmrsm;xuf &Sif;onf[k uRekfyfudkoabmusolrsm;u ajymMu\/
odkUjzpf&jcif;rSm uREkfyfpma&;wwfaomaMumifh jzpfonf[kvnf; ajymMu
\/ uREkfyf\txifum; pma&;wwfjcif; wckwnf;aMumifhr[kwf? &Sif;&Sif;
jywfjywf pOf;pm;wwfaom 0goem&Sd uREkfyfa&;vdkaom taMumif;t&mudk
udk,fh[mudk,f &Sif;&Sif;BuD;em;vnfatmif avhvmNyD;rSa&;avh&SdaomaMumifh[k
xifygonf/ okdU&mwGif &Sif;&Sif;jywjfywf pOf;pm;wwfjcif;[lonfrSm ckx
vkyf ckjzpfonfr[kwf? e*dkyg&rDcH (OD;aESmuf) tjyif A[kokwajrmuf

1142

jrm;pGm &SmazGpkaqmif;NyD; av;av;eufeuf arTaESmuf qifjcifwwfolwkdU

om &&Sdpaumif;onf[k uREkfyfqdkcsifonf/
omoemjyKjcif;taMumif;
taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif *sefwvfrJef twef;tpm; vlrsm;&SdMuonf
qdkvQif jrefrmjynfESifhwuG Ak'bmom udk;uG,fa om wdkif;jynfrsm;rS t*Fvef
tar&duef paom taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; omoemjyKoGm;&ef tBuH&Sdaom
yk*Kd vfrsm;

av;eufpGm

pOf;pm;xdkufvSonf/

tu,f

omoem

q&mrsm;onf txufyg ]*sefwvfrJef} tqifhtwef;&Sdaom yk*dKvfrsm;ESifh

awGUMu&onfhtcg

rnfodkUaom

w&m;rsKd;udk

a[mMuygrnf

enf;/

t&ufraomufMuESifh? iSufrypfM uESifh? npm rpm;MuygESifh bkef;BuD;rsm;udk

&Sdckd;Muyg/ vlbG,f0wKrsm; ay;vlMuyg qdkonfrsm;xuf (vufawGU
usifhpOftaejzifh) ydka[mp&m &SdMuygao;ovm;? rQESifhvnf; edAmef
a&mufaMumif;w&m; [kwfyg\avm? edAmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm; vnf;
a[majymwwfygonfqdkvQif a[majymrnfhyk*dKvfrsm; udk,fwdkifu ayguf
a&mufatmif

tm;xkwfNyD;MuygNyDavm/

tm;rxkwf&ao;ygyJvsuf

udk,fwdkifaygufa&mufatmif

olwyg;wkdUtm;

aygufa&mufatmifjzpfap?

(,kwfpGmhtqkH;) tm;xkwfcsifaomqEjyif;xefpGm jzpfay:vmatmifjzpfap

a[majymEdkifonf[k

,kHMunfMuygoavm?

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w&m;

a[mxGufjcif;ESifh ]*sefwvfrJef}rsm;&SdaomXmeodkU w&m;a[m xGufjcif;onf

twlwlyifvG,fulonf[k xifMuygoavm/ taemufwdkif; jynfrsm;wGif
avmb?

a'go?

rme

tm;BuD;onfum;

rSefonf/

odkU&mwGif

rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkifu wPSm? rme? 'dXwdkUudk wqdwfwzJUrQ acRzdkU BudK;pm;

1143

tm;xkwfjcif;rjyK&ao;yJ

rdarG;wdkif;

zarG;wdkif;

&SdaeMuygao;vsuf

tjcm;vlrsm;udk avmb? a'goacRzdkU a[majym&ef jzpfEdkifonf[k ,kHMunf

Muygoavm/ tdEd,jynfrS taemufwdkif;odkU w&m;a[m xGufcJUMuonfh
ADADumeE? &mrwdpaom yk*dKvfrsm;onf ([kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonf
jzpfap) olwkdUenf;ESifh olwkdUawmxJwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tm;xkwfNyD;aemuf
taemufwdkif; bmompum;udk ya&mfzufqmrsm;uJUokdU ajymwwfatmif
avhvmNyD;umrS vSnfhvnf a[majymMuonf[k zwf&bl;\/ jrefrmjynfrS
omoemjyKq&mrsm;onf udk,fwdkif xdxda&mufa&muf r*faygufzdkvfayguf
tm;xkwfbl;jcif;r&SdyJ Ak'\ usrf;*efrsm;rS oiftHrSwfom;um ajyma[mjcif;
tm;jzifh ]*sefwvfrJef}rsm;tm; t&d,mjzpfukefatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifMuvdrfh
rnf[k

xifMuoavm/

vljzpfap?

&[efjzpfap

udk,fhwdkif;jynfwGif

emrnfBuD;&kHESifh taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif omoemjyKzkdU vkHavmufonf

xifMuvQif awmifolv,form;rsm;\ acR;ESifh &if;ESD;&aomaiGudk rjzpf
pavmufom EdkifiHa&;*kPfav;twGuf jzKef;wD;ypf&m a&mufayvdrfh rnf/
omoemjyKjcif;udponf

acgif;aygif;paxmifaom

awmif&Snform;rsm;

twGufr[kwf? bmompum; aumif;aumif;wwfonfh t&d,m &[ef;rsm;

twGuf jzpfoifhonf/ tawmtwGif; xkdyk*dKvfrsKd;vnf;&&Sd wkdif;jynf
vnf; acsmifcsdatmif vkyf&OD;rnf/ uREkfyf awG;vkH;wck&SdonfrSmum;
txufyg yk*dKvfrsKd;&cJUvQif zefqif;aom xm0&bk&m;ocifr&Sd[k ,kHMunf
onfh &k&Sm;jynfonf Ak'\tbd"rmudk vufcHvG,fqkH;aom wdkif;jynfjzpf
vdrfhrnf[k xifonf/

1144

ausmcsrf;aomtvkyfwck
uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmvlrsKd;onf Ak'\ w&m;awmfaMumifh omoemawmf
ra&mufrDuxuf ckefwufovdk ,Ofaus;vmMujcif;um; ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sday/
uREkfyfwkdU\

,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf

Ak'\w&m;awmfrS

,Ofaus;rIwkdUom

rsm;\/ txl;ojzifh Ak'bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIonf Ak'

,Ofaus;rI oufoufjzpf\/ t*Fveftp&Sdaom taemufwdkif; jynfrsm;wGif
vnf; vlrsKd;,Ofaus;rIESifh c&pf,ef,Ofaus;rIESpfck wGJvsuf&Sd\/ xdkolwkdU
tm; uREkfyfwkdU ut&dkif;tpdkif;ozG,f oabmxm;um ,Ofaus;atmifqdk
omoemjyKzkdU vdktyfonfr[kwfay/ olwkdUtxJ *sefwvfrJefqdkolrsm;onf
vlrsKd;,Ofaus;rItaejzifh

xdyfwef;usolrsm;jzpf

avmuDom;wa,muf

taejzifh if;wkdUtm; oifjyp&mcyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ xdkolwkdU vdktyf

onfrSm wPSm? rme? 'dXd jyKwfatmif tm;xkwfenf;udkoifjy&efrQom
jzpfav&m rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkif tm;rxkwf&olrsm;u *sefwvfrJef tqifh
twef;rDaom yk*dKvfrsm; tay: q&mvkyfcsifonfqdkjcif;rSm uREkfyftzdkU&m
awG;rdwdkif; ausmcsrf; vSygawmhonf/
ajympum;udka&;jcif;
jrefrm0wKa&;q&mrsm;teuf

Zmwfaumifrsm;

tcsDtcsajymonfh

pum;rsm; (Dialogues) udkt[kwfwu,f ajymonfhtwdkif; a&;wwfolwkdU

onfrsm;rsm;&Sdonfrxifay/ pma&;q&mrsm;\ csKdUwJUcsufwckrSm pma&;
aomtcgwGif pum;ajym ][ef} rsKd;a&mnSyfygwwf ajympum;rsm;udk
a&;&aomtcgrlum; a&;pum;[efrsKd; a&mnSyfygwwfjcif;yifjzpfavonf/

1145

tcsDtcs ajymMuaompum;rsKd;udk 0wKwGifjzpfap? &kyf&SifZmwfnTef;wGif

jzpfap a&;xnfhonfhtcg wu,fpum;ajymonfhtwdkif; ppfppfjzpfatmif
a&;wwfolwkdUrSm cyf&Sm;&Sm;yif&Sdrnfxifonf/ pma&;q&mrsm;tzdkU uH
aumif;ao;onfrSm &kyf&Sifjzpfap? 0wKjzpfap ajympum;ESifh ajym[ef
ppfppfr[kwfjcif;udk&dyfrdaom y&dowfuvnf; tawmfBuD;enf;yg;ao;onf/
ppfrjzpfrDacwf

NAdwdoQbm;rm;&kyf&Sifu

&dkufxkwfonfh

]zl;pmESpfcdkif}

Zmwfum;twGuf ajympum;rsm;udk uREkfyftm;a&;cdkif;ojzifh a&;ay;cJUbl;&m

OD;nGefUonf

uREkfyfa&;ay;onfh

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rsm;udk

oabmusonfh

vuPmESifh ol\ukrPDrSxGufaom &kyf&Sifum;tm;vkH;twGuf ajympum;

rsm;udka&;ay;&ef uREkfyfESifhpum;qdkbl;avonf/ odkU&mwGif ppfBuD;jzpfvm
onfhtwGufaMumifh rvkyfjzpfawmhyJ olESifhuREkfyfuJGoGm;Muygonf/ xdkacwf
url

ajympum;rsm;udk

a&;&onfh

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ae&mrus&

onfhtxJwGif Zmwfaumifuvnf; (wvkH;pDoifay;&onfh vuPmESifh)

0gus okH;av;ck yg0ifaom pum;wcGef;udk jywfawmif;jywfawmif;ESifh
av;ig;ajcmufcg &yfqdkif;&yfqdkif;ESifh ajymjcif;rsm;udk (Zwfaumifwa,muf
ESpfa,mufrSwyg;) trsm;tm;jzifhawGU&wwfygonf/ onfrSm'g&dkufwm\
tjypfvnf;

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armifoif;? MunfMunfaX; ponfwkdUay:vm wu,fhpum;ajymvkH;udk
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jrefrm&kyf&Sif
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uREkfyftzkdU&mum; ]tufqif}qdkif&mtjcm;aom trlt&mrsm;udk xm;ygOD;?

rdrdwkdUajym&rnfh

pum;udk

]pmausatmif}

1146

rusufyJ

roifyJESifh

Zmwfum;&dkufMuonf
aigufvkdufcsifonf/

&kyf&Sifynmonf
tjcm;aom

wzGJUvkH;udk

tcsufrsm;xuf

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tcsufrSm

uREkfyftzdkU&m cGifhrvTwfEdkfifqkH;aom jypfcsufBuD;wck jzpfav&m xGef;a0wdkU

vufxufwGif awmfvmao;ojzifh &kyf&SifMunfh jzpfEdkifygavNyD/
obm0usowJU
uREkfyfonf ajympum;vkH;rsm;udk wu,fajymonfhtwdkif; obm0us
atmif a&;wwfonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f xifvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; NAdwdoQbm;
rm;OD;nGefUu ajymumrS awmfawmf&J&Jxif0HUvmygonf/ OD;nGefUrajymrDurl
pma&;q&mwdkif;onf rdrda&;onfhajympum;udk obm0usonfxifMupNrJ
jzpf&m olwyg;a&;xm;jcif;udk tjypfjrifNyD; udk ,fh[mudk,f[kwfaejcif;jzpfEdkif
onf[k pOf;pm;rdao;onf/ odkU&mwGif OD;nGefUu ajymumrS pdwfcsvufcs
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obm0usjcif;ESifh ywfouf

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onf/ uREkfyfonf &Ir0r*Zif;wGif avmukw&ma&;&m aqG;aEG;cPf;rsm;ESifh

aiGwm&Dr*Zif; (pOf;pm;OmPfavhusifhvdkolrsm;tzdkU) taxGaxG aqG;aEG;
cPf;rsm; a&;xnfhvsuf&Sd&m wwfodem;vnfykH&onfh pmzwfy&d owf
tawmfrsm;rsm;udk uREkfyf\ aqG;aEG;cPf;rsm;rSm taMumif;jy aumif;&kH
omru pum;ajymykH ajymenf;rSmvnf; t[kwfwu,f ajymrnfhtwdkif;
obm0usvSonf[k ajymMuonf/ vli,fpma&;q&m wa,mufurl ajym
pum;vkH;rsm;a&;om;jcif; olUudk,fol tawmf[efonf[k xifaeonfh
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trsm;BuD;vdkao;jcif;udkawGU& pdwfysufrdygonf[k 0efcHajymqdk bl;av

1147

onf/ onfwkdUrSm uREkfyftm; e*dkuwnf;uoabmusolrsm;u ajymMu

aompum;rsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifao;&m xkdUxufcdkifvkHaom taxmuftxm;
rsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/ aiGwm&Dr*Zif;trSwf(1)wGif uREkfyfESifh rmhufpf0g'D
wa,mufaqG;aEG;cPf; yg&Sdav&m if;udkjrefrmhtoHu okH;Budrf wdkifwdkif
vTifhay;bl;\/

uREkfyfonfa&'D,dkrS

em;axmifaomtcg

pOf;pm;

qifjcifykHrsm;ESifh taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk (udk,fh[mudk,f) [kwfvSonfxif

rdjcif;um; xm;ygOD;/ uREkfyfwkdUq&mwynfh ESpfa,muftaejzifh a&'D,dkxJrS
ajymMuolESpfa,mufwkdUu

uREkfyfa&;xm;onfh

ajympum;vkH;rsm;twdkif;

wvSnfhpDajymMuykHrSm (tajymaumif;olrsm;jzpfMuayaomaMumifh) t[kwf

wu,f

ajymaeMujcif;uJUokdU

xif&avmufayonf/

uREkfyfudkodaom

vlwa,mufurl a&'D,kdrS em;axmif&NyD;aemuf uREkfyfESifh awGU&mwGif

&efukefrS

uREkfyfb,faeUu

jyefa&mufygoenf;[kar;\/

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&efukefodkU roGm;aMumif;ajym ]]tb,fhaMumifh odkUar;&oenf;}}[k

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ajymaew,f rSwfwmygyJ}}[k jyefajymavonf/ uREkfyfu ]]'Davmufrsm;
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vQif atmifjrifavrnfavm[k rawmufwacguftBuH jzpfay:rdygao;onf/

1148

avmutaMumif;ESifh "rtaMumif;
avmuaMumif;ESifh "raMumif;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf rpOf;pm;wwfonfh
twGufaMumifh uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynf jyemrsm; ray:wefyJvsufESifh
ay:aygufae&onf[k uREkfyfjrifrday&m taMumif;udkvnf; tenf;i,f
wifjyvdkygonf/ uREkfyf\tjrifudk &Sif;&Sif;wifjy&rnfqdkvQif omoemjyK
rif; (rQru)bk&m;avmif;

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wkdif;jynfwjynftwGuf

taumif; qkH;aom rif;jzpfonf[l vufrcHEdkifacs/ odkUa&;jcif;tm;jzifh

uREkfyftm;

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w&m;awmfudk

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uJvGefydkarmufaomol[l um; jrefrmjynfomru rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwGifrS
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taumif;qkH;aomrif;[k vufrcHEdkifjcif;ESifh Ak'udk tvIdufvJSqkH; ,kHMunfol
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aMumifh txufyg pum;udk&J&JBuD;qdkvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/

1149

om"uwifjyjcif;
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r[kwf? ppfppfjrnfaom tavmif;awmfwyg;jzpf&ayrnf/ olonf (vI&J
aomrif;a0efqdkonfhtwdkif;)

qifjzLawmf yp,udkv\/ om;orD;

udkvnf;vSL\/ r'Da'0Drdzk&m;BuD;udkvnf;vSL\/ qifjzLawmfyp,&Sdaom

wdkif;jynfwGif

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wdkif;oljynfom; vltrsm;wkdU rdk;acgifvQif 'kua&mufrnfhta&;udk odjrifyg

vsuf qifjzLawmfudk ay;vSLvdkuf\/ tb,fhaMumifh ay;vSLoenf;/
oAnKwOmPfawmfudk &&SdrItwGuf ay;vSLonfqdk\/ oAnKwOmPfawmf
onf b,folUtwGufjzpfoenf;/ tavmif;awmftwGufjzpfonf/ aemufqkH;
wdkif;oljynfom;wkdUonf a0E&mrif;BuD;udk (qifjzLawmfay;vSLrI
aMumifh)wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwfvkdufMu&\/ udpwGif rif;BuD;u rSm;oavm?
wdkif;oljynfom;uyif rSm;oavm/ rif;BuD;url oAnKwOmPftwGuf
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wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwkdU'kua&mufaprnfh tvkyfwckudk jyKrdaom
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okdUjzpf
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vnf; xdkolwkdUonf wdkif;oljynfom;\ tusKd;xufolUtwGuf oAnKw

1150

OmPf&zdkUavmufudkom

MunfhwwfonfqdkaomaMumifh

wdkif;jynftwGuf

taumif;qkH;aom rif;tjzpfESifh vufrcHEdkif[laom pum;rSmajyvnfavmuf

NyD[k oabm&ayonf/
r[kwfEdkifjcif;wcsuf
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r[kwfEdkif[k qdkygu rsm;vGef;onf[k qdkcsifp&mjzpfaejyef\/ qdkcsifvnf;
qdkMuap? uREkfyfrlum; twdkif;yifjrifrd\/ a0E&mrif;BuD;u *PSmESifh
ZmvDwdkUudk ZlZumykPm;tm; ay;vSLonfhtcg armifESrESpfa,mufwdkU onf
crnf;awmf\ yg&rDawmfudk ulnDjznfhpGufonf[k oabmxm;Muonf/
odkUr[kwf oabmxm;oifhonf[k qdkMu\/ uREkfyfonf oAnKwOmPf
\wefzkd;udk olvdkigvdkvlrsm;xuf em;vnfonfxif\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\
&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf pOf;pm;wwfaom 0goemaMumifh ZmvDwdkUarmifESronf
crnf;awmf\ yg&rDawmfudk ulnDjznfhpGufrnf[k oabmxm;EdkifMurnf
vnf;rxif? oabmxm;oifhMuonf [lvnf;r,lqEdkifacs/
usrf;jyKq&m\pdwful;
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rZdsrwdkif;

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vQif&Sdap? ESpfacwfrSm umvt&SnfBuD; jcm;em;vsuf&Sdonfqdkjcif;udkrl

1151

Ak'bmom0ifwkdU vufcHMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ a0E&macwfrSm uyjrwfpGm

bk&m;\omoemESifh
wnf&Sd&rnf

a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;\

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omoemawmftMum;wGif
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ESpfy&dap'

tvGefa0;uGmvsuf&Sd&ayrnf/ xdkokdUaom tcsdeftcg ]omoem}[laom

pum;onfvnf;aumif;? ]Ak'} [laompum;onfvnf;aumif; if;vlwkdUem;
rMum;&bl;oavmuf jzpf&ayrnf/ a0E&mrif;BuD;rSm tavmif;awmf
jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh oAnKwOmPf[laom pum;vkH;onf trnfynwf
tm;jzifh ol\pdwfxJwGif rxif&Sm;aomf vnf; oabmw&m;taejzifh
em;vnfxm;jcif;rlum;

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odkU&mwGif i,f&G,foluav;rsm;omjzpfMuaom *PSm ZmvDarmifESrwkdUonf

oAnKwOmPfqdkonfudkvnf;aumif;? yg&rDjznfhrS&onfh obm0pnf;urf;
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uREkfyf\qE
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onfqif;&J onf[lvnf; rxif/ xkdUaMumifh oHo&m0#fqif;&JqdkonfrS
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1152

"rwmoabmBuD; yifjzpfavonf/ rdrdukd,fwdkifu vGwfajrmufvdkaomqE

r&SdygyJvsuf

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ZlZumvufodkU tay;cHNyD; tavmif;awmf\yg&rDudk ulnDjznfhpGufoifhonf
qdkjcif;rSm

udk,fcsif;rpmemonfhtwGufaMumifh

rarQmfvifhxkdufonf

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tvSL&Jaom tavmif;awmfrsm;\ ydkifqdkifjcif;cH& ay;vSLpGefUBuJEdkifonfh
om;orD;paomtjzpfrsKd;udk tvdkr&Sd? xdkyk*dKvfrsm;\ rdwfaqGtjzpfavmufudk
om vdkvm;ygonf/
aMumufp&maumif;aom tpdk;&
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wdkif;oljynfom; acsmifcsdoufoma&;ESifh ukodkvfa&;udk wGJzuf aqmif&Guf
Edkifu aqmif&Gufoifhonf rSefaomfvnf; wdkif;oljynfom;wdkU tusyfcHNyD;
wdkif;ol jynfom;wdkU\aiGjzifh rdrdukodkvf&atmifjzpfap? wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;
ukokdvf& atmifjzpfap jyKvkyfonfqdkygvQif xdkolonf avmua&;ESifh
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ewfjynfodkUwifay;&ef wm0efr&Sdacs/ tkyfcsKyfolwa,mufonf olukodkvf
vdkcsifygu rdrd\acR;ESJpm jzifh ay;urf;vSL'gef;&m\/ jynfoljynfom;\
tcGefawmfaiGudk wdkif;oljynfom; \ vufiif; yputusKd;twGufrSwyg;
rnfonfhukokdvfa&;twGufrqdk

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xdktpdk;&onf aMumufp&maumif;aom tpdk;&wck jzpfvmEdkifonf/

1153

odxdkufaomtcsuf
yk*vdutaejzifhwrsKd;? tpdk;&taejzifhwrsKd; aqmif&Guf&aom udp
rsKd;&Sd jcif;udk tkyfcsKyfolwkdUem;vnfoifh\/ vlwOD;wa,muf\v,fajrudk
tjcm;ol

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rw&m;[k

qdk&ayrnf/ okdU&mwGif qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&wcktaejzifh v,frvkyfyJ xkdifpm;

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acsmifcsdEdkifzdkU&Sdawmhonf[k ,kHMunfonfqdkygrlum; 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek ajymbl;
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,kHMunfygu

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wbuf &vdkufcsifao;onf/ vlwa,mufonf yk*dKvfwa,muftaejzifh
a&SmifMuOf&rnfh

tvkyfrsKd;wkdUudk

tpdk;&taejzifh

1154

a&Smifr&aMumif;?

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qif;&JEkdifaMumif; udktpdk;&vkyfcsifolrsm; odxdkufvSonf/
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wdygwtvkyfESifh ywfouf tcuftcJawGU&wwf\/ xdktxJwGif vlrsm;
pm;Muaom wd&pmefrsKd;wdkU\toufudk umuG,fay;jcif;onf omoem
jyKjcif;rnfonf[k ,lqcJUvQif xdktcuftcJonf ydkrdkBuD;xGm;vmwwf
ajz&Sif;&ef rjzpfEdkifaom tajcrsKd;odkU a&mufoGm;Edkif\/ EGm;om;ray:&?
ig;aps;BuD;

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tm; wdk; usyfwnf;qif;&Jatmif zefwD;ay;&ma&mufavonf/ vdkifpif
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1155

qdkvQif

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nId;rSdefa&;twGuf

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atmif rjyKMuygukefvifh}} [krdefUawmfrlcJU\/ oufoufvGwfpm;jcif;onf
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rDoavmuf wm0ef,l&ayvdrfhrnf/
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1156

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taMumif;ESifh"raMumif;udk ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;em;rvnf

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rif;BuD;uJUodkU wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwfjcif;cH&rnfr[kwf/ (t&rf; MunfndKol
rsm;vnf;

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em;vnfrI rjynfhpkH&Smacs/ ynm"dur[kwf? o'g"dujzpfykH&onf/
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taejzifh usifhpOfwrsKd;? tkyfpktaejzifh (Society) usifhpOfwrsKd; &Sd&ayonf/
&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf pOf;pm; wwfaomOmPfr&SdcJUvQif "ruefaMumif;jzpfaom
orkwdopmESifh y&rwopm udpwGif a&maxG;jcif; &SdwwfouJUokdUyk*vdu
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh tkyfpkudk,f usifhw&m;udkvnf; r&Sif;rvif; jzpfwwf

1157

avonf/

yxrwJGwGif

tcsKDUvlrsm;u

orkwdopmxuf

y&rw

opmonfomvQif rSefuefonf[kqdkum olr&Sd? igr&Sd? yk*dKvfow0gr&Sd[k

ajymNyD;vQif vkyfcsif&m vkyfonftxd y&rf;ywm jzpfoGm;ol rsm;vnf;
BuKHbl;onf/ pifppfrSm opmESpfrsKd;teuf orkwdopmxuf y&rw
opmu eufeJ tjrifcufonf rSefaomfvnf; olUae&mESifhol rSefuefjcif;udk
vnf;

em;vnfzdkU

ta&;BuD;ayonf/

odkUr[kwfcJUvQif

,xmblw

usaomtjrif rsKd; r&&SdyJ vGJvGJacsmfacsmf jzpfukefwwfayonf/

uREkfyfom rif;jzpf&vQif
wzefyk*vduusifhpOfESifh tkyfpkusifhpOfrsm;vnf; tvm;wl ydkif;jcm;
em;vnfzdkU

ta&;BuD;avonf/

yk*vduusifhpOft&

vlwbufom;udk

oem;Muifem jcif;? ulnDapmifrjcif;onfaumif;\/ jrwf\/ csD;rGrf;xdkuf\/

odkU&mwGif vlwa,mufonf tusOf;orm;wa,mufudk oem;onfqdk
axmifxJrS xGufajy;zdkU ulnDonfjzpfap? rif;wyg;onf tusOf;orm;udk
oem;onfqdk cPcP axmifzGifhNyD; vTwfay;onfjzpfap tkyfpkusifh0wfudk
azmufzsuf&m a&mufayvdrfhrnf/ (ukokdvf&onfxif vTwfypfjcif;jzpfygrl
omqdk;ao;\/ emrnfaumif; vdkcsif vkyfvQifvnf; tvm;wlyif/)
[dEL0g'?

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oufoufvGwfpm;vdkvQif

yk*vdutaejzifh vkyfEdkifcGifh &Sd\/ odkU&mwGifrif;wyg;onf wd&pmefrsm;udk

oem;onf? odkUr[kwf vlawGudk vnf; i&JrBuD;apESifhqdkum om;owf
&kHawGudkydwf?

tif;awGudkydwf?

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udkodrf;?

ydkufuGef,uf

olawGudkzrf; ponfjzifh oufoufpm;p&m ray:Edkifatmif tmPmESifh

jyKvkyfrnfqdkygrlum; xdkrif;onf ]tkyfpkusifhpOf} udk azmufzsuf&mus

1158

ayvdrfhrnf/ olwyg;\ v,fajrudk vk,ljcif;onf yk*vduusifh pOf

taejzifh rSm;onf[kqdk&ayrnf[k ,kHMunfcJUvQif xdkuJUodkUjzpfatmifpDrH
jcif;onf tkyfpkusifhpOft& vrf;rSefonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm
wef;cdk;tmPmudk rufarmolwa,muf r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh v,fajr
awG

udkodrf;,l&rnfh

rif;tjzpfudk

rvdkcsifyJ&Sd&onf/

i&JBuD;rnfudk

aMumufvSaom aMumifh r[kwfacs/ tu,f wefcdk;tmPmudk rufarmNyD;

rif;vkyfrdygrlum; i&Judk aMumufvdrfhrnfr[kwf? cHp&m&SdvQifvnf;cHrnf?
0w&m;udkawmh

a&Smifwdrf;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

oufxdkufolrsm;udkvnf;

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udkvnf; ydkif;jcm;em;rvnf? wefcdk;tmPmudkvnf;rufvdkufao;? oem;
wwfonfqdkaom emrnfaumif; uav;vnf; ,lvdkufcsifao;qdkygvQif
tMuifolonf rif;tjzpf (odkUr[kwf 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf) ESifh ravsmfuef[k
uREkfyfem;vnfonf/ rnfrQavmufpdwfESvkH; aumif;aom yk*dKvfwa,mufyif
jzpfapumrl

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obm0rsm; (Contradictions) ESifhawGU& jynfolvlxk rSmvnf; pD;yGm;a&;

tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifhawGU&rnf

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aemufqkH;

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om"uwck
jrefrmjynf v,frsm;udk EGm;rsm;jzifh xGef,ufMu&aomaMumifh EGm;
rsm; rvkHravmufjzpfrnfpdk; (ppfwyfrSwyg;) EGm;owf&kHrsm; ydwfxm;jcif;
udk &SdygapOD;awmh/ tdEd,jynfrS a&S;wacwfvkH; wifoGif;cJUonfh qwfom;

1159

ajcmuf (trJajcmuf) rsm;wifoGif;jcif;udk ydwfyifxm;vdkufonfrSm em;rvnf

Edkifatmif&Sdawmhonf/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkif awmifoltquftEG,fjzpf awmifol
v,form;rsm;ESifh vufyGef;wwD; aexdkifcJUbl;ojzifh awmifolv,form;
rsm;\ pm;ykH aomufykHaeykHxdkifykH taMumif;aumif;aumif;BuD;odolwa,muf
jzpfonfhtwdkif; yGifhvif;pGma&;om;&rnf[k qdkygvQif if;wkdUtBudKufqkH;
jzpf aps;taygqkH;vnf;jzpfaom [if;vsmrSm ]trJajcmuf} yifjzpfonf/
0ufom;? Muufom;? bJom;? ig;usif;om;onf 0efBuD;? 0efuav;?
pma&;pmcsDukefonfyGJpm;wdkUtwGuf xrif;udkvnfacsmif;xJrS wGef;csonfh
[if;vsmaumif;av;rsm;jzpfouJUodkU trJajcmufonfvnf; awmifolv,f
orm;ESifhqif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm;twGuf xrif;udk vnfacsmif;xJrS
atmufokdUwGef;csay;onfh [if;vsmaumif;wcGufjzpfonf/ vlow0gonf
qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; [if;aumif;uav;wcGufrygvQif xrif;vkyfudk vnf
acsmif;xJrS atmufodkUqif;atmif rsKdrcsEdkfifojzifh qefUiifqefUiif jzpfae
wwfonfjzpf&m

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ESifh

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xrif;vkyfudk

Muufom;? 0ufom;? ig;Muif;om;jzifh wGef;csonfhenf;wl? awmifolrsm;ESifh

tvkyform;

qif;&Jom;wdkUrSmvnf;

trJajcmufudk

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tokH;jyK xrif;vkyfudk vnfacsmif;atmuf okdUusatmif armif;csMu

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Muuf&dk;uav;rsm;udk rrSdrurf;ESifh 0,f,lpm;aomuf&ojzifh ydkufqHvnf;
tydkukef?

