Professional Documents
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68
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rvdkaom
vrf;bufodkU
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jyefajymonfwGif
rdcifu
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69
csD;usL;azmfjy&
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jyKonfqdkvQifyif
okH;ESpfausmfav;ESpfom;&Sd
zcifonf
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pum;ajymwwfp
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pmrsm;udk
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uREkfyf&Gwfqdk
rupm;&jcif;twGufom
0rf;enf;rdonf/
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BuD;jyif;aomtcg
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Mobmvufckyf
pmar;yJGjyKvkyfav&m
ausmif;om;okH;a,muftwGuf
cJwHrsm;?
riftdk;rsm;?
uREkfyf\zcifonf
xdyfqkH;rSatmifaom
qktjzpfESifhcsD;jrSifh&ef
csKdcsOfrsm;
0,fvmcJUNyD;vQif
70
Avmpmtkyfrsm;?
OD;yOif;xHwGif
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yxratmifjrifoltwGufaps;csKdxJrS
0,fcJUjcif;udk
uREkfyfrSwfrd\/
uREkfyfonf
azmifwdefwacsmif;
azmifwdefvdkcsifvS
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b,fawmhrSvnf;
0,fray;acs/
csD;jrifhrIonf
a&S;cwfrS
acwfwdkifatmif
rnfonfh
OD;wdavmu\
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71
ajzEdkifaom
atmufvl\
qif;&jyef\/
pmwvkH;rSrusufcJU&ol
xdyfxkd;jcif;cH&NyD;
jzpfygrl
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wenf;awmhaumif;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;onf ueOD; cyfrSefrSef ]xdk;}Muaomfvnf; aeU&uf
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trSwfxm;um
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72
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uREkfyfuJUodkUaom
aumifuav;rSmyk
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rSDatmif
rvSrf;Edkifojzifh
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vlrsm;teufwGif
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uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom
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xkdtcsdefrl
waeUvQiftenf;qkH;
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73
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74
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tpdk;&pmppfcHapaom
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75
OD;yOif;
OD;wdavmu\
q&mESifhwynfhoabmxm;
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76
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77
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twlpDwef;
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uREkfyfrSm
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aygufcsifovdkvkd?
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tdrfodkU
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79
vGefvGef;onf[k
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OD;yOif;onf
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xdkt&G,fodkU wkdifatmif
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ajymifajymifxGufoGm;
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zcif\rMunf&TifaomrsufESmudkom
uREkfyfrSmbk&m;yJG
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uREkfyfurlusyfwnf;vGef;aom
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uREkfyfrSm
80
odkUa&;jcif;
tm;jzifh
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tjypfwifvkdjcif;r[kwf/
uREkfyf\
uHraumif;jcif;[lom qdkvdkygonf/
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1901
ckESpfwGif
uREkfyfwkdUtwef;om;
10
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vuPmESifh
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t*FvdyfbmomwGif
jzpfae\/
awmfMuaomfvnf;
twef;om;rsm;onf
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twGufaMumifh
atmifjrif
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pmar;yJGwGif
(uREkfyftygt0if)
wGif
tus&IH;
us&IH;aom
ausmif;om;rsm;onf
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uREkfyf\rdbrsm;url
81
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uREkfyfwdkUausmif;rSm
xdyfqkH;wef;jzpfaom
5wef;orm;rsm;
c&pf,efomoemjyK
ausmif;BuD;rsm;okdU
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ajymif;a&TUoGm;jcif;
ol\trnfrSm
ausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm;
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a&G;ay;aomtcgrsm; uREkfyftay:nSmwmrI&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdcJU onf/
tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u uREkfyfxuftenf;i,fBuD;aom ausmif;om; ESifh
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uREfkyfxuf
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82
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uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;udkom
uREkfyfudk
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xifrd\/
(Steerfoth)
udkrrSwfrdyJ aeEdkifMurnf
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vla&vnfjcif;paom
tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf
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83
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wa,mufjzpfayonf/
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(Faithful
Dog)
uJUodkUvnf;aumif;?
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84
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ausmif;wausmif;rS
85
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86
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ausmif;wuf&aom
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87
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ausmif;wufaomtcg
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88
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uREkfyfjrif&onfhav;ig;v
wBudrfwcgrQNyKH;jcif;&,fjcif;&dSonfudk
89
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rsufESmxm;
qdk;vSonfhum;r[kwf?
aMumuf&jcif;jzpf\/
ajEBuD;jcif;oufouf
tar&duefausmif;onf
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90
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91
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6
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wdrfjrKyfaomtjzpfrsKd;udk
Test
rsm;jzifh
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t*Fvdyfbmomar;cGef;rsm;
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92
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uREkfyf\tajctae
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tdrfrlum;
t0wfaumif;
tpm;aumif;rsm;jzifhajrSmufpm;aomfvnf;
93
uav;oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf;
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ajccsif;vdrfvsuf&Sd\/
bmESifhrQrwlacs/
ausmif;rStjyef
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wnae
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trlt&mudk
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tcsif;t&mudkrdcifjrif
94
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aemufokH;av;&ufwGif
uREkfyfausmif;rSjyefvmaomtcg
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olUyg;pyfuvnf;
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okdU&mwGif
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rdef;uav;ESpfa,muf
95
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zcifu
(avmuDrIa&;&mESifhywfouf)
q&mwqluJUodkU
tav;jyKaom
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jzpfavonf/
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uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfrQ
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a&maESmupm;cGifh&onfh
tBudrfaygif;
96
(Musical Ear)
tvkyfrsKd;onftyg,fodkU
yg&Sdol
vm;apwwfonf[k
vufxuf
nOfhpOfnOfhwdkif;
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avQmhay;&onfomrsm;cJU\/
aemufydkif;rl
vdkufemusifhBuHMu&mwGif
rdcifonf
r,lq
w&m;tvkyfESifh
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xdktcsdefwGifrSvlvm;ajrmuf
yJGvrf;obifrsm;udkwBudrfwcgrQ
\/
okdU&mwGifzcifu
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yJGMunfhjcif;aMumifh
uREkfyfwdkU
i&JBuD;onf[k
qefUusifbufjzpfonfqkdum
armifESr\
vmMu&jcif;yifjzpfonf/
MunfjzLpGmrMunfh&[k
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uREkfyftzdkUrSm
txufwGif
97
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t"dyg,frSm
rdbrsm;\
cGifhjyKcsuft&
rMunfh&bl;
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uREkfyft&dkufcH&ykHudk
rdbrsm;onf
rSwfrdygao;\/
txufxyftdyf
uREkfyfESifh
tvkyform;rsm;onf
xdknwGifyJGMunfhMuzdkU
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naeapmif;u
(zcif\0g'rSm
wnf;u
udk,fhtdrf
zcif\oabmudk
odM uonfESifh
yJGMunfhzdkU
uRekfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESifh
tvkyform;
okH;a,mufwkdUonf
q&mykESifhudkbausmhwdkUuvnf;
aumif;Muygayonf/
axmifrnfh
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tBuH&Sdonfudkq&myku
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98
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yDwdjzpf
ponfwkdUrS
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99
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olvnf;
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pdwfraumif;jzpf&aomaMumifhayavm?
tumtuG,fay;vsuf
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q&mcifAsm;?
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uREkfyfESifh
armifykudk
t&dkufcH&NyD;&SmavNyD/
100
xdktvkyform;twGufaMumifh
ta&mw0if
ac:iifqufqHvsuf&SdMu&mwGif
bmrQa&;xnfhwwfonfr[kwf/
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cspfcifvsuf&Sd&m
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wa,muftaMumif;udk
uREkfyfrSmrcGJEdkif?
wa,muftm;
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jzpfojzifh
aw;xyfwyk'fpD
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101
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udk,fh]rsm}taMumif;
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uREkfyfwkdUonf
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102
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ausmif; rwufao;ojzifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;0if;BuD;
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4if;wdkU\trlt&mudk
ausmif;wufoGm;
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uREkfyfwdkUonf
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pdwful;,Ofjcif;?
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103
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uREkfyf\pdwfxJtrSwfw&
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tjcif;t&m
wckudkaemifwGifrS wifjyygOD;rnf/
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raeEdkif
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rusefawmhacs/
wGifuREkfyfwkdUonf
ydkufqH
refusnf;yif
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aemufqkH;
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olvkyfovdkvkyf jrnf;Munfh&m?
104
jrifMurnfpdk;onfESifh
cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSyifvdkufvmMu
awmifa&mufajrmufa&muf
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105
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uREkfyftdrfodkU jyefa&mufaomtcg zcifa&m rdcifyg rsufESmxm;wrsKd;
jzpfaeMujcif;udkjrifvkduf&ojzifh &ifxJ 'dwfueJjzpfoGm;\/ igvkyforQawG
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b,frQavmuf
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od&jcif;jzpfonf/
uREkfyfausmif;onfqdkvQif
rdzrsm;odMuykHum;
rMumrwif
okdUwnf;/
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ausmif;ajy;aomoli,fcsif;ESifh
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uREkfyftm;]vSrfh}xm;Mujcif;jzpfaMumif;
orD;&nf;pm;
tumtuG,f,lNyD;
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106
t&SufBuD;uJG&jcif;
uREkfyfonf rdbrsm;\rsufESmxm; r[efjcif;udk jrif& &ifzdkvIdufvsuf
tdrfay:odkUwufNyD;vQif
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Munfh
uREkfyftm;
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(uREkfyf\txifrSm
wESpfavmufMuonf/)
t&yfxJrS
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uav;vlB uD;rsm;onf
tvGef&Sufvsuf&Sdaom
cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS
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uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\rdkufrJjcif;udk usyfjynfhwif;jynfh0efcHygonf/ okdU&mwGif
uREkfyf\tjypfrSmrdbtm; rav;rpm;jyKjcif;vnf;r[kwf? apmfum;armfum;
ajymrdjcif;vnf;r[kwf? r&dkraojyKjcif;vnf;r[kwf/ &l;rdkufrdjcif;oufouf
rQomjzpfygonf/ rQavmufaomjypfcsufESifh rQavmufpdwfudkxdcdkuf
107
atmif'Pfay;qkH;rjcif;rSmrsm;vGef;onf[k xifygonf/
uREkfyf\rdbrsm;
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BudK;pm;Mu&rnfjzpf&m?
rdbrsm;\qkH;rykH
rlum;
uREkfyf\pdwfudktnGefUcsKd;vdkufbdouJUodkUjzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/
uREkfyfonft&yfxJvnf;aumif;? ausmif;vnf;aumif; (ausmif;okdUvnf;
owif;aygufMum;onf/) uav;vlBuD;rsm;\rsufESmudk &J&JrMunfh0HUatmif
jzpf&ygonf/ (uREkfyfwGif oufom&m&apaom tcsufwckrSm 15ESpfom;
qkdaomfvnf;
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BuD;xGm;rIaemufus
BuD;aumifr0ifao;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
4if;'Pfwacsmif;ay:aygufvm&kHrQru?
(Inferiority Complex)
EkHaompdwf"mwf
0ifvmjcif;udkvnf;owdjyKrday&m? BuD;jyif;vmaom
108
rupm;?
vlolav;yg;jrifatmifyif
rxdkifawmh?
ausmif;oGm;
wu,fht&G,f
ra&mufao;oljzpf
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udk,fhudk,fudk
EkHonfxifaom
pdwfrlum;
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ydkowdjyKrdonfhtwGuf
(More
Selfconscious) ydkqdk;vmygonf/
ul;pufcJUjcif;
jyvdkuf&onfhaemufrl
omqdk;
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uREkfyfowdjyKrdygonf/
a&csKd;cef;xJyifa&vJydkif;ygrS
109
yxrOD; rdwfaqGrsm;
4if;ESpf 7wef;pmar;yJGwGif rEav;NrdKU&Sdausmif;wkdif;yif tust&IH; rsm;Mu
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twef;wloli,fcsif;okH;a,muf
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pmar;yGJ
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ausmif;om;av;a,mufaygif;
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olwkdUtaMumif;awGudkpOf;pm;&jcif;aMumifh)tdyfraysmfEdkifatmif &Sdbl;ygonf/
110
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8 wef;odkUwuf&aomESpf(1905ckESpf)onf uREkfyftzkdU&m ausmif;om;b0
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okH;a,mufwNydKifeufwnf; &&Sdonfhjyif[dlvl onfvlrsm;uvnf; ac:csif
ajymcsif&SdMuonf/ ausmif;okdUa&mufonfrSm 2 ESpfjynfhcJUNyDjzpfrkwfqdwfzGm;
BuD;ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;udkvnf; rvefUawmh/ rkd;xkd;onf[k xifcJUrdaom
]wm0g}tcRefBuD;udkvnf; aMumufp&mrxifawmh/ (ausmif;om;wa,mufESifh
wdwfwqdwf
uREkfyfudk
wufyifMunfhNyD;cJUavNyD/)
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ausmif;om;jriforQonf
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ausmif;onf
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twef;om;opfrsm;teuf
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111
uREkfyfpmrusufvQifvnf;
q&muod
pmusufvQifvnf;
rjzpfaom
tajcodkU
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uREkfyftzdkU&m aumif;jcif;w&yfyif/
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ ]vufcsm}
uREkfyfrSm
ausmif;oufwwavQmufvkH;wGif
(udkxGef;vSwa,mufrSwyg;)
yDwdjzpf&ykHudkrazmfjyyJ
raeEdkifatmif
&Sdygawmhonf/
(Born
arwmtavsmufwifajrSmufMujcif;jzpf&m
Leader)
uREkfyfurl
r[kwfygyJvsuf
txdkuftavsmuf
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wa,mufrSm
puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;
112
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rSDaoma,musfm;[l
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jywfom;aom
uREkfyfwoufvkH;
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rsufckef;?