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aumif;aumif;BuD;od a&;jcif;jzpfonf/ trJajcmufonf qif;&Jom;rsm;

1160

tzdkU ]'&dkifbm}aumif;BuD;jzpf \/ zkwfvdkzkwf? csufvdkcsuf? axmif;NyD;

i&kwfoD;ESifh aMumfvdkaMumf? tvkyform;? v,form;wdkUtBudKufqkH;aom
[if;vsmwcGufjzpf\/ rQavmuf vlrsm;pku ESpfoufoabmusonfh
tm[m&wckudk jrefrmtpdk;& u EdkifiHjcm;rSroGif;&[k ydwfyifxm;jcif;rSm
uREkfyftzdkU vkHavmufaom taMumif;jycsuf &Smr&atmif&Sdygbdonf/
odkUjzpfavmoavm
trJajcmufudk EdkifiHjcm;rS oGif;cGifhjyKcJUvQif EdkifiHjcm; EGm;rsm;ao&vdrfh
rnf/ jrefrmjynftvkyform;? v,form; qif;&Jom;awG usyfwnf;jcif;?
tpm;taomufaps;EIef; BuD;jrifhjcif;ta&;xufEdkifiHjcm; (rnfonfhwdkif;jynf
wGifjzpfap) EGm;ow0gawG ao&onfhta&;u ydkrdkBuD;us,fonf[k ,lqMu
oavm/ odkUqdkvQif EGm;ow0g\ toufonf tjcm;ow0grsm;\
toufxufvnf;aumif;? jrefrmwdkif;oljynfom;wdkU\ pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;rI
xnfvnf;aumif; ydkrdk*&kpdkufoifhonf[k qdkvdkygoavm/ EGm;\touf
onf tjcm;ow0grsm;\ toufxuf ta&;BuD;onf[k Ak'bmom
usrf;pmwapmif wzGJUu nTefMum;jcif;&Sdygoavm/ uREkfyf\t,ltqudk
wifjy&vQif EGm;om;udk a&SmifEGm;aumifudk txl;tav;*&kjyKjcif;onf
[dELbmomrSpdrfh0ifvmonfh t,l0g'wckjzpf aumif;jrwfoa,mifa,mif
ESifh Ak'0g'udk wGef;z,fxkwfonfh t&dyferdwfwck jzpfonf? tpm;taomuf
aps;EIef;BuD;jcif;aMumifh vlawGusyfwnf;rIxuf EGm;\toufu (EdkifiHjcm;rS
EGm;yifjzpfap) ydkrdk*&kjyKoifh onfqdkaom t,ltqonf [dEL0g't,ltq
oufoufjzpf wkdif;oljynf om; acsmifcsdatmifjyKpGrf;Edkifonfh tpdk;&wck\
rSefuefaom EdkifiHa&;tjrifwck r[kwfacs/

1161

a'0'wf0g'
EGm;om;rpm;jcif;onf [dEL0g'jzpfonf[lvnf;aumif;? oufouf
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EGm;om;taMumif;udk a&;cJUNyD; oufoufa&Smifjcif;\ a'0'wf0g'jzpfykHudk
&Sif;jy&ayOD;rnf/

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tBuHaumif; wck&onftxifESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmfodkU csOf;uyfNyD;vQif

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qGrf;cHom pm;&ef/
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rcHyJ ig;ckvkH;udk y,fcsawmfrlcJU&m oufoufvGwfpm;jcif;ESifh ywfouf
]Mum;om;? jrifom;? &nfom;}[k qdktyfaom ]tpGef;okH;yg;}vGwfcJUvQif
bkOf;ay;Edkifonf[k

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xifrSwfMuonfhvuPmESifh Ak'udk,fawmfjrwfudk pGefUNyD; a'0'wfaemufokdU

1162

aumufaumufygatmif vkdufoGm;Muonf[kqdkavonf/ txufvnf;

tom;a&Smifjcif;ESifh ywfouf Ak'\ ]tpGef;okH;yg;}a[m ajymcsufudk
rauseyf(rvkHavmuf)[k
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vlrsm;onf &Sifa'0'wf\ wynfhtquftEG,frsm; jzpfMu[efwlonf

[l om qdk&ef&Sdayawmhonf/
oHo,jzpfwwfMuaomudpwck
w&m;olBuD;wa,mufonf vlowfrIxif&Sm;aom w&m;cHwa,muf
aopm;aoap[k trdefUay;onfhtcg xdkw&m;olBuD; i&JBuD;onf[k ,lq
ol rsm;&SdMu\/ taMumif;ESifh ywfouf Ak'\om;awmfBuD;jzpfaom
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taxmuf txm;taejzifh pOf;pm;xdkufvSayonf/ waeUo &Sifom&d
ykw&m\ w&m;yGJ wckwGif ]tmPmom;} (&mZ0wfaumifrsm;udk owf&ol)
wa,mufonf &Sifom&dykw&ma[majymonfhw&m;udk remEdkifyJ idkifvsuf
&Sd\/ xdktjcif;t&m udk &Sifom&dykw&m jrifawmfrl tmPmom;tm;
ar;awmfrl&m xdkolu ]]rdrdrSm tmPmom;wa,muf taejzifh &mZ0wfaumif
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raumif;rIjyKrdjcif;rsm;twGuf awG;awmylyefvsuf&Sdygonf}} [k avQmufxm;
\/ xdktcg&Sifom&dykw&mu ]]&mZ0wfaumifrsm;udk owf&jcif;onfoif\
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rif;rdefUt&owf&jcif;jzpf aMumif;avQmufxm;\/ wGif&Sifom&dykw&mu

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1163

xdktcsdefrSp

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w&m;awmfudk

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uREkfyf\t,ltqrSmum; tmPmom;onf &mZ0wfaumifrsm;udk yk*vdu
oabmt& owfjcif;r[kwf? ]tkyfpkpnf;urf;} t& owf&jcif;jzpfaom
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w&m;olBuD;rsm;rSmvnf; ]tkyfpkpnf;urf;}t& 0w&m;udk aqmif&Guf&jcif;
jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh tjypfr&Sd[k ,kHMunfonf/ odkU&mwGif tjcm;
wbufvnf; w&m;olBuD;wa,mufonf vlowfrIw&m;cHwa,muf tm;
tjypfusL;vGefaMumif; rdrdod&Sdygvsuf aiGpm;NyD; vTwfypfcJUaomf ol\
toufudk u,fonfqdk ukodkvfr&xdkufonfhjyif t*wdvdkufpm;jcif;
twGuf tjypf&Sdonf[k uRekfyf,kHMunfonf/ vdk&if;tcsKyf rif;pdk;&mZm
rsm;ESifh rif;rIxrf;rsm;tzkdUrSm Oay'pnf;urf;twdkif; &dk;om;pGm aqmif&GufcJU
vQif (tkyfpk usifhpOft&) 0w&m;twdkif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonfhtwGuf
aMumifh tjypfr&SdEdkif/ (tjypf&SdonfqdkvQifvnf; rqdkpavmufuav;rQom
&Sdoifhonf/)

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1164

tNrJxm0pOfwnfae&pfapzdkUqdkonfh

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tqdkyg &nfrSef;csuftaMumif;udk Mum;&bl;aomfvnf; rdrdudk,fwdkifrlum;
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w&m;"rudk

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vuf&mrsm; &moufyef wnfae&pfzdkU arQmfvifhcsufxm;Mujcif;rSm pdwful;

1165

,OfrIoufoufjzpf tqdkygpdwful;,OfrItay:wGif tajcwnfNyD;pdwfxJ

*kPf,ljcif;jzpfwef&m \/ ynmonfw&mteufwGifrS wa,mufwavrQom
jzpfEdkifay&m <uif;usef &pfaom 99a,mufwdkU\ vuf&mrsm;rSm rMumrD
wdrfjrKyfuG,faysmufjcif;odkU a&mufMu&onf jzpfaomaMumifh tawG;ESifh
*kPf,lrdMujcif;rQomjzpfayvdrfhrnf/ arQmfvifhcsufrudkufaom ynmonf
rsm;udk xm;ygOD;? vuf&mrsm; wu,fwnfaeNyD; emrnfBuD; wvkH;usef
aeonfhpma&;q&mESifh
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yk*dKvfrsm;

taMumif;udk

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yk*Kd vfrsm;?

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yk*dKvfrsm;\

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tquftEG,frsm;

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taemufwdkif;om;rsm;twGufrSm

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1166

tquftEG,frsm; *kPfjyKjcif;
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t*FvefjynfwGif

&SdwfpyD;,m;\

tquftEG,frsm;?

jyifopfjynfwGif aAmfvfwJ,m;\ tquftEG,frsm; usef&Sdaeao;ygu

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pyD;,m;jzpfonf? igwdkU\ bD? odkUr[kwf bifonf aAmfvfwJ,m;jzpfonf
ponfjzifh *kPf,l<um;0gEdkifcGifh &SdMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwdkU jrefrmvlrsKd;
tzkdUrSmum; rdrdwkdU\ tquftEG,fudk okH;qifhrQavmufxufydk trSwf
tom;jyKEdkifol &Sm;ayvdrfhrnf/ tb,fhaMumifh qdkaomf &SdwfpyD;,m;u
&SdwfpyD;,m;uav;arG;aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfxkH;pHrSm OD;azodef;u azodef;
uav;arG;onfr[kwf? a&TOa'gif;BuD;u a&TOa'gif;uav; arG;onfr[kwfyJ
okH;av;qufqdkvQif bdk;ab;wdkU\trnfrsm; aysmufuG,foGm; wwfaom
aMumifh jzpfavonf/ yrmqdkaomf uREkfyfzcif\ ESr0rf;uJG wa,mufu
vuf0JokE&trwfBuD;onf uRefyfwdkU\tquftEG,fjzpfonf[k ajymbl;&m
uREkfyfuzciftm; ar;Munfhaomtcg zcifu vuf0JokE&ESifh qufonf
r[kwf? bkd;awmfbk&m;vufxufokH;yg;rif;BuD;qdkolESifhom tquf&Sdonf
[kajym\/ uREkfyfonf olwdkUarmifESrESpfa,mufudk awUqdkifay;aomtcg
wa,mufwrsKd; ajymMu jiif;ckefMu\/ rnfol\pum;udk twnfjyK&rnf
rajymwwfEdkifatmif &Sdawmhonf/ odkUjzpf rMumao;rDu vuf0JokE&
\arG;zGm;&m ZmwdtaMumif; ESifh ywfouf r*Zif;ESifhowif;pmrsm;wGif
tjiif;tckefjzpfMuonfhtcg uREkfyfonf tquftEG,f jzpfygonf[kom"u
wifjyEdkifjcif;r&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh vuf0JokE&onf uREkfyf\ tquf
tEG,fjzpfygonf[k

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1167

&aomxHk;pH&SdcJUygrl uREkfyfonf ]OD;jrwfpH} wa,mufjzpf rJZmawmifajc&wk

twGuf *kPf,lrnfqdku ,lEdkifcGifh&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm rdrd\vuf&m
rsm; wnfae&pfonfhtwGufaMumifh rdrdu BudKwif*kPf,ljcif;[l onfrSm
txl;ojzifh uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynfom;wa,muftzdkU&m t"dym,fr&Sd vSay/
uREkfyf\,kHMunfcsuf
uREkfyf\vuf&mtcsKdU

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oabmrsKd;ESifh BudKwif*kPf,ljcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; aemifvmaemifom;rsm;\

tusKd;twGuf 0rf;omrdjcif;udkrlum; 0efcHcJUNyD;ygNyD/ uREkfyf\ avmukw&m
a&;qdkif&m pmayrsm; rSmaysmfaysmfaecsifwwfonfh pma&;q&mwa,muf\
vuf&mrQomjzpfonf[k acwfvlrsm;u (txl;ojzifh vlBuD;ydkif;u)
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vmvdrfhrnf[k

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vnf;aumif; ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; em;vnf oJoJuGJuGJ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
wifjywwfaom yk*dKvfrsKd; tvGef&Sm;yg; axG;vkH;&pfywf jzpfaeMu&&Smonfh
a,m*Drsm;om aygrsm;vSonfh acwfjrefrmjynfwGif (uREkfyfudk,fwdkifu
ax&fBuD;0gBuD; q&mawmfBuD;wyg; r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh) [dk;av;
wausmfjzpfatmif acwfpm;onf[k rqdkEdkifapumrl acwfrsKd; rQ
avmuf vufcHMujcif;onfyifvQif yk*dKvfpGJuif;&Sif; vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;
qifjcif0HUaom aemifacwfrsm;okdU a&mufaomtcg r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m; udk

1168

vdkvm;olrsm; &SdaeMuao;orQ umvywfvkH; enf;ed,wcktaejzifh

wnfae&pfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifh&kHomru ,kHMunfvsuf&Sdygonf/ pma&;q&m
wa,mufjzpf&jcif;twGuf txifBuD;cH&oa,mifa,mifESifh txifao;cH&
bl;ykH tjzpftysufwckudk ae&m azmfjyvdkygao;onf/
csD;rGrf;0rf;omrdjcif;
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OD;wif\NcHodkUrdwfaqGwa,mufESifh a&mufoGm;\/ if;wkdUNcHxJrSm "rm&kHBuD;
wck&Sd txufwef;t&m&Sd yifpifpm;rsm;onf we*FaEGESpfywfvQif wBudrf
us awGUqkHMu w&m;a[mcsifolu wem&DrQa[mcGifh&NyD; usefaomtcsdef
wGif w&m;"raqG;aEG;Muaom xkH;pH&S\
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csufjyKwfpDrH

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ajzqdkygrnf/ xdkpmtkyfrSty tjcm;aom taMumif; t&mrsm;udk ar;jref;
Muygrlum;

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twdtvif;

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1169

t&m&SdBuD; wa,mufurl uREkfyfteD;odkU csOf;uyf uREkfyf\ 'da|'d|

rwHpmtkyf ta&;tom;&Sif;vif;jywfom;ykHudk vIdufvSJ0rf;ajrmufpGm csD;usL;
ygayonf/ uREkfyfrSm uREkfyfa&;cJUbl;onfh pmtkyfrsm;ESifh ywfouf &Hzef
&Hcg csD;usL;pum;ajymjcif;rsm;udk BuKH&bl;yg\/ pkHaxmuf0wKrsm;? pGefUpm;
cef;rsm;? tvGrf;taqG;rsm;ygonfh 0wKrsm;ESifh ywfoufcsD;rGrf;jcif;rsm;udk
Mum;&onfhtcg if;pmtkyfrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ]rSD;}aom 0wKrsm;jzpf
rSD;ykHrSD;enf;aumif;vQifom
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jzpfygonfqdkum

r&Sdojzifh

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csD;rGrf;pum;

ajymjcif;twGuf

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taMumif;udk tcsKdUvlrsm; Mum;avmuf atmifcsD;rGrf;ajymqdkaom tcgrlum;
tzdk;wefvSonf qdkMuonfh avmukw&ma&;&m jzpfonfhjyif rSD;jcif;?
odkUr[kwf cdk;csjcif;r[kwfyJ rdrdtm;xkwf awGUjrif&onfhtwdkif; pmzwf
olrsm; em;vnfatmifBudK;BudK;pm;pm; a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf
aMumifh xdkpmtkyftaMumif;udk vIdufvSJpGm csD;usL;ajymqdkjcif;udk Mum;&
onfhtcg b,fwkef;uESifhrQ rwlatmif yDwdaom rejzpfrdygonf/
uREkfyf\rsufpdxJtenf;i,f ndKrnf;aom if;t&m&SdBuD; \ tom;onf
tndKa&mifaysmuf a&Ta&mifawmufvmonf[k xifvmrd\/ aemufqkH;
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awmh aumif;aumif;BuD; oabmaygufoGm;NyD q&mBuD;a&? bmvJqdk awmh
w&m;"rtaMumif;rsKd;qdkwm[m pma&;q&mu a&;jyrS aumif;wmudk;vdkU
wxpfcs,lqvdkufNyD cifAsm}}[k ajymavonf/

1170

oabmaygufykHwpfrsKd;
txufygpum;udkMum;&aomtcg

vnfacsmif;teD;odkUa&mufatmif

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vufpowfawmh

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r[kwf? pma&;q&m\pdwful;OmPfjzifh BuHzefawG;awmNyD; pma&;aumif;ol

wa,muf\ a&;om;jcif;rQom jzpfonf[k qdkvkd[ef&Sdayonf/ odkUqdkvQif
pdwful;wwf pma&;aumif;aom pma&;q&mwdkif; a&;Edkifonfqdkonfh
t"dym,frsKd; oufa&mufvsuf&Sd\/ xdkol\pum;onf wenf;tm;jzifh
csD;usL;&ma&mufayonf rSefaomfvnf; uREkfyftzdkUrl ]rSef;csuf}ESifh ESrf;
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pma&;aumif;NyD; a&;xm;onfhpmaywdkU rSm (av;eufjcif; t&mXme)
BuD;pGmaom jcm;em;jcif;&SdayaomaMumifhwnf;/ uREkfyf\'da|'d|rwHpmtkyfudk
zwf&IMuol tm;vkH;onf xdkrif;BuD;uJUodkU ,lqMuonfqdkygvQif uREkfyf\
usrf;pmtkyf Mum&Snfav;jrifh wnfae&pfzdkU wnf;[laom ,kHMunfcsufrSm
cyfysufysuf jzpf&ayawmhrnf/ odkU&mwGif w&m;"rESifh ywfouf yk*vdu
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rsm;twGuf

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vsuf&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;udk ed, taejzifh
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1171

udk,fwdkiftm;xkwfNyD;

acwfpum;rsKd;acwfOyrmrsDK;jzifh

a&;om;wwfjcif;

onf aemifacwfvlrsm;twGuf omxda&mufEdkifvdrfhrnf[lvnf; arQmfvifh

vsuf&Sdygonf/
udk,fusifhw&m; t,ltq
'da|'d|rwHtp&Sdaom avmukw&ma&;&m pmtkyfrsm;udkawmha&;onf?
&kyf&Sifum;rsm;udkawmh Munfhao;onf[k uREkfyftm; tcsKdUaom avmukw&m
orm; qdkolrsm;u uJU&JUcsifwwf\/ rdwfaqGwa,mufu ]]b,fhES,fvJAsm?
bdkifpukyfawG bmawG Munfhao;oudk;}}[k uREkfyftm; ar;bl;&m uREkfyfu
]]rMunfhyJaervm;Asm? bkdifpukyfZmwfnTef;awmif a&;wwf,if

a&;csif

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vnf;

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aMumifh

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vnf;

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rdjcif;twGuf

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1172

uREkfyfonf aeylvSouFef;udkacgif;ay:wifrnf[k BuHrdjcif; udkyifravsmf[k

xifonfESifh rjyKvkyfyJ a&SmifcJUykHtaMumif;udk a&;om;cJUbl;yg onf/
&[ef;rsm;tzdkUrSm (ygom'du*kPfESifh jynfhpkH&rnf/) vlrsm; MunfndKzG,f
jzpfatmif aewwf&rnf[k Ak'u rdefUawmfrl&m pifppfrSm MunfndKzG,fjzpf
atmif aewwfygrSvnf; vlrsm;u vSL'gef;MuNyD; 0rf;0Edkifrnfjzpf\/
udk ,fh0rf;pmtwGuf

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wcgw&H

pdwf&Tifys aprItwGuf umr*kPftm&kHrsKd; cHpm;jcif;onf vdktyfonf[lyif

uRefyfxif onf/ vlMunfndKatmifqdk [efvkyfcsifaom vlrsm;tzdkUrSm
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uREkfyf*&kpdkufvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

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apmifhNyD;

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1173

yGJvrf;obifESifh &kyf&SifMunfjcif;rQavmufudk a&Smif MuOfzdkU rvdktyf[l

uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;jyif odumESifh qdkifaom t,ltq
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rsm;) onf touft&G,f BuD;jyif;vmonfhtcg odumapmifhxdef;&aom
tpOftvm&S\
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paom upm;enf;uav;rsm;udk vkyfcsifao;\/ txdkuftavsmuf vnf;
upm;Edkifygao;\/

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1174

azmfjyxm;jcif;udkawGU&\/ armfrfu wcgw&Humr*kPf taysmfusL;jcif;

onf 0dnmOftwGuf tusKd;&Sdonf? oludk,fwdkifrSm vkHavmufaom cGeftm;
r&SdaomaMumifh rwwfEdkifae&onf/ Mu,fwm&mrsm;onf awmifxdyfay:
rSm

wufMunfh&jcif;xuf

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om

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pdwfyg ESpfodrfhauseyfrI&Sdonf[k qdkavonf/ armfrfonf txl;oefpGrf;aom
udk,fum, r&Sdjcif;twGufaMumifh udk,fwdkifprf;oyfcGifhr&yJ tawG;ESifh
a&;jcif;ayavm? wcgw&HwGif prf;oyfbl; a&;jcif;ayavm rajymEdkifay/
vlwa,muf\ tawGUudkvnf;aumif;? t,ltqudkvnf;aumif; tjcm;
vlwa,mufu rSefonf? odkUr[kwf rSm;onf[l wxpfcsqkH;jzwf&ef
oifhavsmfonfrxifay/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl tvGeftusL; aysmfyg;jcif;
rsKd;xuf ]pkH}csifwwfaom 0goemuqGJaqmifvsuf&Sd\/ ]]a,mufsm;uav;
qdkwm pkHrSuG,fhorD;&JU}} [k tbdk;uajymbl;&m uREkfyfonf vlvm;
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tNrJuyfvsuf&Sd\/ rpm;bl;aomtpm;tpm? rMum;bl;aom aw;csif;aumif;?

rawGUbl;aomazm|Am&kH? rjrnf;bl;aom ok&mar&,rSp rawGUawGUatmif
vdkufvHpkHprf;wwf\/

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vGefusL;atmif

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uHaumif;jcif;

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tu,f uREkfyfonf vGefusL;onfht&omudk BudKufESpf oufvmcJUygrl

a&SmifMuOfavmufatmif orm"d&SdvSonfrxif/ rdrdudk,fu vGefusL;&jcif;
udk rESpfoufwwfonfh obm0(yg&rD?) &SdonfhtwGufaMumifh uHaumif;jcif;
oufouf

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cJUMuonfh i,foli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vkH; uG,fvGefMuonfhaemuf ,ckwdkif

1175

touf&Sifvsuf&Sdjcif; jzpfoavm[k awG;awmrdonf/ uREkfyf0efcHygonf/

uREkfyfonfpdwfwif;rmvSaom

vlwa,mufr[kwf?

rnfonfht&mrqdk

vGefusL;&jcif;udk rBudKufwwf? jrnf;&kHrQavmuf (emrnfysuf&kHrQavmuf)

om prf;csifwwfolwa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh rQavmuf ae&jcif;jzpf
[efwl \/
txifBuD;cHxdkufrS cHcsifonf
emrnfysuf&kH[laom pum;vkH;udk okH;cJUonfjzpf taMumif;udk
&Sif;jy&ef

vdkayao;onf/

rsm;pGmaomolwdkUonf

udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh

ywfouf emrnfaumif;&zkdU BudK;pm;wwfMuonfom jzpfygvsuf uREkfyfrl

um;

wcgw&HwGif

emrnfysufatmif

wrifwumvkyfcsifwwfonf[k

ajym&vQif,kHEdkifzG,f&m r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ odkUaom

pdwfrsKd;jzpfay:wwfjcif;rSm tcgcyfodrf;r[kwf? wcgw&HrQomjzpfygonf/
pdwfrsKd;jzpfvmwwfjcif;rSm

uREkfyf wu,fr&Sdaomt&nftcsif;rsKd;udk

tjcm;vlrsm;u &Sdonf[k txif a&mufvsuf&Sdaomtcgjzpfap? tjcm;

vlrsm;[efvkyfaeMuonf[k xifrdaom tcgjzpfap uREkfyfonf udk,fhudk,fudk
emrnfysufatmif vkyfcsifwwfavonf/ waeUo vli,fwa,mufonf
uREkfyf\pGefUpm;cef;0wKrsm;udk zwf&onfESifh uREkfyfudkauR;csifarG;csifaom
o'gw&m; xufoefonfhvuPmESifh vrf; trSwfrJU awGUqkHMu&mwGif
uREkfyftm; [dkw,fxJodkU ac:oGif;auR;arG;avonf/

pm;p&mrsm;rSm,l

NyD;aemuf vli,fu uREkfyf\\pdwful;OmPfudk csD;rGrf;ajymqdk&kH wGifru

uREkfyf\ig;yg;oDvwnfNrJykH&jcif;

taMumif;udkvnf;

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avonf/ (xdkvli,fonf uREkfyftaMumif;udk rod&Smacs/) xdktcsdef uREkfyf

1176

onfbD,maomufzkdU vkH;0pdwful;r&aomfvnf; vli,fu uREkfyf r&Sdaom

t&nftcsif;udk csD;usL;&mwGif 0rf;xJ ,m;usdusdjzpfvmonfESifh bD,m
wvkH; rSm,laomufpm;vdkufonf/ vli,fonf uREkfyftm; yg;pyfa[mif;
avmif;ESifh ai;MunfhaepOf uREkfyftay: tHUMojcif;ESifha&mpyf txiftjrif
usqif;oGm; onfhrsufESmxm;rsKd; BuKHawGU&aomfvnf; uREkfyf0rf;renf;
vSacs/ xkdpOfu uREkfyfonf aomufcsifaomtcg aomufao;onfjzpf
ok&mar&, uif;&Sif; onf? uif;&Sif;rSjrwfonf[laom ol\xifjrifcsufudk
zsufypfvdkuf&rS

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bD,mzdk;twGuf ydkufqHay;&rnfudk aESmifhaES;vdrfhrnfxif if;twGuf

uREkfyfuyif xkwfay;yg\/ odkU&mwGif olu vufrcHyg/ tjyKtrlonf
rSefuefonf[k
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apwemygrS vkyfcsifonf
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1177

owday;\/

ol\owday;csufonf

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apwemrygonfh twGuf ]nm}onf[k t"dym,faumufNyD; xdkaeUtzdkU

OykofrapmifhyJ xrif;Nrdef Nrdefpm;vdkufygawmhonf/ onfrSmvnf; uREkfyf
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vkyf&vQif

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ao;MuvQifvnf;

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apmifhwwf\/ tvGefpdwfyg w&m;tm;xkwfcsifaomtcg rsm;rl Oykof
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t"dym,fr&SdvS?

pdwftm;xufoefaomaeUonf

taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k

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yumoeudk &nf&G,f rvkyfcsifwwf/ ig;usyfwq,frQaom aiGyif jzpfap
apwemxufoefaom

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yk*dKvftm;

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tjcif;t&mrsm;aMumifh uREkfyf tm; ]*GpmBuD;}wa,muf[k ac:MuvQifvnf;
cHEdkif&nf&Sdygonf/

1178

uREkfyf\&nfrSef;csuf
rsm;pGmaom olwdkUonf rdrdwkdU\woufwmwGif &nfrSef;csuf[l
wdwdusus r&SdMuyJ trSwfrJUaevmcJUMu\/ vuf&Sdtajctaexuf wdk;wuf
atmifqdkaom ]aomif;ajymif;}&nfrSef;csufrsKd;um; &SDwwfMuyg\/ tcsKdUurl
oaX;jzpfatmif [lvnf;aumif;? &mxl;wdk;wuf BuD;us,fatmif [l
vnf;aumif;? xifay:ausmfaZmatmif[lvnf;aumif;? tmPmvufudkif&
atmif[lvnf;aumif;

t"du&nfrSef;csuf

wckckxm;wwfMuavonf/

txufygwdkUrSm uREkfyf\t"du&nfrSef;csufr[kwfacs/ xifay:ausmfaZmfjcif;

[lonfrSm tvdk&Sdwwfolrsm;onfhtavsmuf uREkfyfvnf; txdkfuftavsmuf
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tjzpfrsKd;avmufqdkvQif awmfavmufNyD xifygonf/ ypnf;OpmESifh ywfouf
rl uREkfyfrSm uREkfyf\apwemtwdkif; tusKd;ay;vsuf&Sdonfxifyg\/
uREkfyfonf ]]oaX;udkaMu;yHUonf}} [laom pum;uJUokdU wodef;wef
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ndKzG,faqmifonf jzpfap) xdkausmif;xufomatmif ESpfodef;wefausmif;BuD;
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1179

ayvdrfhrnf[lyif 0efcHzdkUtoifh&Sdygonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfujyefvnf

avQmufxm;vdkonfrSmum; ]]wynfhawmf udk,fu usdusdwuf atmif
<u,f0aom

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awmfavmufygNyD?

r&Sdr&Sm;qdkaom

tjzpfrsKd;

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odoifhodxdkufaom tjcif;t&mudk odatmifrBudK;pm;yJ <u,f0onfxuf
<u,f0atmif vkyf&onfESifhyif zwfzwfarmNyD; wb0ukefqkH; oGm;ol
rsm;vnf; 'kESifha'; &SdMuygonf}}[k avQmufxm;rnfjzpfygonf/
NydKifqdkifrI\qdk;&Gm;jcif;
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onfjzpfaomaMumifh pum;vkH;\ t"dym,fudk &Sif;vif;atmifazmfjy
&ayOD;rnf/ &Hzef&Hcg aomufpm;wwfaom vlwa,mufonf umr*kPf
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wwfaom vlwa,mufonf aomufpm;onfh tcdkufom rl;,pfwwf\/
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onfomvQif pdwf\qif;&Jyifyef;jcif; jzpfapwwf ,kwfedrfhaomb0rsKd;okdU

1180

ypfcswwfavonf/ pdwfobm0udk uREkfyfavhvmawGU&Sd&onfhtwdkif; wifjy

&aomf

[dkw,f

pm;aomufaysmfyg;vsuf&Sdaom

vli,fwpkxuf

tjcm;oaX;rsm;uJUodkU vdkifpifrsm;rsm;r&ojzifh rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfum tHoGm;

wBudwfBudwfjzpfaeaom "e&Sifwa,muf\tjzpfonf ydkNyD;qif;&J&kHomru
qkd;&Gm;,kwfrmaom pdwful;rsm;vnf; yGm;rsm;apEdkifonf[k qdkvdkayonf/
&nfrSef;csufESpfck
rSm;onfjzpfap? rSefonfjzpfap uREkfyfonf Opmypnf; tvGeftrif;
<u,f0aom oaX;wa,muftjzpfxuf acsmifacsmifcsdcsd r&Sdr&Sm; aexdkif
pm;aomufEdkifaom

tjzpfudktrSefwu,f

vdkvm;ygonf/

odkU&mwGif

r&Sdr&Sm;qdkaom tjzpfonf uREkfyf\woufwm &nfrSef;csufjzpfonf[k

rqdkvdkyg/ r&Sdr&Sm;qdk aom tjzpfonf uREkfyf\tajctae txl;BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfae&avmufatmif cJ,Of;aomtvkyfwck r[kwfyg/ odkUqdkvQif
uREkfyf\woufwm

&nfrSef;csufum;

todkUenf;/

&nfrSef;csufum;

vlUjynfodkUa&mufae&onfh b0wGif vlwa,muftaejzifh odoifhod

xdkufaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udkod&atmif vkyf,l&efjzpfygonf/ odoifhod
xdkufaom tjcif;t&m[lonfrSm (1)vlUtaMumif; odkUr[kwf avmuD
A[kokwESifh (2) pdwftaMumif; odkUr[kwf avmukw&ma&;&mwdkU jzpfyg
onf/ obm0tm;jzifh avmukw&ma&;&monf avmuDrIxuf ta&;BuD;
onfqdkaomfvnf; &dk;om;pGmpOf;pm;wwfol wa,muftaejzifh avmuDa&;
udk

a&S;OD;pGmavhvmzdkU

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vdktyfonf[k

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azmfjyjcif;jzpf\/

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uREkfyfonf avmuDrIqdkif&m vlom;wkdU\ taMumif;jcif;&mudk od&Sdem;vnf

1181

atmif tcsdef&orQ avhvmqnf;yl;cJU\/ Oa&mywdkufpaom taemuf

wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif vlUtaMumif;udk od&Sdap&ef wjynfrSwjynfodkU vSnfhvnf
Munfh&IwwfMuonfjzpf&m

uREkfyftzdkUrSm

odkUaomtcGifhta&;rsKd;udk

r&&Sdonfjzpf urmhpmtkyf aumif;rsm;udk zwf&Ijcif;tm;jzifh avhvmqnf;yl;

&ygonf/

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urmudkvSnfhzkdU

tcGifhta&;&vsuf&SdMuaom

tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;ESifh 0efBuD;0efuav; qdkolrsm;onf vlUtaMumif;udk

b,fhavmufrsm;

odcJUMuonfrajymwwf?

vlUobm0ESifhywfouf

pmwapmifwzGJU a&;om;Mujcif;udkrlum; rawGU&bl; ao;acs/)

tod&cufvSaom pdwfuav;
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avmukw&ma&;&mqdkonfrSm

pdwf

taMumif; yifjzpf\/ avmu emrfESifh&kyfrSwyg; tjcm;aomw&m;r&Sday&m

ESpfckteuf wGif Ak'bmomw&m;awmft& emrf(pdwf)onf a&SUaqmifjzpf
pdwftaMumif;udk
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avhvmcgpjyKaeMuonfh qdkufaumf vdk*sDac: pdwfynmrsKd;vnf;r[kwf?

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teEH[laom t&lyur|mefrsKd;vnf;r[kwf? Ak'\ pdwmEkyemenf;udk

qdkvdkonf/ pdwftaMumif;udkrnfrQavmuf odonfjzpfap udprNyD;Edkif[k
tcsKdUvlrsm; xifaumif;xifMuvdrfhrnf/ pdwfwckwnf;udk Ak'tvdkawmfus
odatmifvkyfxm;ygu udpNyD;Edkifonfj[k uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ usrf;*ef
taxmuftxm;vnf;

jyEdkifonf/

tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf

pdwfudk

tvdkawmfusatmif odaomyk*dKvfonf pdwf(avmu)udk vGefajrmufonfh

1182

w&m;udkvnf; odonf[k qdkEdkifonfjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ rdrde,fy,f\

e,frdrdwfudk

odaomolonf

odonf[k

qkdEdkifouJUodkUyif

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0dnmPHteEH

e,fy,f\tjcm;buf

&Sdaomt&mudk

taemufwdkif;qdkufaumfvdk*sDtaMumif;ESifh
(t&lyur|mef;)

udkavhvmtm;xkwfaom

yk*Kd vfrsm;onf pdwftjcif;t&mudk (Ak'\enf;uJUodkU) xkd;azmufvGefajrmuf

atmif rnfonfhenf;ESifYrQ odpGrf;EdkifzkdUr&SdaomaMumifh oHo&mrS rvGwf
ajrmufEdkifyJ&SdMu\/ tu,f if;wdkUvnf; xdk;azmufvGefajrmufEdkifaom
enf;&Sdonf qdkcJUvQif Ak'bmomt& ormorK'wnf;[laom *kPfyk'fonf
ysufjy,f&awmhrnfjzpf Ak'bmom t,l0g'BuD;wckvkH; NydKuJG&ayawmhrnf/
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wenf;qdkaomf

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Ak'bmom0ifwa,muf r[kwfawmhacs/

tjcm;enf;r&SdEdkif
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ausmfyk*dKvfwOD;\ olUenf;ESifhol tm;xkwfjcif;udpwGif r*fqdkufzdkvfqdkuf
aygufrayguf (edAmefudk jrifrjrif) uREkfyfa&SUwGif olU[mol qifjcif

1183

ppfaq;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk Mum;cJU&\/ uREkfyftzkdUrl bmomuGJwa,mufonf

olUenf;ESifhol tm;xkwfjcif;tm;jzifh w&m;xl; awGU&ygonf qdkuwnf;u
olawGUaomw&m;onf r*fw&m;? zdkvfw&m;? edAmefw&m; r[kwfEdkif[k
wxpfcs,lqrnfjzpf\/ odkU&mwGif xdkuJUodkU wxpfcs,lqNyD; rsufESmvTJ
vdkufvdrfhrnf r[kwfao;yg/ rdrdawGUxm;onfh w&m;tjrifESifh ol\tjrifudk
wdkufqdkifcsdefxdk;Munfhvdkufonfhtcg uJGvGJaom tcsufudkawGU&rnfhtjyif
uREkfyf\tjrifonf
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om

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wwf xdkvli,fonf Ak'usifhpOfrSwyg; tjcm;enf;tm;jzifh tm;xkwf
xm;onfqdkonfh bmomuJG wa,muf\ w&m;tjrifESifh ywfouf
wcPwmuav; twGufrQjzpfap? [kwfrSefoa,mifa,mif odkUavmodkUavm
jzpf&Sm&jcif;yifjzpfavonf/ w&m;tm;xkwfxm;aom a,m*Dwa,mufonf
ppfrSefaom 0dyemusifhpOft& tm;xkwf txkduftavsmufrQ ayguf
a&mufxm;onfhqdkcJUygvQif
ywfouf

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Ak'om0uwdkU\

csufcsif;axmuf

w&m;tjrifrsKd;

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qdkjcif;udkrl

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rMumrwif

odjrifqkH;jzwfEdkifavmufayonf/
pdkufMunfhESifh apmifhMunfh
pdwftaMumif;odatmif vufawGUapmifhMunfh avhvmjcif;onf Ak'
usifhpOf trSefjzpfonfj [k vufcHMuonfqdkvQif avhvmjcif;wumwdkUwGif
pdwfudkvufawGUavhvm&jcif;uJUodkU pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom tvkyfonf

1184

b,frSmrSr&SdEdkif[k uREkfyfqdkcsifonf/ i,fxdyfudkpdkuf&jcif;? 0rf;Adkufudk

tm&kHjyKjcif;? xGufouf 0ifoufudk &IrSwfjcif;? ajcvSrf;udk owdjyKjcif;paom
tm;xkwfenf;rsKd;wkdUrSm uav;oli,frsm;yif vkyfwwfMu vG,fulonf[k
ajymMuaomfvnf; pdwfuav;udk apmifhMunfhavhvm&jcif;uJUodkU tb,frSm
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f &SdEdkifygtHUenf;/ i,fxdyfuJU odkU Nidrfvsuf&Sdaom tjcif;
t&mudkvnf;aumif;? 0rf;Adkuf? odkUr[kwf xGufav0ifavuJUodkU ESpfrsKd;
wnf;om vIyf&Sm;Edkifaom tjcif;t&mudkvnf;aumif; pdkuf&Ijcif;tm;jzifh
todOmPfwdk;wufzdkU tvGefcJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ usifhpOfrsm;onf wnfNidrf
aom orm"d&aponfh orx tvkyfrsKd;rQomjzpf 0dyemOmPfjzpfay:zkdU
vGefrif;pGm cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ pdwfuav;udk apmifhMunfhavhvm&aom
tvkyfrlum; pdkufMunfhjcif;r[kwf? apmifhMunfh&aom tvkyfjzpfonfh
twGufaMumifh xdk;xGif;OmPfrsm; jzpfay: atmif qGay;onfhES,f&Sdae\/
apmifhMunfhwwfaom a,m*DtzkdU OmPfrsm; onf (t&Sdef&vmonfESifh
wNydKifeuf)

ay:xGufvmzkdU

]jyLpDjyLpD}jzpfaeMujcif;

udkawGU&ayrnf/

jrefrmjynf a,m*Dtrsm; em;vnfvsuf&SdMuonfrSm 0dyemtvkyf[lonf

pdkuf&Ijcif;? odkUr[kwf &IrSwfjcif;[l em;vnfMu\/ 0dyemtvkyf
[lonfrSm pdkuf&Ijcif; r[kwf? apmifh&Ijcif;jzpfonf/ pdkuf&I vQif
orxjzpfoGm;wwfonf/ uREkfyfonf taMumif;udk tawG;ESifh a&;jcif;
r[kwf? vufawGUusifhokH;NyD;rS &J&JBuD; a&;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ pdwmEkyem
tvkyf[lonfrSm

pdwfudkapmifh

Munfhjcif;[lvnf;aumif;?

a0'em

Ekyem tvkyf[lonfrSm a0'emapmifh Munfhjcif;[lvnf;aumif;?

um,mEkyem

tvkyf[lonfrSm

udk,fum,udk

apmifhMunfhjcif;

[l vnf;aumif;? "rmEkyem tvkyf[lonfrSm w&m;obm0udk apmifh

Munfhjcif; [lvnf; aumif; em;vnfoifhMuayonf/ tcsKdUa,m*Drsm;onf

1185

a0'emEkyem
wwfMu&m

tvkyfqdk

a0'em\

a0'emudk

apmifhrMunfhyJ

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orxtvkyftaejzifh ]tjrif}? ]tMum;} paom wefckd;owduav;rsm;

&&SdaeMujcif;udk BuKH&bl;vSavNyD/ OmPf&Sd pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf pOf;pm;wwfaom
yk*Kd vfwOD;onf udk,fwdkifprf;oyf Munfhygu pdkufMunfhjcif;ESifh apmifh
Munfhjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;ykHudk xifxif&Sm; &Sm; awGU&wwfayonf/
udk,fawGUtjcif;t&mwck
om"uwckwifjy&aomf *syefacwf uREkfyfonf pdwmEkyem
vkyf,if; pdwfudkapmifhMunfhzkdU em;rvnfyJ pdkufMunfhrdcJU&m &ufaygif;
twefMumaom

tcg

]vuPm}rxifvmyJ

0dnmPteEac:onfh

(0dnmOftqkH;r&Sd) [laom t&ly ur|mef;tjrifrsKd; 0ifvmcJUbl;avonf/

ur|mef;onfvnf;
onfvnf;

rdpm'dXd

ur|mef;r[kwf?

y&dedAmefjyKcgeD;wGif

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Ak'udk,fawmfjrwf

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wdkUudkvnf; 0ifpm;awmfrlonf[k pmqdk&Sdavonf/ okdU&m wGif pdwfudkpdkuf

&Ijcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyf&&Sdbl;onfh t&lypsmef(taiGUtouf) onf pdwf\
Nidrf;csrf;rIudk jzpfapcJUbl;aomfvnf; tedp? 'ku? tewwnf;[l aom
vuPm

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rxifvm?

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ta&;BuD;vSonfhjyif

1186

]apmifh}Munfhjcif;ESifh

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w&m;tm;xkwfaoma,m*Drsm;tzdkU
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axmifjcif;tm;jzifh (]emtDvSygNyD}[k qkdcsifqdkMuap) tcgtcGifhBuKHwdkif;
(aemifvmaemifom;rsm;twGuf jzpfcsifjzpfap) tenf;ESifhtrsm; a&;om;
azmfjy&vdrfhrnfjzpf
Ak'bmomrSefvQif

rvdkolrsm;cGifhvTwfMu&ef

awmif;yeftyfygonf/

w&m;tm;rxkwfcsifao;vQif&Sdap?

A[kokwtaejzifh

zwf&I pOf;pm;xdkufvSygonf/
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aompdwf
pdwmEkyem [lonfrSm acwfpum;ESifh ac:onf&Sdaomf Ak'nTefjycJU
onfh enf;emtwdkif;pdwfobm0udk xdk;xGif;odjrifapjcif;iSm xufMuyfruGm
apmifhMunfhNyD; pl;prf;avhvmjcif; (0g)okawoejyKjcif;

(Research)

jzpfonf/

pdwftaMumif;udk

taemufwdkif;

qdkufaumfvdk*sDq&mrsm;u

yif

pOf;pm;jcif;? pdwful;jcif;tm;jzifh odatmifBudK;pm;Mu\/ tdEd,ynm&Sdrsm;ESifh

zuD&frsm;u pdwfudkpl; pdkuf &Ijcif;tm;jzifh 0dnmPHteEH (0dnmOftqkH;r&Sd)
[laom oabmudkawGU Mu\/ Ak'enf;rSmrl pdwfudkvufawGU(ypKyef)
taejzifh

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obm0udk

rsuf0g;xufxif jrifEdkifjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ ynmonfwa,mufonf

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taMumif;udkavhvmaom

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ywjrm;taMumif;udkodEdki\
f /
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odEdkifonfr[kwfacs/

1187

pdkufMunfhaejcif;tm;jzifh
opfyiftaMumif;udk

avhvmaom ynmonfwa,mufonf opfyiftrsKd;rsKd;wkdUudk wyifNyD;wyif

vufawGUMunfh&I avhvm&\/ opfwyifwnf;udk pdkufMunfhaejcif;tm;jzifh
opfyifwkdUtaMumif; udk odEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ pdwmEkyem (acwftac:
pdwfokawoe) tvkyfrSm vnf; pdwfudkowdESifh apmifhMunfhaomtcg
wckjzpfNyD; wckysufoGm;aom pdwfuav;rsm;? taMumif;wdkufqdkifckduf
jzpfay:vmNyD;

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pdwfuav;rsm;?

teDrIefUESifh

a&monfhtcg a&eDjzpfjcif;? t0grIefUESifh a&monfh tcg a&0gjzpfjcif;uJUodkU

aumif;aom(ukokdvf)apwodufESifh wGJonfhtcg pdwfa umif;jzpfjcif;oabm?
raumif;aom (tukodkvf) apwodufESifh wGJonfhtcg raumif;aom
pdwfjzpfvmjcif;oabm? cPcPajymif;vJvsuf&Sdjcif;oabm? tqif;&lyg&kH
wckudk owd&aom tcdkuftwefU 0wKj'yfESifhwuG ay:vmNyD; t[kwf
wu,f

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aomtm&kHwck ay:vmonfhtcg vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;vmaomoabm?
aysmf&TifzG,faomtm&kHwckay:vmonfhtcg 0rf;omrdaomoabm? b,foif;
rS t[kwfwu,ftESpfom& r&Sdaomoabm ponfrsm;onf a,m*D\OmPf
tjrifay:vmwwfayonf/

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ywjrm;ynmonfonf
Ekyem

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(pdwfynmonf)

a,m*DtzdkUrlum;

aqmifxm;&OD;rnf/

pdwm

pdwfudkapmifhMunfhavhvm

&eftwGuf txl;wvnf ypnf;wckaqmifxm;zkdUvnf;rvdk? ajrBuD;ynm

onfuJUodkU 0wK&Sd&modkU xoGm;zdkUvnf;rvdk? xdkifvsufjzpfap? avsmif;vsuf
jzpfap? xvsuf jzpfap? oGm;vsufjzpfap pdwfuav;onf tcgcyfodrf;

1188

olESifhtwl uyfygvsuf &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh tcsdefra&G; ae&mra&G;

apmifhMunfhvkdufonfESifh wNydKifeuf pl;prf;avhvmzkdU tvkyfay:xGufvm
&ayonf/ avhvmp&m ynm&yf trsKd;rsKd;wkdUwGif pdwfuav;\ ajymif;vJykH?
jzpfay:ykH?

aysmufysufykH?

wu,fr[kwfygyJvsuf

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vSnfhpm;ykH tjcif;t&mrsm;udk apmifhMunfhavhvm&jcif;uJUodkU pdwf0ifpm;zG,f

aumif;aom ynm&yfwckonf tb,frSm &SdEdkifygtHUenf;/ pdwf0ifpm;
zG,faumif;onfomruao;?

ynm&yf

wumwkdUwGif

pdwfokawoe

ynmuJUodkU wefzdk;&Sad om ynm&yfonf tb,frSm &SdEdkifygrnfenf;/

pdwmEkyemtvkyfonf

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jrifzkdUcuf onf ponfjzifh ajymwwfMujcif;rSm abmvkH;yGJ? bkdifpukyfyGJ

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vlrsm;u

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&uftydkif;tjcm;ESifh

prf;oyfMunfhvdkaom a,m*Drsm;tzdkUrSm pdwmEkemtvkyfESifhywfouf

vrf;rSefatmifjywwfonfh

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tacsmfacsmf ajym&SmMujcif;jzpfonf/ aygufa&mufzdkU vG,fulonf r[kwf

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tusKd;w&m;rsm;
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pdwfynmonfwa,mufonf (pdwmEkyem a,m*D0ifjzpfonf/) pdwf\
oabmobm0wudk

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xkd;xGif;odjrifvmaomtcg

(aomwmyef ou'g*grfpaom emrnfBuD;rsm;udk tokH;rjyKyJ wrifa&Smif

a&;onf/) cHpm;&&Sdaom tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyvdkao;

1189

onf/

xdkolonf

pdwfwkdU\

rdrd\pdwftaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?

taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;

cyfodrf;aom

&dyfrdem;vnfonfjzpf

yxr

avmbudk ry,fEdkifao;ojzifh avmbpdwfjzpfwwfao;apumrl avmbpdwf

jzpfonfESifh

wNydKifeuf

vdkcsifr&ojzifh

tcH&cufaomoabmudk

qifjcifvdkuf&mwGif avmbpdwfonf uG,faysmufoGm;&ayonf/ (i,fxdyf

udk pdkuf&Iaomenf;? 0rf;ydkufudk pdkuf&Iaomenf;? xGufouf0ifowfudk
&Iaomenf;]rmoabm}qdk aom enf;rsKd;wdkUjzifh odkUjzpfEdkifMuyg\avm/)
avmbpdwf\tjypfudk wwfwwftyftyf rjrifbl;yJvsuf avmbpdwfudk
wGef;xkwfEdkifygrnfavm? 0rf;Adkuf\ azmif;jcif; ydefjcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
MumMumxdkif udkufcJanmif; nmvmjcif;udkvnf;aumif; pdkuf&Ixm;jcif;
tm;jzifh

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vQif tvdkr&SdtyfaompdwfrsKd;udk ESifxkwfEdkifrnfr[kwfygavm/ pdwfokaw
oetvkyfvkyf txdkuftavsmuf aygufa&mufxm;aom (OmPftjrif&
bl;aom)

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a'go?

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vufrcHyJ csufcsif;armif;xkwfEdkifonf/ armif;xkwfwwfonf/ tvdk&Sdtyf
aom pdwfaumif;udkom vufcHonf/ xdkUaMumifh vlomrefwkdUxuf pdwfqif;
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zefqif;vsuf &Sdonf[k Ak'a[mawmfrl&m pdwfobm0udk ,xmblwusus
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tb,frSm &SdEdkifygOD;rnfenf;/ (pdwmEkyemac:cJUvQif w&m;apmfeHvS

1190

onf[k acwfvli,frsm; qdkMurnfpdk;onfwaMumif;? acwfvlrsm;tzdkU

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avmukw&ma&;&m axG&mav;yg; pum;vufqkHusMu&mwGif q&mawmfu
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pum;pyfrd

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pmta&;tom; tvGefaumif;rGefaMumif;? odkU&mwGif wif;rmcufxefaom

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1191

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wacsmif;

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ajrSmuf<uum

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udk,fhudk,fudk

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tcsKdUurl rmeBuD;aom vlBuD;wa,muf[k xifMuaMumif; ajymjyMu\/
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,kHMunf &J&JBuD;wifjy0HUjcif;

(Self Confidence)

rQom jzpfaomaMumifh

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BudKwifNyD; ckcHum uG,fonfhoabmudk azmfjyonfh ]OmOfqdk;}wrsKd;rQom
jzpfwef&monfxifyg\/

jzLaumifonf

1192

usm;?

usm;opfpaom

wd&pmefrsm;udk jrifonfESifhwNydKifeuf ]&efol}[l csufcsif; odbdouJUodkU

uREkfyfonfvnf; uREkfyfESifh tpyfrwnfhrnfh vlwa,mufudk jrifvdkuf
onfESifh wNydKifeuf csufcsif;yif odwwf\/ udfprsKd; uREkfyf\
txifonf tvGefvGJcJvS\/ tpyfrwnfh[l

uREkfyfxif vdkufrdonf

qdkvQif tajctaet& rqufqHyJrjzpf qufqHMunfhaom tcgwGifvnf;

xifonfhtwdkif; tpyfrwnfhjcif;udkyif awGU&\/ tcsKdUvlrsm;rSm rlyxr
tBudrf jrifvdkufuwnf;u uREkfyfu odonfhtwdkif; olUpdwfodkU"mwf&dkuf
onfh vuPmESifh oluvnf;odykH& wa,mufESifhwa,muf Budrfzefrsm;pGm
awGUMu&aomfvnf; pum;wcGef;rQ rajymyJ aeMuolrsm;vnf; &Sdavonf/
ql;aygufaom

jzLaumifonf

roifhjrwfoludk

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tjcm;ow0grsm;xuf odvG,fwwfaom yuwdOmPf

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(Instinct)

&SdykH&\/

vlwa,mufudkodzdkU&ef

pkHprf;

qifjcif ae&onfr[kwf/ jrifvQifjrifjcif; wd&pmefwdkU\ yuwdOmPfrsKd;jzifh

odEdkifav onf/ enf;tm;jzifh uREkfyfESifhBudrfzefrsm;pGmawGUbl;aomfvnf;
wBudrfwcgrQ rac:rajymbl;olaygif;rSm uRekfyf\woufwm awmfawmfrsm;
avonf/ wcgw&HwGif xdkvlrsKd;wkdUonf uREkfyftaMumif;udk raumif;
ajymMuonf[l vnf; tjcm;vlrsm;xHrS Mum;&avonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJ
rnfodkUrQr&Sdyg/

xdkodkU

aomvlrsKd;ESifh

ac:ajymqufqHrIrjyKrdjcif;onf

&efjzpfzdkU tcGifhr&SdyJ &Sdonfqdkum udk,fh]tod}udkudk,fauseyfrdygonf/

1193

pdwfrwdkrdoifhyJ wdkrdjcif;
ql;rsm;ayguf&jcif;onf rQavmufom tusKd;w&m; ay:xGufonf
qdkygvQif

awmfygao;\/

uRekfyftzdkUrl

rQavmufruao;jcif;udk

awGU&\/ uREkfyf onf;rcHwwfjcif;? pdwfwdkjcif;? qefUusifbufobm0ESifh

awGUonfhtcg

pdwfqdk;vG,fwwfjcif;

wnf;[laom

raumif;onfh

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trwfwa,muf\ A[kokw rjynfhpkHjcif;twGuf uRekfyfupdwfqdk;vdkufrd\/
olU[mol A[kokwenf;jcif;onf uRefESifhbmqdkifygoenf;/ okdUESifhvnf;
uRekfyfu ydkifpdk;ydkifeif;vkyf udk,fhwynfhozG,f aigufqwfqwf ajymvdkuf
rdonf/

&Iwfcsvdkufrdonf/

onfrSm

ql;rsm;aygufxm;jcif;\

tusKd;qufyifjzpfav&m tjcif;t&mrsKd;rSmrl txufyg udprsKd;wkdUxuf

qkd;&Gm; udk,fh[mudk,fvnf;rauseyfojzifh aemufydkif;wGif jyKjyifzdkU
BudK;pm;vsuf&Sdygonf/
cRwf,Gif;csufwck
tvm;wl qdk;&Gm;aom udpwckvnf; &Sdao;\/ pma&;aomtcg
uREkfyfonf (txl;ojzifh avmukw&ma&;&mtaMumif; a&;om;aomtcgrsm;
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t&mrsm;udk a&;csifwwf\/ uREkfyfu taxmuftxm;jynfhpkHpGmESifh a&;om;
wifjyapumrl tawmftwefvlrsm; (avmu tawmftwef vlrsm;om
rsm;vS

onf)

vufcHEdkifvdrfhrnf

r[kwfjcif;udk

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xdkuJUodkUBudKwifod&Sd xm;rIonf ql;awGaygufxm;onfh uREkfyftzdkU&m

1194

,m;usdusdjzpfatmif uvday;ouJUodkU&Sdae rnfolurQ qefUusifbuf

jiif;csufrxGuf&ao;rD rdrdwa,mufwnf; BudKwifNyD; jiif;aeESifhouJUokdU
a'gESifharmESifh a&;cJUrd\/ yDuif;trwfonf A[kokwenf;yg;jcif; twGuf
aMumifh uREkfyfpdwfwdkcJUbl;ouJUodkU a*gwrAk'u &Sif;vif;atmif a[mjy
awmfrlcJUygvsuf orxtvkyfESifh csifhcsdefEIdif;qEdkifaom OmPfr&SdMuoavm?
ax&fBuD;0gBuD; q&mawmfBuD;rsKd;u a&;jyrS[kwfrSefonf[k vufcHwwfMu
oavm? obm0udkpHcsdefxm;NyD; udk,fydkif OmPfjzifh rpOf;pm;wwfMuoavm?
umvmrokwftaMumif;udk rMum;bl;Mu oavm? bmavm nmavm
ponfjzifh

udk,fwa,mufwnf;

a'gazmif;NyD;

wif;rmcufxefaom

pum;vkH;rsm;ESifh uRwfqwfaom 0gusrsm; xGufvmukef Muavawmhonf/

tjcif;t&mudk ,ckuJUokdU&Sif;jyjcif;rSm uREkfyfpdwfwdkjcif; onf enf;vrf;
rSefonf[k

qdkvdkjcif;

(Justification)

r[kwfyg?

tb,fhaMumifh

pdwfwdkrdjcif;udk udk,fh[mudk &SmxkwfNyD; &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif; (Explanation)

rQomjzpfygonf/ pdwfwdk&jcif;rSm taMumif;&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyf\tjypf
(cRwf,Gif;csuf) jzpfygonf[l ausauseyfeyfBuD; 0efcHygonf/
wudk,fwnf;orm;
uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\ (obm0us rus enf;vrf;rSefrSef) qkH;jzwfwwf
onfh OmPfpGrf;ESifhywfouf avmuDrIjzpfap? avmukw&m a&;jzpfap
&J&JBuD;pdwfcs,kHMunfxm;aomfvnf; uREkfy\
f nHUzsif;rIrsm; (txl;ojzifh vlrI
qufqHa&;wGif nHUzsif;rIrsm;)udkrl 0efcH&ef toifh&Sdygonf/ pOf;pm;OmPfjzifh
qkH;jzwfjcif;rSwyg; uREkfyf\nHUzsif;rIrsm;onf a&;rukefEdkifatmif &Sdae
aMumif; udk,fh[mudk,fvnf;odyg\/ obm0taMumif;udk rQavmuf

1195

odonfqdkvQif

tb,fhaMumifh

nHUzsif;rIrsm;&Sd&oenf;[k

ar;csifpzG,f

jzpfae\/ odjcif;onf wjcm;? vkyfwwfjcif;onfwjcm; jzpfonf[k

qdk&ayrnf/ Oyrm vlaygif;qefU jcif;onf aumif;\[kod\/ vufawGUrl
(pdwfwdkjcif;tp&Sdaom

cRwf,Gif;csuf

uav;rsm;aMumifh)jzpfatmif

rvkyfwwfyJ&Sdae\/ um;rSefonf um;rSm; onf[lvnf;aumif;?

tb,fhaMumifhrSm;onf?

tb,fhaMumifh

rSefonf[l

vnf;aumif;

taMumif;tusKd;ESifh wuGuREkfyf aumif;aumif;od\/ okdU&mwGif vltrsm;ESifh

qufqH&aom

tvkyf[lorQ

uREkfyfratmifjrifyJ&Sd\/

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pOf;pm;OmPfw0ufrQ r&Sdaomvlrsm;onf uREkfyfxuf ESpfqru atmifjrif

vsuf &Sdjcif;udkawGU&\/ pOf;pm;&aom tvkyfrsKd;onf udk,fh[mudk,f
vkyf,l&aom tvkyfrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh rSefuefatmif pOf;pm;wwfyg\/
vltrsm;ESifhrqdkxm;bd ESpfa,mufwJG? okH;a,mufwJG OD;pD;aqmif&Guf&rnfh
tvkyfrsKd;udkrl uREkfyf bmrQ jzpfatmifrvkyfwwf? vkyfwwfatmifyif
rBudK;pm;csifyg/ onfrSm uREkfyf\ 0goemjzpfaeojzifh uREkfyfrwwf
onfhtwGufaMumifh

vltrsm;rvkyf

csifonfh

pOf;pm;jcif;tvkyfrsKd;wGif

cGeftm;aumif;vsuf &Sdavoavm[k BuHqrdonf/ odkU&mwGif ESpfbufvkH;

cRefaom vlrsm;vnf; &SdMuygonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyftzdkUrl vlrI
qufqHa&; tvkyf[lorQudk vufavQmhNyD; wudk,fwnf; pOf;pm;a&;jcif;?
wudk,fwnf;tm;xkwfjcif;paom tvkyfrsKd;ESifhom woufywfvkH; aeyg
awmhrnf[k qkH;jzwfxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/

1196

arwmw&m;\ tusKd;tmedoif
uREkfyf\ woufwmrSwfwrf;udk zwf&IMuonfh y&dowfESifh uREkfyfwkdU
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jyefvnfqufvufa&;om;azmfjy&mwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU uREkfyfoGm;a&muf
cJUjcif;udk od&SdMuaom rdwfaqGrsm;u if;taMumif;udk a&S;OD;pGm odvdkMuvdrfh
rnf[k xifrdonfwaMumif;? uREkfyfudk,fwdkifuvnf; tjzpftysufrsm;udk
rSwfrdjcif;t&mwGif (toufBuD;jyif;vmrIaMumifh) a&S;,cifuuJUokdU r[kwf
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vdrfhrnf

[k

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taMumif;t&mrsm;

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,if;odkUwifjy&mwGifvnf; w&kwfjynfoGm; rSwfwrf;udk a&;om;pOfuuJUokdU
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ywfouf

wtHUwMo atmifjrifcJUykH taMumif;t&m oufoufudkom ae&m

xkwfEkwfazmfjy&ef BuH&G,fcsuf&Sdygonf/

1197

&Sif;vif;csuf
arwmw&m; yGm;rsm;rIESifhywfouf uREkfyf\atmifjrifrIrsm;udk zwf&I
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t&mrsm;vnf; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh BudKwif tenf;i,f&Sif;vif;
azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ uREkfyfonf vltrsm;csD;rGrf;jcif;? xifay:ausmaZmjcif;
tp&Sdaom t&mrsKd;udk vkH;0rvdkvm;ol wa,muf[l rajym0HUapumrl
csD;rGrf;cHvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ]r@yfwdkif wufjyaom} vlpm;rsKd; r[kwf
aMumif;udkrl uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;udk zwf&IvmcJUMuonfh rdwfaqGrsm;
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,kHMunfapEdkifavmufonf[k

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vnf;

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BuD;twGif;

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1198

pum;vkH;udk

okH;EIH;&jcif;rSm

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onfh twGufaMumifhjzpfygonf/ rQpum;yvifcHNyD;aemuf taMumif;ESifh
ywfouf uREkfyf\udk,fawGUtjcif;t&mrsm;udk azmfjyygawmhrnf/
q&mBuD; bmw&ef&wfqJvf
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{nfhcHMu onfh xrif;pm;yJGwyGJ uREkfyf\ pOf;pm;OmPf tawG;tac:ESifh
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onf tem*wf&Sdao;oavm} Has Man any Future? [laom pmtkyfudk
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uREkfyf

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xdkuJUodkUrjzpf&atmif umuG,fwm;qD;&ef enf;vrf;udkvnf; (ol\pdwful;
OmPft&) a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf/

1199

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bmw&ef&wfqJvfrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkvm;onfhurmausmf ynm&Sd
yk*Kd vfBuD;jzpfay&m uREkfyfonf if;\tBuHay;csufrsm;udk jiif;qdkvdkaom
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wu,fvkyfvQif wu,fjzpfEdkifavmufonfh enf;vrf;wckjzpfonf[k uREkfyf
xifjrifrdygonf/

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ajyjypfjcif;&Sdr&Sd tay:wGif wnfvsuf&Sdonf[k uREkfyfxifjrifvsuf&Sdygaom
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t&if;cHxm; pOf;pm;olwa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf (tjzpftysufrsm;u
pdwfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJapEdkifjcif;udk rjiif;vdkapumrl) wjynfudkwjynfu
txifrSm;rIrsm;? r,kHMunfrIrsm;? pdwfrcsEdkifrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif; ay;EdkifvQifvnf;
urmppfjzpfzdkU a0;oGm;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfvsuf&Sdygonf/

1200

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vQif

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1201

ESpfckrQudk wifjy&aomf (1)cspfBudKufvSaom pHa'0DESifh vJG&jcif;twGuf

0rf;enf;cJU&bl;aomfvnf;

xdktwGufaMumifhyif

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wav;wpm;tm;cJ vkdufEdkifcJUjcif;? (2)udk,fh[mudk tvkyfjyKwfatmif

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wkdUjzpfygonf/ (tpdk;&buf qufvuftrIxrf;cJUvQif 0efaxmufwef;rQ
avmufESifh b0Zmwfodrf;&rnfjzpf &m ,ckrSmwdkif;jynfudk aus;Zl;jyKEdkifaom
pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh a&SUtzdkU arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdvmonf/) armfpudkodkU
a&mufNyD;onfhaemuf uREkfy\
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t&mwckESifh BuKHawGU&av&m xdkuJUodkU BuKHawGU&jcif; twGufaMumifhvnf;
arwmw&m;yGm;rsm;onfh

tBuHBuD;

udk&

if;wdkUtwGuf

uREkfyfa&m

ywf0ef;usifyg tusKd;BuD;pGmay:xGufvmcJUyg onf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf

arwmpdwf"mwfrnfonfrSm

cH,lola&m

ydkUoolyg

tusKd;rsm;jcif;udk

udk,fawGUBuKHcJUaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
wqifhwufjcif;
txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif;
cHvdkuf&onfwGif

uREkfyfrSm

uREkfyf\pdwfESvkH;

w&m;orm;wa,muf

xdcdkufjcif;

jzpfonfhtavsmuf

ajzqnf&m ajzqnfaMumif; enf;vrf;udk&SmBuHNrJjzpfavonf/ 1962ckESpf

Zefe0g&Dv 1&uf aeUrSp uREkfyfonf vlow0grSeforQ wa,mufESifh
wa,mufnDtpfudk armifESr? om;tz? om;trdrSp tdrfoltdrfom;
tcsif;csif;? tdrfeD;csif; tcsif;csif;? wdkif;oljynfom;tcsif;csif;? wjynfESifh
wjynf? wwdkufom;ESifh wwdkufom; oifhjrwfMuygap? cdkuf&efa'go
rjzpfMuygapESifh? ppfrjzpfMuygapESifh [l nwdkif;eHeufwdkif; arwmydkUzdkU

1202

oEd|mefcsrSwfcJUygonf/
BudK;pm;cJUygonf/

if;oEd|meftwkdif;

txufyg

&ifqdkif&aomtcgrlum;

vnf;vkdufemaqmif&GufzdkU

ESvkH;rom,mjzpfap

igonf

rQaom

onfhtjcif;t&mESifh
arwm

avmufrQESifh

rvkHavmufao;? xufwqifhwdk; BudK;pm;OD;rS awmfrnf[l aom

tBuHwckjzpfay:vmawmhonf/ xkdUjyifigonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU vmcJU&m
wGif aumif;jrwfaom tBuHtpnf &nf&G,fcsufBuD;wckESifh vma&muf
cJUjcif;jzpfonfhtavsmuf igudk,fwdkifvnf; &SdorQaom tcsdefudk taumif;
qkH;aomenf;jzifh tokH;csygrS ig\tBuHtpnf atmifjrifEdkifzkdU&Sdvdfrfhrnf
[l vnf; pOf;pm;rdonf/ okdUjzpf uREkfyf tm;vyforQaom tcsdefudk
atmufygtvkyfBuD;okH;ckjzifhom

ukefvGefap&rnf[l

oEd|mefcsrSwf

vdkufygonf/ tvkyfBuD; okH;ck[lonfrSmum; (1) Ak'udktm&kHjyKjcif;? (2)

arwmydkUjcif;? (3) 'da|'d|rwH wnf;[laom 0dyemtvkyfudk tm;xkwf
jcif;wkdUjzpfygonf/
Ak'udk tm&kHjyKykH
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk tm&kHjyKjcif;ESifh ywfouf enf;trsKd;rsKd; &Sdonfh
teuf uREkfyfMunfndKykHudk aiGwm&Dr*Zif; tus,fw0ifha&;om; azmfjycJU
bl;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; BudKufESpfoufolwkdU twk,lvdku
tvkdUiSm

ae&m

tusOf;rQ

azmfjyvkdufygOD;rnf/

,lEdkifMuapjcif;
uREkfyfonf

qif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh apwDykxdk; ponfrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfzl;ajrmfuefawmhjcif;\

tusKd;aus;Zl;&Sdjcif;udk ,kHMunfol jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlrsm;jyKvkyfMu
xdkenf;rsKd;xuf tusKd;rsm;onf[k rdrd,kHMunfonfh atmufygenf;twdkif;
om MunfndKavh&Sdoljzpfygonf/ uREkfyfonf qif;wkawmfwql&Sd&modkU

1203

oGm;zdkUrvdkyJ a*gwrAk'\ MunfndKzG,ftaumif;qkH;aom o@mefawmfudk

pdwfxJ udk,fh[mudk,frSef;arQmf zefqif;,lavh&Sdygonf/ uREkfyftMunfndK
qkH;aom oPmefawmfrSmum; zvormywf 0ifpm;awmfrlonfh Ak'\oPmef
awmfyifjzpfygonf/ qif;wkawmftjzpfESifhr[kwfyJ aoG;ESifhom;ESifh touf
&Sifvsuf&SdrsufvTmcsum zvormywf 0ifpm;vsuf&Sdonfh a*gwr\
oPmefawmfay:vmatmif
vkyfaeusjzpf

pdwfxJzefqif;vdkufygonf/

rsufpdrSdwfNyD;

uREkfyftzdkUrSm

pdwful;vdkufonfESifhwNydKifeuf

oPmef

awmfay: vm&ygonf/ aemufwcP zvormywf 0ifpm;vsuf&Sdaom

a*gwrAk'\ &kyfawmftwkr&Sdatmif Nidrf;csrf;aom pdwfawmf? Munfvif
aom pdwfawmf? jzLpifaom pdwfawmf? odrfarGUaompdwfawmfESifhwuG
vdktyfaom tjcif;t&m [lorQudk odwwfaom OmPfawmfvnf; udef;
atmif;vsuf&Sdonf[k tm&kHjyKvdkufygonf/ xdktcgwGif uREkfyf orm"d
tm;aumif;vQif aumif;oavmuf MuufoD;arG;nSif;xjcif;rSp rsufa&
rsm;0dkif;onftxd yDwdjzpfay:vm&ygonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm qif;wkawmf
rsm;ESifh apwDykxdk;ponfwdkU&Sdaomae&modkU oGm;zdkUrvdk? xkdifvsufjzpfap?
&yfvsufjzpfap? 0yfvsufjzpfap? tdyf&mxJ avsmif;vsufjzpfap tm&kH
jyKavh&Sdygonf/
arwmydkUykH
arwmydkUjcif;ESifh ywfoufvnf;tus,fw0ifh azmfjyvdkygao;onf/
rsm;pGmaom Ak'bmom0ifwdkUonf oaAowm ta0&ma[mEKwnf;[laom
arwmydkU y&dwfawmfudk &Gwfqdkjcif;tm;jzifh arwmydkUavh&SdMu\/ onf
vnf; tusKd;&Sdjcif;um; rSefygonf/ odkU&mwGifrsm;pGmaom olwdkUonf