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aumhvefvsuf&Sdaom
cyfoG,foG,f&Sdaom
taeawmf&kH&Sdonfh
rsufESm\tqkH;
ar;aphwdkUjzifh
rcRef;vGef;
wcsufjrifvkduf&vQif
113
jrefrmvlrsKd;onf
tom;jzLESifh
tom;0gudkydkESpfoufwwfMuonfjzpf&m
azsmhawmhaom
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xif&avmufaom
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rnfolESifhrQrwl[k
uREkfyfxifrdonf/
t&G,fcsif;vnf;uGm
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udkazwkdUonf
rdrd\XmaeokdU
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wESpfwacgufjyefwkdif;
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
XmeDjyefumrS
aumif;vSayonf/
wESpfwa,mufr[kwf?
114
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&kyfuvnf;
b,f]jrm}[m
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oludk,fwdkifu
ae&ma&TUNyD;
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aetdrfwkdUpkHprf;NyD;
tqufvkyfay;wmrsKd;awmif
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tqufom&Smayawmh?
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115
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tvkyform;aygif;
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4if;wkdUtcsif;csif;cspfBudKufNyD;
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rdef;rtvkyform;rsm;vnf;
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renf;vSay/
tdrftdyfMuaoma,mufsm;
uREkfyfwkdUtdrfabmf'gaeMu
vc
av;usyfrQESifh
15
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usyfrQom aeUwGuf
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enf;vGef;vSaomfvnf;
116
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'kua&mufjcif;udk
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xkduJUodkU
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jrif&bl;onf/
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vm&Sd\/
tvkyform;wa,mufonf
tdrfa&SUvrf;ay:wGif
117
rsufESifhtdrfbufodkU
vSrf;Munfh,if;
uGJoGm;aom
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npfpdwful;pufjcif;
pmudka&;om;aom
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uREkfyfonf
xdkvl\rsufESmudk
uREkfyfonf
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
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xkdolxef;&nfaomufvQifvnf;
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118
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119
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120
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uREkfyfvnf;
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uREkfyfonfzciftdyfcsdefwGif
vkHavmufatmif
pOf;pm;rd&mwGif
wdkif;xGm0,fjcrf;&jcif;udk
BuD;jyif;
uREkfyfjyKcJUbl;orQaomjypfrIrsm;teuf
tylavmifqkH;
avmif;upm;jcif;
tvkyf
jzpfygawmhonf/
xdktcsdefrSp
txkH0goemygcJUav&m?
4if;udk
121
rkefUpm;&ef
twGuf
pJGrdvQif
rvkyfyJraeEdkifatmif
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tvGefBuD;us,f
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122
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t*Fvdyfausmif;om;uav;tjzpfESifh
w&yfvkH;u
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qdkifrdonfESifhwNydKifeufESvkH;om;onf
xdkrdef;uav;
odaomaMumifhr[kwf?
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qH&pfqHawmufxm;jcif;?
auseyfrI
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pGJoGm;cJUNyDjzpf&m
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123
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rdef;uav;um;
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woufwmwGif taysmfqkH;aomyJG
8 wef;ausmif;om;tjzpf (1905 ckESpf)onf uREkfyftzdkU&m ]&wemykHqdkuf
aomESpf}jzpfonf[k txufwGif azmfjycJUay&m 4if;ESpfwGif yxrOD;qkH;
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tjcm;aom aysmfp&mBuD;wckESifhvnf; BuKHcJUayonf/ 4if;rSmum; a&Tpm&H
bk&m;yJGodkUoGm;&aom
tjcif;t&maywnf;/
uREkfyf5wef;
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ausmif;ydwfvkdufonfwGif
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171
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184
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187
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188
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189
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190
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191
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192
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193
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194
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195
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196
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197
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198
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199
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200
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201
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203
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204
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205
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206
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207
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208
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209
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210
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211
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212
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213
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jzpfwef&maom vuPmOya'
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214
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241
xkacsvTmawmif;cH&jcif;
vrf;wGif wnOfhtdyf aemufwaeUwGif Aef;armfNrdKUokdU qdkufa&muf
Mu\/ 'k0efBuD;onf Aef;armfta&;ydkifESifh cifrifoljzpf 4if;\tdrf
wnf;cdkav&m rif;BuD;ESifh uREkfyfrSm AdkvfwJ wnf;ckdMu\/ xdknOfh
uREkfyfESifhpma&;BuD; udkbcifwkdUonf a&TusD;em;bk&m;yJGodkU acwavmuf
omoGm;Mu 0goemtdk;rsm;jzpfMuonfhtwdkif; bdvd,ufckH tcsdefjzKef;Mu
NyD; ckHydwfrS udk,fhae&mokdU toD;oD;jyefoGm;Mu\/ aemufaeU eHeufcif;
uREkfyfonf vkyfp&mtvkyfrsm;udkvkyf eHeufpmpm;NyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf
tapcHwJ&Sdaom uREkfyf\tdyf&mokdU 0iftdyfav\/ aeUv,f ESpfem&DcefUwGif
udkbcifvmEId;NyD; ]]AsKdUq&mBuD; xMunfhygOD;As? cifAsm;pm;yJGrSm rD;avmif
aeav&JU}}[kajym\/ uREkfyfonfAkdvfwJatmufxyf&Sdaom uREkfyf\tvkyf
pm;yJGokdU oGm;Munfh&m rif;BuD;uxkacsvTmawmif;xm;onfh
pmwapmif
rif;BuD;\tcspfawmf
bwvm\
242
ar;&m
bwvmu
uREkfyfudk&SmpOf
tapcHwJxJokdU
xdkuJU odkU
ajymonfxifoenf;}}[k
xrif;rauR;aomaMumifh
uREkfyftm;ar;&m
jzpfonfxifaMumif;
ajymjy\/
uREkfyftay:wGif
tjypfwifp&m
&SmrawGUaomfvn;f
uREkfyf&dyfrdonf/
tavQmhray;Edkif/
xdktcsdefrSp
igonf
odkUaombwvmwa,muftm;
pdwfcsrf;omrI
&SdEdkifawmhrnf
r[kwf[k
qkH;jzwfvdkufav\/
&kH;ajymif;jcif;
aemufrsm;rMumrD 'k0efBuD;\ [ufuvyfpma&;BuD; cGifh,loGm;&mwGif
&kH;ajymif;zdkU
avQmufxm;\/
rif;BuD;\awmvdkufpma&;ESifh 'k0efBuD;\
243
rsm;u
uREkfyf\tBuHtpnfudk
BuD;yGm;jcif;udk
oabmrxm;?
zsufM u\/
okdU&mwGif
bwvmwa,muftm;
uREkfyfrlum;
OD;pm;ay;onfh
pdwfcsrf;omrI
ygawmhonf/
okdUjzpf
r&SdEdkifNyD[k
uREkfyfonf
qkH;jzwfum
&kH;ajymif;vkduf
pDbDvdkif;&Sdaom
rif;BuD;&kH;rS
pdwfoabmaumif;onfh
vlat;wa,mufjzpf\/
uREkfyfajymorQNyD;\/
taumif;csnf;r[kwfvSacs/
0efBuD;
tjcif;t&monf
awmwufaomtcg
pm&if;udkvnf;
uREkfyfyifudkif&\/
xdktcsdefwGif
uREkfyfonf
244
(Skittles)
ac:
Beginner's luck
0rf;omp&mBuD;jzpfae\/
Edkifonfursm; &IH;onfu
twefMumaomf
tEdkifukef
raeEdkif?
oGm;&awmhonf/
yxr
wvcaiGudk
BuKH&awmh\/
rxl;awmhNyD/
wwufpm;vnf;
owd&
tjcm;enf;vrf;
&IH;xm;onfh&kH;aiGudk
jyef&atmif
r&SdawmhNyDqdkum
nwdkif;yif
aiGpm&if;udk
ES,fxdkES,f
zvS,fjyjcif;aMumifh
245
usyfwaxmifcefU
avsmhvsuf&SdavNyD/
bdvd,ufckHrS
jyefvmaomtcg
vqef;w&ufaeUwGif
xdkaeUrSm
28&uf
rif;BuD;&kH;ppfvmrnfhtaMumif;
aeUjzpf
okH;&ufomusefawmh\/
4if;udk,lNyD;oli,fcsif;
vlv,fwa,mufudkac:
aemufqkH;
vukefrnfhaeUwGif
uREkfyfonftjzpftysufudk
eHeufapmapmwGifuREkfyf\a,mufzudk
ydkUcdkif;vkduf&m
OD;okH;BudrfcsrdcJUygonf/
aus;Zl;&SifBuD;tjzpf
t&dktaojyKcJU&m
xdkaeUrSp
arwmydkUjcif;?
uREkfyfonf
uefawmhjcif;tm;jzifh
,aeUwdkifvnf;ol&Sd&mt&yfodkUrSef;
arwmydkUvsuf
246
tjypfr&ojzifh
axmifusjcif;r[kwf?
tcsKyfcH&jcif;om
jzpfonf[k
c&D;p&dwf&vdkrIaMumifh
'k0efBuD;\
udk,fh[mudk,f ajzqnfrdygawmhonf/
aysmfyJGpm;xGufjcif;
xdktcsdefrSp
uREkfyfonf
aysmfp&maumif;vS\/
xpfueJqdkwkdif;
ta<u;ajyvkeD;csdefwGif
rdrdtvkyf
raysmfydkufaompdwfrsKd;
bwvmwkdUvlpk
BuKH&aomtcgwGif
c&pfprwfwywf awmvnfxGuf
uREkfyfwkdU\awmvnfjcif;rSm tvGef&,f
247
ckwfoluckwf?
aq;oluaq;?
aMumfoluaMumf?
wD;wwfolu
wD;NyD;
t*Fvdyfaw;csif;rsm;
trl;ajyMuaomtcg
uREkfyfwdkUonf
wJuav;xJodkU
wOD;wa,mufrQ
jcifudkufjcif;udk
jcifaxmifrygcJUMuay/
uREkfyfrSwfrd\/
ujym;uav;wa,mufonf
xdknOfhrSm
udk,fhae&mESifhudk,f
jcifudkufvSonfqdk
r0ifavmufonfESifh
OD;acgif;rQom
oGif;yg&apqdkum
yxrvlESifh
,SOfvsuftdyf\/
4a,mufvkH;wa,mufNyD;wa,muf
enf;jzifh
Adkvfujym;
OD;acgif;oGif;xnfhMuNyD;
ajcaxmuf
uREkfyfrSmum;
tdyfraysmfEdkifyJ
jzpfae\/
jcifaxmifrSm
248
olwkdUtm;ay;cJUNyD;vQif
zsm;cUJavNyD/
]wuf}oGm;NyD;
tMumBuD;
&ufowwywftwGif;wGif
tzsm;BuD;vGef;aomaMumifh
owdvpfvsuf&Sd&m
uREkfyfrSm
wcsDwcsDwGif
uREkfyf\yg;acsmif&kd;rsm;
aemufwGif
ajymMu\/
uREkfyf\rdbrsm;um;
zsm;p
uREkfyf\yg;acsmif&dk;ESpfbufwdkUonf
rdarG;wdkif;
ydkufqHay;&aom
'kwd,wef;
249
olemcef;rSm
txufxyf
Free Ward
tcef;rsm;rSmvnf; jrefrmvlem
tcef;rSmt&yfom;rsm;twGuf
waeUwusyf?
tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;
(xdkpOfu
armif&Donf
NrdKUtkyfjzpfaeonf/)
vlemar;&ef
a&mufvmrS
a&mufvm
od&awmhonf/
uREkfyf\ckwifteD;wGif
oljyefoGm;aomtcgrS
csdwfxm;aom
pm&Gufudk
touftE&m,fjyKwwfonfh iSufzsm;ydk;rsKd;
a&TUxdkifvdkufaomtjyKtrludk
uREkfyfem;vnf
jcifudkufcJUcJU&jcif;aMumifh
jzpfaMumif;udkvnf;
aocsifaoEdkifonf[k
uREkyfod&jcif;yifjzpfonf/
250
udk,fhudk,fudk
awmfawmf
4if;pmudk
zwf&aom
av;av;pm;pm;
vkyfaevm
Adkvfujym;uav;rsm;u
uREkfyfteD;wGif
rnfodkUvkyfonf
xifMuoenf;/
uREkfyfonftdrfomokdU
aq;&kHvlemt0wftpm;ESifhwufvmaom
wa,mufa,mufMunfhMu\/
uREkfyfurl
uREkfyftm;
rjrifcsifjyK
251
aq;&kH0if;tdrfokdU
,loGm;NyD;tm;vkH;ajymifatmif
xdkif
odkUaomf
uREkfyfonf
q&mrBuD;taMumif;udk
t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;&dk;&dk;
tac:&SdorQ
qdk;rdkuf
oabmxm;um
qlcsifwkdif;qlonfrsm;udk
omqlvmNyD;vQif
emrnf&dkif;rsm;ac:&kHESifh rNyD;awmhyJ
252
em;NiD;vmNyDjzpf
rnfuJUokdU
tBuHwck&onfESifh
tenf;qkH;rdcift&G,f&Sdaom
jyK&ygrnfudk
q&mrBuD;tm;
pOf;pm;\/
vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m
rdef;rBuD;wa,muf
jzpfaejcif;udkawGU&
tESdrfhcsqkH;jzpfwJUenf;eJU
uRefawmf0efcs
wNydKifeuf
rD;udka&jzifhNidrf;owfvdkufonfhES,f
ol\yg;pyfrS
a&&Gwfqlyljcif;rsm;rSm
csufcsif;&yfoGm;
uREkfyfrsufESmudk
NyKH;vmvsuf
(That
will
]]awmfavmufygNyD}}qdkum
do)
wa,mufu
awmfawmfynm&Sdw,f}}[k
(That
fellow
olwdkUtcsif;csif;
is
wise)
ajymavonf/
]]'Daumif
(olwdkU\
usef&pfcJUygonf/
253
okdU&mwGif
taMumif;udk
(b0ifjrifholwdkU\
xkH;pHtwdkif;)
udk,fh[mudk,f
odonfr[kwf?
aumif;ayhqdkonfh
quZkH;
(Sexone)
bGwfzdeyf
zdeyfaumif;
pD;EdkifrS
acwfrDonf[k
,lqMuonf/)
ydk;tppfajctdwf?
qwfcsouvyf
eufjyma&mif
rdcifxHodkUvmNyD;
idk&SmykHudkvnf;
txufwGif
254
jzpfvmonf/)
udkzl;ndK
(aiGwdkuf0efaxmuf
ausmif;odkUoGm;
wdkufcef;wckwGif
udk0ifharmf
udkxGef;&Sdef?
awGUbl;\/
(opfawm0efaxmuf
jzpfvmonf/)
wkdUtm;
udk0ifharmfrSm
r*dkvrf;
udkuGef;wnf;[laom
(bDattwef;wGif
udk,fh[mudk,f
,kHMunfpdwfcsxm;onfhtavsmuf
255
(bDat
ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh
tjcm;q&mrsm;onf
0wfaumif;pm;vS0wfvsuf
0ifoGm;&mwGif
udkxGef;&Sdefonf
256
]quZkH;}
&efukef
zdeyfudk
awGUcJUpOfu
azodef;avAsm}}[k
t*Fvdyfvdkajymvsuf
vufudkqefUwef;
udkxGef;&Sdefonf
uysmu,mxvm
uREkfyf\vufudk
ay;vdkuf&m
rokH;aomaMumifh
ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm
olvnf;
uREkfyfESifh
t*Fvdyfvdkcsnf;
ajym&
tm;vkH;odMuolrsm;jzpf
olwkdUtcsif;csif;
MunhfvdkufMu?
wD;wdk;pum;
pwdkifusus
vufqGJEIwfquf
xGufvmcJUav&m
257
ukdxGef;&Sdefu tuJcwfykH
txufyg
tjzpftysufwGif
oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf;
ausmif;q&mrsm;
(ausmif;aebuf
ausmif;tkyfBuD;
OD;xGef;&SdefwdkU\
yg0ifonf/)ESifh
uRekfyfrSm
]b0ifjrifh}a&m*gt&Sdef
&Sdaeao;onf
tHUMooGm;Muonf?
rSwfava&mh[?
rsufESmxm;
uRekfyfudkaumif;pGm
em;rvnfonfh
&Sd\/
rqdkEdkifaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&Sdefonf
uRekfyf\rsufESmxm;
(Burma Critic)
258
&J&JBuD;
ajymcsvdkufojzifh
oltHUtm;oifhoGm;jcif;udk
xdkuJUokdU&J&Jwif;wif;ajym0HUrnfr[kwf?
b0ifjrifhaysmuf
uREkfyfajymcJUonfh
aomtcg
]tom;vGwf}r[kwf?
tawmfjynfhpkHjcif;udk
awGU&ojzifh
aemifwGif
xifjrifcsufudk
jyefvnfokH;oyf
taMumif;tusKd;
tquftoG,f
udk,fh[mudk,f
csD;rGrf;&OD;rnfuJUokdU
awGU&ygonf/
aemufwzef awGUjyefjcif;
1919ckESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif Ak'bmom ausmif;q&m
wpkonf &efukefNrdKUokdUa&mufvmMu uREkfyf&Sdaeaom ol&d,wdkufodkU
0ifvmMuNyD;vQif vGefcJUaom 7ESpfcefUu OD;xGef;&SdefESifh uREkfyfAk'bmom
ausmif; awGUMuykHtjcif;t&mudk tm;&yg;& csD;usL;ajymqdk Muavonf/
vuPmrSm uREkfyf\oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfMuaom xdkausmif;q&m rsm;onf
ausmif;tkyfopf OD;xGef;&Sdef bDattm; tvGefaMumuf&GHUav;pm; aeMu&aom
tcsdef jzpfykH&onf/
(xdktcsdefwGif
bDat&Sm;ao;aomacwfjzpf
\/)
uREkfyfu
olwkdU\emrnfBuD;ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk
259
q&mwa,muf/
/]]usKyfwdkUawmh
oabmusvdkufwmAsm?
wu,fhzuf&SifyJ?
EdkUayr,fh
cifAsm;vkyfoGm;vdkufykHudk
ckxufxdajymvdkUrqkH;bl;?
0wfxm;vkdufykHuvJ
cifAsm;t*Fvdyfpmawmfwmuawmh
[dkaeUuawmh
rxpfraigheJU
usKyfwkdUodygw,f?
*dkufeJUqdkufeJU
[efeJUyefeJU
/]]aeygtkH;As?
cifAsm;u
oleJUb,fwkef;u
awGUbl;vdkUvJAs}}
uRekfyf/
uygyJ}}
wa,muf/ /]]b,fESpfcgavmuf awGUbl;xm;vdkUvJAsm}}
uREkfyf/
/]]rrsm;vSygbl;? ESpfcgavmufygyJ}}
]]wa,muf/
/]][kwfw,fAs? cifAsm;vl[dkaeUuEIwfawmfawmfwGefU
awmifa&mufajrmufa&mufajym&mrS
OD;xGef;&SdefESifh
uREkfyf
todray;cJUyg/
4if;wkdUteuf
260
wa,mufwavrQonf
aemufydkif;avmufwGif
OD;xGef;&Sdefonf
(]oajyEkcsdef
rpwmarmifrIdif;?
,ck
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\
olonf
uREkfyftm;
a&S;utwkdif;
Ak'bmomausmif;
awGUpOfuuJUokdU
&J&J0HU0HUr&SdyJ
cyfwGefUwGefUjzpfaeonf[k olxifykH&\/
xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf\q&morm;ozG,fjzpfaom OD;bazESifh olonf
wef;wljzpfae
uREkfyfu
atmufusvsuf&SdaomaMumifh
wGefUonf[k
261
jyefajymif;awG;ac:csufrsm;
xdknOhf
uREkfyfonf
awGUqkHqufqH&mrsm;wGif
udkxGef;&SdefESifhjzpfap?
tcsKdUvlrsm;ESifhjzpfap
]OD;acgif;vQLd;}rdwwfjcif;udk
udk,fh[mudkod
OmPfaumif;olrsm;vnf;
r[kwfao;/
&efukefaumvdyf
bDatatmifolrsm;}}[laom pum;udk
bDatxuf
&efukefaumvdyfbDatrsm;udk
ydk
oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf;
]OD;acgif;vQLd;}jcif;udk
&efukefaumvdyf
rawGU&yg/
ausmif;xGufjzpf
&SdMuyg\/
uREkfyfonf
okdUqdkvQif
oluawmh
]OD;acgif;vQLd;}&rnf?
oluawmh
wGefUrdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/
262
aumvdyfcsif; uGmjcm;ykH
taMumif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef udk,fawGUtjzpftysufwckudk azmfjy
yg&ap/
rif;BuD;\awmvdkufpma&;tjzpfESifh
&efukefokdU
qif;oGm;pOf
vlpkESifhqkHrdMu\/
4if;wdkUonf
&efukefaumvdyf
awUGbl;NyD;
jzpfMu
rdwfquf&efrvdkyJ
udk0ifharmfu
*syfqif
jzpfav&m
bDattwef;om;csif;
wlaomfvnf;
*syfqif
(Patronising airs)
,Of,Ofaus;aus;
pum;ajymavonf/
uav;ESifhtxufpD;oHrsKd;jzifh
rBudKufaomfvnf;
263
(uRekfyfudkr[kwf?