1204

arwokwf y&dwfawmfudk EIwfrS&Gwfqdkvsuf&SdpOftwGif; if;wkdU\pdwfonf

pOf;pm;csif&m pOf;pm; a&mufcsif&ma&mufaejcif;udk awGU&wwfygonf/
tjcif;t&mudk

uREkfyfod&Sdonfjzpf

xkH;pHtwdkif;arwokwfy&dwfudk

&Gwfqdk&kHrQESifh rauseyfyJ pdwfyg0ifpm;jcif;&Sdatmif tavhtusifh jyKvkyf

xm;ygonf/ arwmpdwf xm;jcif; ESifhywfouf razmfjyrD arwm[laom
pum;t"dym,fudk &Sif;vif;azmfjyvdkyg ao;onf/ vli,fwa,mufonf
rdef;uav;wa,mufudk

cspfBudKufonfhtcg

arwm&Sdonf[k

okH;EIef;

wwfMu\/ onfrSm jA[pdk&fxdkufaom arwmpdwfrsKd; r[kwfacs/

xdkvli,fonf rdef;uav;udkvdkcsif\/ olUtem; aeapcsif\/ cP
cPjrifcsif\/ olwyg;u apmfum;vQif ckcHumuG,fay;vdkjcif;um;rSefyg\/
odkU&mwGif

rdef;uav;u

tjcm;vli,fwa,mufudk

cspfBudKufonf[k

olod&vQif rdef;uav;udk"m;ESifhckwfowfcsif\/ onfrSmarwmr[kwf?

wPSm &m*rQom jzpfonf/ olonf rdef;uav;udk ]arwm&Sdonf}
qdkaomfvnf;

rdef;uav;\

ol&vdkjcif;rQomjzpfonf/

tusKd;udkvdkvm;jcif;xuf

ppfrSefaom

arwmpdwfrnfonf

rdef;uav;udk
rdrdtwGuf

arQmfvifhcsufrxm;? rdrd\tusKd;twGuf &nf;rSef;csufr&Sd? wbufom;\

tusKd;twGuf(0g)

wbufom;

aumif;apvdk

onfhapwemoufouf

xm;&SdEdkifjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ om;orD;? om;r,m; tp&SdonfwkdUtay:

cspfvSygonf? MuifemvSygonf? arwmxm;vSygonfqdkaom arwmrsKd;
wkdUonf pifppftm;jzifh wd&pmefrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfonfh cifwG,frIrsKd;om
jzpfay&m xdkodkUaom arwmrsKd;onf "rwmoabmrQomjzpf ]jA[pdk&f
arwm}rsKd;wGif tygt0ifr[kwfEdkifacs/

1205

tcuftcJBuD;wck
tvGefwefzkd;&Sd jrifhjrwfppfrSefaom arwmrsKd;&Sdonfum; rdrdtwGuf
arQmfvifhcsuf vkH;0rxm;yJ(0g) wbufom;\ wkHUjyefrItay:rS tjrwf
xkwfzdkU r&nf&G,fyJ wbufom; aumif;pm;apvdkonfh apwemoufouf
(Good Will)

oavmuf

xm;Edkifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ pdwfxm;rsKd;um; jrifhjrwf

rvG,fulvSaom

pdwfxm;rsKd;jzpf\/ uREkfyfonf

jA[pdk&f

arwmppf\ jrifhjrwfjcif;udk oabmayguf arwmyGm;rsm;ygawmhrnf[k

tBuHjyKonfhtcg BuD;pGmaom tcuftcJESifh BuKHawGU&\/ uREkfyfonf
0dyemw&m; tm;xkwfcJUaom tcsdefrSp oDv? orm"d? ynmwnf;
[laom tjcif;t&mudkom em;vnfNyD; arwmbufodkU vkH;0rvSnfhcJUrday/
txl;ojzifh ]ynm}udkom wefzkd;xm;Nyd; ynmtwGufudkom BudK;yrf;
vmcJUoljzpf\/ uREkfyf\b0wm ay:aygufcJUonfh ]ql;}rsm;onfvnf;
arwmw&m;\

qefUusifbufjzpfcJU

uREkfyfudk,fwdkif

arwmw&m;

acgif;yg;olwa,muf jzpfjcif;udkvnf; udk,fh[mudk,fodygonf/ xdkodkUaom

tajctae&Sdaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm arwokwfy&dwf&Gwfqdk&khr[kwfyJ txuf
wGif azmfjycJUonfh ppfrSefaom arwmrsKd; yGm;rsm;zkdU rqdkxm;bd jzpfay:
zdkUyifvQif BuD;pGmaom tcuftcJESifh &ifqdkifvsuf&Sd&ygavNyD/
avhusifh,l&jcif;
ppfrSefaom arwmpdwf[lonfrSm udk,fhudk,fudk ]nm}&onfr[kwf/
uREkfyf tjcm;aomtjypfrsm;&Sdapumrl udk,fhudk,fudkvSnfhpm;NyD; nmvIdif;
jzef;oef;aom

tjypfrsKd;um;

&Sdonfrxifyg/

1206

odkUqdkvQif

ppfrSefaom

arwmrsKd; vdktyfonf? arwmyGm;rsm;&rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfvdkufaom

xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf b,fuJUodkUjyK&ygrnfenf;/ vlwbufom; aumif;pm;
ygap[laom arwmpdwf[lonfrSm ckcsufcsif;vkyf jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh
tjcif;t&mrsKd;

r[kwfacs/

odkU&mwGifAk'\tbd"rm

oGufoGufvufvuf

tvdktavsmuf

pdwf[lvnf;aumif;?

rdrdukd,fudk

rwdkufwGef;&yJ

jzpfay:vmonfh
rdrdwdkufwGef;NyD;

(tocFg&du)

BudK;pm;aqmif&Guf

&onfh (oocFg&du) pdwf[l vnf;aumif;ESpfrsKd;&Sdjcif;udk oif&bl;\/

aumif;jrwfaom pdwfrsKd;onf rnfol rqdkwcgw&HtaMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
tvdktavsmufuJUodkUjzpfay:vmwwf\/ owd&Sdaom vltzdkUrSmrl aumif;
jrwfaompdwfrsKd; tvdktavsmufrjzpfay:cJUvQifvnf; rdrdudk,fudk wdkufwGef;
NyD; jzpfay:atmifvkyf,l&\/ tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmaom pdwfaumif;
(tocFg&du)

pdwfapwemonf

xufoefjcif;&Sd

onfhtwGufaMumifh

wdkufwGef;,l&onfh (oocFg&du)apwemrsKd;xuf tusKd;tmedoif BuD;rm;

onf[kqdkygonf/ odkU&mwGif tvdktavsmuf rjzpfay: onfhvlrsm;tzdkU
wdkufwdkufwGef;wGef;jzifh
xufoefaom
okdUjzpf

tavhtusifh

vkyf,lcJUvQif

tjzpfodkUa&mufvmEdkifonf[k

uREkfyfonf

arwmw&m;

wjznf;jznf;wGif

uREkfyf,kHMunf

yGm;rsm;jcif;tvkyfwGif

ygonf/
atmufyg

twdkif;tavhtusifhjyKvkyfygonf/
avhusifhwkd;wufykH
a&S;OD;pGm

uREkfyfonf

tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;\

rsufESmudkxif&Sm;pGm

ay:vm atmif azmf,lif;wdkUtm; tppt&m&m taMumif;ndnGwfMuygap?

Nidrf;csrf;rI &SdMuygap[laom pdwfapwem jzpfay:vmatmif vkyf,lygonf/

1207

onfrSm vG,fulaom tvkyfwckjzpf\/ xdkrSwqifhwufNyD; rdrdESifh

&if;ESD;cspfcifonfh aqGrsKd;nmwdESifh rdwfaqGo*F[wkdU\ rsufESmrsm;udk
wa,mufpDay:vmatmif azmf,l txufygenf;twdkif; tppt&m&mwGif
taMumif;nDnGwfMuygap

[laom

apwemjzpfay:vmatmifvkyf,l\/

onfrSmvnf; cJ,Of;vSaom tvkyfwck r[kwfao;acs/ tppt&m&m

taMumif;nDnGwfygap[laom

pum;rSm

udk,f\usef;rmjcif;?

pdwf\

Nidrf;csrf;jcif;wnf;[laom tjcif;t&mrsm; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh pum;

vkH;r&SnfyJESifh
avonf/

t"dym,fpkHvifonfhtwGuf
vltajrmuftjrm;\

uREkfyf

rsufESmrsm;udk

a&G;cs,fxm;jcif;jzpf
wOD;pDazmf

xkwfum

tm&kHjyK&jcif;rSm tcdseftawmfMumaomtvkyfrsKd;jzpf wdkwdkESifh t"dym,f

jynfhpkHaom pum;vkH;udk a&G;cs,fxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ cifriff&if;ESD;aom
rdwfo*F[rsm;\rsufESmrsm; aphpkHaomtcg tzsm;usaom todtuRrf;rsm;\
rsufESmrsm;udkazmfxkwfum arwmydkUygonf/ odkUjzifh vlaphpkHNyD;aomtcg
uREkfyftay:remvdk0efwdkjcif;&Sdonf[k uREkfyfxifaomvlrsm;\ rsufESmrsm;
udkazmf,l
&if;ESD;aom

txufygtwdkif;
rdwfaqGrsm;tm;

arwmydkUygonf/

tvkyfrSm

arwmydkU&jcif;uJUokdU

cifrif

(tpyxr)

rvG,fulvSaomfvnf; wdkufwdkufwGef;wGef;ESifh vkyfzefrsm;vmaomtcgrl

vG,fulonfxuf vG,fuljcif; &SdvmonfudkawmhawGU&ygonf/ xdktcgrl
uREkfyf\pdwfonf Munfvifjcif;? jzLpifjcif;? Nidrf;csrf;jcif;? odrfarGUjcif;
wnf;[laom t&nf tcsif;rsm;wGif ododomomBuD; wdk;wufvsuf&Sdjcif;udk
awGU&ygonf/

1208

xl;jcm;aomMunfhjcif;
uREkfyfonf azmfjycJUNyD;aom tvkyfrsKd;wGif eHywf(2)jzpfonfh arwmydkU
jcif;wnf;[laom

tvkyfudk

tcsdeftrsm;qkH;ay;

eHygwf(3)jzpfonfh

'da|'d|rwHwnf;[laom 0dyemtvkyfudk tcsdefydkaomtcgrsm; tajymif;

tvJ oabmrsKd;jzifhom avhusifhygonf/ rdrd\tcef;&SdpOf txufygenf;
twdkif; arwmydkUaomtvkyfudk avhusifhvltrsm;ESifhawGUqkHaomtcgrsm;rl
wOD;wa,muf\ rsufESmudkaphaphMunfhum txufygenf;twdkif; arwmydkU
yg onf/ twdkif; okH;&ufcefUrQ rdepfrjywf BudK;pm;vdkuf&mwGif uREkfyf\
twGif; "mwfonf rBuKHbl;atmif Nidrf;csrf;Munfvifjcif; &Sdvm&kHomru
uREkfyf\

rsufvkH;rsm;onfvnf;

]arwmrsufvkH;}

jzpfvmMu[efwl\/

vlrsm;onf uREkfyfudk jrifonfhtcg a&S;uuJUodkU omrefMunfhjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ

av;av;pm;pm; MunfMunfndKndK&SdykH&aom Munfhjcif;rsKd;jzifh Munfhvm
Mu\/ uREkfyfESifh rsufvkH; csif;wBudrfqkHrdaomolonf (a,mufsm;jzpfap?
rdef;rjzpfap)

uREkfyfudkxyf

rMunfhyJ

raeEdkifonfhvuPmESifh

txl;pdwf0ifpm;pGm MunfhMujcif;udkawGU&\/ okH;&ufvGefajrmufaomaeUwGif

uREkfyfonf tjcif;t&mudk owdjyKrd udk,fh[mudk,f[kwfrS [kwfyg
av\avm[lyif

oHo,jzpfrdygonf/

a&S;OD;pGm

xif&Sm;aom tjzpftysufwckudkazmfjyvdkygonf/

1209

xl;xl;

jcm;jcm;

wcGef;wnf;aompum;
uREkfyftavhtusifhjyKvkyf

pwkwajrmufaomaeUwGif

uREkfyfwdkU

udk,fpm;vS,f okH;a,mufESifh uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf pum;jyeftjzpfESifh vnf;

aumif;?

vrf;jytjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;

vdkufygvmMuonfh

&k&Sm;&Jabmf

ESpfa,mufwkdUonf armfpudkNrdKUrSxGufvmNyD; tmrD;eD;,m;&Dywfbvpf\

NrdKUawmfjzpfonfh tD&mAefNrdKUrS &Gmuav;w&GmodkU xGufvmMu\/ uREkfyfwdkU
onf if;&Gm&Sd pkaygif;pdkufysKd;a&;tzGJUOuX\ zdwfMum;csuft& if;aus;&Gm
ESifhwuG pkaygif;pdkufysKd;jcif;enf;pepfudkyg Munfh&I&ef vmcJUMujcif; jzpfav
onf/ aus;&Gm&Sd pmoif ausmif;ESifh pkaygif;pkdufysKd;jcif;enf;pepfqdkif&mwdkUudk
OuXESifhtzGJUom;rsm;u jyoNyD;aemuf OuXonf uREkfyfwkdUtm; aeUv,fpm
auR;arG; &eftwGuf if;\tdrfodkU zdwfac:oGm;avonf/ OuX\aetdrfrSm
bJ? Muuf? ief; ponf rsm; arG;jrLxm;aomfvnf; w,fvDAD;&Sif;ESifhwuG
tdrfaxmifrIud&d,mrsm;tjyif yef;uefcGufa,mufponfrsm;\
tajctaerSm
wa,muf\

jrefrmjynfrS

0efaxmuftqifhtwef;&Sdonfh

tajctaersKd;&Sdjcif;udk

awGU&onf/

om;em;ykH
t&m&Sd

qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU

a&mufonfrSp uREkfyfonf tpnf;ta0;rsm; uREkfyfodvdkaom tjcif;

t&mudk wcGef;wav ar;jref;jcif;rSwyg; pum; rajym? ajym&efvnf;
tpDtpOfr&Sd? qdwfqdwfomaecJUonf/ urmhNidrf;csrf;a&; qdkif&m aumfrwD
vlBuD;tzGJUESifh aqG;aEG;&mwGifrlum; OD;oefUtaMumif;udk pum;pyfrdonfESifh
uREkfyfu ]]OD;oefUonf uG,fvGefol [rf;rm;&Id;xufomonf[k rxifMu
oavm}} [k ar;vdkuf\/ wGiftBuD;tuJjzpfolwOD;u ]]EIdif;,SOf vdkUawmh
rajymyg&apeJUcifAsm}}[k pum;cHNyD;vQif [rf;rm;&Id;\ t&nftcsif;ESifh
tcuftcJrsm;? OD;oefU\t&nftcsif;ESifh BudK;pm;csufrsm; ponfwkdUudk

1210

ajymjyav&m uRekfyf\pdwfxJ rdrdodvdkaom tjcif;t&mudk od&NyD jzpf

xdkol\pum;ajymykH vdrmjcif;udk pdwfxJ csD;rGrf;cJUbl;ygonf/ onfrQ
avmufrSty uREkfyfyg;pyfyif r[cJUbl;ao;yg/
arwmrsufvkH;okH;jcif;
aus;&GmOuX\ aeUv,fpmpm;yGJvnf; uREkfyfonf pum;ajymzdkU
vkH;0 tBuHtpnfr&SdyJ pm;yGJxdyfcif;xm;onfh qdkzmay:wGif cyfapmif;apmif;
rSDum xdkifvsuf&Sd\/ OuXonf uREkfyftm;tzGJUacgif;aqmif r[kwfjcif;udk
odaomfvnf; vlBuD;wa,muftaejzifh taumif;qkH;aomae&mudk ay;jcif;
jzpf[ef&Sd\/ uREkfyf\tazmfrsm;u tufz&dkat&Sif cspfMunfrI cdkifNrJa&;tzGJU
taMumif;udkajymjy pkaygif;pdkufysKd;a&;OuXESifh tzGJUom;rsm;u ]wkdUpf}
vkyfvsuf&SdMuonf/

uREkfyfonf

pm;yJGxdyfwGif

wdwfqdwfpGmxdkifvsuf

pm;MuaomufMuaom vlrsm;\ rsufESmrsm;udk wa,mufpDMunfhum arwm

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1211

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1212

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1213

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1214

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1215

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1216

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1217

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1218

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1219

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1220

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1221

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1222

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1223

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1224

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1225

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1226

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1227

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1228

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1229

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1230

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1231

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1232

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1233

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1234

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1235

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1236

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1237

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1238

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1239

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1240

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1241

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1242

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1243

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1244

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1245

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1246

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1247

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1248

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1249

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1250

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1251

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1252

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1253

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1254

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1255

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1256

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1257

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1258

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1259

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1260

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1264

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1265

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1266

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1267

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1268

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1269

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1270

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1271

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1272

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vdkufonfhtcgwGifrlum; (ta[mif;trsOf;udk wefzdk;xm;wwfonfh ordkif;
q&m rsm;\ rsufpdrsKd;rSwyg;) r,SOfomatmif uGmjcm;vsuf&SdavNyD/
u&ifrvif

Zmwf&kHBuD;rSm

1961

ckESpfatmufwdkbmvw&ufaeUwGif

aqmufvkyfNyD;pD; 22 Budrfajrmuf qdkAD,ufygvDreftjzpfESifh tpnf;ta0;

xdkifcJUojzifh
trnfwGifcJU&m

uGef*&uf eef;awmfBuD;
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Palace

ttkHBuD;udkyif

1273

of

Congress

[l

Zmwf&kHBuD;tjzpfESifh

tokH;csjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh u&ifrvif Zmwf&kHBuD;

Kremlin

Theatre

[l vnf; ac:wGifavonf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm if;taqmufttkHBuD;udk &k&Sm;

ygvDrefcef;raqmifBuD;tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;?
&moDwGif)

(tpnf;ta0;rxdkifonfh

Zmwf&kHBuD;tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;ESpfrsKd;

tokH;jyKavonf/

&k&Sm;qdkvQif &IwfcszdkUBuHpnf pdwful;olrsm;u ]]rcrf;em;yJ &Sdrnfavm?

ygvDreftaqmufttkHudk Zmwf&kHtjzpfESifh okH;xm;jcif;r[kwfygavm}} [k
ajymaumif;ajymMuayvdrfhrnf/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap Zmwf&kHBuD;wck taejzifh
rBuKHbl;atmif crf;em;wifhw,fonfh taqmufttkHBuD;jzpfonfh twGuf
tenf;i,fazmfjyyg&apOD;/
BuD;us,fcrf;em;ykH
uREkfyfrSm tenf;i,ftat;rd *smreDjynf aq;&kHwuf ae&pfcJU&
ojzifh

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tat;rdjcif;udkyif

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atmufarhrdonf/

*smreDrS

uREkfyfjyefa&mufvmaomtcg uREkfyf\nDonf uREkfyftm; if;Zmwf&kHBuD;odkU

ac:oGm;\/ xdkyJGrSmtxl;aeUyGJjzpfonf/ yJGujyonfhZmwf&kHESifh ZmwfckHBuD;
wkdU\

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ywfywfvnf&Sd

taqmifaqmif

tcef;cef;wkdU\ crf;em;jcif;ESifh qef;Mu,f jcif;wkdUtwGuf uREkfyfom

tHUMordonf/ Zmwf&kHcef;odkU r0ifrDjzpfap? acwcP tyef;ajz&efjzpfap
ywfywfvnf&Sd taqmifaqmiftcef;cef;wdkUwGif xdkifEdkifMuonf/ aq;vdyf
aomuf&ef twGufvnf;aumif;? pum;ajym&eftwGufaomf vnf;aumif;?
pm;aomufMu&ef twGufaomfvnf;aumif; us,f0ef;vSaom tcef;BuD;

1274

rsm;&Sday&m tcif;tusif;ESifh rD;xGef;xm;ykHwdkUonfyifvQif (uREkfyftzkdU &m)

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tvGefyeH&atmif&Sdaomfvnf; vif;vdkufykHrSm vdkavao;r&Sday/ Murf;jyifBuD;
wckvkH;rSm a&mfbmtaysmhpm;jzifh cif;xm;onfjzpf tEktnHUBudKufaom
uREkfyftzkdU Zdrf&SdvSonf/
pm;yGJcef;BuD;rSmvnf; tvGefus,f0ef; crf;em;pGmjyifqifxm;onfhjyif
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p&mBuD;jzpfae\/ tpm;taomufrsm;rSm uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmaiGESifhwGufaomf
aps;EIef;BuD;jrifhonf[k

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tvQHy,f

pm;Mu aomufMujcif;udk awGU&\/ aps;EIef;csKdaomfvnf; ydkufqH&Sm;

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tpm;taomuf

tokH;tpJG&ufa&mykHudk

uREkfyfjrif&onfhtcg

jrif;yGJudk

ESpfacgufokH;acguf a&mufbl;pOfu jrif;Edkifaomolrsm; okH;MujzKef;Mujcif;udk

owd&rdonf/ pnfum;vdkufykHudk OyrmEdIif;&aomf uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynf
tpnfum;qkH;aom

bk&m;yGJBuD;wckwGifpm;MuaomufMujcif;ESifhwlvS\/

okdUaomfjcm;em;csufwck &SdonfrSmum; bk&m;yGJrsm; vlpnfum;onfqdkvQif

awmfatmifavsmfatmif

jyifqifay;wwfMuay&m

xdkpm;yGJcef;BuD;rl

xkH;pHtwdkif; jyifqifay; udk,fhtvSnfhusaomtcg (tawmftwef awmh

Mumonf/) rcRwf{uef&Muavonf/

1275

"mwfavSum;wrsKd;
u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;rSm abmfvf&TdKif Zmwf&kHBuD;uJUodkUyif txyf
av;xyf&Sday&m abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;rSmrl udk,fhtxyfodkUa&mufatmif &dk;&dk;
avSum;jzifh ajcvsifwufMu&\/ u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;rlum; ]rufx&dk}
ajratmufrD;&xm;

rSmuJUodkUyif

tJUpfumvdwm

(Escalator)

ac:

"mwfavSum;wrsKd;jzifh wuf&onf/ "mwfavSum;wrsKd;[ka&;jcif;rSm a&Twd*kH

bk&m;ESifh &efukefwdkufBuD;rsm;wGif wyfqifxm;onfh txufESifhatmuf
rwfapmufpGm

qif;wuf&aom

(avSmiftdrfcef;)

avSum;rsKd;r[kwf?

MunfhvdkufvQif yuwdavSum;&dk;&dk;uJUokdU txpfawGESifh cyfapmif;apmif;

&Sdaom

avSum;rsKd;jzpfavonf/ avSum;taMumif;udk tjcm;vlrsm;

a&;zl;MuvS tqef;topf r[kwfaomfvnf; rzwf&bl;olwkdUtwGuf

A[kokwjzpfapjcif;iSm

tenf;i,fazmfjyvkdufygOD;rnf/

avSum;&if;rS

&yfMunfhvdkufonfhtcg omrefavSum;&dk;&dk;ozG,f txpfawGESifh cyfapmif;

apmif;&Sd

ESif;pif;,SOfvsuf&Sdonfudk

NrJNrJr&yfwwfolrsm;tzkdU

jrif&ayvdrfhrnf?

vuf&ef;rsm;vnf;

&Sd\/

wbufwcsuf
(tavhtusifh

r&SdrDudk,fhudk,f udkpdwfrcsEdkif vuf&ef;udkudkifum xdef;xm;&aomfvnf;

uREkfyftbdk;BuD;tdk wa,mufyifvQif ESpfBudrfavmuf qif;wuf&aomtcg
vuf&ef;udkrudkif&awmhyg/) avSum;&if;rS wufvdkaomolonf atmufqkH;
avSum;xpfay:odkU zswfueJ &yfvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf txufodkU
wufvsuf&Sdaom avSum;xpfrsm;ESifh twl ygoGm;awmhonf/ tjcm;buf
rdrdESifhqefUusifbuf c&D;oGm;aeMuonfh tqif;orm;rsm;udkvnf;jrif&\/
avSum;xdyfodkU tvdktavsmuf a&mufoGm;aomtcg rdrd\ tvkyfrSm
nDnmaom Murf;jyifay:odkU tomuav;

1276

vSrf;ul;vdkuf&efom&Sdonf/

tqif;rSmvnf; tvm;wlyif avSum;xpfay:okdU tomuav; vdkufyg

oGm;&efom jzpfonf/ u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD; yGJMunfhy&dowfonf rdrdwkdU\
vufrSwf&Sd&mtqifhodkU

"mwfavSum;jzifh

ajcanmif;rcH&yJ

oGm;EdkifMu

avonf/
ZmwfckHBuD;
Zmwf&kHBuD;xJodkU wtdtdaysmhaysmif;aom Murf;jyifwavQmuf vSrf;0if
oGm;aomtcg xdkifckHrsm;rSm abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD; rSmuJUodkU cyfrIdif;rIdif;
r[kwfyJ &J&JeDvsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ ydkqifajcavQm jyKvkyfxm;
onfhtwGuf y&dowfonf ZmwfckHay: ujyolrsm;udk ydkxif&Sm;pGm
jrifEdkifonf/ xdkifckHwck xdkifNyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf uREkfyfxdkifaom xdkifckHudk
aocsmpGm udkifwG,fprf; oyfMunfh&moyf&yfjcif;? acsmarGUjcif;? yifudk
txnfaumif;jcif;wkdUudk

jrif&ojzifh

jrefrmvuform;wa,mufonf

if;xdkifckHrsKd;wckudk usyf 300xufavQmh vkyfEdkifygrnfavm[k tuJjzwf

rdonf/ xdkifckH\vuf,mbuf pm;yGJ&Sifuav; wck&Sd&m tvdk&Sdonfhtcg
rdr\
d &ifcGifxJodkU qGJwifNyD; pm;aomufp&mrsm; wifum okH;aqmifEdkifonf/
xdkifckHwGif

cvkwfuav;wck&Sdao;&m

uREkfyfonf

if;\tokH;udk

odvdkonfESifh uRekfyf\nDtm;ar;Munfh\/ olonfcvkwfudk xdkrS rS

vIyfcgprf;oyfMunfhaomfvnf; tokH;udk&SmrawGUEdkifyJ &SdvufavQmhvdkuf
Mu&onf/ ]nD}onf &Jabmfwa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; tvkyfrsm;olwa,muf
jzpf u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;odkU wBudrfom a&mufbl;onf[k od&onf/
bJav;uyGJrSm tcef;wcef;ajymif; ]Zmwfcif;}udk jyKjyif&onfhtcg um;vdyf
rsm;udk BudK;jzifh qGJ&kHESifhrNyD;yJ rsm;pGm jyKjyif&efvdkonfjzpfaomaMumifh

1277

em&Dw0ufcefU tem;ay;NyD; y&dowfvnf; tjyifodkUxGufum pm;Mu

aomufMu aq;vdyfaomufMuavonf/ uREkfyfrarhEdkifonfh Zmwfcif;wckrSm
ZmwfckHaemufydkif; cyfususwGif a&S;a[mif;tdrfBuD;waqmif&Sd&m twGif;
rD;tdrfrsm;xGef;nSdxm;

vlrsm;xGuf0ifoGm;vmvsuf&Sd\/

tdrfa&SUum;

rdef;uav;wa,mufESifh a,mufsm;uav;wa,mufonf jrufcif;ay:wGif

wGJ uvsuf&Sd\/ aemufqkH; um; a&S;tdrfBuD;onf ZmwfckHay:yif
rD;rsm;awmufavmifvsuf&Sd onfudk jrifMu&onf/ azmfjycJUNyD;onfhtwdkif;
uREkfyfrSmbJav;uyGJrsm;wGif Zmwfaumif rsm;ESifh Zmwfvrf;xuf o&kyfyg
wu,fxif&avmufatmif jyifqifxm;onfh ]Zmwfcif;}rsm; ydkrdkpdwf0if
pm;jcif;&SdcJUygonf/
bJav;tu
bJav;tuESifh ywfouf uREkfyfowdjyKrdaom tjcif;t&mwckudk
azmfjyvdkao;\/ bJav;uyGJudk Munfhump uREkfyfonf ajczsm;uav;
ESpfacsmif;axmufum ranmif;rnm Mum&SnfpGmuEdkifjcif;udk tHUMo&kHrSwyg;
csD;rGrf;p&m &SmrawGUyJjzpfae\/ ajcaxmufrsm;udk ajrSmufjcif;? um;jcif;ESifh
vufrsm;udk vIyf&Sm;ykHwdkUrSm rdef;uav;rsm;twGuf tvSrf;uGmvGef;NyD; udk;&dk;
um;&m;

EdkifvGef;onf[lyif

xifrd\/

odkU&mwGif

Mum&SnfpGm

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r&dkif;[kjrifvm\/ xdkUxufMumjyefaomtcgrlum; olwkdU\vIyf&Sm;ykHrsm;
ESifh ywfouf tqif ajyaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk jrifwwfvmawmhonf/
rdef;uav;rsm;

aygifum;&m;vkyfjcif;?

ajcaxmufajrmufvGef;jcif;onf

jrefrmrsufpdESifh jrifvdkuf vQif jrifvdkufcsif; &dkif;pdkif;onf? tjrifrawmf[k

1278

wcgwnf; qkH;jzwfwwf\/ uREkfyfwdkUonf tawG;eufaom vlrsKd;jzpf

[efwlonf/ uREkfyfonfbJav;tuudk tcsdefMum&SnfpGm Munfhonfhtcg
rlvuwnf;u tcH&Sdonfh tqdkygtawG;rsKd; aysmufoGm; ajc[efvuf[ef
oufoufudkom

jrifvm\/

trSefrSm

bJav;

uacsonfrrsm;\

ajcvufvIyf&Sm;ykHonf tvGef,Ofaus;onfh [eftrlt&m rsKd; yg&Sdjcif;udk

uREkfyfoabmaygufvmonf/ pmzwfol oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jy&rnf
qdkvQif bJav;uacsonfrrsm;\ u enf; u [efESifhudk,ftae txm;udk
avhusifhrxm;onfh
ESpfacsmif;udk

rdef;uav;wa,mufonf

if;wdkUenf;wl

aygif

um;onfjzpfap? ajcaxmufESpfacsmif;udk wbufpDajrSmuf

onfjzpfap rMunfhaysmfatmifjzpfNyD; rsufpdxJ udk;&dk;um;&m;ESifh rzG,f

&maom pdwful;rsKd; 0ifvmayvdrfhrnf/ bJav;tuudk Munfhwwfvmaom
tcgrl aemufajcwbufudk cg;txufa&mufatmif ajrSmufvdkufapum
rlvnf; udk,fum,\ [efjyifykH tvdkufoifh&SdvS vSyaom udk,fvkH;
udk,faygufvnf; &Sdolrsm;jzpfonfh twGufaMumifh rawmfwavsmf toGif
rsKd;ray:vmyJ

udk,fvufESifh

ajc

axmufwkdU\

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tEkynmonfomvQif pdwfxJwGif ay:vmyg awmhonf/ onfaMumifh

taemufwdkif;

bJav;tuonf

tEkynmwcktaejzifh

urmwGif

emrnfBuD;jcif; jzpfwef&monf[k uREkfyfawG;awmrdygonf/

&k&Sm;qwfuwf
urmwGif emrnfBuD;vSaom &k&Sm;qwfuwfudkvnf; armfpudkwBudrf
vDeif*&uf wBudrfuREkfyfMunfhcJUbl;onf/ vDeif*&uf&Sd qwfuwfodkU
pma&;q&mrESifhtwl

uREkfyfwdkUoGm;Mu&mwGif

1279

q&mru

]]uRefrawmh

qwfuwfyJG

rMunfhwmMumygNyD? &SifwkdUMunhfcsifw,fqdkvdkU

vdkufykdUyg

w,f}} [kajymonfESifh uREkfyfwD;acgufpkHprf; atmufygtwdkif; od&Sd&onf/

qwfuwfyGJ
(Uncultured)

[lonfrSm

uav;oli,frsm;ESifh

tvkyfMurf;orm;rsm;

omMunfhaomyGJ jzpf tay:0wf tusxlBuD;rsm;udk &kHxJwGif

0wfEdkifcGifh&SdaMumif;ajym&mwGif ]]uav;yJxifxif? pmrwwfwJU trsKd;tpm;yJ

xifxif

uRefawmfwkdUawmh

MunfhcsifoAsm}}[k

uREkfyfu

jyefajym\/

wGifolu ]]&SifwkdUvdk wcgw&HvmwJU oltzkdUawmh[kwfygw,f? MunfhvJ

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a&mufcJUMuonf/

(uREkfyf\0wfpkHarhusef&pfpOfu

]]prf;MunfhygapOD;}}[k

ajym&Jaom trsKd;orD;yifjzpfonf/) vDeif*&ufqufuwf yJG uREkfyfonf

olESifhyxrtBudrf awGUjcif;jzpf t,femu&JeD;em;taMumif; aqG;aEG;Mu
onfESifhyif qwfuwf &nfrSef;oavmuf tm&kHrpdkufEdkifyJ jzpfcJU& onf/
uREkfyfu ]]t,femu&JeD;em;\ tjzpfrsKd;ESifh BuKH&vQif rdef;rw&mteuf
b,fESpfa,mufavmuf tvGef&kef;Edkifrnfxifygoenf;}}[k ar;aomtcg
olu ]]tvGwf&kef;EdkifwJU rdef;rrsKd; r&Sdbl;vdkUawmh rqdkygbl;? uRefrudk,fwdkif
jzifh wa,mufrS rawGUbl;ao;bl;}} [k jyefajym&m tqkH;tjzwf
ESifhwuGol\ yGifhvif;aom oabmxm;udkyg uREkfyfoabmusvSonf/
]]'Dvdkqdk cifAsm; tygt0ifaygh}} [k uREkfyfu ppfar;&m ]]uRefrvJ
rkd;usa&Tudk,f

(Heaven Born)

wa,mufrS r[kwfyJ}} [k &J&J 0HU0HU

ajzqdkavonf/

1280

armfpudkqwfuwfyJG
armfpudkqwfuwfyGJokdUrl uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf ]nD}ESifh]om;}wkdUESifh twl
oGm;a&mufMu\/ yGJxJodkUr0ifrD ]om;}u tkdufpu&ifpm;MutkH;rvm;}}[k
ar;onfESifh uREkfyfu pdwfcyfxifhxifhESifhyif ]]pm;rnf}}[k ajymvdkuf\/
pdwfxifhrdjcif;rSm

rQavmuf

at;vSaoma'owGif

pm;oifhawmfyg

rnfavm [k pOf;pm;rdjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ odkUjzpf av,mOfysHay:

[mrpm;? [dk[mrpm;? a&udkyifaomuf0HU[efrwlaom ocifausmfpdef
rSwyg; tkdufpu&ifwxkyfpD ,lvmcJUMuonf/ yGJxJ uREkfyfwdkUonf
tdkufpu&ifxkyfudk ajzumajzum Budwf&onfrSm Zdrf&SdvSonf/ qwfuwf
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tjzpfESifh Munfh&jcif;xuf vludk,fwkdifjrif&jcif; \t&omonf BuD;pGmaom
jcm;em;jcif;&Sdayonf/ xkdUjyif tcsKdUaom tqef;rsm;udk tjcm;aomqwfuwf
rsm;wGif i,fuwnf;u jrifcJUzl;aomfvnf; wlyifwlapumrl ydkcufcJaom
twwfrsm;udk

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aumif;uifbm;?