*syfqif
r[kwf?
tvGefoGufvufol
jzpfonf/
okdU&mwGif
udkuGef;onf
udkxGef;&Sdeftm;
,cifuJUodkU
uREkfyfjrifrdonf/
{nfhcHr@yf
wckESpfckwGif
uREkfyfESifhtwl
c&D;onftjzpf
ygvmMu
xdkacwf
*syfqifaumvdyfausmif;xGufxuf
&efukefaumvdyfausmif;xGuf
(ynmwwf
264
rwwf
onf
tyxm;)
tajzum;
olwdkUuJUodkU
bDatatmifvufrSwf
qkHrdMujcif;udk
*syfqifaumvdyfaebl;olrsm;u
pOf;pm;rdaomaMumifh
&efukefaumvdyf
jzpfavonf/
raebl;olrsm;tm;
]OD;acgif;vQLd;}
Mu&rnfrSm
"rwmwckozG,f
265
a&S;aumvdyfESifh acwfwuodkvf
tu,f uREkfyfonf aumvdyfausmif; av;ESpfcefUaecJU&bl;onf
qdkygpdkU/ (uREkfyfqnf;yl;xm;cJUonfh A[kokwrsm;udk axmufxm;aomtm;
jzifh) ,ckxufydkNyD; wwfaumif;rS wwfayvdrfhrnf/ (taMumif;udk
armif&DESifh udk0ifharmfwdkUuvnf; xkwfazmf0efcHNyD;jzpf&m udk0ifharmfurl ol\
txuft&m&SdxHodkU wifydkU&rnfh ta&;BuD;aom pmrsKd;udk uREkfyftm;yif
a&;cdkif;bl;ygonf/) okdUjzpfvQifaumvdyfausmif; aebl;jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyf
tzdkU rnfodkUaom tusKd;aus;Zl;xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfay:EdkifzG,f&m &Sdyg
oenf;/ &Sdonf? trsm;BuD;&Sdonf[k uREkfyfoabmaygufvmonf/ uREkfyf\
vuf&SdcsKdUiJUcsufrSm
av;ESpfavmuf
aumvdyfausmif;\
r&SLcJU&jcif;yif
]av}
(Atmosphere)
jzpfavonf/
udk
xdkUaMumifhvnf;
jzpfae&jcif;udk
av;ESpfaebl;aom
vlwdkif;onf
(Easy Manners)
r&SdyJ
qdkvdkonf/
aumvdyfausmif;
ajyajyjypfjypf
jzpfvmawmhonf[k
ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/
aq;&nfrpdrfcJU&aom
rjzpfEdkif[k
uREkfyfu
om;a&pdrf;onf
266
tajzay;vdkonf/
b,fawmhrS
Oyrm
El;El;eyfeyfr&SdyJ
jrufcif;ESifhwuG
ajr,muGufvyfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
omreft&yfolt&yfom;rsm;xufrlum;
uREkfyfawGU&onf/)
csifaompdwf"mwf
OD;acgif;rvQLd;yJ
uREkfyftzdkU&m
omvsufyif&Sdonfudk
csKdUiJUcsufaMumifh
(Inferiority Complex)
OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf
]OD;acgif;vQLd;}
0ifvmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
[efBuD;yefBuD;vkyf
jcif;ESifh
0rf;enf;jcif;onf
uREkfyf\0goemr[kwfyg/
267
xdkUaMumifhvnf;
uREkfyfonf
tjcm;vlrsm;xufvlvm;ajrmufuwnf;u
enf;cJUygonf/ awG;NyD;aqG;jcif;[l
pdwfqif;&JrI
tvGefenf;jcif;udkqdkvdkyg
onf/
ydkUjzpfatmifydkUNyD;
4if;\
(1956
ckESpfwGif
om;uav;rSm
10wef;ESifh
zqyvtpdk;&u
uREkfyftm;
txufygtaMumif;rsm;udk
rpOf;pm;&ao;
rnHUaom
OmPf&Sdonfponfjzifh
txifa&mufcJU\/
vlukHxH
twef;tpm;jzpfatmif
oGefoifay;cJU&m
rrSDEdkifaMumif;awGU&onf/
wuodkvfausmif;BuD;rsm;onf
268
XmeBuD;rsm;
jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf
(Good
\wefzdk;udk
Breeding)
vlrIqufqHa&;
qdkif&mwGifajymifajrmufzdkU
rBudK;pm;awmhyJ
uRekfyf\arG;aygufazmfrsm;
taMumif;udk
nSyf
wOD;ESifhwOD;
t&G,fra&mufwa&muf
cyfat;at;jzpfoGm;cJUMu&
ygawmhonf/
tysKdvlysKdt&G,fodkU
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303
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305
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308
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311
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313
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314
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315
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316
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317
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319
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320
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322
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354
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355
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356
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357
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358
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359
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360
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361
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362
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363
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364
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365
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366
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370
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372
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376
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378
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379
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380
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382
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383
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388
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389
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390
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391
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392
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393
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394
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395
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396
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397
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398
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399
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400
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401
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402
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1922
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403
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404
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405
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406
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407
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408
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409
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onf
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410
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411
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ajy;wwfonf/ odkUaomfvyfuD;\ajcudk rrSDwwfacs/ uREkfyfonf if;jrif;udk
(avmufpm[k ac:onf/) jyifap udkodef;aztm; wufcdkif;NyD;vQif uREkfyfu
vyfuD;ay:odkUwuf\/ xdkUaemuf jrif;vrf;ay:wGif wbufwaumifpD,OfpD;
Mu&m uREkfyfonf vyfuD;udk ydyd&d&DpD;Edkifonfhjyif avmufpmudkvnf;
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412
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413
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414
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415
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416
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417
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418
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419
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420
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421
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422
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423
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424
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425
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426
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427
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428
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429
tvkyfwck
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430
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431
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432
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433
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434
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435
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436
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438
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439
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441
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442
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443
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445
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450
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zcifESifhtwloGm;
EIwfqufMu\/
&Srf;pkblwmrSqif;
482
taetxdkifodyfonf;wJU
csD;usL;rdw,f?
ckawmh
&[ef;uav;ygwum;vdkU
i,fjzLawmif
r[kwfygyJuvm;?
pdwfxJu
awmfayhAsm?
awmfayh}}[k rdefUawmfrlavonf/
,cifu uREkfyf&efukefodkU a&mufNyD;aemuf okH;ESpfcefUMumaomtcg
&efukefom;ppfppfwa,mufu
uREkfyfudkMunhfvsuf
]]tckawmhcifAsm;
xdkUaemufwGif
tjcm;aom&[ef;rsm;uvnf;
udk,fh[mudk,fod\/
&[ef;b0rSmuJUodkU
uREkfyf\pdwfxJ
ukefcef;onfh
todOmPfum;
wkd;wufyg\/
odum&Sdonfrxifay/
xdkpOfurl
a&mufvsuf&SdonfESifh
yk*dKvfaywnf;[k
&ifhusufaom
tNrJvdkyif
txif
ajEESifhjynfhpkHcJU[ef&Sdonf/
qdkaomfvnf;
tvum;ae,if;
jzpfvdrfhrnf
483
xifjcif;r[kwf?
awmausmif;okdUajymif;a&TUjcif;
rEav; ESpf? xdkUaemuf refusnf;wkH ESpfnaeNyD;aemuf urf;eD&GmodkU
jyefa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfrSm rlvBuH&G,fonfhtwdkif; udk,fhtzdkU udp
NyD;jywfatmif tm;xkwf&rnfhtpm; olwyg;tm;a[majymcsifaom pdwful;
rsm;jzpfay:vsuf &SdaomaMumifh xifoavmuf c&D;ra&mufyJ aESmifhaES;
vsuf&Sd\/
xdktcsdefwGif
ol&d,owif;pmwdkufodkU
("r)aqmif;yg;rsm;
xD;csKdifhawmausmif;odkU
ajymif;a&TUoGm;um
xD;csKdifhNrdKUay:rS
atmifjrvnf;
awmausmif;okdUygvm\/
uREkfyfwkdU
484
tv,fum;
tkwfausmif;wausmif;&Sd\/
tv,f&Sdaom
q&mawmfrSm
oufawmf50cefU&Sd
ajE&ifhusufjcif;udk
tBuHr&SdaMumif;?
awmausmif;qdkaomfvnf;
tdrfvnfywfjcif;
&GmxJokdUxGuf
ponfwdkUaMumifh
tcsKdUaom
yJGMunfhjcif;?
raumif;owif;
&[ef;rsm;onf
[dktdrfonf
jzpfcJU&aMumif;?
485
0rf;omvsuf&SdpOf
pum;udkMum;&aomtcg
vGefpGm
avmuBuD;udk
a&mufvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;rsm;ESifh
wu,fNiD;aiGU
&[ef;abmifodkU
avQmufxm;av\/
q&mawmfonf
rsufpdcsif;
wifavQmufonfwGifrS
a&SmifvTJxm;jcif;jzpf[ef&Sday&m
OD;acgif;armfMunfh
uREkfyfESifh
'umu
rsufESmcsif;
]awmfygao;&JU}[k
uREkfyfatmufarhvdkufonf/
ausmif;rsm;udkvdkufjyum
BudKufaom
ausmif;udkaeEdkif
486
q&mawmfESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;
xdkUaemuf uREkfyftm;vdkufydkUaom 'umBuD;onf jyefawmhrnfjyK&m
atmifjronf
uREkfyftm;
jyKpk&ef
vdkufvmcJUjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;
ysif;&d&Smrnfudk
uREkfyfjrifonfESifh
jrawmifodkUjyef&ef
a&G;cs,fvdkufrdaom
ausmif;yifjzpfapumrl
uREkfy\
f &nf&G,fcsufudk&dyfrd
csD;rGrf;pum;rdefUawmfrlNyD;vQif
yGifhawmfrlaomtcgrS
uRwfwrf;0ifzdkU&nf&G,fcsuf&SdaMumif;
if;\om0utjzpfESifh
rdefUawmfrlavonf/
aemufqkH;
,ckqkHawGU&&kHrQru
0rf;ajrmufaMumif;?
487
twlwuG
oDwif;okH;Murnf
vufoifhcHzdkUjiif;y,frdNyD;rS
NrdKUt0ifwGifcJGoGm;Mu\/
bkef;awmfBuD;rSm
NrdKUxJ
uREkfyfrSmNrdKUqkH;atmif
ravQmuf&yJ
w0uf
488
ausmif;om;r&Sdojzifhvnf;
if;wkdUtwGuf
aMumifhMupdkufzdkUrvdk
acs/
xD;csKdifhodkU
aqG;aEG;&jcif;jzifh
a&mufvmaomtcgwGifvnf;
tcsdeftawmfukefonfwaMumif;?
]rD;yGwfaoma,mufsm;}
yrm[laom
]qufwdkuf}0D&d,rsKd;
owdyXmeftvkyf
jywfvyfrIrsm;&Sdvmonf/
rpdk;wkdUtdrf
wnf;cdkMurnfhtaMumif;udk
atmifjr
489
tpm;aumif;
xD;csKdifhNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;avmif;onfh
0goemygaom
qGrf;[if;rsm;rSm
uRekfyfonf
rnHUvSaomfvnf;
Nrdef&SufzdkU
eHeufqGrf;uyfaomtcgrlum;
arQmfvifhoavmuf
arQmfvifhaom
rNrdefonfomru
[if;rsKd;udkpm;&ygvsuf
tcgwdkif;avmufrQ
rpm;Edkifjcif;
aexdkifraumif;onfESifh
ausmif;odkUjyef&ef
jyifqifav&m
uREkfyfonf
xD;csKdifha&qdyfrS
awm&ausmif;okdUrnfuJUodkU
OD;yOif;}}[k
]]qGrf;cHxGufMupdkU}}[k
uREkfyf\txifrSm
bkef;awmfBuD;\
ajymvkdufonfwGifrS
ckeifurS
toHjzifhac:oHMum;
tHUtm;oifhvsuf&Sd\/
jrawmifu jyefvmNyD;
tdyf&mxJokdU0if
]wkH;}jzpfatmif
zsm;cJUaMumif;
490
od&awmhonf/
uREkfyfu
rvdkufEdkifaMumif;?
zsm;aeaMumif;avQmufxm;&m
bkef;awmfBuD;0ifvm
rpdk;wkdUonf
oDv&Sifausmif;tdyfMu
zcifrlum;
wwd,aeU
rdcifESifhzcifwkdUu
eHeuf
uREkfyftawmfuav;owd&vsuf
enf;twdkif;
tzsm;wm&SnfcJUvQif
yufvufukvm;xdkifay:wGifwif
491
xrf;,loGm;MuNyD;vQif
jrawmifbufodkU
a&mufumrSodumcsNyD;
vl0wfvJvdkuf&ygawmhonf/
A[kokwtvdkUiSm
ae&m
xnfhoGif;azmfjy&
ayOD;rnf/
0ufvufblwmrS
refusnf;wkH&GmokUd zcifESifh
avQmufvmMupOf
,lqonfESifh
aeylBuD;usJusJ
OD;acgif;ajymifajymifBuD;ESifhyif
]]ryleJU}}[k
csufcsif;at;csrf;oGm;onfudk
qdkvdkuf&m
cHpm;vdkuf&ojzifh
OD;acgif;a&mudk,fyg
aevkH;udkwdrfzkH;
492
vJvS,f&efvnf;
r&SdyJ
uREkfyfonf
vlrsm;tv,f
avaMumifhouFef;onf
a&cJyrmat;jrvm
&Sufp&maumif;onf[k
493
atmufarhvmawmhonf/
wGifrS
uRekfyfonf
aphaphygatmifMunfhvsuf
qwfqwfwkefaeaom
vufarmif;rsm;udk
]]rwkefeJU}}[ktrdefUay;vdkuf\/
aemufwcP
apmapmpD;pD;u
taMumif;udk
owdr&aumif;avavm[k
udk,fh[mudk,fNyHK;rdao;onf/
wwd,tBudrf
wwd,tBudrfrSm q&mawmfrsm;tv,f toa&qnfEdkifcJUjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ wckaomrsufESmBuD;qGrf;auR;wGif &[ef;awmfav;ig;q,fcefU
yifhzdwfxm;&m
uREkfyfrSm
0gEkaom&[ef;wyg;rQomjzpfaomfjim;vnf;
acwfynmwwf&[ef;uav;jzpfonfqdk
jrawmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u
if;wdkUq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;\0dkif;okdUac:,lqGrf;pm;aponf/ uREkfyfwdkU\
qGrf;0dkif; uREkfyfrSwyg; <uif;usefaom yk*dKvfB uD;rsm;ofn &Gmxdk&GmwdkUrS
ausmif;xdkifyk*dKvf
xdyfoD;BuD;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/
qGrf;bkOf;ay;MupOf
]cGD;}ueJ
vnfacsmif;xJ?