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uREkfyfvnf; vufrvGwfwrf; MunfhvmcJUolwa,mufjzpf\/ odkU&mwGif
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1281

&,fp&m tjyKtrludk wbufu &,farm&onfrSm rtm;vyfatmif &Sdyg

awmhonf/ wcsufwcsuf wGif uREkfyf pdwful;av;wckay:aygufvm\/
(tdkufpu&ifrSm

puLjzifhywf

xm;

tawmifhvdkuf

vufESifhudkif

pm;&onfjzpf&m a&cJaom &moDOwkjzpfonf ESifh t&nfraysmfyJ vufxJ

tawmifhvdkufwnfvsuf &Sdojzifh udkufpm;vdkaom txufydkif;rSpuLywfudk
wjznf;jznf;csif; ajzum udkufpm;Edkifavonf/) uREkfyf\pdwfxJ tkduf
pu&ifawmifhudk udkufpm;,if; qwfuwfvljyufrsm;\ aemufajymifjcif;
rsm;udk ttkyftxdef;r&Sd? vGwfvyfpGm w[m;[m;&,fvsuf&Sd jcif;rsm;udk
owdjyKrdygonf/ igonfqdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU a&mufcgrS uav;b0 odkU
jyefqif;ae&acsNyDwum;[k pOf;pm;rdayao;onf/
wwd,tBudrf pum;ajymjcif;
armfpudkNrdKUrS uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf 'kwd,tBudrf xGufcGmcgeD;wGif
tm&Stmz&du

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1284

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1285

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1286

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1287

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1288

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1289

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1290

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[k qdkvdkaom t"dym,frsKd;jzifh vufjy&kHjyNyD; qufvuf ar;aeao;onf/
xkdUaemuftcef; jyifrS ajcoHrsm;Mum;onfwGifrS ]*G'fEdkuf}onf tcef;jyifodkU
at;at;aq;aq; xGufoGm; tjcm;vlrsm;vnf; vdkufygoGm;Muavonf/
xdkrdef;r\cefUnm; wnfNidrfaom ajEudk uREkfyfjrif&ojzifh ]BuD;BuD;
rmpwm\ uawmfBuD;} wa,muf jzpf&rnf[k tuJcwfrdygonf/
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q&m0efuav;url olwdkUav;a,muf\ rsufESmrsm;udk apmifhMunfhum

1291

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arSmufckdif; ,cifenf;wlt0wfrsm;udkvSefapNyD; a&S;enf;twdkif; pum;
ajymjcif;r&Sd? wa,muf\rsufESmudk wa,mufvSrf;Munfh&kHrQ MunfhMu onf/
a&SUydkif;aemufydkif;NyD;aomtcg atmufydkif;udk 'l;txdvSefapNyD; ajczsm;rSp
'l;wdkifatmif wD;acgufprf;oyfMunfh&IMuonf/ NyD;aomtcg q&m0efrBuD;
ESpfa,mufwkdUudk z,f&Sm;NyD;'l;txuf cg;xdatmif q&m0efBuD; ESpfa,muf
wnf; qufvufprf;oyfMunfh&IMuavonf/ prf;oyfykHrSm tvGef aocsm
32usyfay;NyD;

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1292

cRwf,Gif;csufr&Sd?

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cRwf,Gif;csuf (Defect) r&SdaMumif; Mum;od&aomtcg aq;&kHwuf&usKd;eyf

onf[k 0rf;omrdygonf/ yxr uREkfyfonf tat;rdjcif; oufoufrQESifh
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aphpyfaocsmpGm

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1293

tazmfvkyfwwfol?

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1294

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vm;[k 0rf;enf;&ygao;onf/

1295

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aomaMumifh aumif;aomtavhtusifhwcktaejzifh uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmrsm;u

1296

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i,fjcif;jzpfcJU&ykH

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1297

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azmfjy& &SmMuygao;onf/ uREkfyfonf xdk&ufodkUwdkifatmif 0wKypnf;
wpkHwckrQ

(trSwftom;tjzpfESifh)

1298

0,f,l&ao;jcif;r&SdonfESifh

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1299

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1300

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1301

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1302

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1303

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1304

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1305

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1306

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1307

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1308

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1309

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tjypftemtqmrsm;

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1310

ol\tvkyfjzpfae\/

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1311

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1312

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1313

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1314

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1315

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1316

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1317

Ekyf/

/]]a'goqdkwm raumif;bl;? raumif;usKd;ay:xGufwwfw,f?

arwmqdkwm aumif;w,f? aumif;usKd;ay:xGufwwfw,f? a'goeJUarwm

[m rwlbl;qdkwmawmh cifAsm;0efcHrSmaygh}}
nD/

/]]rwlawmawmhodygw,f?

tusKd;w&m;csif;

wl&rSmayghAs?

EdkUayr,fh

a'gowkdU

tvkyfcsif;wlvQif

arwmwkdUqdkwmawGupdwfyJ?

tvkyfrS r[kwfyJ}}
Ekyf/

/]]pdwfrSjzpfwJU

apwemwkdU?

arwmwkdU

qdkwmawG[m

tusKd;w&m; ay:xGufEdkifw,f qdkwmawG[m cifAsm;wkdU umvfrmhufpf&JU

pmtkyfBuD;xJrSmrygbl;? &kyfeJUvkyf&wJU tvkyfudkom tav;ay;NyD; azmfjy
xm;wmudk;? 'gaMumifhrdkU cifAsm;wkdUtvkyfawG[m racsmarmyJ wpfqdkUqdkU
jzpfaewmyJ}}
nD/
ygawmh?

/]]'guawmh b&m;om;&JU pGyfpGJcsuf&SdwmygcifAsm? 'gxm;

urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;udprSm

uRefawmfwkdUu

wbufom;udk

tEdkif&csifwJUoabmxm;eJU aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfw,fvdkU b,fhES,fpGyfpGJEdkif

ovJAs}}
Ekyf/

/]]odNyDvm;Asm? cifAsm;wkDUurmhNidrf;csrf;a&; uGefz&ifhawGrSm

bmawGajymMuovJ? wbufom;[m ppfbDvl;BuD;qdkNyD; tjypftemtqm

awG avQmuf ajymMuw,f r[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]urmol urmom;awGodatmif wdkif&wmaygh b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]wdkifawmhbmjzpfovJ?

wbufom;u

a'gojzpfw,f

r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUa'gojzpfvJ b,fwwfEdkifrvJ b&m;om;}}

1318

Ekyf/

/]]Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,OfwGJaexkdifa&;qdk? wbufom;udk a'go

jzpfatmifvkyfNyD; Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;qdkwm jzpfEdkifyghrvm;Asm?

uRefawmfem;vnfwJU pdwfobm0t&awmh jzpfzkdUa0;ao;Asm}}
nD/

/]]qkd;csif rdkufcsifwJUvludk rqkd;0HU rrdkuf0HUatmif vkyf&rSmaygh

b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]jzpfovm;? &ovm;? wif;rmrIawG ravQmhyJ wkd;wkd;

omvmw,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/
vlawG

/]]wbufom;udk vlqdk;BuD;vdkU a<u;aMumfNyD; vuf&dkufcsKd;zdkU

pkaer,fhtpm;

Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk

vufwGJ

aqmif&Gufcsifatmif

odrf;oGif;,l&r,f As}}
nD/ /]]ajymawmhvG,fw,f? vkyfawmhb,fvkdvkyfrwJUvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

]]cifAsm;wkdUvlpk vkyfaeMuykHawG[m onftwdkif;xdkifaewmu

awmfvdrfhOD;r,f? Nidrf;csrf;a&;qdkNyD; wbufom;&JU tjypfawGudk armif;wD;NyD;

aMujimay;Muwmu omvdkUomvdkUqdk;qdk;oGm;wmudkcsnf; awGUae&w,fAs}}
nD/

/]][kwfygNyD?

xm;ygOD;awmh

b&m;om;?

'gjzifh

b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ}}
Ekyf/

/]]uRefawmf ckeifu ajymcJUwJUtwdkif; cifAsm;wkdUudk,fEIdufu

wbufom;tay:rSm tEdkif,lzdkUaemufvdkufpkNyD; tom;,lcsifwJU &nf&G,f

csufudk pGefUvTwfNyD; &dk;&dk;om;om; Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwlaecsifwJU oabmxm;udk
xif&Sm; atmifazmfjyzdkUvdkw,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkjy&rSmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]a&S;OD;pGm wbufeJUwbuf rkef;wD;jcif;avsmhatmif rwwf

Edkifao;rD ,ckxufwdk;NyD; rrkef;Mu&atmifawmh vkyfwwf&r,fAsm}}

1319

nD/ /]]b,fvdkvkyfrvJ b&m;om;}}

Ekyf/

/]]ighwkdUudkrxdeJU rD;yGifhoGm;r,f? rsKd;jyKwfoGm;r,f? acsrIef;

ypfvkdufr,fvdkU wbufu BuKH;0g;vdkufwJUtcgrSm wbufu b,fvdkjzpf

oGm;ovJ? aMumufygNyD cifAsmqdkNyD;'l;axmufvdkufua&mwJUvm;}}
nD/ /]]raxmufygbl; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]a'goawG xGufvmNyD; oluvJ jyefBuKH;0g;w,fr[kwfvm;?

tckvdk tjyeftvSefBuKH;0g;vdkufMuwJUtcgrSm wbufeJUwbuf pdwfapwem

aumif;awG wzGm;zGm;ay:vma&mwJUvm;}}
nD/ /]]r[kwfygbl; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]a'gopdwfawG wkd;vmNyD; ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif; tBuH

tpnfawG xkwfMua&mhr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]rSefygw,f b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wkdUtpdk;&eJU tar&duef[m ckwavmrSm 'DvdkyJ

vkyfaeMu w,f r[kwfbl;vm;}}

nD/ /]]olwkdUbufpNyD; BuKH;0g;wmyg cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]olwkdUbufupNyD; BuKH;0g;awmh cifAsm;wkdUbufujyefNyD;

BuKH;0g;w,f? 'Dawmh ckeifuajymcJUwJUtwkdif; wbufeJUwbuf wqifhwuf

NyD; rkef;oGm; Muw,fr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfrSmaygh cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]wkd;NyD;rkef;wm vdktyfovm;? rvdktyfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]rvdktyfbl; xm;ygawmhcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]xm;ygawmh rvkyfygeJUav? Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,OfwJGaecsif
w,f qdk}}
nD/ /]]aewmhaecsifygw,f}}

1320

Ekyf/

/]]wbufu BuKH;0g;vdkU wbufu jyefrBuKH;0g;yJ qdwfqdwf

aevQif aMumufw,fvdkUvlawGuxifMurSm pdk;&ovm;}}

nD/ /]]rajymwwfbl;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]rajymwwfr&SdygeJU? 'DacwfrSm jzpfaeMuwmu wbufu

BuKH;0g;vdkU wbufuqdwfqdwfaevQif *kPfi,foGm;w,f? Prestige avQm

qif;oGm;w,f? &Sufp&maumif;w,fvdkU ,lqaeMuw,f r[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfw,fxifyg&JU b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]*smreDrSm uRefawmfzsm;oGm;wJUtwGuf rlvBuH&G,fcsufwck

ysufoGm;w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]bmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]uRefawmfwkdU

tm&Stmz&du

BuHUcdkifa&;

aqG;aEG;yJGrSm

ocifausmf pdefu c&ka&SmhxHar;cGef;awG a&;wifw,f r[kwfvm;}}

nD/

/]][kwfygw,f

EdkUayr,fh

rwifjzpfygbl;?

jyef&kyfodrf;

uRefawmfpdwful;wckjzpfzl;w,f?

jyefcgeD;rSm

oGm;ygw,f}}
Ekyf/

/]]'Dwkef;u

rpwmc&ka&SmheJU awGUcGifhawmif;NyD; ajymcsifwmuav;awGudk wa,mufcsif;

ajymprf;csifw,f? tckawmh zsm;wmeJU pdwf"mwfusqif;NyD; 'DHtBuHudk
zsufvdkuf ygNyD}}
nD/ /]]bmvdkU pdwf"mwfusqif;oGm;wmvJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]ajymcsifwJU pum;awGu olBudKufcsifrS BudKufrSmawG jzpfav

awmh armif;xkwfcsifxkwfapvdkU [dkwkef;updwfwif;xm;Edkifw,f? zsm;NyD;wJU

aemufawmh vlutm;aysmhvdkU pdwftm;uvJavsmhNyD; rajym0HUawmhovdk
jzpfoGm;w,f}}
nD/ /]]bmtaMumif;awGajymcsifvdkUvJ b&m;om;}}

1321

Ekyf/

/]]ajymcsifwm

okH;csufav;csufygyJ?

olrBudKufvQif

olUwdkif;jynf xJuarmif;xkwf&kHjyif r&Sdbl;ayghavAsm}}

nD/ /]]Mum;yg&apvm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]yxrwcku ckeifuajymcJUwJU urmhNidrf;csrf;a&; vrf;pOf

taMumif;? 'kwd,wcku wif;rmrIavsmhyg;a&;taMumif;? wwd, wcku

bmvifjyemtaMumif;?

pwkwwcku

,lwl;av,mOfysHypfcsjcif;ESifh

xdyfoD; uGefz&ifhtaMumif;wkdUygyJ}}
nD/

/]]urmhNidrf;csrf;a&; vrf;pOftaMumif;udkawmh enf;enf;Mum;

&ygNyD ausauseyfeyfBuD;awmh oabmraygufao;ygbl;}}

Ekyf/

/]]uRefawmfu pOf;pm;p&mav;awGavmufudkom wifjycJU

&ygao;w,f? oabmaygufavmufatmif wxdkifwnf;ESifh ajymrjyEdkifygbl;?

odkUaomf wif;rmrIavsmhqif;a&;taMumif;eJU qufaeavawmh wif;rmrI
taMumif; ajymwJUtcgrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;qdkif&m tcsufuav;awGygxyfNyD;
&Sif;oGm;zdkU arQmfvifhygw,f}}
nD/

/]] wbufeJUwbuf BuKH;0g;MuwJU taMumif;udkjyefqufygOD;

cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]][dkbufu BuKH;0g;vdkU cifAsm;wkdUujyefNyD; BuKH;0g;&w,fqdk

r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfygw,f}}]
Ekyf/
t&ufrl;wJU

/]]'guawmh oGm;&dk;oGm;pOf vrf;BuD;ayghAsm? t&ufqdkifxJrSm

vlawG[mvJ

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Xmea&mufMuwmyJ

r[kwfbl;vm;? rpwmc&ka&Smhudk uRefawmfu'dxufru arQmfvifhw,fAs}}

nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}

1322

Ekyf/
oGm;NyDvdkU

/]]wbufu BuKH;0g;vdkU rBuKH;0g;vQif c&ka&SmhBuD; aMumuf

urmuxifoGm;rSm

pdk;&drf&w,fqdkygawmh?

uRefawmfwck

ajym&Jygw,f? 'djyifvludk aMumufwwfw,fvdkUxifcsifxifMur,f? pOf;pm;

OmPf&SdwJUvlxJu
vlr&Sdygbl;?

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cifAsm;wkdUvlpk

aMumufwwfw,fvdkUxif0HUwJU

txifrSm;aewmwcku

udk,fhudkwbufu

tNrJaMumufaerS awmfumusr,f? 'gaMumifh aMumufvefUatmif ajcmufvSefU

ay;zdkU vdkw,fvdkU xifaeMuykH&w,f}}
nD/ /]]raMumufvQif vmNyD;rapmfum;aybl;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]tJ'DacwfuvGefcJUygNyD?

nIuvd,macwfBuD;rSmwrsKd;As?

raMumuf vkdUrapmfum;ygbl;? aMumufavav ckcHumuG,fzdkU enf;vnf;

&Sm,if; wbuf eJUwbuf NidpGef;NyD; txifvJGrIawG jzpfukefavavyJAs}}
nD/ /]]O'g[&kPfwck jyygcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wkdU[dkbuf 'Dbuf tEkjrLAkH;awG prf;Muwm[m

bmaMumifhvJ? wbufudkwbuf aMumufaeMuvdkU r[kwfbl;vm;? aMumuf

aeMuawmh

pdwfcs,kHMunfrI

r&SdEdkifMuawmhbl;?

ckcHumuG,fa&;twGuf

vufeufqef;&SmMu&a&m? oluprf;iguprf;eJU tawmrowfEdkifatmif jzpf

ukefMua&m? wbufeJUwbuf taMumufajyatmif vkyfzdkUvdkwJUae&mrSm
cifAsm;wkdU wawGu wacsmufxJacsmufaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/

/]]tpfudkBuD;ajymwm [kwfovdkvkdawmh jrifvmNyDcifAsm? 'gjzifh

b,fES,fvkyf&rvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]wbufur,kH? r,kHawmhaMumuf? aMumufawmhvufeufvkyf?
vufeufvkyfawmh

wbufuwkd;NyD;r,kH?

wdk;NyD;r,kHawmhwkd;NyD;aMumuf?

wdk;NyD; aMumufawmh wkd;NyD;vufeufvkyf? cifAsm;wkdU[mu Vicious Circle

1323

oHo&mpuf&[wfvdk

jzpfaeNyDaumAs?

'Dtwdkif;qdkvQif

Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJU

a0;ao;Asm wkd;NyD;qdk;zkdUwm uRefawmfjrifwmyJ}}

nD/ /]]'Dvdkqdk b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/
uRefawmfu

/]]'D&[wfudk
rpwmc&ka&Smhudk

wa,mufa,mufupNyD;
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&yfrSjzpfr,f?

ol[mrpwmuae'DwkdU

vlpkxuf owd&Sdw,fvdkU uRefawmf,kHMunfw,f}}

nD/ /]]bmaMumifhvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/
Muw,fAs?

/]]rpwmuae'DwkdUvlpku
'djyif[m

rMunfheJUav?

ydkNyD;aMumufvdkUydkNyD;
aumif;uifrSm

r,kHae&Sm

av,mOfysHawGeJU

24em&DvkH; rvyfatmif tapmifhcsxm;wmudk MunfhrSaygh? b,favmuf

aMumuf b,favmufr,kHaevkdufovJvdkU}}
nD/ /]]'Dawmhaum b,fhES,fvkyf&rvJ}}
Ekyf/

/]]'Dawmhaum olwkdUbufu b,fvdkajcmufajcmuf rpwm

c&ka&Smh u owddaumif;wJUvlwa,mufyDyD wkHUjyefNyD; rajcmufapcsifbl;?

'DvdkrSom oHo&mpuf&[wfBuD;
uRefawmfjrifw,f?

(Vicious Circle

t&SdefaES;onfxuf

t&SdefaES;oGm;zkdU

aES;oGm;w,fqdkvQif

tEkjrLAkH;

prf;wmawGbmawGpGefUvGwfNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rI? pdwfcsrI&vkdUrdkU vufeufvkyfief;

avmufudk rvdkufMuawmhyJ urmolurmom; acsmifcsdoufomrI &&SdMur,f
r[kwfbl;vm;As? 'DtaMumif;awGudk uRefawmfu rpwmc&ka&Smhudk ajymjy
csifcJUwmAsm? taMumif;rnDnGwfcJU bl; cifAsm;u uRefawmfajymwmawGudk
oabmusNyD;awmh ajym0HUrSm r[kwfbl;? uRefawmfuawmh armif;xkwf&kHtjyif
r&SdEdkifbl;qdkNyD; ajymcJUprf;csifwmAsm}}
nD/ /]]'Dawmhvdk&if;tcsKyf ajymprf;ygOD;cifAsm}}

1324

Ekyf/ /]]tcsKyfuawmh olwkdUbufu b,fvdkajcmufajcmuf? b,fvdkyJ

BuKH;0g;BuKH;0g; rpwmc&ka&Smhu wkHUjyefNyD;rBuKH;0g;apcsifbl;? rajcmufvSefU
apcsif bl;Asm? tar&duefjynfrSm rpwm'g;vJhpfuG,fvGefoGm;wJUaemuf
rpwmc&ka&SmheJU ,SOfNydKifNyD; xdatmifajymwwfwJUvl? ematmifajymwwf
wJUvl

ray:vmao;bl;As?

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tcsDtcsajymEdkifMuvdkU

awmfao;w,f? tckawmh 'DbufuwcsufwG,fvdkufvQif olwkdUcrsmrSm

ememoGm;w,f? wbuf udkematmifajymwwfjcif;[m udk,fhvlawGtzkdUawmh
yJGusyg&JU?

odkUaomf

urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGufawmh

qdk;qdk;oGm;w,fAs?

uRefawmfwkdUuMum;vlawG jzpfavawmh? vufckyfwD;&wmudk t&omrcH

wwfbl;? urmppfeD;eD;oGm;rvm;vdkU ausmcsrf;csrf;oGm;w,fAsm? uRefawmf
awmif;yefcsifwmuawmh pum;&nfvk yGJrSmvdk wbufudkxdNyD; yGJusatmif
ajymwJUbufrSm rpwmc&ka&Smh&JUtpGrf;udk urmuodNyD;vdkUrdkU wkPSdbma0
qdwfqdwfaewJUenf;udk wvSnfhavmuf prf;Munfhapcsifygao;w,f}}
nD/ /]]ajymcGifh&SdvJ ajym&r,fr[kwfvm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]ajymcGifh&SdawmhvJ ajymayghAs? okdUaomf wbufom;udk

a'gojzpfatmif ajymwJUenf;rsKd;uawmh tysif;ajypum;&nfvkyGJrsKd;eJU w&m;

cGifrSm a&SUaecsif;jiif;&mrSmavmufom oifhavsmfygw,f? wjynfeJUwjynf
em;vnf rIa&atmif aqmif&GufMuwJU udprsKd;rSm tokH;rjyKoifhygbl;
xifygw,f}}
nD/ /]]bmvifjyemudk tpfudkBuD;u b,fvdkjrifvkdUvJ}}
Ekyf/

/]]rpwmc&ka&Smhu udpwckrSm EdkifiHa&;tjrifeJU pOf;pm;w,f?

uRefawmfu pdwfobm0tjrifeJU pOf;pm;w,fAs}}

nD/ /]]pdwfobm0tjrifqdkwmu b,fvdkvJ b&m;om;}}

1325

Ekyf/

/]]pdwfobm0tjrifqdkwm

wbufom;&JU

avmbwkdU?

a'gowkdU? rmewkdUudkyg xnfhNyD;pOf;pm;w,f}}

nD/ /]]&Sif;ygtkH; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m igu b,fvdkajcvSrf;vdkufvQif

wbufu b,fvdkwkHUjyefr,fqdkwmudk BudKwifcefUrSef;NyD; wa,mufqDu

wa,mufwwfEdkiforQ nSpf,laeMuwmyJ r[kwfvm;? 'gudk (Brinkmanship)
]]ppfEIwfcrf;avQmuf}} vkyfenf;vdkUac:w,fr[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]'gu 'g;vJUpf&JU enf;ygb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ESpfbufpvkH;ygyJAsm? cifAsm;wkdUuvJ vkyfaewmygyJ}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUu b,frSmvkyfovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]] aumif;NyD uRefawmfjyr,f? usL;bm;udp&,f? pl;tuf

wl;ajrmif; udp&,f? bmvifudp&,fayghAsm? ppfEIwfcrf;avQmufvrf;pOf

usifhokH;jcif;[m rSm;w,fvdkU uRefawmfu rqdkvdkygbl;? EdkifiHa&;qdkwm
'DvdkvkyfMuwmygyJ? odkUaomf wbufom;&JUpdwfudk rSefuefatmif BudKwif
cefUrSef;wwfzkdUu

ta&;BuD;w,fAs?

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tcgrSm

wbufom;&JU rmeudkxnfhNyD; pOf;pm; wwfzkdUu odyfta&;BuD;w,f}}

nD/ /]]&Sif;jyygOD; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ ]]pl;tufwl;ajrmif;udprSm t*Fvef? jyifopfeJU tdpa&,vfwkdUu
tD*spfudk0dkif;wdkufMuawmh c&ka&Smhu [efUvdkufw,fr[kwfvm;? wefvQif
wefMu rwefvQif aqmfvkdufr,fqdkwJUpum;rsKd;okH;vkdufw,f? wdkufwJUtxJ
rSm tar&duef rygbl;As? c&ka&Smhu 'djynfokH;jynf[m tar&duefrygyJ
b,fenf;eJU rS ZGwfrvkyf0HUbl;vdkU BudKwifcefUrSef;vdkufwm[m rSefoGm;w,f
r[kwfvm;?

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c&ka&Smh&JU cefUrSef;csuf udk csD;usL;xdkufygayw,f}}

1326

'DudprSm

nD/ /]]b,fvdkcefUrSef;csufvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]c&ka&SmhuBudrf;vdkufwJUtcg tar&duefu ighvlawGudkBudrf;&
rvm;qkdNyD; olyg0ifwdkufvQif urmppfBuD; jzpfroGm;aybl;vm;? urmppfBuD;
jzpfzkdUuvJ
[dkvlawG

c&ka&Smhu

b,fenf;eJUrS

rvdkvm;bl;?

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olBudrf;vdkufvQif

vkyfvdkufwmyJ?

olUwGufudef;

rSefoGm;wJUtwGuf tD*spfvJ csrf;om&m&w,f? urmppfvJ rjzpfvdkuf&bl;?

'D[m c&ka&Smh&JU tpGrf;yJ}}
nD/ /]]usL;bm;udpaum b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]usL;bm;udpuawmh tar&duefJU acgif;csif;qdkifvdkuf&wmrdkU

ydkNyD;vefUp&maumif;w,f?
tar&duef0ifrulavawmh

odkUaomf

c&ka&SmhwGufude;fu pl;tufudprSm

usL;bm;udprSmvJt*FvefeJU

jyifopfwkdUu

0ifrulaybl;? olUvlawGu rulvQif tar&duefwOD;wnf; rvkyf0HUbl;vdkU

jrifxm;w,f xifyg&JU? wcsufwnf; a[mufvdkuf&w,f tar&duef
BuD;vuf&IyfoGm;&wmyJ? wGufykHcsufykHvJawmfygayw,fAsm? uRefawmfwkdUawmh
[dkwkef;u awmfawmfvefU oGm;w,f? odkUaomf aemufydkif;awmhuRefawmf
pOf;pm;rdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh c&ka&SmheJU awGU&vQif [dkwkef;uusL;bm;udk
tar&duef0ifpD;vQif cifAsm; wu,fypfrSmvm;vdkU ar;prf;csifw,f? olu
ajzrSmawmh r[kwfygbl;}}
nD/ /]]bmaMumifh tpfudkBuD;u'DvdkpOf;pm;rdwmvJ}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wkdUEdkifiHa&;orm;awGu tavQmhtwif;vkyfNyD; ppf

EIwfcrf;avQmuf0g'usifhokH;aeMuwmudk awGUae&wmudk;Asm? wif;vdkU&vQif&?

r&vQif jyefavQmhay;wmrsKd;vJ awGUae&NyDaum? bmvifjyemrSm cifAsm;
wkdU q&mBuD; jyefavQmhcswmudk awGU&w,fr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]jyefavQmhwmudk rBudKufbl;vm;cifAsm}}

1327

Ekyf/

/]]b,fhES,frBudKufyJ&SdayrvJ? urmppfjzpfwmudk uRefawmf

vdkvm; Edkifyghrvm;Asm}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh bmhaMumifh'DtaMumif;udkxnfhajymovJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]ajym&jcif;taMumif;u 'DvdkAs? pl;tufudpESifh usL;bm;

udprSmawmh c&ka&SmhvkyfvdkufwmrSefw,f? olatmifjrifw,f? bmvifudprSm

awmh

olratmifjrifcJUbl;?

bmhaMumifh

atmifjrifw,f?

bmhaMumifh

ratmifjrifbl;qdk wmudk tao;pdwfolUudk&Sif;jycsifw,f? aemufaemifudk

'DtrSm;rsKd;rrSm;vQif olUtzdkUvJ aumif;w,f? urmom;tzdkUvJaumif;w,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdk&Sif;jycsifwmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]pl;tufudpeJU usL;bm;udprSm c&ka&Smh atmifjrifjcif;u

olwkdUcsif; oabmuGJvJGrI&Sdjcif;uwaMumif;? olwkdU[molwdkU rw&m;rSef;udk

odwmuwaMumif; 'gaMumifh atmifjrifw,f}}
nD/ /]]bmvifudprSmawmhaumcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]olwkdUcsif;uvJnDnGwfw,f? olwkdUbufu w&m;enf;vrf;rSef
w,fvdkUvJ ,lqMuykH&w,f}}
nD/ /]]nDnGwfwmuawmhxm;ygawmh? olwdkUbufu w&m;enf;vrf;
rSefw,fvdkU qdkEdkifovm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]rSefw,fvdkU uRefawmfu rqkH;jzwfvkdygbl;? olwkdUbufu
w&m; enf;vrf; rSefw,fvdkU olwkdU,lqp&mtaMumif;awG&Sdayw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]bmrSefovJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]bmvifudk ta&SUjcrf;taemufjcrf;cGJpOfu cifAsm;wkdU udk,fwdkif
u oabmwlNyD; vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJUMuw,fr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/

/]]vufrSwfxkd;cJUayr,fh 'Dtwdkif;urmcsOf;atmifwnfNrJaeoifh

w,f? wnfNrJae&r,fvdk,lqoifhovm; cifAsm}}

1328

Ekyf/

/]]'Dvdkawmh r[kwfbl;ayghavAsm? odkUaomf vuf&Sdtajctae

Status Quo udk

cifAsm;wkdUbufu ajymif;vJcsifwm r[kwfbl;vm;? oabm

wlcJUNyD;jzpfwJU

vuf&Sdtajctaeudk

wa,mufwnf;oabmeJU

ajymif;vJcsifvdkU&SdvQif

rjyKjyifoifhbl;?

wOD;wnf;

tm;vkH;oabmwlnDcsufeJUrS

ajymif;vJoifhygw,fvdkU olkwdkUtm;vkH;u ,lqaeMuvQif 'Dt,ltq[m

w&m;enf;vrf; rusbl;vdkUcifAsm;wkdUu qdkEdkifrvm;}}
nD/ /]]epfemwJUvlawGrSm epfemaevQif ajymif;oifhwmayghcifAsm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]'gu cifAsm;wkdUbufu t,ltqavAsm}}
nD/

/]]t,ltqr[kwfygbl;? enf;vrf;rSefw,f r[kwfbl;vm;

b&m; om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]tJ'guvJcifAsm;wkdUbufu txifav}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifhajymif;vJcsifw,fqdkwm uRefawmfwkdUurSm;ovm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ajymif;vJcsif&kHuawmh

rSm;w,fvdkUrqdkoifhygbl;?

rlvu

oabmwlvufrSwfxdk;cJUwJU tvkyfwckudk wOD;wnf;oabmeJU twif;

jyKjyifzdkU pDrHjcif;uawmh w&m;enf;vrf;rusbl;vdkU olwdkUbufu ,lq
Edkifp&mtaMumif;wck

&xm;ayw,fAs?

wu,fvdkU

urmhckH&kH;rSm

wifjyr,fqdkvQifvJ cifAsm;wkdUbufu &IH;aervm: rqdkEdkifbl;}}

nD/ /]]urmhckH&kH;qdkwmrsKd;udkvJ uRefawmfwdkUu vufrcHEdkifygbl;}}
Ekyf/

/]]'DvdkavAsm? uRefawmfwckajymr,f? w&m;enf;vrf;usjcif;

rusjcif;udkxm;vdkufMuygpdkU? cifAsm;wkdUbufuyg oabmwl vufrSwf

xdk;xm;wJU udpwckudk cifAsm;wkdU oabmwckwnf;eJU ZGwftwif;jyifqifzdkU
pDrHw,fqdkjcif;[m

cifAsm;wkdU

rw&m;bl;vdkU

olwkdUbufu

wnD

wnGwfwnf; &dk;&dk;om;om; ,kHMunfaeorQ umvywfvkH; cifAsm;wkdUu

ZGwfvkyfvQif olwkdUrcHaybl;? uRefawmfaumif;aumif;em;vnfw,f}}

1329

nD/ /]]bmaMumifh tpfukdBuD;lu ajymEdkifovJ}}

Ekyf/

/]]rmeAs rme? olwkdUrSmvJ cifAsm;wkdUvdkyJ rme&SdwmyJ?

cifAsm;wkdUu ZGwfvkyfvQif olwdkUuavQmhray;aybl;? olwkdUu ZGwfcHrSmyJ?

wdkufola&m ckcHol a&m ESpfbufvkH; aoukefMuvJ NyD;wmyJ? rw&m;wmawmh
ikHUrcHbl;qdkwJU pdwfrsKd;[m olwdkUrSmvJ&Sdw,f? cifAsm;wkdUrSmvJ &Sdw,f
r[kwfvm;? vl&,fvdkUqdkvQif 'DrmersKd;&dSd&rSmyJ? 'DrmersKd;r&SdvQif tEkHpm;
tnHUpm; tvum;vlpm;rsKd;awG jzpfukefawmhrSmayghAs}}
nD/

/]]'Dvdkqdk

uRefawmfwkdUbufu

tcsdefa&TUay;vdkufwm

vrf;rSefwm ayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/
jzpf&kH&Sd

/]]vrf;rSefw,fqdkygawmhav? jyefrqkwfvdkufvQif urmppf

awmhrSmaygh?