]oD;}awmhrnfhqJqJjzpfae\/
ESmacgif;xJrS
tu,f
rTefwufjcif;
&kwfw&uf
494
aysmufoGm;aumif;rGefpGm
qufvufqGrf;pm;Edkifygawmhonf/
okH;Budrfteuf
wwd,tBudrf
wjznf;jznf;emvHxlcJU&onf/
zcifonf
&ufowwywf
ta&rQom
usefcJUygonf/
aumif;pGm
usef;rmvmaomtcg
uRekfyfonf
ol&d,wdkufwGif
tvkyfvkyfcJUbl;onfh
(vG,ftdwf)udkbvIdifxHodkU
twlwuG
tvkyftudkifESifh
t*Fvdyfowif;pm
if;wkdU\wkduf twGif;a&;rSL;
xkwfa0vsuf&Sd&m
(Secretary)
uREkfyftm;
vkyfvdkvQif vc100day;Edkif
495
cGJcGm
&efukefNrdKUodkU
qif;vmcJUMuav\/
xdkpOfuyif
odkUr[kwf
owif;pmq&m
e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmwdkufodkU
tvkyfrsKd;udkydk
a&mufoGm;aomtcg
ESpfouf\/
uRekfyfpdk;&drfonfh
496
rSwf,lonfh
vuPmESifh
wm0efrsm;vTJay;\/
uREkfyfrlum;
pma&;&kH
uREkfyfuwm0efcH
twdkxdk;&jcif;?
aiGxkwfaiGoGif;rSp
ta&mif;t0,f?
taejzifhvufrSwf
tvkyform;ESifh
wm0efay;xm;\/
ra&mufvmao;onfh
odkUjzpf
tcsdefrsm;wGif
uREkfyfrSmaAmufcsmtopfrsm;
aAmufcsma[mif;
zdkifBuD;rsm;udk
vSefvufrSwfwdk xdk;&avonf/
umv0dygwf aemufydk;wufjcif;avm
waeUo uREkfyfonf ol&d,wdkufwGif wkduftkyfOD;vSaz r&SdawmhyJ
refae*sif;'g&dkufwmae&mwGif vkyfudkifvsuf&SdaMumif; owif;Mum;onfESifh
0wKrsm;a&;zdkU tquftoG,fvkyf&efa&mufoGm;\/ OD;bazu a&S;utwdkif;
rSD;aom0wKrsm; a&;zdkUajymonfESifh oabmwl vufcHcJUygonf/ xdkUaemuf
uREkfyfESifh tuRrf;0ifbl;onfh pma&;wa,mufxHokdU 0ifwkdufom;a[mif;
rsm;taMumif; pkHprf;ar;jref;&m tHUMozG,faom owif;rsm;omMum;cJU&\/
497
ol&d,wdkfufrS
uREkfyftvkyfxkwfcHcJU&ykH
tjzpftysufudk
txufwGif
wenf;enf;jzifh
xGuf&ol
wa,mufjzpfygonf/
txdkuftavsmufrQom
&dyfrdcJU&m
,ckrSmrlif;pma&;u
vl&dk;BuD;wa,mufjzpfaomwdkuftkyf
OD;vSazudkf,fwkdif
tqufjzwfjcif;cH&ygonf/
uREkfyfum;
tcsufwGif
olwkdUudk,fwdkif
xkwfcsifaomvlrsm;onf
uREkfyftm;
epfjrKyfoGm;jcif;udkawGU&\/
olwkdUudk,fwdkif
tusKd;,kwfatmif
uREkfyftm;uavmf
vGifhpifoGm;jcif;udkawGU&\/
zefwD;aomolrsm;onf
if;wdkUtusKd;
498
tvm;wlepfemMu&onfcsnf;
jzpfavonf/
wdkuftkyfOD;vSazqdkygrl
zwf&aomtjzpfodkU
a&mufoGm;jcif;udk
jrif;&xm;udk&yf
uREkfyfESifhqif;NyD;
pum;ajymjcif;?
0rf;omaMumif;ajymygonf/
uREkfyftm;OD;buav;u
vlwa,mufjzpf
jyefac:jcif;udk
uefUuGuf&ef
jyefajymvkduf&aMumif;ESifh
OD;vSazudk,fwdkifu
aESmif;jzpfrsm;
xifoavmufraygufyJ
b0Zmwfodrf; oGm;&&Smavonf/
499
abm*aA'usrf;wapmifrQESifhyif
twwfrsKd;pkH &jyefjcif;
uREkfyfonf e,l;bm;rm;
owif;pmwdkuf tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOf
ig;usyfukef&aom
aysmfenf;rsKd;
jzpfavonf/
500
xl;qef;aomtdyfrufrsm;
uREkfyf\rdcifonf xl;qef;aom tdyfrufrsm; jrifrufwwfonf[k
wae&m t>rufrQazmfjycJUbl;&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; rdcifxHrS ygvmavoavm
rod? (Psychic) xl;qef;aompdwfobm0wrsKd;qufcH &&SdykH&\/ uREkfyf\
tdyfrufrsm;rSm ]]xef;oD;a<ucdkuf usD;eif;cdkuf}}[l rqdkEdkifavmufatmif
xl;qef;vSaomaMumifh A[kokwtvdkUiSm azmfjy&ygOD; rnf/ uREkfyfonf
e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwkduf twGif;a&;rSL; vkyfvsuf&SdpOf jrif;yGJ0goem
ygaom udkxGef;oef;onf e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmt,f'Dwmvkyfvsuf&Sd\/
xkdESpfu &efukefjrif;yGJrsm;wGif ]][dkw,fvdkufaZ;wm;}}ac: vQyfppf"mwftm;
jzifh *Pef;rsm;ay:xGufonfh pufud&d,mpwiftokH;jyKonf qdkaomaMumifh
uREkfyfonf if;pufud&d,mudkjrifvdkonfESifh udkxGef;oef;ESifhtwl jrif;yGJodkU
vkdufoGm;\/ okdUaomf txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; oabmaygufxm;
onf
jzpfaomaMumifh
wjym;wcsyfrQ
ravmif;yJ
Munfh&kHrQom
prf;Munfhcsifonf[kqdkum
aemufwywf
jrif;yGJwGif
501
xkyfxm;\/
yOryJGNyD;vwfaomf
rwkdufaomaMumifh
ygaomaiGukefavNyD/
udkxGef;oef;
qXryGJwGif
udkxGef;oef;rSm
xdkyGJwGifvnf;rwdkufacs/
upm;orm;wkdU
(Larry)
jrifvdkuf&onf[k
owday:vm\/
xdkaeUrSm[if'Duwf
xGufNyD;jzpf
502
aumfyDay;xm;cJU\/
paeaeUwdkif;
a&mufaomtcg
zsufygao;\/
jrif;yGJodkU
a&mufMuaomtcgvm&DrSm
bmrQ
rpm;yJESifhauseyfNyD;
Adkufjynfhaewwfjcif;rSm
vdkao;\/
rapmifhEdkifawmhacs/
wGif
uREkfyfwdkUonf
503
udkif&\/
*dwfrSmusef&pf
udkxGef;oef;u
ygvdrfhrnf}}[k
]]cifAsmhaumifBuD;u
ajymao;\/
odkUaomf
uREkfyftm;
tdyfrufay;jcif;
jzpfcJUvQif
504
xdkpOfurl ]]okH;aumifpGyf}}ay:vsuf&Sdjcif;udkvnf;
owd&\/
udkxGef;oef;r&SdawmhyJ
vkyfEdkifawmhrnf[k
okH;aumifpGyf
rdrdwa,mufwnf;
atmufarhrdygao;onf/
yxrwGJyJG
ajy;cgeD;wGif
oabmtwdkif;
jrif;yJGodkUa&mufaomtcg
tdrfeD;csif;wa,mufESifhawGU
wa,mufr[kwf/
r&IH;yJESifhaysmfae&vQif
auseyfEdkifol
505
uREkfyfrlum; &IH;rnfavm
Edkifrnfavm? odkUavmodkUavm
jzpfonf[k,lq\/
(Suspense)
jzpfae&jcif;onf t&omwck
auseyfonf[kqdkEdki\
f / okdUqdkvQifydkufqHravmif;yJ tvum;wrf; upm;
vQifjzpfEdkifonf r[kwfavm[k ar;zG,f&Sd\/ usifvnfrIESifhqdkifaom upm;
enf;rsKd;wGif ydkufqHravmif;yJ aysmfEdkifaomfvnf; ]uHupm;}enf;rsKd;wGif
ydkufqHravmif;yJraysmfEdkif? t"dym,fr&Sdacs/ taMumif;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;
azmfjy&jcif;rSm okH;aumifpGyfyJG uREkfyfavmif;ykHudk em;vnfMuap&ef
jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonftdyfruf&aomaMumifh EdkifcsifvmcJUjcif; jzpfaomf
vnf; &IH;oGm;rnfudkwbufu pdk;&drfao;\/ odkUjzpf yxrwGJyGJrS aiG
120davsmfaiG&aomtcg 'kwd,ESifh wwd,yGJrsm;twGuf tm;vkH;ykHravmif;
ao;yJ aiG 20dcsefxm; pGyftwGuf60d (vufrSwf 12apmif)? 'kwd,yJGtwGuf
40d(vufrSwf 8apmif) avmif;vdkuf\/ 'kwd,yGJ jrif;eHygwf(8)wkduf
avsmfaiGwapmif 10dusyfESifh aiG80d&\/ wGifvufxJ aiG20d+80djyif
okH;aumifpGyftwGuf vufrSwf 12apmif&Sdao;onf/ okH;aumifpGyf[l wcg
rSwdkufvnf;rwdkufbl; xdk;vnf;rxkd;bl;aom uREkfyfrSm wwd,wJGajy;cgeD;
&ifckefvIdufykHrSm teD;rS vlrsm;yifMum;&avmufonfxif\/ (rQavmuf
&ifckef&jcif;rSm tEdkift&IH; aMumifh r[kwfyg? av;aumif*sif0dkif;rsm;wGif
wcgw&H rQavmufru xdk;cJUbl;ygonf/ &ifckef&jcif;rSm ig\tdyfruf
rSefrnfavm? rSm;rnfavm odcsifaZmaMumifh jzpfygonf/) wwd,wJGyGJ jrif;
12
aumifvTwfvdkuf
avNyD/
uREkfyf\
eHygwf
(6)jrif;rSm
&ifckefvGef;tm;BuD;aomaMumifh
aoaocsmcsm
rMunfh0HUacs/
506
ESpfaumifwnfNyD;rS
aemufqkH;waumif
vGJ&jcif;
ESpfaumifrSefEdkifonf/
,ckrSm
tdyfrufoufoufjzpfygvsuf
udkrsKd;tHUu
aiGacsmifacsmif
&vdkoavm[k
ar;
odkUjzifh
507
avmif;upm;jcif;
taMumif;udk
ajymjyav\/
vlum;
OmPfwrsKd;&Sdaom vlwa,mufjzpfygayonf/
wenf;tm;jzifh
uREkfyf\pum;qkH;onfESifh
'kuay;vmcJUaom
armifrif;BuD;om;tm;
jyemwckum;
aus;Zl;wifygonf/
&Sif;vif;oGm;
ygNyD/
uREkfyf\tdyfrufrsm;rSm
tdyfrufokH;ckvkH;
txdkuftavsmuf
tusKd;cHpm;&jcif;udk
acsmacsmarmarm
vSvSyyBuD;um;
uREkfyftzdkU
tcsnf;ESD;rjzpf?