'DtcsufrSm

b,folUbufu

,kHMunfcsufu

jyif;xefw,f? ckdifNrJw,fqdkwm ay:xGufvmwmyJAs}}

nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJ tpfudkBuD;}}
Ekyf/

/]]rpwmc&ka&Smhu olU[m vrf;rSefygw,fqdkNyD; wifjy

prf;w,f? [dkbufuvlpku olU[m w&m;enf;vrf;rusygbl;vdkU cHajym

w,f? ZGwfckcHw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ,kHMunfrIESpfck b,f'if;uckdifNrJovJqdkwm
NydKifMuwmyJ? aemufqkH;rSm rpwmc&kaS&Smh&JU ,kHMunfrI[m [dkbufu
,kHMunfrIavmuf rckdifNrJavawmh olu avQmhay;vdkuf&w,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/

/]]urmppfjzpfrSmudkpdk;vdkU

tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmeJU

qkwfay;

vdkufw,f vdkUqdkEdkifw,f r[kwfbl;vm;cifAsm}}

Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfu 'Dvdkrjrifbl;? olUtrI[m [dkbufu trIavmuf
raumif;bl;vdkU olU[molodwJUtwGuf &kyfodrf;vdkufjcif;jzpf&r,f? tu,f
om

olU&JU,kHMunfcsufuvJ

[dkbufuavmuf

jyif;xefw,f?

ckdifNrJ

w,fqdkvQif rpwmc&ka&Smhudk uRefawmftuJcwfrdoavmufrSm urmysufcsif

1330

ysuf avQmhay;r,fhvlr[kwfbl;xifw,f? olu [dkvlpkxuf csKdwJU aysmhwJUvl

r[kwfbl;? ydkvQifom ydkvdrfhr,fxifw,f? olUtrIu w,fraumif;rSef;
olU[molodNyD; &kyfodfrf;vkdufjcif;jzpf&r,f/
nD/ /]]&kyfodrf;wmr[kwfygbl;? tcsdefa&TUvdkufwmyg cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]awmfprf;ygudk,fhvl? 'DuprSm 'Denf;vkyfvdkU r&bl;qdkwmudk

rpwmc&ka&SmhodavmufygNyD? odkUaomf uRefawmfpdk;&drfaewmwck&Sdw,fAsm}}

nD/ /]]bmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]ESpfbufpvkH;u udk,fh[mudk,f rSefw,fvdkU tnDtrQckdifNrJpGm

qefUusifbuf,kHMunfwJUudprsKd;wck ay:vmvQifawmh urmBuD; oufwef;

aph NyDvdkU uRefawmfu aA'ifa[mcsifawmhwmyJ}}
nD/ /]]'DavmufyJqdk;ovm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]vuf&Sd vufeufrsKd; rmersKd;? tmCmwrsKd;awGeJUawmh

uRefawmf 'DvdkyJjrifw,f}}
nD/ /]]vGwfajrmufp&menf;vrf; r&Sdbl;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]vufeufvQifvJ

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rmevQifvJ

avQmh?

tmCmwvQifvJ avQmh 'DokH;ckrSm wckckvkyfMuygrS jzpfrSmyJAsm}}

nD/ /]]'DokH;ckrSm b,f'if;u ta&;BuD;ovJ? b,f'if;u vG,fovJ
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/
vdkuf

/]]wckpD pOf;pm;MupdkUAsm? nluvD,mvufeufawGudk zsufodrf;

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rmeeJU

tmCmwpdwfawG[m

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jzpfEdkifao;wmyJAs? 'DvkdqdkvJ vlawGqif;&JMutkH;rSmyJ? wu,fvdkU AkH;?
tajrmuf?aoewfpwJU vufeufawGyg zsufodrf;vdkufMuaptkH;awmh? rmeeJU
tmCmwudk ravQmhMuvQif "m;awGwkwfawGeJU a&S;wkef;uvdk AdkvfvktkH;rSmyJ?

1331

rmeeJU

tmCmwudk

ravQmhMuorQ

umvywfvkH;

wkwf"m;r&SdvQif

vufoD;eJUxdk;Mur,f? vufr&Sd vQif wd&pmefrsm;vdk oGm;eJUudkufMur,f?

wenf;enf;awmh owfaeMur,fh vlawGyJAs? Nidrf;csrf;rSmawmhr[kwfbl;?
vlrsKd;rjyKwf&kHom&SdrSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]rmeavQmhvQifaumcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]rmeudkavQmhzdkUu vufeufudkzsufodrf;zdkUxuf cJ,Of;vdrfhrnf
xifw,f? uRefawmfwkdUAk'w&m;awmft& rmeudkazsmufzdkUu tcufqkH;
vdkUqdkxm;w,f? jzpfEdkifvQifawmh [kwfyg&JU? cJ,Of;vGef;wJUtwGuf 'Dvrf;udk
csefxm;vdkuf MupdkUAsm? rjzpfEdkifwmudk pOf;pm;aevdkU tydkyJjzpfaevdrfhr,f}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh tmCmwtaMumif; ajymygawmhcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tmCmw

Hatred

qdkwm qefUusifbufoabmxm;&Sdjcif;?

rvdkrkef;wD;jcif;? udk,fhxufomoGm;jcif;udk rMunfhEdkifjcif;? rvdkvm;jcif;?

olUtay:rSm Adkvfusvdkjcif;? wbufom; ysufpD;jcif;udkom jrifvdkMum;vdkjcif;
tp&SdwJU oabmxm;awG tm;vkH; yg0ifwmayghavAsm}}
nD/ /]]tdrfeD;csif;udk rdrdudk,fuJUodkUcspf&rnf? vuf0Jbufyg;udk &dkuf
vQif vuf,mbufyg;udkvSnfhay;rnfqdkwmrsKd;awGaum ygovm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'gawGrygygbl;? uRefawmhenf;u vla wGrusifhokH;Ekdif wJU[m
rsKd;awG r[kwfygbl;? tdrfeD;csif;udk udk,fhudk,fuJUodkUcspfwJUvl b,frSm
&SdovJAsm? vuf0Jbufyg;udk&dkufvsuf vuf,mbufyg;udk vSnfhay; wJUvl
awGUzl;ovm;Asm}}
nD/ /]]ckeifuajymcJUwJU[mawGxJrSm b,f'if;udkt&ifqkH; vkyfxdkuf
ovJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]pdwfeJUywfoufvdkU uRefawmfu vufawGUpkHprf;avhvmxm;wJU
vlwa,mufjzpfygw,f/

rkef;wD;jcif;qdkwJU

1332

tmCmwpdwfeJU

]Akdvfvk}

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tusKd;w&m;

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odkUaomf

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ry,fazsmufEdkifrD

tmCmwxm;wdkif;rvkyfzdkU?

tmCmwxdatmifra&mufzdkU?

tmCmwpdwf?

&Sdjcif;udk

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qifjcifMuygrS wjznf;jznf; Nidrf;csrf;a&;&EdkifzdkU &Sdvdrfhr,f}}

nD/

/]]b,fhES,fvJ tpfudkBuD; ]Adkvfvk} csifwJUpdwfu taMumif;

w&m;? rkef;wD;jcif; (tmCmw) oabmu tusKd;w&m;vdkUqdkvQif taMumif;

jzpfwJU ]Adkvfvk}csifaom oabmudka&S;OD;pGm ESdyfuGyf&r,f r[kwfbl;vm;
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]'Dudpu eufeJw,fAs? pOf;pm;NyD;em;axmifyg? uRefawmf

BudK;pm;NyD;&Sif;jyygr,f? cifAsm;wdkUuGefjrLepf0g'ray:rD vGefcJUwJU acwfawG

wkef;uawmh wjynfeJUwjynf[m olUxufigajrBuD;vkMuw,f? ypnf;pk
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r[kwfbl;vm;? atmfwdkreftifydkif,m? &dkreftifydkif,m? NAdwdoQtifydkif,m?
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epf0g'

ay:aygufvmwJU

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N*dKvfwkeJUAdkvfjzpf atmif aemufvdkufaemufygta&twGufeJUAdkvfjzpfatmif
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r[kwfbl;vm;?

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1333

txl;ojzifh cifAsm;wkdU&k&Sm;eJU tar&duefeJU AdkvfvkaeMuwmyJ r[kwfbl;

vm;}}
nD/ /]]'grSvJ wkd;wufw,f r[kwfbl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/
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raumif;wJUpdwfawG

wkd;wufvmwmudk

umuG,fwwfzdkU

uRefawmf owday;csifw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/
Muwmuawmh

/]]udk,fhjynfudk

wkd;wufatmif

udpr&Sdygbl;?

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tNydKiftqdkif
wkdif;jynf?

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odkUaomf udk,fh[mudk,f BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf&kH eJU rNyD;yJ]Adkvfvk}wJUpdwfrsKd;?
]Akdvfus}csifwJUoabmxm;rsKd; 0ifvmvQifawmh raumif;bl;As? Adkvfvkcsif
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udk,feJUtwlwl wkdif;jynfcsif;u udk,fhxufomoGm;wmudk rMunhfcsifbl;?
udk,fhatmufu wkdif;jynfu udk,hfrDvmwmudkvJ rMunhfcsifbl;? wbufaom
wdkif;jynfysufpD;oGm;wmudk

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nD/ /]]raumif;bl;vdkU qdk&rSmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/
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ukefraumif;wJU oabmw&m;awG jyefUESHUukefwmyJAs}}
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1334

Ekyf/

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aeMuw,f qdkwmudk jiif;Edkifovm;}}

nD/ /]]xm;ygawmh b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]0efcHvdkufygAsm? olUxufigomatmif BudK;pm;aeMuw,f

r[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]BudK;pm;wmawmh [kwfygw,f}}
Ekyf/

/]]wjynfuwjynfxufomatmif BudK;pm;,if; olwkdUbufu

cifAsm;wkdUxuf wckckrSmomoGm;vQif cifAsm;wkdUpdwfxJrSm b,fvdk&SdovJAs}}

nD/ /]]rDatmifvdkufzdkUBudK;pm;rSmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]aumif;NyD? 'gudkxm;awmh? taemuftkyfpk? ta&SUtkyfpk

&SdMuw,f r[kwfvm;? b,fbufudkrSrygyJ Mum;aewkdif;jynfwjynf[m

taemuftkyfpkxJ udk ygoGm;vQif cifAsm;wkdUb,fHES,f&SdovJ? aysmfMu&JUvm;}}
nD/ /]]b,faysmfrSmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]aiGeJUvkyf&rvm;?

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b,fvdk&SmrvJ? bmvJnmvJeJUpOD;pm;Mur,f r[kwfbl;vm;}}

nD/ /]]'gawmh [kwfygw,f}}
Ekyf/

/]][dkwkef;u uRefawmfwkdUArmjynfudk jyifopfuvdkcsifw,f?

t*Fvdyfu vdkcsifw,f? acsmif;aecJUMuw,f aemufqkH;usawmh t*Fvdyfu

OD;atmif0ifvk,lvdkufwm NyD;oGm;wmyJ 'Dacwfu'Dvdkr[kwfbl;As? wynfhvk&
wmu 'Dxuf&efrsm;w,f? axmufyHUw,fqdkNyD;aiGoGefay;vdkuf&wmu udp
r&Sdbl;?

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1335

'Dvdk'DvdkeJU

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vm;}}
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/]]uRefawmfwkdUbufu ajymwmawGrrSefbl;vm;? r,kHbl;vm;

cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]b,fbufuajymwmudkrS

uRefawmftm;vkH;r,kHbl;Asm?

r[kwfwm a&m? [kwfwma&m wqdwfudkwtdwfvkyf? wbufom;udk &GHatmif

rkef;atmifpufqkyfatmifvdkU &nf&G,fcsufeJU ykwfcwfaeMuwmudk uRefawmf
awGU&w,f? vkyfcsifMuvQif udk,fhwdkif;jynfaumif;aMumif;udk oabm&Sd
ajymMuyg? wbufudk vlayGvlnpf vl,kwfrmvdkUawmh rykwfcwfMuvQif
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Mu? ay;Mu? urf;Mu? acsmhMuarmhMu? ajyma[mMu? wbufom;udk
&THUeJUyufjcif;rsKd;udkawmh a&SmifMuOfzkdU em;vnf xdkufMuw,fAsm? emayhqdkwJU
pum;vkH;awG a&;MuajymMuNyD; wbufom; a'goxGufatmif vkyfjcif;rsKd;
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cspfatmifrvkyfcsifvQif? rvkyfwwfvQifaeMu? wdk;NyD; rkef;atmifawmh vkyf

MuzdkU rawmfbl;Asm? 'gaMumifh udk,fhvlrsKd;udk wkd;wufatmif BuD;yGm;atmif
vkyfMuyg?

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ola&migyg

tE&mvJrsm;wwf

w,fqdkwJU taMumif;avmufudkawmh oabmaygufMuzdkU aumif;w,f?

oabmraygufao;vQif raygufrcsif; MuyfMuyfBuD;pOf;pm;MuzdkU aumif;
w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]'DvdkqdkvQif rvGwfvyfao;wJU wdk;jynfawG[m 'Dtwdkif;ae&
awmhrSmvm; cifAsm}}

1336

Ekyf/

/]]'Dudpudk uRefawmftBudrfBudrf pOf;pm;rdygw,f? 'Dacwf[m

vGwfvyfa&;acwfygAs? cifAsm;wdkUeJUtar&duefeJU rkef;wD;a&; avQmhwJUtcsdef

rSm urmhwkdif;jynfawG tm;vkH;vGwfvyf&rSmyg}}
nD/ /]] b,fvdkoufqdkifvdkUvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]tar&duefudk,fEIdufuvJ wjynfuwjynfudk tkyfcsKyfwm

0rf;xJu rvdkvm;ygbl;? cifAsm;wkdUaMumifh uyfzJUvkyfaejcif;jzpfygw,f}}

nD/ /]]r&Sif;vif;ao;ygbl; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmf&Sif;jyygr,f? aemufvdkufpkNyD; AdkvfvkMuwJUacwfvdkU
uRefawmfajymcJUw,fr[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfuJUcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wkdUu rvGwfvyfao;wJU wdkif;jynfuav;awGbufu

vdkufNyD; ajymw,fqdkw,f? axmufcHw,f r[kwfvm;}}

nD/ /]][kwfygw,f? 'D[mvrf;rSefwmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]wcsKdUae&mawGrSm vrf;rSefjcif;? vrf;rSm;jcif;xuf vlpkzdkUu

ta&;BuD;aewJUacwfAs?

cifAsm;wkdUu

vufatmufcHwdkif;jynfawGbufu

vdkufajymNyD;aemufvdkufpkw,fvdkU tar&duefujrifavawmh olwkdUutkyfcsKyf

wJU wkdif;jynfawGbufu vdkufNyD;vlpkwmyJ? taMumif;uvJ cifAsm;wkdUu
jzLvQif olurnf;r,fqdkwJU tmCmwoabmuvJ tNrJ&Sdaew,f? 'DuprSm
cifAsm;wkdUbufu

w&m;enf;vrf;uswm

trSefyJ?

w&m;enf;vrf;us

wJUtwdkif; tar&duefudk cifAsm;wkdUuepfematmif? &Sufatmifzdajymawmh

vlUobm0twdkif; wubfu t&GJUwdkufNyD; ZGwfvkyfcsifwwfwmyJ? *dk0g;eJU
tdEd,udprSmtifrwef xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rw&m;NyD; cGeftm;csif;rwlwmawmif
ay:wl*Du b,fhavmufMumMumBuD; wG,fuyfaeEdkifovJAsm? 'D[m tar
&duefwdkU

taemuftkyfpkawGu

rsufESmomay;xm;cJUvdkUayghAs?

1337

ckwzef

tif'dkeD;&Sm;eJU a[mfvefwdkUudp ay:vmjyefNyD? 'D[mvJ wbufu a[mfvef

udk rsufpypfNyD;tm;ay;xm;cJUvdkyJAs? ckeifu ajymcJUwJUtwdkif; w&m;
enf;vrf;usrusxuf aemufvdkufi,fom; pkzdkUeJUcifAsm;wkdUudk uPvkyfzkdU
u ta&;BuD;aewJUacwfAs? tar&duefOD;pD;wJU taemuftkyfpkuom rsufESm
vTJxm;vdkufvQif taemuf*DeDwdkU tmz&duwdkufxJu wdkif;jynfuav;awG
wdkU[m olwdkUtvdktavsmufa&Sma&Sm&SL&SL jzpfukefMurSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkrS olwdkUu rsufESmvTJrSmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wkdUeJUtar&duefeJU tmCmwavsmhyg;atmif BudK;pm;

wJU tcsdefrSm 'DudpawG trsm;BuD; &Sif;oGm;rSmayghAsm}}

nD/ /]]olwdkUeJU uRefawmfwdkUeJU b,fbufu tmCmwydkovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]olwdkUbufu 24 em&D tqufrjywf aumif;uifwufapmifh

ae&jcif;udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh olwkdUbufu ydkNyD;aMumufaew,f? tpdk;

&drfBuD;aew,f? rouFmrItm;BuD;aew,f? 'gaMumifhydkNyD; tmCmwrsm;
aew,fvdkU qdk&r,f}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifhb,fhES,fvkyfMurvJ? tmCmw ydkaewJUvlu tmCmw
avQmhay;&r,f r[kwfvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]olwkdU[molwdkU vkyfvdkUr&bl;? cifAsm;wkdUudk olwkdUu

rkef;aew,f qdkvQif rkef;wD;jcif;avsmhatmif cifAsm;wkdUuyJ vkyf&r,f}}

nD/

/]]udk,fhpdwfu rkef;aew,fqdkvQif rkef;wD;jcif;avsmhatmif

udk,fh[mudk,f vkyf&r,fr[kwfbl;vm; cifAsm}

Ekyf/

/]]'guwenf;yJ? Ak'bmomrSm &Sdw,f/ avmbavsmhatmif

a'goavsmhatmifvkyfwJUenf;awG
ra&mufao;bl;?

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avmuenf;eJUyJvkyf&r,f?

olrkef;wD;jcif; avsmhatmif udk,fuvkyf,l&r,f}}

1338

cifAsm;wdkUvlpku
udk,hfudkolu

'Dpmudk
rkef;aevQif

nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]ola'gojzpfatmif rajymeJU? rvkyfeJUayghAs? cufaewmu

wjcm;r[kwfbl;? wbufudkwbufu rkef;aejcif;[m ola&mudk,fyg tusKd;

ysufpD;w,fqdkwmudk cifAsm;wkdUtm;vkH; aumif;aumif;BuD; oabmrayguf
Mubl;As? wbufeJUwbuf a'gojzpfatmif wdk;NyD;rkef;atmifwrifwum
ajymaeMu? vkyfaeMuw,f? 'Dvdk ajymEdkif ? vkyfEdkifrS *kPf&Sdw,f? vlawGu
Mobmay;w,f 'DvdkxifaeMuw,f? cifAsm;wkdUtm;vkH;yJ 'djyifae&mawGrSm
awmfMuyg&JU? pdwfqdk;vmvQif wbufom;udk ematmifwG,fcsifwJU ae&mrSm
awmh ausmif;om;tqifhtwef;xuf jrifhao;w,f rxifaygifAsm}}
nD/

/]]'gjzifh uRefawmfwdkUBudK;pm;cJUorQawG[m tvum;yJvm;

b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]umvfrmhuf&JU 0g't& udk,fhwdkif;jynfom; tcsif;csif;

tay:rSm oabmxm;MuykHuawmh trsm;BuD;wdk;wufygw,f? uRefawmfvJ

jrifygw,f? odkhaomfcifAsm;wdkU&JU q&mBuD;umvfrmhufpfudk,fEIdufu wdkif;jynf
wjynftwGif; tcsif;csif;pdwfxm;ykHeJU pD;yGm;a&;acsmifcsdrIavmuf twGufudk
om oabmxm;NyD; pOf;pm;xm;w,fvdkU uRefawmfem;vnfw,f? t&if;&Sif
wdkif;jynfawGeJU ywfoufwJU qufqHa&;rsKd;awmh olUpmawGxJrSm uRefawmf
rawGU&bl; olUtvkyf vJr[kwfaybl;? olUt,ltquawmh urmBuD;[m
waehaomtcgrSm uGefjrLepfjzpf&rSmyJvdkU ,kHMunfoGm;ykH&w,f? odkUaomf
olUacwfwkef;u nluvD,mvufeufawG ray:ao;bl;As? uGefjrLepfawmh
tjzpfrcHbl;? urmBuD; ysufcsifysuf wa,mufrSrusefcsifae zsufypf
vdkufr,f qdkwJU pdwful;rsKd;awGvJ ray:ao;bl;As}}
nD/ /]]'Dpdwful;rsKd;awmh w&m;ovm; b&m;om;}}

1339

Ekyf/

/]]urmavmuBuD;rSm vlawG[m w&m;wmudkrS vkyfygr,fvdkU

b,folu wm0efcHxm;ovJ? rmeudkodvQif bmrqdk vkyfwwfw,fqdkwm

cifAsm;wdkU rpOf;pm;bl;vm;? urmBuD;udk uGefjrLepfjzpfatmifvkyfr,fqdkwJU
cifAsm;wdkU&JU

arQmfrSef;csuf[m

ckvkyfenf;twdkif;qdkvQif

pdwful;,Of

oufouf jzpfaeNyD? cifAsm;wdkU&JUa&SUu rkef;wD;rIeJU nluvD,mvufeufBuD;

qD;aeNyD}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUvkyfcsifwdkif; vkyf&rvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]vmjyefNyDAsm? uRefawmfajymcJUNyDr[kwfbl;vm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;
vkyfcsifvQif

wbufom;udk

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rvkyfMuygeJUvdkU?

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b,fudkvdkufqJGEdkifrSmvJAs?

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jynfom;awG pdwfygvmatmif [pfwvmwdkU tawmfajyma[modrf;oGif;

,lMu&w,f? ckqdkvQif xdyfqkH;u vl10 a,mufavmufu qkH;jzwfNyD;
vlwpf&mESpf&mavmufu

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qdkr[kwfvm;? 'DavmufodrfarGUaewJU udpwckrSm vufudkZGwfcsKyfudkifzdkU

cJ,Of;w,fqdkwm cifAsm;wkdUvJ odMuygw,f? 'Davmuf txdrcHjzpfaewJU
tajctaerSm cifAsm;wdkUq&mBuD;uvJ wcsufwcsufrSm vrf;acsmfw,fAsm}}
nD/
tm;vkH;wdkif;

/]]b,fvdkacsmfvdkUvJcifAs?
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qEaumif;jyxm;ygNyD b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]vdkufa&mwJUtcsufawGudkvJ

uRefawmfawGUcJU&ygw,f?

qdkAD,uf ,ledD,Hudk tjcm;wdkif;jynfawGrSvmMuwJU {nfhonfawmfawGxJrSm

tar&duef {nfhonfawmfawGudk ta&;tay;qkH;? *&ktpdkufqkH; auseyfatmif
tjyKpkqkH;vdkU od&ygw,f? tar&duefjynfoGm;MuwJU &k&Sm;{nfhonfawmf

1340

awGudk 'Dvdktxl;wvnfrS jyKpkygav&JUvm;? rajymwwfbl;? uRefawmfh

oabmuawmh olwkdUbuf uxl;csifxl; rxl;csifae? cifAsm;wkdUbufu
olwdkUtay:rSm xl;NyD; *&kwpdkuf jyKpkw,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfcsD;rGrf;w,fAsm?
'gaMumifhvJ 'DujyefoGm;wJU {nfhonfwdkif;vdkvdku auseyfcJUwJUtaMumif;
ajymMuaywmyJ?

'D[mrsKd;uav;

tmumopkHprf;a&;udprSm

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vufwGJNyD;

ckeifu

cifAsm;ajymwJU

aqmif&GufMuzdkU

tBuHay;wmrsKd;

&,fuawmh tvGefaumif;ygayw,f? odkUaomf wcsufwcsufrSm cifAsm;wkdU

q&mBuD;u tonf;ESvkH;udkcGyfvdkufwmu qdk;w,fAs}}
nD/ /]]bmvJb&m;om;}}
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rsKd;uawmh vGefvGef;w,fxifw,fAsm}}
nD/

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cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

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q,fcgypfcsaygh?

odkUaomf

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q,fcgusL;ausmfvJ

urmhAdkvfxktv,frSm

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cdkif;wmuawmh rjzpfEdkifwJUtvkyfwckudk vkyfckdif;&ma&mufvdkUrdkU wif;rmrIawG

tqrwef wdk;vmukefawmhwmygyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]&efpwm ProvocationvufydkufMunfhae&rvm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wdkUu tvGeftuRH t"dym,faumuf ,lukefMu

wmudk;As? usL;ausmfwmawmh[kwfygw,f? &efpwmawmhr[kwfygbl;? &efjzpf

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vefUNyD; tifrwef ,kHyJjzpfaew,f? 'DawmhcifAsm;wkdUrSm bmawGrsm;&SdovJvdkU
od&atmif? ,lwl;vTwfNyD; pkHprf;axmufvSrf;jcif;jzpfrSmaygh? 'gudk&efpw,f

1341

vdkUcifAsm;wkdUbufu t"dym,faumufwmuawmh wrifoufouf ]csJU}

&ma&mufygw,f? cifAsm;wdkU udk,fwdkifuvJ rcHcsifatmif ]wrifouf
oufpw,fvdkU,lqw,f rxifygbl;?wbufom;ydkNyD; qdk;&ma&mufatmif
pGyfpJGjcif; jzpf[efwlygw,f? 'grS 'l;axmufcdkif;aumif;atmifayghav}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh b,fvdkvkyfoifhw,f xifovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]usL;ausmfwJU

,lwl;udkypfcsNyD;NyD

r[kwfvm;?

olwdkU

bufuawmh olwdkUav,mOfysHudk cifAsm;wkdUypfrcsEdkifaybl;xifNyD; awmif&Sm

ajrmuf&SmeJU axmufvSrf;pkHprf;aew,fav? cifAsm;wdkUbufu roda,mif
aqmifNyD; bmrSrqlyJ xdyfoD;uGefz&ifhudk wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwfvkyf? olwdkU
[molwdkU a'gif;awmufatmif &Smayap? ,lwl;udpudk cifAsm;wkdUu (Trump
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Card)

taeeJUta&;&SdrS

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vQKdU0Sufxm;?

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wdkUodygw,f? cifAsm;wkdU t&SufruGJ&avatmif uRefawmfwdkUu vQKdU0Suf
xm;NyD; BudwfcHcJUygw,fvdkU xkwfajymvdkuf&vQif [dkvlawG tifrwef
vefUoGm;NyD; trsm;BuD;vdkufavsmvdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmfarQmfvifhw,f? ckawmh
cifAsm;wdkUu t&SufcJG&wmudk tom;,lNyD; qlvdkufylvdkuf awmif;yef
cdkif;vdkufawmh

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rvkyfvdkuf&bl;

[kwfvm;? cifAsm;wdkUvlpkcsnfykHwkyfykH redyfao;ygbl;Asm}}

nD/ /]]'DvdkqdkvQif xdyfoD;uGefz&ifhatmifjrifr,fvm;}}
Ekyf/

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w,fAsm}}
nD/

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wpif;NyD; wpif; qufNyD;vTwfaevQifaum cifAsm}}

1342

olwdkUu

,lwl;awG

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ajymcsifwmu vkH;0qdwfqdwfaezdkU r[kwfygbl;? xdyfoD;uGefz&ifhxJrSmyJ

tcsdefwef awmhajymjyzdkUygyJ? ckawmhcifAsm;wdkUu qlyl&kHruawmif;yefckdif;NyD;
t&SufcGJvdkufao;wmudk;As? uRefawmfuawmh 'Duwnf;u wif;rmrIavQmhzdkU
qdkwmarQmfvifhcsuf r&Sdawmhygbl;vdkU pdwfysufrdawmhwmygyJ}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUrSm;vQif awmif;yefrckdif;&bl;vm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/ ]Sorry 0rf;enf;ygw,fAsm qdkwmrsKd;avmufawmh [kwf

rSmaygh? cifAsm;wdkUawmif;yefcdkif;ykHu 'l;axmuf&ravmuf tusyfudkifxm;

wmAs? urmhtv,frSm 'Dvdkawmif;yefenf;rsKd;awmh tar&duefvJ rawmif;
yefbl;? cifAsm;wdkUvJrawmif;yefbl;? urmrSm xdyfoD;a&mufaewJU b,fvdk
wdkif;jynftpdk;& rsKd;urS rawmif;yefaybl;Asm? 'gavmufawmh cifAsm;wkdUvJ
em;vnfavmuf ygw,f? rme

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cifAsm;wkdUbuf acsmfoGm;wm uRefawmfawmh urmBuD;twGuf 0rf;enf;vdkU
rqkH;bl;Asm}}
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Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wkdUvkyfvdkufwm olwdkUtifrwef&SufoGm;NyDAs? 'g

avmuf&Suf&atmif jzpf&zl;wJUwjcm;udpwckudk uRefawmfjzifh &SmvdkUr&bl;?

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nD/ /]]olwdkU&Sufwm uRefawmfwkdUtylvm;Asm}}
Ekyf/

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tckawmh cifAsm;wdkUu Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifMuzkdU &nf&G,fcsuf

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1343

rvJ? cifAsm;wkdUu 'l;axmufawmif;yefzdkU tusyfudkifcHwJUqDtxd BuKH&wm

uawmh arhEdkifr,fr[kwfbl;As}}
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Ekyf/

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urf;vSrf;csufuav;awG rpGHyJjzpfwwfwmaygh}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUu b,fvdkjrifovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

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uwnf;u tar&duef[m tcGHxJ0ifoGm;wJU vdyfacgif;vdk cifAsm;wdkUjrLvdkU

awmfawmfeJUxGufawmhrSmr[kwfbl;? 'Dvdkwcsufaumif;ESpfcsufaumif;uav;
rsKd;avmufeJUawmh cifAsm;wkdUudk r,kHawmhbl;Asm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJcifAs}}
Ekyf/ /]]t&if;tjrpfupNyD; BudK;pm;,l&r,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fhES,fvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

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wmvm;? tar&duefuvdkcsifwmvm;}}
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Ekyf/

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rvdkcsifwmvJcifAsm}}
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rvdkcsifwmvJcifAsmh}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wkdUudk vefUaew,f? r,kHbl;? pdwfemxm;w,f?

t&SufcGJ cHxm;&w,f? 'gaMumifholwkdUu tEdkif&csifw,f? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk

rvdkcsifbl;}}
nD/ /]]'DvdkqdkolwdkUu qdk;wmayghcifAsm}}

1344

Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfu olqdk;wm? igqdk;wmudk wifjyvdkjcif; r[kwfbl;?

cifAsm;wkdUu Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkcsifwJUbufjzpfawmh &atmif,lzdkU[m cifAsm;
wkdU wm0efjzpfaew,f}}
nD/ /]]acgif;ikHUcHwJU enf;vrf;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]umvfrmhufpf&JU ]rl}eJUywfoufvdkUvufwvkH; avQmhay;zdkU

uRefawmfu

rwdkufwGef;csifygbl;?

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t&if;&SifEdkifiHawG

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udk,fhjynfwGif;a&; rSm b,fol0if&IyfwmudkrSvJ rcHxdkufygbl;? odkUaomf
0g'csif;NydKifcsifwJUpdwfrsKd; awG? olUpepfxuf udk,fhpepfu omw,fqdkwmudk
ae&mwumwdkif; ,SOfjycsifwJU pDpOfrIrsKd;awGudkawmh tavmokH;q,f rvkyf
MuzdkU awmif;yefcsifw,fAsm}}
nD/

/]]urmhvlxkcsrf;omatmif raqmif&Gufxdkufbl;vm; cifAsm?

urmh zdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;u uRefawmfwdkUudk arQmfMunfhaeMuw,f r[kwf

bl;vm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]'guawmh

vkyfxdkufygw,f?

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oabmrsKd;eJU rvkyfzkdU? b,folUrS*&krpdkufbl;qdkwJU oabmeJUrvkyfzdkU awmif;

yefcsifwmyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdU vkyfwmawGrSm ]iguG}qdkwJU oabmrsKd;ygovm;
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]ygygw,fav?

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Mum;vlawGu awmh jrifEdkifygw,f? remvdkwJU wbufom;uqdkawmh

csJUxGifNyD;awmif jrifwwf wmudk;As}}

1345

nD/

/]]b,folUrS *&krpdkufbl;qdkwJU oabmrsKd;vJ ygygovm;

cifAsm? w&m;enf;vrf;usrus? rSefrrSeftjyif b,folUudk *&kpdkuf xdkufao;

ovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]udk,fhjynfwGif;a&;awmh [kwfwmaygh? jynfya&;&mrsKd;awGus
awmh wbufub,fvdkufcHr,fqdkwmudkyg xnfhNyD;csifhwGufxdkufygw,f?
igwdkUvkyfwm enf;vrf;rSefw,f? b,folu bmajymcsifao;ovJqdkwJU
jy,k*frsKd;udkawmh uRefawmfuvefUw,fAsm? txl;ojzifh ,ckvdktvGefw&m
t,kHtMunfuif;rJUNyD; aoG;vefUaeMuwJU tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm omNyD; owdjyKzdkU
vdkw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;u uRefawmfwdkUtwGuf aMumifhMuBuD;aeovm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUtwGuf oufoufqdkvQifawmh uRefawmfrajym0HU
ygbl;Asm? ckawmhjzpfvdkufw,fqdk vlrsKd;jyKwfoGm;rSmaMumifh pdwfxJ&SdwmawG
xkwfajymrdjcif;jzpfygw,f}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;u tar&duef[m e,fcsJUw,fvdkUrjrifbl;vm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]a&S;wkef;uvdk ajrBuD;udk e,fcsJUwmwkdU? a&TaiGtjrwfxkwfwm
wdkUawmhvkyfwJU
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acwfr[kwfawmhygbl;cifAs?

wkdUqdkwJU

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tar&duefeJU &k&Sm;uawmh rvkyfcsifMuawmhbl;vdkU uRefawmf,lqw,f}}

nD/

/]]azmfrdkqmwdkU?

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Ekyf/

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a':vmawGtukefcHNyD; vkyfaew,f r[kwfbl;vm;? cifasm;wkdUudk NydKifcsifwJU
oabm?

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cifAsm;wkdUvJ

1346

AdkvfvkwJUoabmrsKd;

ruif;ygbl;? odkUaomf tar&duefuawmh ]Adkvfus} wJUoabmygw,fAs?

'gaMumifh omqdk; w,f}}
nD/ /]] ]Adkvfvk}wmeJU? ]Adkvfus}wmeJU b,fvdkjcm;em;ovJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]] ]Adkvfvk}w,fqdkwmu tar&duefa&m? cifAsm;wkdUa&m[m

urmrSm MoZmtmPmeJUwuG urmolurmom; txifBuD;cH&wJUae&mrSm

(1)eHygwf wdkif;jynfjzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaeMuw,fr[kwfvm;? 'gudk
Adkvfvkw,fvdkU ac:w,fAs}}
nD/

/]]uRefawmfwkdUuawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfygbl; b&m;om;? urmol

urmom;tm;vkH; zdESdyfrIcH&wJU tjzpfrsKd;rS vGwfukefMuNyD; acsmifcsdpGm

aexdkifEdkifMu w,fqdkvQif auseyfwmygyJ}}
Ekyf/

/]]'D&nf&G,fcsufrsKd;&Sdvdrfhr,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfrjiif;ygbl;?

odkUaomf 'DqE[m t"dur[kwfao;ygbl;As? cifAsm;wkdU vlpkawGu vlUpdwf

taMumif;udk tao;pdwf avhvmzl;jcif;vJ r&Sdbl;? pdwftaMumif;udk tp
tqkH;odwJU yk*dKvfrsKd;u a[mjyxm;cJUwJU usrf;rsKd;vJ r&Sdbl;? uRefawmfajym
r,f? urmrSm udk,fusKd;rygyJ olwyg;tusKd;twGuf oufoufaqmif&GufcJU
ygw,fqdkwJU yk*dKvfwOD;wnf;jyprf;yg? umvfrmhufpf ajymrvm;? vDeif
ajymrvm;?

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&SmazGawGU&Sd oGm;wJU yk*Kd vfBuD;wOD;jzpfjcif; rSefygw,fqdkygpdkU? vlom;
vlrsm;pk csrf;omapcsif wJUapwemESifhtwl igonfenf; vrf;udk
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&nf&G,fcsufuydkNyD; BuD;us,fw,f vdkU uRefawmfem;vnfw,f}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om; b,fhES,fodEdkifovJ}}

1347

Ekyf/

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avvmxm;vdkUodw,f}}
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Ekyf/ /]]a*gwrAk'wJU}}
nD/ /]]olub,fvdka[mcJUovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /

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udk,fhudk,fudktcspfqkH;wJU?

udk,fhtusKd;udk

a&S;OD;pGm Munfhwwfw,fwJU}}
nD/ /]]'Dvdkqdk vlnHUcsnf;yJvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]]udk,fhtusKd;udkeHygwf(1)xm;NyD; olUtusKd;vJygatmif aqmif
&GufwJUvl[mvlawmfyJ}}
nD/

/]]uRefawmfwkdUqDrSm

wdkif;jynftwGuf

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aqmif&GufoGm;wJUvlawGtrsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]emrnfwvkH;twGuf vkyfoGm;wJU &nf&G,fcsufvJ ygrSmaygh}}
nD/ /]]emrnfwvkH;twGuf toufudk taocHyghrvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]&Sdawmh &Sdygw,fav? &Sm;awmh &Sm;oaygh vltrsKd;rsKd;

tBudKuftrsKd;rsKd;ayghAs}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;u uwfuwfowfowf EIdufpOf;pm;wmudk;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]usKyftpGrf;r[kwfygbl;cifAsm? q&mhvrf;nTefcsufyg? vl&l;rS
wyg; udk,fhtzdkUwckckr&yJ cufcufcJcJ bmrSrvkyfbl;As}}
nD/ /]]xm;ygawmh b&m;om;? Adkvfusw,fqdkwm ajymygOD;cifAsm}}
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olUxufedrfh uswJU wdkif;jynfrsm;tay:rSmawmh Adkvfuscsifw,fwJUAs}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkjcm;em;ovJcifAsm}}

1348

Ekyf/

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axmufyHvQif olwkdUuESpfoef;axmufyHUr,f? cifAsm;wkdUu wbufudk tm;
ay;vQif olwkdUu tjcm;wbufudk tm;ay;r,f 'DvdktNydKiftqdkifvkyfrSmyJ?
apwem aumif;&Sdygw,fqdkwJU ae&mrSm cifAsm;wkdUu olwkdUxuf om
w,fvdkU txifrcH Edkifbl;As? 'gudk]Adkvfvk}w,fvdkU ac:w,f}}
nD/ /]]Adkvfuswmuawmh b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

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aew,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'gu AdkvfuswmwJUAs? olU[mol rw&m;rSef;awmh

odwmyJ? EdkUayr,fh w&kwfxuf olucGeftm;omao;wJUtcgrSm rif;wkdU
bmwwfEdkifao;ovJqdkwJUoabmeJU t&rf;vkyfaewmyJAs? 'gudkAdkvfusw,f
vdkUac:w,f? azmfrdkqm udpudkerlemwcktaeeJU wifjyjcif;om jzpfygw,f?
tar&duefu'DudprsKd;awG vkyfaewm awmfawmfrsm;ygw,f? cifAsm;wkdUvJ
awmfawmfatmifhw,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]rw&m;wmawGudk jrif&awmh rcHcsifbl;aygh cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]uRefawmf jrifxm;wmawmh vGwfajrmufzdkU&m enf;vrf;ESpfck

&Sdygw,fav}}
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Ekyf/

/]]armfrdkqmvdk udprSmawmh w&kwfu cGeftm;csif; rNydKif

Edkifao;cifayghAs? w&kwfrSmnluDv,mvufeufrsKd; jzpfvmwJU tcsdefusawmh

pum;qdkvm vdrfhr,fxifw,f? w&kwfu pum;qdkEdkifwJU tcsdefusawmh
tar&duef[m olU[mol rw&m;rSef;odwJUtwGuf tomwMunf qkwfcGm
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1349

cGeftm;omwJU tcdkufavmufom vkyf0HUwmAs? olao udk,faoqdkvQif

qkwfcGmwwfwmyJ}}
nD/

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jzpfEdkifyghrvm; cifAsm}}
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taorcH 0HUwJU bufu qkwfpwrf;yJ? udk,fh[mudk,frw&m;rSef; odwJUvl[m

taorcH

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uRefawmf

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udprsKd;rSm cifAsm;wkdUu0ifNyD; pum;qdkvdkawmh tar&duefu rcHaybl;
xifw,f? usL;bm;eJU rwlbl;As? armfrdkqm udpuawmh tawmfMumaevdkU
tom;aoeNyDrdkU cifAsm;wkdUu topf0ifNyD; vlpGmvkyfw,fvdkU olwkdU,lq
wwfw,f? uRefawmfajymwmawGu EdkifiHa&; tjrifawmh r[kwfbl;As?
vlUpdwf obm0taMumif;udk uRefawmfenf;vnf oavmuf ajymjcif;yJ}}
nD/

/]]w&kwfu nluvD,m vufeufvkyfzkdUxuf tjcm;enf;vrf;

r&Sdbl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]&Sdw,f? tJh'gu 'kwd,enf;vrf;yJ 'Denf;uawmh cifAsm;wkdU

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uRefawmf ,kHMunfw,f? rvkyfcsifvQifawmh rajymwwfbl;}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
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cifAsm;wkdUudk tifrwefvefU? tifrwefr,kH? tifrwefrkef;aew,fqdk r[kwf
vm;}}

1350

nD/

/]]rkef;wmuawmh t&if;&Sifpepfudk uRefawmfwdkUu NzdKzsufae

wmudk;cifAs}}
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nD/ /]]uRefawmfwdkUu tMurf;zufvdkUvm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

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tMurf;rzufygbl;?

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atmifjrifrItwGufvJ cifAsm;wkdUu ]iguG}qdkwJU oabmrsKd;eJU tifrwef
tom;,lw,f? a<u;aMumfw,f As? vlUpdwfqdkwm b,fvdkvJvdkU cifAsm;wkdU
aumif;aumif;em;rvnfygbl;?
atmifjrifrIawGxuf

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a':vmwkdU? &lbJvfwkdUudk 'va[moGefNyD; okH;aeMuwmudk cifAsm;wkdU
jrifMuom;yJ? t&if;&SifpepfeJU NydKifMuwmawmhrSefyg w,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh
tar&duefbufu cifAsm;wkdUudk rkef;vGef;vdkU b,fvdk enf;eJUEdkif&Edkif&?
bmpepfjzpf&jzpf& aemufqkH;rSm cifAsm;wkdUudk t&SufcGJ&kH vkyf& vkyf&
t&rf;avQmufvkyfcsifwJU a'gopdwfawG jzpfvmukefMuwwfw,fAs? jzpfwkef;
uawmh aiGw&mavmufwefwJU ajruav; wrdkufavmuftwGuf pjzpfMuNyD;
aemufqkH;rSm ESpfbufvkH; aomif;udk;axmifru ukefMu&wJU trIrsKd;awG
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jrifvmNyD}}
nD/

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1351

avmbpNyD; jzpfwwfw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpepfeJUusawmh a'goupNyD; jzpfEdkif

w,f? rmeuvJpNyD; jzpfEdkifw,f? umvrmhufpfu avmbppfudkom oljy
oGm;w,f? rmeppfrsKd;awmh olBuKHroGm;bl;}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwdkUaum BuKH&OD;rSmvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUtm;vkH; owdrxm;vQif BuKHEdkifw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdk owdxm;&rSmvJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

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twGuf tifrwefpdwfqdk;aew,f? &Suf&rf;&rf;csifwJUpdwfawG jzpfaew,f/

'DtxJrSm vlpk&mrSmvJ cifAsm;wkdUbufu ta&;om;ovdk jzpfaew,f ?
'gudkolrcHEdkifbl;? &Suf&rf;&rf;vdrfhr,f}}
nD/ /]]ol&rf;vQif olrSm;rSmayghcifAsm}}
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&SdvQif olomcH&rSm r[kwfbl;? uRefawmfwkdUygcH&r,f? cifAsm;wkdUyg rouf
omygbl;}}
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a'gojzpfatmif? ,kwfpGmhtqkH;wkd;NyD; a'gorjzpfatmif cifAsm;wkdUbufu
vkyfay;zkdU enf;vrf;yJ &Sdw,fAsm}}
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raumif;? uREkfyfwkdUtzkdUvnf; Nidrf;csrf;jcif; uif;uGmonfhtjzpfudk uREkfyf

1352

wkdUoabmaygufem;vnfcJUavNyD/ wjynfESifhwjynfEIwftm;jzifhjzpfap? vuf

eufjyifqifjcif;tm;jzifhjzpfap? Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;onf rnfolUtwGufrS aumif;
usKd;rjzpfapyJ pdwfqif;&J&aom urmBuD;jzpfvm&jcif;udk uREkfyfwkdU oabm
aygufcJUavNyD/ wjynfudk wjynfu aMumufvefUae&jcif;xuf udk,fh
pepfESifhudk,f Nidrf;csrf;pGmtvkyfvkyfMujcif;onf tm;vkH;twGuf tusKd;rsm;
onf[l

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jyKapumrl uREkfyfwkdUu wkHUjyefBuKH;0g;jcif; jyKvdrfhrnf r[kwfaMumif; aMujim
vdkufonf} tMurf;zsif; 'DavmufqdkawmfygNyDAs}}
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ajymwJUtwdkif;udkufnD atmif apmifhpnf;&ayvdrfhr,f}}
nD/

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uawmh om"k ac:MurSm {uEygAs}}
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a0;roGm;aybl;vm;cifAsm? tm;i,f rukefMuaybl;vm;cifAsm}}

1353

Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfuawmh &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf pOf;pm;wwfwJU 0goem&Sd

w,fAsaemf? bufrvdkufwwfbl;? cifAsm;wkdUu rvGwfvyfao;wJU wdkif;jynf
i,frsm;udk tm;ay;vsuf&Sdw,fqdkwm[m b,fvdktxd tm;ay;EdkifovJ?
Moral Support

pdwf"mwftm;eJU tvGefqkH; tBuHOmPfavmufyJ r[kwf

bl;vm;? cifAsm;wkdU tm;ay;jcif;twGuf pdwf"mwftm;wufjcif;udkawmh

uRefawmf rjiif;ygbl;? jrifwwfygw,f? odkUaomf cifAsm;wkdUu wbufudk
tm;ay;awmh tar&duefu tjcm;wbufudk tm;ay;wmyJ r[kwfbl;vm;?
ZGwfvkyfp&m&SdvQif cifAsm;wkdUxuf olwkdUbufu omNyD;ZGwfvkyf0HUw,f
r[kwfbl;vm;? 'Dawmh b,fhES,f&SdovJ? cifAsm;wkdUu yg;pyf? olwkdUu
udk,fxdvufa&mufulukefawmh

zdESdyfcH

wdkif;jynfrsm;rSm

b,fhES,fjzpf

ukefMuovJ}}
nD/ /]]olwkdUbufu rw&m;vkyf0HUwmudk;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]'Dawmh

cifAsm;wkdUu

rw&m;bl;qdkNyD;

ulatmfay;&kHyJ

r[kwfvm;? cH&wJU olcrsmrsm;rSmawmh em&SmwmyJ}}

nD/ /]]b&m;om; arQmfvifcsufu ajymygOD;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]yxrwcsufu vGwfajrmufa&;qdkwm tvsifpvdkvkyfvdkU

rjzpfbl;qdkwmudk cifAsm;vJ em;vnf NyD;yg? olkUwdkif;jynfom;rsm;udk,fwdkif

vkHavmufatmif oabmaygufNyD; vkHavmufwJU ta&twGuf&wJU tcgrSm
oifhawmfaom

acgif;aqmifrsKd;ay:vmNyD;

wnDwnGwfwnf;

vkyfMurS

&EdkifwJU tvkyfrsKd;r[kwfbl;vm;Asm? tckawmh cifAsm;wkdUudk tm;usNyD;

ynmEkao;wJU acgif;aqmifawGu xxvkyfMuwJUtcgrSm [dkwbufu
(cifAsm;wdkUudkrkef;wJU) vlpku aiGukefcHNyD; 0ifzsufvdkufawmh crsmrsm;rSm
raooifhyJ aoMu&? wdkif;ol jynfom;awGvJ 'kua&muf? 'Dvdk[mrsKd;awG
'DacwfrSm trsm;BuD;&SdMuw,f r[kwfvm;Asm}}

1354

nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUuawmh

apwemaumif;ESifh

aqmif&Gufjcif;yg

cifAsm? wbufu zsufqD;csifwJU apwemqkd; &Sdaewmudk;cifAs}}

Ekyf/ /]]apwemawGudk uRefawmfem;vnfygw,fav? cifAsm;wkdUu
wynfhaemufvkdufwkd;yGm;zkdU vkyfMuwmyJ? [dkwbufu cifAsm;wkdUtBuHysuf
atmif aESmifh,SufzsufqD;wmyJ? 'gut&if;cHygAs? qdk&SpfvpfwkdU? t&if;&Sif
pepfwkdU qdkwmawGu tpuawmh [kwfvdrfhr,f? tckawmh [dkaemufbufrSm
usef&pfcJUygNyD? cifAsm;wkdUtay:rSm tEdkif&NyD; olwkdUAdkvfvkyfcsifwJUpdwfu
xdyfqkH;a&mufaeygNyD}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;[mu wbufowf rusvGef;bl;vm;cifAsm? pD;yGm;
a&; udk tav;ray;awmhyJ tmCmwudkcsnf; tav;ay;awmhwmudk;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]pwmuawmh pD;yGm;a&;ygyJ? rSefygw,f? ckusawmh Adkvfvk

a&;u tav;omoGm;NyDAs? aiGw&mavmufwefwJU ajrwayavmuf vkMu&m

rSm w&m; olB uD;udk aiGwaxmif ESpfaxmifvmbfxdk;wJU trIonfvdkayghAs?
trIEdkifNyD;wJU aemuf &wJUajruGufuav;udk olwyg;ay;ypfwmudkawmif
uRefawmfMum;zl; ao;w,f? cifAsm;wkdUvlpku rmetaMumif;udk rpOf;pm;bl;?
tar&duefvdkcsifwmu a':vmr[kwfawmhbl;cifAs? cifAsm;wkdUudk tEdkif&csif
awmhwmyJ? cifAsm;wkdUudk tEdkif&r,fqdkvQif &SdwJUa':vmawGudk a&xJudk
awmif vTwfypf0HU w,fxifw,f}}
nD/ /]]NyD;awmhrS t&if;&SifpepfeJU jyef&Sm,lr,fayghav}}
Ekyf/

/]]'Dtxdatmif

pdwful;r,frxifygbl;?

cifAsm;wkdUudk

Edkifvdkuf&vQif jzpfcsifwm jzpf&apvdkU oabmxm;ykH&ygw,f}}

nD/ /]]tcsKyfudkajymygawmhcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tcsKyfuawmh tvsifpvdk ajrSmufray;MuygeJU? xdkufwefaom
tcsdefwdkifatmif olwkdU[molwkdU vkyf,lygap}}

1355

nD/ /]]'kwd,tcsuf &Sdao;vm; b&m;om;}}

Ekyf/ /]]'kwd, tcsufuawmh uRefawmfajymcJUwJU aMujimcsufBuD;udk
xkwfjyefNyD;wJUaemufcifAsm;wkdU&JU pdwfxJESvkH;xJu tNydKiftqdkifoabmxm;
NyD;

tEdkif,lwJUvrf;pOf[m

nluvD,macwfBuD;rSm

rjzpfEdkifawmhwJU

taMumif;? vufeufeJUvJ rjzpfEdkif? vla&;jyNyD;awmhvJ rjzpfEdkifaMumif;

vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ oabmaygufNyD; aMujimcsuftwdkif; &dk;om;pGmBudK;pm;
MuzdkUygyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]vla&;jyNyD; vkyfw,fqdkwm bmvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUvlpkawGu vufeufeJUrjzpfEdkifayr,fh vlpGrf;vlpeJU
tvdrmOmPfeJU [dkvdk'Dvdkzv,fNyD;AdkvfvkyfcsifwJU enf;vrf;&Sdao;w,fvdkU
arQmf

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[dkbufonfbuf

jzpfukefMuu wnf;u onfvrf;vJ ydwfoGm;NyDAs? rmeqdkwJUoabmu

tnHUrcHcsifwwfbl;As?
Murf;Murf;EkEk

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tm;vkH;zsufypfvdkufrSm

b,fenf;eJU
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AdkvfusAdkvfus?
qdkwJUoabmrsKd;eJU

tpGrf;jywmrsKd;awmhrcHbl;? 'gaMumifh ]Adkvfvkyf} zdkU (olwyg;u rwifyJ)

]Adkvfvkyf}zdkUqdkwJU oabmrsKd;awGudkawmh vkH;0pGefUvTwfEdkifzkdU cifAsm;wkdUu
pNyD; BudK;pm;Muayvdrfhr,f}}
nD/

/]]xdyfoD;csif;awGUqkHwJU uGefz&ifhudk b,fvdkxifovJ b&m;

om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]awGUqkHaqG;aEG;w,fqdkwm

odkUaomfvJtckjzpfaeMuwJU

]rl}tm;jzifh

pdwfxm;rsKd;awGeJUawmh

aumif;ygw,f?
tusKd;rsm;vdrfhr,f

rxifygbl;Asm}}
nD/ /]]bmhaMumihfvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ ]]uRefawmfajym&rSm cifAsm;wdkUudk tm;emw,fAsm}}

1356

nD/ /]]ajymomajymyg b&m;om;? rcH,lEdkifvJaeaygh Mum;yg&apAsm}}

Ekyf/ / ]]xdyfoD;uGefz&ifh vkyfwJUtcgwdkif; cifAsm;wkdUESpfbufvkH;u
urmhZmwfckHay:wufNyD;

pum;&nfvkyGJvkyfwJU oabmrsKd;eJU

wa,mufudk

wa,muf tEdkifajymcsifMuwmyJAs wbufeJUwbufem;vnfrI&zdkU &nf&G,f

csufeJU apwemurygvmMuygbl;}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUbufu ygygw,f b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /

]]b,fbufurS

rygMuygbl;?

cifAsm;wkdUbufu

omqdk;ao;w,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]cifAsm;wkdUbufu Edkifajc&Sdw,fvdkU wGufNyD;om;udk;As}}
nD/ / ]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]yxrtcsufu t&if;&SifpepfeJU qdk&S,fvpfpepf&SdMuwJUteuf
wcku

t&if;&SifoaX;rsm;tBudKuf

wckuqif;&Jom;

tvkyform;rsm;

tBudKufjzpfavawmh vlrsm;pkjzpfwJU tvkyform;BudKuf qdk&S,fvpfpepf

bufu yifudktm;jzifh omNyD;omjzpfaew,f? ajymwwfwJUvl b,fol
ajymajym? b,fy&dowf a&SUrSmyJajymajym qdk&Spfvpfpepfbufu Edkifvdkuf
wmyJ? ajymMuwJUtcgrSmvJ b,folUudktxl;ojzifhcsdef&G,fNyD;ajymMuovJ?
pyfMum;EdkifiHawGu y&dowfudk vSrf;NyD; ajymMujcif;jzpfrSmyJ? pyfMum;EdkifiH
awGrSm b,fvdkvlawGursm;ovJ? qif;&Jom;tvkyform;awGu rsm;Mu
wmyJ? onfawmh&dk;&dk;om;om; ajymMu awmifxdyfoD; uGefz&ifhwyGJwyGJrSm
urmhy&dowfu rJay;&vQif qdk&S,fvpfpepf bufu EdkifrSmyJ? twdtvif;
xkwfazmfNyD; rJay;cGifhr&SdwJU uGefz&ifhrsKd;jzpfapumrl uGefz&ifhwcsD vkyfvdkuf
,if pyfMum;EdkifiHawGrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk oabmuswJUvlawG tawmfBuD;

1357

wdk;wdk;oGm;Edkifw,f? 'g[mcifAsm;wkdUbufu &dk;&dk;ajymvQif awmifjzpfwwf

wJU obm0yJAs}}
nd/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUu bmrsm;r&dk;ovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]r&dk;qdkwm

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uGefz&ifhrSm

ajymMuaqG;aEG;MuwmawGudk tjyifxkwfNyD; ajzrjypwrf;vdkU y#dnmOfay;

Mu&w,fqdk r[kwfvm;? olwkdUbufu uGefz&ifhvkyfr,fhom vkyf&w,f
]ay:} ukefrSmudk tvGefaMumuf&SmMuw,fAs? 'gudkcifAsm;wkdUu wcsufwcsuf
rSmtjyifxkwfNyD; aMujimw,f qdkyguvm;As}}
nD/

/]]'g[m vGefovm;b&m;om;? vlawGodoifhwmvJ odap&

rSmaygh}}
Ekyf/
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oabmwlem;vnfrI&apzdkUxuf

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olwdkU &nf&G,fcsufu vlodrcHcsifbl;? enf;enf;yg;yg; tay;t,lvkyf&
vQifvkyfMur,f? 'gavmufyJ cifAsm;wkdUu vlawGudkwdkifwnfNyD; nSpfawmif;
,lcsifw,f? [kwfuJUr[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]'gu w&m;enf;vrf;twdkif;yJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /

]]'gu

cifAsm;wkdUtjrifAs?

olwdkUtjrifu

tjyifxkwf

rajymygbl;vdkU xm;rdwJU y#dnmOfudk xdef;odrf;oifhw,fwJUAs}}

nD/ /]]'djyifaum b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /

]]'kwd,tcsufuawmh

rpwmc&ka&SmUu

wbufom;udk

Edkifatmif ajymwwfwJUae&mrSm tvGefpGrf;w,fAs? Edk;wl;yJ? tar&duef

jynfrSmvJ r&Sdbl;? cifAsm;wkdUjynfrSmvJ &SdykHr&bl;? tar&duefjynfrSm rpwm
'g;vJUpf wa,muf&Sd bl;aomfvnf; xdyfoD;uGefz&ifhrSm xdyfoD;csif;ajym&wm

1358

jzpfavawmh tdkufqifa[mif0gvJ olUudkrEdkifbl;? uae'DuvJ olUudkrEdkifEdkif

aybl;? 'gudkvJ olwkdUodw,f? 'DtxJrSm cifAsm;wkdUq&mBuD;u pum;eJUEdkifo
avmuf zdaxmif;csifwwfwJU 0goemvJ&Sdw,f? 'DawmhxdyfoD; uGefz&ifh
vkyfvQif urmhZmwfckHay:wufNyD; t&SufcJGcH&ovdk jzpfaeawmh olwdkUbufu
xdyfoD;csif;awGUqkHa&;udk rvdkvm; awmhbl;? wu,fvdkUawGUqkHMu&ifawmifrS
tusKd;rsm;awmhr,f? rxifbl;? &efjzpf jzpfNyD; vufpodrf;cJU&&kH&SdrSmyJvdkU
jrifMuykH&w,f}}
nD/ /]]trSefw&m;udk vlawGodMu&wmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'gu cifAsm;wdkUtBudKufudk;As? olwkdUu vdkufrvkyfaybl;}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]yxrOD;qkH; uRefawmfajymcJUwJU aMujimcsufudk xkwfjyefNyD;

usifhokH;&vdrfhr,f? rpwmc&ka&Smhudk,fEIdufuvJ 0g'a&;&m tEdkif&csifvGef;wJU

apwemudkz,fxm;NyD;

wjznf;jznf;qGJ,lrSjzpfr,f?

aMujimcsuftwdkif;

cifAsm; wdkUbufu usifhokH;vdkUrdkU [dkbufu ,kHMunfvmNyD; xdyfoD;uGefz&ifh

usif;yjzpf Mur,fqdkvQif e,fa&;? y,fa&; 0g'a&;&mawGxuf oabm
wlnDrI wckwnf;& EdkifMuvQifawmfygNyDAsm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdk[mvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ta&SUtkyfpkESifh taemuftkyfpk0if wdkif;jynfrsm;onf (txl;
ojzifh &k&Sm;ESifh tar&dueftpdk;&wdkUonf) wbufudkwbuf Ncdrf;ajcmuf
onfh tjyKtrl tajymtqdkrsm;rS a&SmifMuOfMuNyD;vQif rdrdwkdU\ owif;pm
rsm;tm;vnf; wbufaom tpdk;ESifhvlrsKd;wdkU\ *kPfoa&udk ndl;ykyfusqif;
aprnfh ta&; tom;rsKd;rS a&SmifMuOfMuzdkU qkrygrnfqdkwJU tcsufavmufudk
ESpfbuf oabmwlnDcsuf&EdkifMuvQif urmBuD;tawmfNidrf;csrf;oGm;vdrfhr,f
vdkU uRefawmf,kHMunfw,fAs}}

1359

nD/ /]]wdkif;jynfi,frsm;twGuf

tusKd;w&m;&,fvdkU

bmrSrygyg

uvm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfhtjrift& pdwf"mwfuta&;BuD;ygw,f? ray;csifyJeJU
nSpf,l&wJU pnf;urf;csufrsKd; w&mwaxmifxuf MunfMunfjzLjzL ESpfbuf
oabmwljyKvkyfMuwJU pnf;urf;wcsuf[mu wefzdk;&Sdygw,f? cifAsm;wkdUu
urmBuD;udk uGefjrLepfjzpfatmif aeUcsif;ncsif; vkyfcsifwJUqEu w,favm
wmudk;As}}
nD/ /]]'Dpnf;urf;rsKd;udk olwdkUbufu oabmwlyghrvm;? b&m;
om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;wkdUbufu AdkvfvkcsifwJU pdwfxm;rsKd;udk olwkdU

,kHMunfavmufatmif

xifxif&Sm;&Sm;

pGefUjyEdkifwJUwaeUrSm

olwdkUvJ

&dkif;r,frxifygbl;? cifAsm;wkdUbufu uRefawmfajymwJU aMujimcsufrsKd;

xkwfjyefNyD; wu,fusifh okH;w,fqdkvQif pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawGu oabm
us&r,f? pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawG uoabmusvQif olwkdUpOf;pm;Mu&r,f? 'grS
rvdkufemvQif pyfMum;wdkif;jynf awGu [dkbufudkarwmxm;Muvdrfhr,fvdkU
olwkdUpOf;pm;rdMuvdrfhr,f? 'Denf;rsKd;urS oefU&Sif;wmAs? acsrIef;ypfEdkifwm
wkdU? jymjzpfoGm;apEdkifwmwkdU? bmwdkUnmwdkUqdkwJU BuKH;0g;enf;rsKd;awGuawmh
pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawGU&JUpdwfxJrSm

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waeUawmh cufukefMuygvdrfhr,f}vdkU atmufarhNyD;cifAsm;wkdUESpfbufpvkH;udk

&GHMu? rkef;Mu? aMumufvefUukefMuwmyJAs? NyD;awmh uRefawmfhtawG;tac:
wck&Sdao;w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]bmvJ b&m;om;}}
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wbufeJUwbuf avQmhray;csif&kHru avQmhay;w,fvdkUolwyg;u xifoGm;

1360

rSmudkawmif pdk;&drfaeMuw,f? Oyrm udpwckrSm onfvdkvkyfvdkufvQif

oifhawmf vdrfhr,fvdkU udk,fh[mudk,f xifw,fqdkygawmh udk,fxifwJUtwdkif;
wcgwnf; rvkyfvdkufcsifMuao;bl;As? onfvkyfvdkufvQif iguavQmhay;
w,fvdkU vlawGuxifukefMuavrvm; qdkwJUqDtxd pOf;pm;aeMuw,f?
wu,favQmhay;wm r[kwfao;yJvsufeJU vlawGu xifwmuav;avmuf
udkawmif rcHEdkifMubl;As? wu,fhtusKd;xufvlawGu xifwmavmufudk
ydkNyD;*&kpdkuf tav;ay;aeMu w,fqdkwm tawmfuav;qef;wJU rmeyJvdkU
qdkcsifw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]txifBuD;cHcsifrIuawmh olwkdU bufuomNyD;qdk;ygw,f}}
Ekyf/

/]]a&GU? uRefawmfrjiif;bl;? vufcHw,f? aumif;NyD? onfawmh

uRefawmfajymcJUwJU aMumjimcsufrsKd;udk cifAsm;wkdUbufu xkwfjyefvdkuf

wJUtcg rSm &k&Sm;BuD; aysmhvmNyDvdkU wcsKdUuajymMur,f? avQmhcsvmNyDvdkU
wcsKdUuajymr,f? onfvdk pum;awGudktar&duef Mum;&wJUtcgrSm wenf;
tm;jzifh *kPf,lMuvdrfhr,f? wif;rmEdkifrS *kPf&Sdw,fxifwJU vlpkudk;As?
wbufom; aysmhw,f? avsmhw,fqdkvQif olwdkUoabmuswmyJ? oabmus
&Smprf;ygapAsm? 'Denf;rsKd;eJU oabmusavav Nidrf;csrf;a&;tvkyf atmifjrif
jrifavavyJvdkU uRefawmfjrifygw,f}}
nD/ /]]olwkdUu urf;wufrvmaybl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

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urf;wuf apEdkifwJUtcsufrygygbl;? wif;rmrI odkUr[kwf wif;rmw,fvdkU

txifcHcsifrIawG rkd;rTefaeMuwJU acwfBuD;rSm udk,fhtdwfxJu bmwckrSvJ
rxkwf&?