awGUMu&ayNyD/
okdUaomf
cHpm;&onfr[kwfacs/
uREkfyf\
508
avmif;upm;ykH pepfwck
e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwdkuf tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfwdkU\
aysmfenf;trsKd;rsKd;teuf ,aeUwdkif rarhEkdifonfh uvyfwufjcif;tvkyfudk
azmfjyvdk\/
rarhEdkifqdkjcif;rSm
[mrsKd;BuKHawGUcsifvSao;aomaMumifh
jrifvnf;
rjrifbl;?
upm;bl;zkdUum;
a0;avNyD/
uREkfyfonf
azmfjyvdkjcif;r[kwf?
avmif;upm;enf;udk
xdkacwfuupm;orm;rsm;\
a&;jycsifaomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/
uREkfyfonf
tao;pdwf
]ewfjynf}wckudk
udkcifarmifwifhESifhtwl
upm;wwfcgpvlrsm;
Edkifwwfjcif;rSm
taMumif;rnfodkU
Oyrm
&IH;zdkUaocsmav&m
]teDaxmif}rlum;
bdvd,ufrwwfyJvsufESifh
udk;rD;zJupm;vQifrlum;
udk;rD;zJuJUodkU
uHoufouf
509
avmif;wef;xdk;vQif
EdkifcsifEdkifEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
avmif;pm;jcif;jzpf
pepfwckudk
azmfjyvd\
k /
i,fpOftcgu
v,f,mpdkufysKd;jcif;&kH;
tvkyfvkyfpOf
avmif;upm;rd&IH;cJUbl;jcif;rsm;
jzpfjcif;udk
wavQmufwnf;Edkifjcif;
rsm;pGmaom
awGU&wwfayonf/
qdkonfrsKd;rSm
upm;orm;wkdU
awmfvdkufrdvQif
aumif;om;Asm?
wavQmufwnf;&IH;jcif;?
tvGefw&m
awGU&cJayonf/
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511
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516
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517
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519
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525
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529
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531
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542
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543
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aemifwGif
ajymMuao;onf/
xdknOfh
rdcifESifhrpdk;wdkUonf
545
tdrfa&SUavSum;rS
qif;aeMuavNyD/
a,mufzuav;urlum;
uREkfyfuajymvdkufrS
tdrfa&SUbufodkU
zkwfueJ
ckefcsvdkufonf/
avSum;rSm
tv,fxpfodkU
okH;xpfrQom&Sdaomfvnf;
a&mufonfESifh
wNydKifeuf
acsmarmpGm
][yfxkd;}
rqif;EdkifyJ
BuD;vGifhoGm;
546
tvdyfvdyf
wufaeMu
ajrrsufESmjyifonfvnf;
vIdif;xaeonfudk
jrif&jcif;um;
trSefjzpfawmhonf/
OD;aESmufxJrSr[kwf?
&ifywfxJ
jzpfonf[k
tcgcyfodrf;tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKae&onfjzpf&m
tcdkiftrmxm;aom
ajrBuD;udk,fwdkifu
vIyfcgaejcif;udkvufawGU
cHpm;&aom
uJUodkU
tcg
rdrdu
tjyif;txef
tm;udk;&mrJUjzpf
ajrBuD;ESifh
0rf;Adkufuyfvsuf
x<uaejcif;udkMunfhaepOf
tvsm;arSmufum
urmysufonfqdkjcif;rSm
uREkfyf\pdwfxJum;
&Sdvdrfhrnfxifrdonf/
547
em&D0ufxufrenf;
t&yfrSw0D0Djrnfaom
toHrsm;rSwyg;
teD;tyg;wGif
ppfaq;awmhonf/
wpkHw&mtxdtcdkuf
acsmif;wckvkH;jcm;aeonfESifh
pdwfcs&onfqdkum
NrdKUxJodkU
usef&pfol
toHrsm;yifjzpfonf/
wkdufNydK
'kuonfrsm;\
xdktoHrsm;rSm
ydjym;aoqkH;Mu&aom
idka<u;jrnfwrf;Muaom
uREkfyfwdkUa&mufav&m
ae&mtESHU
tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;ESifh pum;ajymaeMuojzifh
548
rD;awGavmifukefNyD}}[k
wpkHwa,mufu
tdrfa&SUrS
EId;ajymonfESifh
uwdkufu&dkufxMunfhvdkuf&mwGif
uREkfyfwdkU\tdrfESifh
udkuf100cefUom
a0;aom
trdk;ay:rSrD;cdk;rsm;
tlxGufaeonf
okH;xyfwdkufBuD;
rD;jzpfypnf;rsm;o,fxkwf
wtdrfom;vkH;zwfzwfarmMu&onf/
ypnf;rsm;udk
ajrmif;BuD;wHwm;OD;wGif
w&yfvkH;rSmvnf;
w0dkufyif
pkykHxm;&m
ypnf;awGpkykH
&onfESifh
tdrfajrmufbuf&Sd
apmifhaeMu&ojzifh
ywf0ef;usif
&Gmuav;ozG,f
yJcl;wNrdKUvkH;rSm
rD;twGufaMumifh
pdk;&drfylyefvsuf&Sd
ESpf&ufokH;&uf
tdrfudkrD;avmifolrsm;onf
uREkfyfwdkUvlpkrlum;
bk&m;yJGuJUodkU&Sd
aeMuao;onf/
udk,fhtylESifhudk,f
wHwm;OD;wGif
wdkufyd
aoqkH;olrsm;?
'kua&mufMuaomfvnf;
csufjyKwfpm;aomufMu&onfrSm
aysmfonf[lyif
rSwfxifrdonf/
tcsKdUvlrsm;onf
ajymif;vJ&jcif;yif
xdkUaMumifhvnf;
ppfBuD;twGif;
jzpfapumrl)
tcsKdUvlrsm;
uRekfyftzdkUrSm rqif;&JvSacs/
549
aysmfovdk&Sdawmhonf/
nnf;wGm;Muoavmuf
rauseyfcsufrsm;ay:vmjcif;
txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyf\ZmwmrSm tvkyfwckckwGif
okH;ESpf ywf0ef;usifavmufom vkyfcsifwwf okH;ESpfuausmfonfqdkvQif
uREkfyfuaomfvnf;aumif; tvkyf&Sifuaomfvnf;aumif;? ywf0ef;usif
aomfvnf;aumif;? txifvGJrIrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; ay:vmwwfonfjzpf&m
bmomjyeftvkyfwGifvnf; okH;ESpfaphcgeD; tcsdefrSp uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif
rauseyfp&mrsm;jzpfvmygawmhonf/ uREkfyfudk iSm;&rf;pOfu bmoma&;ESifh
rywfoufaom? twKywdpaom pmayrsKd;udkom bmomjyefzkdU[k qdkygvsuf
aemufydkif;wGif c&pf,efbmomtwGuf0g' jzefUonfhpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk
bmomjyefzdkU
tvkyfay;vmMu
ygawmhonf/
uREkfyfrSm&dk;&dk;Ak'bmom
r*fw&m;
zdkvfw&m;twGuf
o&P*kHwnfolwa,muf[kqdkEdkifonf/
oabmrxm;[kqdkumrl
c&pf,efbmom0if
vlaumif;
jcm;em;csuf&Sdonf/
Ak'bmomusrf;*efrsm;
550
jcif;rsm;udk
zwf&bl;onf/
xdkUaMumifhvlqdk;udk
vlaumif;jzpfvmatmif
]],lEdkifonf}}[k
q&mBuD;uajym\/ uREkfyfESifh
uREkfyfonfrdbrsm;&Sdaom
refusnf;wkH&GmodkU
551
cGifh,laom
ckESpf&ufonf tvkyfvkyfaom
ajcmufv\
tjyifbuf
jcm;em;jcif;
&Sdygvsuf
tvkyf&SifESifh
tvkyform;
ausmif;xGufjzpfaomfvnf;
tar&duefudk
txifao;p
uREkfyfwdkUonf
aEG&moDwGif
jyKvmcJUavNyD/
wwd,tcsufwckrSm
okdUwnf;/
vifr,m;ESpfa,muf
wwd,wef;pD;MuvQif
xrif;zdk;yif
552
uREkfyfonf
tvkyfcsdefudk
av;pm;ol
atmifjrESifharmifpHvIdifwkdUu
uREkfyfwkdUtm;
tvkyfcef;wcef;
w&ufpD
vdkufa&;aomaeUrSp
oD;oefUay;xm;\/
uREkfyfwkdUonf
vufywfem&Dudk
Munfhrdygao;onf/
waeUorl
553
r[kwfrSefyJvsufESifh
tom;,lvdkaom
0goemr&SdonfESifh
vluav;rsm;tzdkU
A[kokwvnf;jzpfap?
ac:vmcJUjcif;jzpfonf}}[k
[kwfrSefonfhtwdkif;
tusifhvnf;&apqdkum
ajymjyav\/
xdktcg
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfrSmum;
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;jzpfvQif
tcsdefrSeftvkyfqif;vQif
auseyfrnfjzpfonf/
554
od&jcif;yif
jzpfavonf/
txufwGif
tif;pdef&Sdaom
q&mBuD;\aetdrfodkU
aeUpOf
Trade Depression
acwfjzpfaeaomaMumifh vcwdk;ay;&ef
555
uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf
refusnf;wkH&GmodkU
ajymif;a&TUcJUMujyef
avonf/
wifpD;jcif; rcHcsifwwfykH
refusnf;wkH&Gm okH;av;v aerdMuaomtcg rpdk;uvnf; rdbrsm;ESifh
awGUcsif? uREkfyfuvnf; udkodef;azxHrS tvnfvmzdkU pmrsm;&&SdonfESifh
jrawmifodkUvmcJUMu\/ (udkodef;azrSmvnf; xdktcsdefwGif jrawmifawmtkyf
BuD;jzpfaeavNyD/)
awmtkyf&kH;ESifh
rpdk;\rdcif\tdrfrSm
rsufESmcsif;qdkif
oabmxm;aom
uREkfyftzdkUrSm
tMunfqdkuf
t*Fvdyf0wKaumif;BuD;rsm;udk
zwfjcif;tm;jzifh
oabmaygufvmcJUavNyD/
olu
uREkfyftm;
(Copperfield)
556
tjcif;t&mudk
azmfjy&jcif;rSm
tvGefcifrif&if;EDS;aom
(Suspension)
cH&onfwGif
557
xdkoltwGuf
]toem;cHvTm}
ajymjy\/
trItaMumif;udk
jrawmifrSrjyefrD
uREkfyfonf
jrawmifrS
oljyefvmaomtcgwGif
xdk0efaxmuf\
rjyefrD
ajymjy\/
trItaMumif;udk
558
wacgufwGif
uREkfyfonf
,cifu
qnf;yl;cJU\/
a&S;,cifurl
uREkfyfonf0wKwdk&Snfrsm;
aemufcHjyK
a&;avh&Sdygonf/
awmawmif\om,mjcif;?
Budrfzefrsm;pGm
jrif&bl;aomfvnf;
udk0ifharmfESifh
(Local Colour)
cJU&ygonf/
559
]pkH}csifaom 0goem
uREkfyfonf
udkodef;azESifhtwl
a&TvD&dk;wavQmufodkU
e,fvSnfh
cJuspOfuuREkfyf\
rsufpd
][D;&dk;}
wa,mufwzG,f
0goem&Sdonfh
azmifuav;ESifhudk,f[mudk
(Adventure)
ryg&Sdojzifh prf;
tay:wJuav;
avonf/
azmifuav;ay:wGif
csufjyKwf
aqmufum
pm;eyf&dum
xnhfay;vkdufMuonf/
uREkfyftwGuf
ESpfeyfpm
azmifpkefcgeD;
pDpOfay;Mu
twGufvnf;
&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u
560
pkefMuavNyD
uREkfyfwdkUonf eHeufpm xrif;pm;NyD;csdefwGif tif;BuD;&GmrS pkefcJUMu&m
rvkyfbl;aom tvkyfwckwGif aysmfwwfaom uREkfyfrSm azmifuav;ay:wGif
tvum;ae,if;
tl&Gifvsuf&Sd\/
pmtkyfrsm;ygaomfvnf;
rzwfcsifyJ
vSnf;jzifh
pkefbl;qefbl;yg\/
vmcJUjcif;jzpf\/
okdU&mwGif
a&TvDacsmif;udk
oabFmjzifh
oabFmay:rSjrif&aom
&Icif;onf
r[kwfacs/
vlawGMum;xJrS
arQmfMunfh&jcif;onf
azmifuav;ay:rSrlum;
av;rsufESmvkH;udk
Munhfcsif&m
tm;&atmifjrifEdkifavonf/
xrif;pm;NyD;aomtcg
wa&;tdyfwwfaom
561
tif;BuD;rS
xGufvmpu
uRekfyf\
xkH;pHtwdkif;
trsm;BuD;
vufvGwfoGm;Edkifonfqdkum
rtdyfyJ
xkdif
vdkufvmcJUygonf/
&Icif;aMumifh vGrf;pdwfawGay:
&Icif;wkdUrnfonfrSm aeusJusJ ylvsuf&Sdaom tcsdefwGif omxif&Sm;
pGm
jrifEdkifonf
rSefaomfvnf;
uREkfyf\
tBudKufum;
rdk;uav;
rsufvkH;rsm;udk
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MunfhcJU&mrS
wdrfrsm;aMumifh
pdrf;pdkndKUrdIif;jcif;onfvnf;
vl\
pdwf"mwfudk
vGrf;csifaom
pdwfrsm;onf
&ifywfudka0SUvsuf&Sd&m
csOf;uyfvmavNyD/
(udkodef;azonf
tif;&Gm
ol\&kH;uav;udk
arQmf&kHom
562
a&mufMuaomtcg
ae0if
]pkwfpkwfuef;}csdef
&SdaeavNyD/
aMumufwwfaom zdk;,kef
uREkfyfwdkUonf a&TvD0odkUa&mufcgeD;wGif Muufom;aMumf? ig;aMumfESifh
rkefnSif;csOf? a&Ttyfi&kwfoD;wkdUjzifh npm pm;MuNyD;avNyD/ [if;&nfrSm
jrpfa&om jzpfaomfvnf;jrdefvkdufMuykHrSm ajymzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ xdk&ufrSm
vjynfhausmf 12 &ufjzpfaomaMumifh va&mifudkarQmfvifh&ef r&SdyJ {&m0wD
jrpfjyifBuD;wGif arSmifBuD;rnf;rnf; pkefMu&\/ xdktcgrl uREkfyf\pdwfxJ
aysmf&TifrI? om,mrIr&SdawmhyJ &GmokdU jrefjrefa&mufcsifaom aZmom&Sdygawmh
onf/ odkUqdkaomfvnf; rarQmfvifhyJESifh BuKH&aom tcsif;t&mr[kwf?
rxGufrDuwnf;u
BudKwif
rnf;rnf;arSmifvsuf&Sdaom
od&SdcJUNyD;aom
jrpfjyifBuD;
tjcif;t&m
tv,fwGif
jzpfygonf/
azmifuav;ESifh
zdk;,kef\
owdaMumifjcif;uvnf;
uREkfyfudkacsmufvefU
azmifuav;ay:wGif
tpGeftzsm;
rxdkifyJ
tv,fA[dk
563
wGef;cs&\/
tcsKdUae&m
a&onf
tvGefwdrfvSojzifh
acG;rom;?
rif;uwufuav;
bmav;eJU
axmufNyD;
csOf;uyfvm&m
a&aMumif;onf
564
urf;eD&GmbufodkUzd
azmifuav;onf
urf;odkU
csOf;uyf&kHru
urf;yg;
odkU&mwGif
a&SUavQmuf
aeylzdkUr&Sdawmhojzifh
azmifonf
&kwfw&uf
t&SdefaES;oGm;jcif;udk
uREkfyftHUMovsuf&SdpOf
awG;rdygawmhonf/
ae&m
awG;rdjcif;um;[kwfyg\/
0JvSnfhaMumif;udk
odkU&mwGif
0Judk
pdwful;cJUbl;onfh
cyfat;at;xdkifvsuf&Sd\/
uREkfyfonfoif;csKdif;teD;wGif
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfum;
azmifonf
tvdk
oif;csKdif;uG?
rif;raMumufbl;vm;?
565
azmifudkwGef;xkwfrS
]][kwfwmayghq&m?
ywfaphvdkU
cGmxGufvmwmaygh}}[k
aMumifh
urf;eD&GmodkU
qdkufuyfum
wntdyf&
&GmtpGef;
bJ?Muuf
arG;jrLaom
vlwa,muf
eHeuf
10em&DtcsdefavmufwGif
jrawmif&GmokdU
566
tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfbl;oltzdkU
jyKbl;oltzdkUrSmrl
]&dk;}oGm;wwfay&m
&ifbwfaumhjcif;?
vufraxmifjcif;
ponfhtrlt&mrsKd; azmfjycsifwwfMuavonf/
&efukefokdUqif;&jyefjcif;
1934ckESpf?
aMu;eef;&&Sd
arvwGif
onfESifh
refusnf;wkHrS
uRekfyfwdkUvifr,m;
rdcifaeraumif;aMumif;
csufcsif;qif;vmMu\/
567
yDrdk;eif;ESifhtwl
&efukefNrdKU aetdrf&zdkUrSm acwfrSmuJUokdU tcuftcJBuD; r[kwf
vSaomf vnf; vG,fulvSonfum;r[kwfacs/ 1926 ckESpf e,l;bm;rm;
udkbvIdifuac: qif;vm&mwGif udkcifarmifwifhudk tm;udk;&aomfvnf;
,cktcgrl
ol\
]bm;rm;a[mufpf}qdkifuav;rSm
jyKwfoGm;cJUavNyD/
(Investment)
zwf&bl;\/
taejzifh
uRekfyfonfvnf;
auR;arG{nfhcHcJUbl;\/
(aemufydkif;rSmuJUokdU)
xdkpOfurl
yDrdk;eif;ESifh
tvGeftrif;&if;ESD;ao;onf
uRekfyfrSm
r[kwfaomaMumifh
568
yDrdk;eif;
twlwuGaexdkifMuonfqdkaomfvnf; udk,fhtdk;ESifhudk,f csufjyKwf
pm;aomuf Mujcif;jzpf\/ xdktcsdef yDrdk;eif;onf uRekfyfxuf tenf;qkH;
0ifaiGokH;qcefU&&Sdol jzpf\/ uREkfyfrSm ]azmufonf} jyKwfvsuf&SdpOf olUrSm
tNrJwrf; pma&;p&m&Sdae\/ okdkUESifhvnf; ol\'kwd,r,m;rSm tvGef
vufzGmaom rdef;rwa,mufjzpf rMumcPaiGjywfvyfMu\/ taMumif;
ESifh ywfouf tjzpftysufwckudk uRekfyf rSwfrdao;onf/ waeUo
uRekfyfonf yJa&mhOD;qefeDxHrS aiG25d & yDrdk;eif;onf tjcm;vlwa,muf
xHrS aiG100d &&Sd\/ xdk&ufrsm;twGif; r,m;jzpfolonf 0,fvdkuf
jcrf;vdkuf? csufvdkuf jyKwfvdkuf? &SLvdkuf yGwfvdkufMuonfrSm rdk;rTefvsuf&Sd
\/ tjyifodkU cPcPxGuf tjyefwGifpm;p&muav;rsm; ygvmonfhjyif
EIwfcrf;rsm;eD&Jatmif uGrf;rsm;pm;vm\/ (onfrSm ]ukwfuif;} ]&SL}Mu\/
tjyifokdU
cPcPxGuf
r[kwfaomaMumifh
olac:wdkif;rvdkufcJUyg/
udk,fuwBudrf
apmifharQmfvsuf&Sd\/
txufwGif
azmfjycJU
xdkifaeonf[k
rpdk;uajym\/
569
xrif;pm;csdefwdkif
a&mufaomtcg
yDrdk;eif;\
om;uav;ESpfa,mufonf
b,maMumf
aemufqkH;
uREkfyfu
raeEdkifojzifh
yDrdk;eif;tm;
tdrfwef;vsm;
topfwvkH;
tcef;wcef;&onfESifh
oyfoyf&yf&yf
uREkfyf\
tjcm;wckjzpf\/
aexdkifEdkifaom
tajctae&Sdyg\/
toufwmwGif
tusyfwnf;qkH;aom
uRekfyfwdkUrSm
]vifudk,fr,m;}rQom
570
&SdMuaomfvnf;
'kwd,tdrf
axmifESifh
&&SdcJUaom
om;wa,mufESifh
oluwdkufwGef;jcif;
vnf;
]&dkuf}rjzpf[k
ajymMuonfqdk\/
okdUjzpf
571
Moon Stone
(r[maqGESifhZ0ewdkUum;
rnfrQ&&SdMuonfrqdkEdkif/)
xdktcsdefwGif
jrefrmhtvif;twGuf
]vrf;ESpfoG,f}[laom
(Retrenchment)
tcsdefukefonfu
rsm;avonf/
udkodef;azu
olUtm;azsmfajz&ef0w&m;
572
&Sdonf[k,lq\/
aysmfyg;rIESifh
aysmfzufyg;zufrsm;jzpfaom?
yDrdk;eif;?
udkcifarmifwifhwdkUESifh
zufpyfay;vdkufonfhES,f
tqifajyNyD;
yl;vkH;oGm;Mu\/
tBuHjzpfcJUbl;aomfvnf;
[efrnfrxifaomaMumifh
udkodef;azESifh
uRekfyfwkdUESpfa,mufvkH;&dyfrdMuonf/
okdUjzpf
573
aysmfenf;wck 0uGufxm;jcif;
uREkfyfwdkUav;a,mufonf
aysmfcsifwwfaom
vlrsm;csnf;jzpf
taMumif;w&yfjzpfonf[k
aysmfenf;um;
,kHMunfygonf/
tcsKdUvlrsm;onf
ryg[kqdkum
ol&mar&,uJUokdU
ig;yg;oDvxJwGif
awGU&ygonf/
tema&m*gxlajymjcif;
taMumif;udkrlum;
574
wntwGif; enf;rsKd;pkHaysmfjcif;
uRekfyf\tbdk;u ]]a,mufsm;qdkvQif pkH&rnf}}[k ajymbl;jcif;onf
uREkfyf\em;xJ pJGvsuf&SdykHudk azmfjycJUbl;&m vltjzpfESifh ZdrfcHrI? odkUr[kwf
auseyfrI
trsKd;rsKd;udk
vufvSrf;rDorQ
tawmfpkHvifatmif
cHpm;zdkU
jcif;vkH;cwfjcif;paom
aysmfenf;rsKd;?
jrif;pD;enf;?
qifpD;jcif;?