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vdkufavsmvmNyDvdkU vlawGu txifcH&jcif;[m urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf

1361

tjrwfwck xGufvmjcif;jzpfvdkUrdkU a&SUtzkdUarQmfvifhcsufBuD;taeJU uRefawmf

jrifw,fAsm}}
nD/ / ]]b&m;om;u umvfrmhufpf&JU pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk b,fykHBudKuf
wm vJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]uRefawmfu Ak'&JU rZsdry#dy'g Middle Way qdkwJU usifhpOf

udk ae&mwdkif;rSmvdkvdk BudKufcsifwJU vlwa,mufyJ? bmrqdk twkdif;t&SnfeJU

tv,ftvwfudkBudKufwwfw,f? t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfu yifyef;&wJU
tvkyform;rSm tusKd;rcHpm;&yJ t&if;&Sifrsm;u jcaoFhrif;a0pk Lion'sShare
,loGm;Muwmuwcsuf? tvGeftrif;csrf;omwJUvleJU tvGeftrif; qif;&JwJU
vlawG jzpfukefwmuwcsuf? 'DESpfcsufudk rBudKufbl;? vlawGtm;vkH;
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r&SDr&Sm;qdkwJU tjzpfrsKd;udkyJ awmifhwygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfu
'DvdkjzpfEdkifwJU tptejrif&vdkU uRefawmfoabmusw,f}}
nD/ /]]qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufrSm ppfrjzpfEdkifbl; qdkwmaum r,kHbl;
vm;cifAsm}}
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aysmufoGm;rSmudk aMumuf&w,fAsm? 'gaMumifh uRefawmfjzifh ckwavmrSm
bmudkrSrpOf;pm;yJ tar&duefeJU cifAsm;wkdUtaMumif;csnf; pOf;pm;aewmyJ?
uRefawmfu tvGeftuRHqdkwmbmrS rBudKufbl;As? ypnf;OpmrSmvJ tvGef
tuRH rBudKufbl;? MoZmtmPmrSmvJ tvGeftuRH rBudKufbl;Asm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkajymwmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]tar&duefrSmawmh

ypnf;Opmbufu

aX;vGef;w,fAs?

qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;rSmawmh MoZmtmPmbufu ]aX;}vGef;w,fxifw,f?

tv,ftvwfyJ

uRefawmfBudKufw,f?

1362

MoZmtmPmr&SdwJU

tpdk;&rsKd;

jzpfvQifvJ tkyfcsKyfvdkUrjzpfbl;? uRefawmfwkdUjynfu OD;Ektpdk;&vdkjzpfrSmyJ?

MoZmtmPm]aX;} vGef;awmhvJ tydkifpD;csifwwfw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]tydkifpD;w,fqdkwmu bmvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]EdkifiHa&;orm; wa,mufjzpfap? ygwDwckjzpfap olUtpGrf;
tpeJU txG#ftxdyftmPmydkiftjzpf a&mufvmMuwJUtcgusNyDqdkrSjzifh olwkdU
wdkif;jynfudkol? odkUr[kwf olUygwDrSwyg; BuD;yGm;aumif;pm;atmif vkyfEdkif
wJUvl? odkUr[kwf ygwD&,fvdkU r&SdEdkifawmhbl;vdkU ,lqvmwwfw,f?
'Dt,ltq[m rSefcsifvJrSefr,f? rSm;csifvJrSm;r,f? rSefrSefrSm;rSm; olwkdU [m
olwdkUawmh ZGwft"r,lqaeawmhwmyJ? 'Dt,ltq[m b,fvdkaMumifh
jzpfay:vmovJqdkawmh

avmbpdwfaMumifhjzpfay:vmjcif;yJ?

b,fvdk

avmbpdwfaMumifhjzpf ay:vmovJqdkawmh txG#ftxdyfae&mrS rqif;

csifawmhwJU avmbAs? 'DavmbrsKd;[mu

vlwdkif;vdk

jzpfwwfwmyJ?

'DavmbrsKd; 0ifvmNyDqdkrSjzifhig? odkUr[kwf ighygwDrSwyg; wdkif;jynfBuD;

yGm;atmif pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifwJUvlr&Sdawmhbl;vdkU olwkdU[molwdkU t[kwfwu,f
xifvmonfjzpfap wu,frxif0HUyJeJU rsufpdrSdwfNyD; ZGwfjiif;onfjzpfap
vkyfvmwwfw,f? 'DtcgrSm olwkdUu txG#ftxdyfa&mufaecdkufjzpfavawmh
olwkdUrqif;&atmif awmifajymajrmufajym? awmifvkyfajrmufvkyf Oya'awG
vkyfukefMua&mAs? tvkyf wu,fawmfwJU vluvJ 'grsKd;vkyfwmyJ? olU[mol
pdwfrcsEdkifyJudk;As? wu,frawmfyJ olU[mol xif&kHxifaewJU vluvJ
vkyfwwfwmyJ?

wu,fawmfwJUvlu

vkyfrdvQifawmh

raxmif;ombl;

xm;ygawmh? olUxufawmfwJU vlawG&SdvsufeJU olutxG#ftxdyf tmPm

&xm;cdkuf jzpfaevdkUrdkU wjcm;vl? odkUr[kwf wjcm;vl pkHudkrwufEdkifatmif
vrf;ydwfxm;wmrsKd;
aybl;vm;Asm?

jzpfaevQifawmh

taumif;qkH;vl&SdvsufeJU

1363

tJonfhwdkif;jynftzdkU
rwuf&yJ

repfem

jzpfaeawmhwmaygh?

'gaMumifhtpdk;&wpk&JU vuf0,frSmwefcdk;tmPm rsm;vGef;jcif;udkvJ uRefawmf

rBudKufbl;Asm? tv,ftvwfavmufyJ BudKufw,f? uRefawmfwkdU wdkif;jynf
rSm tmPmodrf;w,fvdkU Mum;&w,f? b,favmufawmfwJU vlawGu
odrf;onfjzpfap? olwkdUvuf0,frSm tmPmawG rsm;vGef;vQifawmh uRefawmf
rBudKufbl; Asm? Munfh&OD;rSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]tmPmrsm;vGef;w,fqdkwm b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]vkyfcsifwm vkyf? jyKwfrusEdkifbl;? vlrsm;pku oabmrwlwJU
tvkyfwckjzpfayrifh

olwkdUvkyfcsifvkyfEdkifw,f?

jzKwfcsEkdifwJU

Oya'

&SdapumrlvJ [dkvdkonfvdk zefwD;Edkifw,f? zvS,fEdkifw,f qdkwJU tcGifhta&;

rsKd; &&Sdxm;vQif tmPmrsm;vGef;w,fvdkU uRefawmfem;vnfwmyJ}}
nD/

/]]uRefawmfwdkUqDrSmaum cifAsm? tmPmrsm;vGef;w,fvdkU

jrifyg ovm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]'guawmh tajctaetm;avsmfpGm pDrHxm;&jcif;jzpfygw,fvdkU
ajymEdkifrSmayghavAsm? [kwfcsifvJ [kwfayrSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]b,ftcsufudk

axmufNyD;rsm;vGef;w,fvdkU

qdkcsifygovJ

b&m; om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUjynfwGif;a&;udpudk

uRefawmfra0zefcsifygbl;Asm?

ajymp&m taxmuftxm;awmh&Sdygw,f? uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm trsm;qkH;

ta&;BuD;wmu

urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfygw,f?

'guvJGvQif

uRefawmf

rajymcsif ygbl;}}
nD/

/]]urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;eJU ywfoufvdkUaum ajymp&m&Sdao;ovm;

b&m;om;}}
Ekkyf/ /]]wckawmh uRefawmfajymcsifao;w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]ajymygcifAsm}}

1364

Ekyf/

/]]uRefawmfajymcsifwmu '@m&Duav;wckygyJ? aerif;eJU

avrif;[m c&D;onfwa,muf&JU t0wftpm;udk cRwfcGmzdkU tNydKiftqdkifBudK;

pm;MuowJU? a&S;OD;pGm avrif;utpGrf;&Sdoavmuf jyif;jyif;BuD;wdkufcwfNyD;
c&D;onf&JU t0wfudkcRwfcGmzdkUBudK;pm;&mrSm c&D;onfu av[kefjyif;avav?
olUt0wfudkruRwf&atmif odrf;usKH;NyD; zufxm;avavyJwJU? onfawmh
avrif;vufavQmhvdkuf&a&mwJU? aerif;tvSnfhusawmh txufaumif;uif
tmumorSm
[if;vif;BuD;

avrif;wdkufvTifhxm;vdkU
jzpfaecdkufrSm

wdrfawGvGifhpGifNyD;

tpGrf;&SdorQ

tm;xkwfNyD;

v[mjyif
usJusJBuD;

ylay;vdkuf&mrSm c&D;onf[m yljyif;vSvdkU rcHr&yfEdkifatmifjzpfNyD; olUudk,frS

t0wfawGudk cRwfcGmvdkuf&owJU?

cifAsm;wkdUc&ka&SmU[mvJ tar&duef

eJUqufqH&mrSm aerif;&JUxkH;udk usifhokH;vQif aumif;r,fAsm? olwdkUbufu

avrkefwdkif;vdk [def;a[mufprf;ygap? udk,fu emusnf;wJU pum;vkH;rsKd;
awGeJU jyefrwG,fyJ BuHUBuHUcdkifNyD; urmolurmom;udk tEkenf;trsKd;rsKd;eJU
,Of,Ofaus;aus; odrf;oGif;oGm;vQif ,ckxufatmifjrif NyD;urmppfBuD;vJ
tvSrf;a0;oGm;vdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmfxifygw,f}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;ajymwJU enf;rsKd;awGeJU jzpfEdkifyghrvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]cifAsm;udk q&mBuD;umvfrmhufpfu vlrsm;pk oufom

acsmifcsda&;pepfeJU ywfoufNyD;olU[mol pdwfcs,kHMunfovdk? uRefawmfu

vJyJ wbufeJUwbuf tmCmwavQmusatmif vkyfjcif;onf urmppf
wm;qD;Edkifw,fqdkjcif;udk olUavmufyJ ,kHMunfygw,f? tmCmw avQmus
atmif

vkyfykHvkyfenf;rsm;eJU

ywfoufvdkUvJ

,kHMunfvsuf&SdwJUtjyif umvfrmhufpf&JU

uRefawmfh[m

Theory

uRefawmf

pdwful;udk vDeifu

vufawGUprf;oyfjznfhpGufcJUovdk? cifAsm;wkdUu uRefawmfhenf;udk jznfhpGuf

1365

ay;EdkifMuvQif

aumif;ygvdrfhr,f?

uRefawmfhenf;eJU

jzpfrjzpfxm;ygOD;?

cifAsm;wkdUrSm urmppfrjzpfEdkifwJUenf;&,fvdkU vufudkif&Sdxm; NyDvm;}}

nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUvJBudK;pm;NyD;vkyfaewmyJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/

/]]aumif;ygNyD?

urmppfrjzpfEdkifwJUenf;&,fvdkU

(Theory)

pdwful;wcktaeeJU awGUxm;MuNyDvm;}}
nD/

/]]olwdkUbufu

vdkcsifwmawGudk

avQmhay;vdkufvQifawmh

ppfrjzpfbl;ayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/

/ ]]uRefawmfwifjycJUwJUenf;[mu umvfrmhufpf&JUvrf;pOfudk

zsufodrf;NyD; avQmhay;&wJuqDtxd vkyfzkdUygovm;Asm}}

nD/ / ]]'guawmh pOf;pm;&OD;rSmyJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]pOf;pm;Muygav?

odkUaomf

uRefawmfwckajymcsifygw,f?

cifAsm;wdkU urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwDwkdU? BuHUcdkifa&;aumfrwDwdkUeJU uRefawmf

aqG;aEG;cJUzl;ygNyD urmppfBuD; rjzpfEdkifawmhygbl;vdkUawmh pdwfrcs&ygbl;wJU?
'Dvdkqdkuwnf;u pdwfcsavmufwJUenf;wckudk pdwful;tm;jzifhawmif awGU
rxm;ao; bl;qdkwm xif&Sm;ae w,fr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfuJUqdkEdkifygw,f}}
Ekyf/

/]]'DvdkqdkvQif uRefawmfhenf;udk prf;oyfwJUtwGuf cifAsm;wkdU

umvfrmhpf&JU pD;yGm;a&;vrf;pOfudk xdcdkufysufjym;jcif; r&SdEdkifbl;vdkU pdwfcs&

w,fqdkygu prf;oyfrMunfhxdkufbl;vm;Asm}}
nD/ /]]'guawmh tcsdef,lNyD; pOf;pm;Mu&ayrSmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tcsdefuawmh odyfr&Sdawmhbl;aemf? [kdwbufu tifrwef
pdwfqdk;aeMuNyD? olwdkU&JUa'gorefrmetavsmuf cifAsm;wkdUonf;rcHEdkifwJU
tjyKtrlrsKd; wckckjyKvdkufrdvQif tm;vkH;'kuawGUukefMuvdrfhr,f? *smrefqdkwJU
vlrsKd;uvJ rmecJBuD;As? uRefawmf a&mufcJUzl;vdkU tuJcwfcJUEdkifw,f}}

1366

nD/ /]]b&m;om;u 'gawGudk b,fwkef;u pOf;pm;xm;ovJ}}

Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfvJ urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;orm;wa,mufygyJ? [dkwkef;u
cifAsm;wkdUenf;rsKd;eJU udk,fwwfoavmuf a&;cJUa[mcJUzl;ygw,f? ,lwl;udp
ay:vmawmhrS cifAsm;wkdUenf;rsKd;eJU urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;r&Edkifbl;vdkU oabm
aygufNyD; udk,fh[mudk,f pOf;pm;cJUygw,f}}
nD/ /]]bmudktajcwnfNyD; pOf;pm;ovJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]a*gwrAk'&JUenf;ygyJ? a*gwrAk'&JU Mo0g'tay:rSm tajc
wnfNyD; onfacwftajctaet& onfacwfvlawG (bmomra&G;? bmom
&Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd) tm;vkH; oabmaygufem;vnfa vmufatmif b,fvdkwifjy
&yghrvJvdkU pOf;pm;cJUwm awmfawmfMumygNyD? t*Fvefu tbd"rm q&mBuD;
bmw&ef&wfqJvfu ]]vlom;onf tem*gwf&Sd&Sdao;oavm}}qdkwJU ykpmudk
pmwtkyfxkwfNyD; ar;vdkufawmh uRefawmfu tajzay;zkdU tylwjyif; pOf;pm;
pdwful;jyefw,f? uRefawmfhtajzudka&;NyD; pmwtkyfxkwfzkdU pdwful;aewkef;rSm
cifAsm;eJU pum;vufqkH0ifNyD; 'gawGudk avQmufajymrdwmyJ}}
nD/ / ]]b&m;om;&?JU q&mBuD;a*gwrAk'u olwyg;xuf bmrsm;
xl;ovJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /

]]Ak'udk;uG,fwJU

Ak'bmom0ifawGuawmh

tvkH;pkHaom

tjcif;t&mudk odEdkifwJUOmPfawmf (Omniscience) &Sdawmfrlw,fvdkU qdkMu

w,f}}
nD/ /]]tvkH;pkHudkodw,fqdkwm bmvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]tvkH;pkHawG bmawGvkyfraeeJU? uRefawmfta&;BuD;wmuawmh
Ak'o
nf udp[lorQrSm taMumif;w&m;udk odawmfrlw,f? tusKd;w&m;udkvJ
odawmfrlw,f? 'g[m uRefawmfhtzkdUta&;BuD;qkH;yJ? 'gudk uRefawmf,kHMunf
w,f? 'DOmPfudk uRefawmfMunfndKw,f}}

1367

nD/ /]]'gjyifvlrsm;aum rodEdkifbl;vm;cifAsm}}

Ekyf/ /]]odwefoavmuf odwJUvlrsm; &SdMuygvdrfhr,f? udp[lorQ
rSmawmh rodEdkifMubl;As? odjyefawmhvJ trSef;tqtm;jzifhom odEdkifMur,f?
rSefwJUtcgrSefw,f?

rSm;wJUtcgrSm;w,f?

Ak'uawmh

wwftyfaocsm

rvGJwrf; odawmfrlw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]xyf&Sif;ygOD;b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]] Matter &kyfw&m;eJUywfoufvkdU 'Dacwf avmu"mwfq&m
awG[m prf;oyfjcif;? awG;awmjcif;tm;jzifh taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;
awGudk tawmfrSef uefatmif odEdkifMuygw,f? pdwfeJUywfoufvdkUawmh
olwkdUrSefatmif rawG;wwfbl;? wbufu a'gojzpfaevQif olUxufBuD;wJU
a'goeJU cHwdkufvdkU atmifjrifEdkifw,f xifMuw,f? Ak'uawmh a'goudk
a'gojzifh racsrIef;Edkif? arwmjzifhom atmifEdkifw,fvdkU wwftyfaocsm
odawmfrlw,f}}
nD/ / ]]a'gojzpfaewJUvludk arwmxm;zkdU jzpfEdkifovm; b&m;om;}}
ekyf/ /]]arwmxm;zdkU rjzpfEdkifvQif a'gocsif; rNydKifzkdUavmufudkawmh
BudK;pm; Mu&vdrfhr,f}}
nD/ /]]'gavmufawmifrS cJ,Of;vSygw,fcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cJ,Of;wmuawmhrSefw,f? odkUaomf 'Denf;vrf;udkrS wbuf
bufupNyD; rvdkufMuvQif 'DvufeufrsKd;awGeJUawmh wcsdefcsdefrSm vlrsKd;
jyKwfwwfw,f? rjyKwfao;rDtwGif;rSmvJ wcsdefxufwcsdefpdk;&drfaMumifhMurI?
pdwfylavmifrIawGu wkd;wkd;om wufvmawmhrSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]a&SUudkrwkd;yJ 'Dtwdkif; &yfwnfraeEdkifbl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]pdwfu &kyfvdkr[kwfbl;As? OyrmoHrPdwacsmif;qdkvQif
twefMumMumBuD; wnfaeEdkifw,fqdkygawmh? pdwfrSmjzpfwJU a'gow&m;

1368

qdkwmrsKd;uawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfbl;As? qkwfvQifqkwfr,f? rqkwfvQif wdk;rSmyJ?

tMumBuD;&yfwnfvdkU raewwfwJU obm0&Sdw,f}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUbufu b&m;om;ajymwJUtwdkif; tmCmwavsmh
atmifBudK;pm;NyDqkdygawmh?

olwkdU&JUtkyfcsKyfa&;0g'u

ppfjyifqifa&;0g'

cifAs? csufcsif; ppfxwdkufzkdU r[kwfayr,fh vufeufawGvkyfae&rS tvkyf

orm;awG tvkyf&NyD; puf,E&m;BuD; vnfEdkifwmcifAs? 'DtaMumif;udk
b&m;om; pOf;pm;zl;&JUvm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]pOf;pm;zl;ygw,fav?

cifAsm;wdkUbufu

uRefawmfajymwJU

twdkif; aMujimcsufxkwf? aemufwxpf oabmwlnDcsuf &atmifvkyfEdkifwJU

tajca&mufwJU tcgrSm olwkdU[molwkdU tBuHOmPfxkwf&ygvdrfhr,f? tck
awmh cifAsm;wkdUu olwjyef igwjyef ajcmufvSefUay;aeMuawmh olwkdU
t&if;&SifBuD;awGtBudKuf? olwkdUtpdk;&tBudKuf jzpfaeNyD; olwkdUaxmifxm;
wJU ausmhuGif;xJ cifAsm;wkdUu0ifwkd;aeovdk jzpfaewmayghAs}}
nD/

/]]olwdkUu 'DtajcudkjrifNyD; uRefawmfwdkU avQmhwdkif;ravQmhyJ

wif;cHae vQifaum cifAsm}}

Ekyf/ /]]'DawmhvJ pyfMum;aeMuwJU urmolurmom;awG &SdMuygao;
w,fav?

cktxdawmh

cifAsm;wkdUtkyfpkBuD;

ESpfckvHk;[m

NydKifwlvdk

wif;aeMu&mrSm 'Dbufuqdk;w,f? [dkbufu qdk;w,fvdkU rajymEdkifMuyJ

MunfhaeMu&wmyJ? cifAsm;wkdUbufu &efrvdkwJUtaersKd; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
jyEdkifwJUtcgrSm pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawGu cifAsm;wkdUbufudk arwmxm;vmMu
vdkUrdkU olwkdUwenf;wvrf;OmPfxkwfMu&awmhrSmyJ}}
nD/

/]]OmPfxkwfwJUtcgrSm enf;aumif;enf;rSefudk

ppfxwdkufwJU enf;udkvdkufoGm;vQifaum cifAsm}}

1369

rawGUyJeJU

Ekyf/ / ]]'Dae&musawmh uRefawmfhq&m a*gwrAk'&JU ajc&maysmuf

oGm;vdkUrdkU uRefawmfhxifjrifcsuft& ajz&awmhrSmyJAsm? aMujimcsufxkwfNyD;
cifAsm;wkdUu pwifaumif;vmcJUwmudk wurmvkH;uvJ odvdkUrdkU olwdkUvJod
&rSmyJ?

vufeuftiftm;

awmifhwif;ygvsufeJU

&efa&SmifwJUvrf;pOfudk

pwifusihfokH;cJUwJU tpdk;&wcktm; rkef;wD;p&maMumif;tcsufvJ r&SdygyJeJU

wrifoufoufpwdkufzdkUqdkwmawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;vdkU uRefawmfqdkcsifw,fAsm?
jzpfEdkifw,f? wdkufw,fqdkvQifvJyJ urmBuD;ysufzkdU tcsdefaphvdkUyJvdkU qdk&
awmhrSmyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]'DjyifaumcifAsm? b&m;om;&JUq&mu bmrsm;jrifao;ovJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]umvfrmhufpfu

t&if;&SifpepfaMumifh

vlawGpm;ae0wf

rvkHavmufyJ qif;&JMu&w,f? ppfjzpfMu&w,fvdkUjrifw,f? 'gu &kyfbuf

utjrifyJ? olU [meJUolawmh rSefayw,f? olUenf;twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;
MuvdkU qdk&S,fvpfwdkif;jynfawGrSm pm;ae0wfeJU ywfoufvkdU tqifhtwef;
wufvmNyD; vlrsm;pkrSm oufomacsmifcsd vmwmudk uRefawmfawGUcJU
&ygw,f?

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uRefawmfjrifw,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkrsm; a[mcJUovJAsm}}
Ekyf/

/]]avmuBuD;rSm vlawG[m bmhaMumifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmraeMu&yJ

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wOD;u ar;avQmufw,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkajzowJUvJcifAs}}
Ekyf/ / ]]

Jealousy And Envy

(m?rp&d,) remvdk0efwdkrI

awGaMumifhwJUAs? umvfrmhufpfu &kyfbufuMunfhw,f? Ak'u pdwfbufu

1370

Munhfw,f? umvfrmhufpf&JU enf;rSefuefvdkU qdk&S,fvpf wdkif;jynfawGrSm

]pm;ae0wf}rItwGuf acsmifcsdvmw,f? EdkUayr,fh vlawGrSm wenf;wzkH
tm;jzifh pdk;&drfaMumifhMurIawG wdk;yGm;vmNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rI r&Mubl;r[kwfvm;?
'gudkawmh umvfrmhufpfu rwwfEdkifbl;? Ak'&JUenf;eJU vkyf,lrS atmifjrif
r,fvdkU uRefawmfjrifw,f}}
nD/ / ]]b&m;om;ajymwJU ]AdkvfvkrI} qdkwm[m remvdk 0efwdkrIyJvm;
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1371

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1372

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1373

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1374

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1375

wlrav; MunfMunf
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vnf; udk;a,muf&Sdygonf/ if;wdkUteuf nDuarG;onfh wlruav;
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1376

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1377

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1378

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jzpf&rSmyJ}}[k rdefUawmfrlzl;\/ uREkfyfurl ta&;tom;twGuf rajymwwf?
0denf; odumyk'fawmfrsm;udk &dkaoapmifhxdef;onfht&mrSmjzifh emrnfwvkH;

1379

&vdrfhrnfxifygonf[k
ygonf/

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&[ef;tjzpf

vl&dkaoatmif

pdwfxJatmufarhrd

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]vl}

tjzpf*&krpdkufcsifaom uREkfyf\ 0goemudk em;rvnfEdkifatmif &Sdygawmh

onf/
(2)
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ESpfoufwwfyg\/ rav;rpm; jyKonfxifvQif rcHcsifaompdwfyif jzpfay:
wwfyg\/ odkU&mwGif tjcm;vlrsm;u tvGeftrif;&dkaoav;pm;jcif;rsKd;ESifh
BuKH&onfhtcg

tae&cufovdk

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yk*Kd vftajrmuftjrm;wdkUrSm (&[ef;a&mvlyg) olwyg;wkdUu &dkaoudkif;&Idif;

avav ESpfoufoabmusavav &SdMujcif;udkomawGU& \/ uREkfyfrlum;
uREkfyftm;

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Oyrm

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yifhzdwf

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t&dktao

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&[ef;\a&SU qHyifudkjzefUcif;jcif;? ajcaxmufudk qHyifESifh yGwfjcif;
ponfjzifh jyKvkyfwwfMuav&m uREkfyfom &[ef;jzpf xdkuJUodkUjyKjcif;cH&
rnfqdkvQif

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wcgwnf;wdrf;a&Smif

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aomfvnf; aumif;vGef;vQif &GHUovdk jzpfwwfjcif;rSm uREkfyf\xl;qef;rI
wck[lxifrdygonf/

1380

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apmifhavh&Sdaom yk*dKvfrsKd;udk vltrsm;wkdUMunfndKwwfMu\/ uREkfyfrlum;
xdkyk*dKvfrsKd;xuf q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;udk ydkMunfndKonf/ uREkfyf
od&oavmufrSm

q&mBuD;

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,kHMunf\/

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qdk&ravmuf

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onfhtwGuf omMunfhaumif;onf xif&ouJUodkUyif wzefrsufESmjyif
]rSJU}

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uav;wa,mufudk jrif&zl;uwnf;u tpGef;txif;[kqdkMuaom ]rSJU}onf
xdkoli,frtzkdU wefqmqifxm;ouJUodkU&Sdygbd onf[k uREkfyfatmufarh
rdzl;onf/ odkUtm;jzifh uREkfyfonf ]pif;vkH;acsm} qdkMuonfh tusifh
pm&dwrsKd;&Sdaom vlyk*dKvfrsKd;xuf wpGef;wuGufuav; tjypftemqm
&Sdonfh

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1381

vlwa,muftaejzifh

tjypfvkH;0uif;pifjcif;onf aumif;vGef;tm;BuD; ]obm0rus} onfhES,f

xifrd

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jrif;rsm;

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owdr&Sdojzifh

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vHk;0uif;onfqdkvQif

xl;xl;cRefcRefrjzpfvmEdkif?

omrn

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wwfaom

jrif;aumif;wpD;om

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uREkfyftzkdU em;0ifvsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ xkdUjyif ]a,mufsm;qdkwmrsKd;[m
pkHrSuG,fh}}

[k

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tcg taumif;awGcsnf; pkHaygif;xm;onfh ][D;&dk;} rsKd;xuf (Villain Hero
type) taumif;ESifhtqdk;

a&mpyfvsuf&Sdonfh ]Zmwfvdkuf} rsKd;udk uREkfyfom

ESpfoufwwfonf/ t*Fvdyf ]*sefwvfrJef} taMumif;udk uREkfyftus,fw0ifh

a&;aom;azmfjycJUzl;onfjzpf&m uREkfyfonf ol\tusifhpm&dwESifh tae
txdkifudk pdyfykwD;orm;wa,muf? ur|mef;orm;wa,muf\ taetxdkif
xuf ESpfoufoabmusvsuf&Sdygonf/ uREkfyf\tBudKufonf rSefuefonf?
w&m;enf;vrf;

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(4)
uREkfyfonf

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aecsifwwfol wa,mufjzpfyg\/ Opmypnf; tvGef<u,f0NyD; 0ifh0ifh

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1382

acsmifacsmifcsdcsduav;

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ouf (txl;ojzifh'kwd,tdrfaxmifysufonfh tcsdefwGif) xdkuJUodkUaom
tajctaersKd; &EdkifavmufonfhtcGifhta&;rsKd;vnf; BuKHcJUyg\/ tdrfaxmif
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tajctaersKd;odkU a&mufEdkifavmufonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; ay:aygufcJU
yg\/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSm pOf;pm;OmPfuif;rJUonfh vlpm;rsKd;vnf; [kwf
onfrxifyg/ odkUygvsuf (aemufydkif;tcsdefrSwyg;) qif;&zkdUtaMumif;
awGcsnf;

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rl tHUMordaMumif;ESifh tBudrfBudrf rdefUawmfrlzl;ygonf/ onfrSmvnf;
uREkfyfudk,fudk uREkfyfem;rvnfaomtcsufwck jzpfygonf/
jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;
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uav;

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(Vicious Circle)

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1383

wa,muf\ yJUjyifjcif; cHcJU&onfqdkygu uREkfyf\zcifuJUodkUyif ]vl&dk;

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]tjypfuav;&SdrS

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jzLaumifobm0aMumifh jzpfavoavmrajymwwfyg/ xdkodkUaom tawG;
tac:rsKd;

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qdkaom pum; uJUodkU tusKd;ESpfrsKd;jzpfapvsuf&Sd\/ wbuftcsKdUvlrsm;u
uREkfyf\pmrsm;onf uRwfqwfrmausmvSaomaMumifh zwfcsifpzG,fr&Sd[k
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qdkAD,uf ,leD,HokdUoGm; arwmw&m;yGm;rsm;cJUonfh tcsdefrSprlum;
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1384

uRwfuGmusNyD; jzLaumiftjzpfrS ,kefaumiftjzpfodkUa&mufum b0ajymif;

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a&Smif&Sm;Edkifvdrfhrnf[l om arQmfvifhygonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyfonf
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qefUusifbuf (tmCmw) oabmrsKd;udk vkH;0pGefUy,fEdkifNyD[k ,kHMunfvsuf

&Sdygonf/
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tcsKdUvlrsm; tay:wGiftmCmw xm;cJUonf[k 0efcH&ma&mufaomfvnf;
uREkfyf\woufwmwGif rnfolUtm;rQ &efNidK;xm;NyD; xdkolwdkU ysufpD;&m
ysufpD;aMumif;udk udk,fjzifhjyKvkyfjcif;? EIwfjzifhajymqdkjcif;? pdwfjzifhBuHpnf
pdwful;jcif;[l r&SdcJUbl;jcif;udk opmqdk0HUygonf/ trsm;qkH;jyKvkyfcJU
rdjcif;rSm rcHcsifaom taMumif;t&mudkpmjzifh a&;om;azmfjyrdjcif;rQ om
jzpfygonf/ yrmqdkaomf ol&d,udkodef;armiftaMumif;ESifh wynfhaiGOa'gif;
taMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wGif xnfhoGif;a&;om;zl; odef;azjrifhtaMumif;udk
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onf/ udkodef;armif ESifh aiGOa'gif;wkdUtaMumif;rSm xdcdkufepfemapvdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufr&SdyJ
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a&;cJUrdjcif;jzpfaMumif;? 0efcHygonf/ odef;azjrifhtaMumif;rSm ]vufvGef}

1385

NyD;jzpf rwwfEdkifaomfvnf; udkodef;armifESifh aiGOa'gif;wkdUtaMumif;udkrl

aemufaemifwGif xyfrH&dkufESdyfcGifh&Sdygu pmrlrS xkwfEkwfypfygrnf[k uwdjyK
ygonf/
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(1)
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aMumif;? jrefrmjynfodkU jyefa&mufaomtcg owdvpf[if;xdktvkyf
ayghavsmhcJUaMumif;?

okdU&mwGif

uREkfyfjyKaeusxkH;pHtwdkif;

yltdkufaom

aEG&moDwGif rkd;ukwfNrdKUodkU oGm;a&mufaexdkifvsuf&Sdonfhtcg arwmyGm;

aom tvkyfudk wzefjyefaumuf onfhtaMumif;wkdUudk rSwfwrf;
wae&mwGif azmfjycJUygonf/ arv14&ufaeU uREkfyfonf c,fr rapmvS
(nD\ZeD;)

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tenf;i,fausmf

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acsmif;wacsmif;udk

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udk wuf&eftwGuf ]*D,m}ajymif;vdkuf &mwGif um;onf 'dwfueJjrnfoGm;NyD;
um;bD;wbuf

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1386

pcef;rSm

rdkif50rQuGmvSrf;onfjzpf

xdkc&D;vrf;wavQmufvkH;rSm

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uRwfxGufoGm;jcif;jzpf\/

tu,f

]awmifqif;} c&D; uRwfxGufcJUygrl um;onft&Sdefjyif;pGmESifh armif;ESif

vsuf&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh
0ifwdkufEdkifonf/
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wbuf&Sdaom

awmif;urf;yg;udkvnf;

okdUwnf;r[kwf tjcm;wbuf&Sdaom

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acsmufxJodkU

tjcif;t&mudk

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jzpfygonf/

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azmfjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/
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BuD;onf uGif;BuD;\wbufaomtpGef;wGif ajrBuD;rsm;ESifh bD;rsm;xdNyD;
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1387

ajrBuD;ESifhxd a&S;OD;pGm vdrfhajy;ump tcsdefwGif if;\t&Sdefonf rdkif

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onf/ av,mOfysHbD;rsm; aygufuJGoGm;jcif;rSm a&cJwkH;rsm;ESifh wdkufrdaom
aMumifh[kqdk&m

a&cJwkH;rsm;onfvnf;

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tESHUtjym;

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bD;rsm;rSmvnf; aygufuJGcsifaomae&mwGif aygufuGJEdkif\/ tu,fajrBuD;
ESifhbD;rsm; xdump tcsdef rdkifw&mausmfESpf&mEIef;jzifh vdrfhcdkufwGifjzpfap?
uGif;v,fodkUa&muf rdkifig;q,fausmf w&mEIef;jzifh vdrfhcdkufwGifjzpfap
aygufuJGvdkufygrlum;
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