tawmftwefvlrsm;
rcHpm;cJU&onfh
pdwf\Nidrf;csrf;Munfvifjcif;udkvnf;
auseyfpGm
cHpm;rIrSm;tjyif
azmfjycJUonfh
yDwd
cHpm;cJU&bl;ygNyD/
rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
pdwful;r&Edkifavmufatmif
pkHvifvSyg\/
"mwf&xm;ESifh
xGufvmMu\/
575
xdktcsdefrSp
uREkfyfwkdU
onfyDrkd;eif;tm;
obmywdwifajrSmufNyD;
uREkfyfu
b@mxdef;
bdef;u
]zdef;}apojzifh
ZdrfESpfrsKd;
cHpm;vsuf&SdMupOf
yDrkd;eif;ESifh
uREkfyfonf
udkodef;az\trlt&mudk
vlwa,muf
jzpfvmcJUavNyD/
uREkfyfwkdUvnf;
pum;rsm;
576
uREkfyf\ owdaumif;jcif;wcsuf
]]b,frSmvJAsm? cifAsm;wkdUukwfuif;u bmrSvJ rjzpfygyJvm;As}}[k
udkodef;azu ajymvkduf&muREkfyfwkdUu &,fvkdufMu\/ ]]bm&,fMuwmvJAs}}
[k olujyefar;&m yDrdk;eif;u ]]cifAsm;udkuRefawmfawGU&uwnf;u 'Davmuf
pum;ajymwm wcgrS rawGU&bl;bl;}}[k ajymvdkufonfwGifrS olU[mol
&yfwefUpOf;pm;NyD; ]][kwfw,fAsKdU}}[kqdkum &,farmavonf/ udkodef;azum;
vlqef;wa,mufjzpf\/ pum;enf;ol wa,mufum;r[kwf/ vloGuf
wa,mufyifjzpf\/ okdU&mwGift&ufaomufMuaom tcgrsm; tjcm;vlrsm;
onf tl&Tifonfhtavsmuf pum;rsm;vmwwfMuay&m udkodef;azrlum;
b,frQavmuf aomufonfjzpfap? e*dktwdkif; rSefrSefom ajymwwfol
wa,mufjzpfavonf/ okdUjzpf yDrkd;eif;u pum;rsm;onf[k ajymvkduf
aomtcg csufcsif;em;vnf &,farmum 0efcHavonf/
udkodef;az uREkfyfoabmusaom tcsuftvufrsm;teuf 0efcH
vG,faom
tcsufonf
awmif;yefr&yJ
wcktygt0if
jzpfavonf/
trsm;BuD;aomufcsifwwfaom
(wcgw&HwGif
0goemudkrl
uREkfyf
ZdrftrsKd;rsKd;wkdUudkcHpm;,if;
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
udk,fawGU
577
rQESifh
NyD;qkH;ao;onf
r[kwfacs/
0ifMuNyD;vQif
EdkUokH;cGuf
rSm,l\/
tawmtwGif;
578
vlwa,mufjzpfonf/
yDrkd;eif;u
tpazmfvdkufNyD
ol\0goemtwkdif;
uREkfyfu
uefUuGufygao;\/
jzpfaomaMumifh
em;ylygavawmhonf/
odkUjzpf
udkodef;azonf
uREkfyfwkdUonf
a,mufsm;rdef;rrsm;onf
Muufacs;eHUESifhwlaom
vJavsmif;vsuf
teHUqdk;onfvnf;
&Sdjcif;udk
ESmacgif;xJodkU
tHBudwfum
jyefwnfvdkufonf/
Muufacs;eHUrSm
wa,mufwnf;tzkdU
rQavmuf
rxif&Sm;
579
uav;rsm;xnfhxm;\/
vlwa,mufvQif
tenf;qkH;
rmzD;,m;wxkyfudk
yef;uefvkH;uav;xJodkU
pkwf,lvkdufNyD;vQif
avmbBuD;aom
udkodef;aztm;
a&S;OD;pGm
vkyfrnfjzpfaomfvnf;
udkodef;azrlum;
olwyg;udk
yef;uefvkH;uav;rS
okH;>ywfpmxGuf
xkd;NyD;aomtcg
580
wvSnfhpDxkd;NyD;Mu
udkodef;aztm;
jyefMuzdkUajymaomtcg
jznfhcJUyg&apOD;[k
udkodef;azu
ajymao;\/
tenf;qkH;
tawmf]&Gwf}aom
581
yDrdk;eif;\ wkdufcef;
uREkfyfwdkUonf rmzD,m;cef;rSqif;vmMuaomtcg vefcsm;ESpfpD;ac:
udkodef;azESifh yDrdk;eif;uwpD;? uREkfyfESifh bJuifu wpD;jyefvmMu\/
u&dvrf;axmifh&Sdaom yDrdk;eif;\wdkufcef;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg vufzuf
&nfqdkifwqdkifonf eHeufcif;a&mif;&eftwGuf eHjym;rsm; zkwfvsuf&SdavNyD/
uREkfyfwkdUonf eHjym;ajcmufck0,f yDrdk;eif;\ wdkufcef;odkU wufvmMuNyD;
yDrdk;eif;uawmfESifh om;uav;rsm;udk EId;bJuifudk twkH;twpfjzpfatmif
ckwfpif;ap\/
Nrdef&SufpGm
xdkUaemuftdrfom;tm;vkH;
pm;aomufMu\/
bJyifESifheHjym;udk
udkodef;azurl
0dkif;zJGUum
rQavmufaumif;aom
t&dk;ygjzL
atmifpkwfMuNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf
om;twlwuG
tdrfa&SUcef;wGif
tdyfMuavonf/
pD;u&uf?
aq;ayghvdyf?
udk,fawGUtjzpftysufrsm;udk
wvSnfhpDajymMuavawmhonf/
rD;jcpf
aq;vdyfwzGm;zGm;
udkodef;azonf
ponfrsm;udkcsxm;
ESifh
&,fp&m
[m;wdkufum
ykHwdkywfp
582
tajymaumif;?
&,folrsm;uvnf;
toifhjyifqifxm;NyD;&um;
wcpfcpf
wcdcdESifh
rajymrDuyif
vif;tm;BuD;
Budfwf
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t&kPfwuf
tcsdefBuD;wGif
&,frdMuygawmhonf/
enf;jzifh
twlaysmfMu&kHjzifh
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
aygif;oif;vmMuonfh
wnwmuav;
twGufESifh
tjzpfrsKd;odkU
war;wnf;ar;Mu
rarhEdkifaom
rdwfaqGrsm;tjzpfodkU
a&mufoGm;Muawmhonf/
yg;&Sm;aomtvSnfhaysmfykH
uREkfyf\ woufwm tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymif;qifjcifonfhtcg
xl;qef;aom
tjcif;t&mwck
awGU&Sd&onfrSmum;
aumif;csifaom
ESpfaygufatmifvnf;
,drf;nGwfaomtvSnfh
aysmfcsifyg;csifrdonf/
aeUa&mnyg
pdwftm;xufoefpGm
w&m;bufodkU
tm;xkwf
583
&efukefodkU
udkodef;aza&mufvmuwnf;u
tajctaeu
a&mufaeusjzpfaom
uREkfyfuvnf;
tvkyfaemufodkU
wGifcyfysif;ysif;&SdonfESifh
awGU&\/
tvkyfrsm;onf
ra&mufvmyJ&Sd&mwGif
vkdufr&Smcsifaom
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wcsufrSESpfjym;EIef;om
rmeuav;&Sd\/
upm;wdkif;
Edkifonfudk
avmif;upm;Muaom
xdkacwf
acwfwGif
xdkacwfaiGESifhrwlawmhacs/
qdkufum;orm;rsm;yif
aiGig;usyfjzifh
uREkfyfonf
ae0if&Doa&mtcsdefrsm;wGif
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avQmqif;&acsonfwum;[k
584
onf/
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pBuFHefavQmuf,if;
awm&ausmif;
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ESvkH;oGif;cJUbl;aom
tjzpfESifh
jyefa&muf&OD;rnf[k
wxpfcs,kHMunfvsuf&Sdonf/
uREkfyfonf
udkodef;az?
udkcifarmifwifhwkdUESifhtwl
tjcm;aomavmif;upm;enf;rsm;vnf;
[kawG;rd\/
okdUjzpf
ydkufqHpkMu&m
uHaumif;&rnf
udkodef;azxHrS
aiG10d?
uvyfwckodkU
teDaxmifESifh
wufMuaomtcg
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uREkfyfawGU&
585
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aiG100dvQif
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upm;olrsm;tm;rl
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8yJrQom
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uREkfyfonf
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ydkufqH
8yJudk,l
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wwd,tBudrfvnf;
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586
aysmfenf;trsKd;rsKd;teuf
avmif;upm;jcif;wck
rwwfao;aom
rdrday;bl;aom
ydkufqH
8yJudkavsmfaMu;xJrS
vufukyfac:&m
rdk;xdatmif
avmbBuD;aom
587
uRwfpDuRwfpDjzpfvmMuavNyD/
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yOrtBudrfrl
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apmifhMunfh&ef
qif;vmcJU&m
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588
uRekfyfwkdUonf
taMumfqdkifwqdkifodkU0if
pm;aomuf&ef
uREkfyfwkdUuESpfa,mufAs}}[kajymonfESifh
589
xm;onfh
taqmifuav;waqmifudk
awGU&\/
wkdufa&SUajrjyif
rS
bmrQraomufcsif[k
udkodef;azonf
cg;xJ
ajymvkduf\/
qdk'ga&mufvmaomtcg
xkd;xnfhvmcJUaom
0DpuDykvif;usefudkiSJU
auseyfvSyg\/
udkcifarmifwifhu
okdUaomftm;rusacs/
ukvm;rwa,mufudk
uREkfyfteD;
590
a0ykHuscGJ,ljcif;
wkdufay:rS qif;vmMuaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUonf zmvl'gqdkifwqkdifodkU
0ifMu olwkdUu EdkUat;? uREkfyfu vrepfaomuf,if; uREkfyf\tdwfxJrS
aiGudk a&wGufMunfh&m aiG100dausmf &Sdaejcif;udkawGU&\/
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Ekyf/
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591
Ekyf/
/]]odrf;rxm;yg&apeJUawmhAsm?
cJGa0,lvdkufMuygpdkU
ESpfa,mufrSm
abmwHwm;okdU
]&Suftm;em}BuD;jzpfMu&
acgifa&aomufzdkUrac:?
onf/
tenf;qkH;
w&kwfuvyfodkU
wufMu
udkodef;az\
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592
jyef&IH;ojzifh
aiG20drQom
tjrwfusefawmh\/
olwkdUESpfa,mufvkH;u
tvGefrsufpd&SifvSonf/
uREkfyf\tEdkift&IH;udkyif
em;vnfaomvludk
tvdkr&SdMuacs/
rnfodkUyifjzpfap
&SdaecdkufwGifomru
]]tdrfp&dwf}}umrdatmif
pD;yGm;a&;twGuf
oljyefoGm;onfh
w&kwfuvyfrsm;rS
r[kwf?
aemufwGifvnf;
&&Sdygonf/
(tvkyf&Sm;yg;aecdkufwGif)
uREkfyfonf
0rf;a&;twGuf
avmif;upm;&jcif;jzpf&m
pdwftwdkif;om
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EdkifcJUonfomrsm;\/
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avmif;upm;rd&mwGif
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uREkfy\
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593
jyefoGm;NyD;onfhaemuf
1936
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OD;buav;u
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wm0efcH
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udk,fhA[kokwudk
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tawmftwefvludk
raMumufyg/
t*Fvdyfvdkjzpfap?
vlcsDrGrf;cH&onfh
tm;ay;jcif;udk
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594
okdU&mwGif
xdkuJUokdU
ra&;rD
av;ig;yk'frQ
a&G;,if;y,f,if;
vkyfNyD;umrS
a&;wifvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf/
OD;apmESifhawGU&ykH
uREkfyf\acgif;BuD;rsm;taMumif;ESifh ywfouf *VKefOD;apmu uREkfyf
tm; ajymbl;jcif;udk owd&ygao;onf/ OD;apmrSm ol&d,wdkuf tpk&Sifrsm;
teufwGif tpktrsm;qkH; vufudkif&Sdol wa,mufjzpf (t,f'DwmcsKyf
rjzpfvmrDuwnf;uyif) ol&d,ay:vpDESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif tawmfpGufzuf
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vkyfMu&mwGif
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595
xdktcsdefrSp
uREkfyfonf
ol&d,wkdufrS
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uREkfyf\pm;yGJBuD;ESifh
tcef;us,fBuD;udkvnf;aumif;?
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ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdyJ
596
uRefawmf[macwJU
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t"dym,frsKd;ESifh
vlwa,muf\vcudk
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olwkdUudk,fwkdifu
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toufrao&kHuav; vcay;xm;Muavonf/
597
0efcHxm;onfh
ponfwdkUrSm
tar&duefomoemjyKq&mBuD;u
wm0efcH
pm;yJGBuD;rsm;jzifh
waqmifwa,mif
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xGufvmcJUaom
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odkUjzpf
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598
vcwdk;awmif;jcif;
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uRekfyfonf
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tawmtwGif;
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599
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600
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waeUo
ol&d,t,f'DwmtzJGUrS
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601
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602
OD;apmu txifBuD;ykH
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603
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604
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605
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606
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670
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671
udkcifarmifwihfonf
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672
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f
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673
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674
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675
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21&ufaeUn
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676
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677
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23
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678
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(ae\ta&mifaMumifh)
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679
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680
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681
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682
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683
(Curiosity)
udkodef;azqdkvQifum;
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684
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tpnfum;qkH;aom
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685
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686
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687
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688
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689
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690
apm&euwf\ tokH;0ifykH
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691
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692
rD;&xm;onf
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693
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694
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695
c&D;onfrsm;tm;
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uREkfyfwkdU
jynfoludka&TUajymif;ay;zkdU
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696
c&D;onfrsm;onf
udkcifarmif\
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697
a&tdk;opf
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698
u&kPmtavsmuf
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699
700
701
aomfvnf;
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702
wGufudef;rSm
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703
uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;onf
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udkcifarmif arQmfvifhonfhtwdkif; udk,fxifjyonf/ rxif? csufcsif;yif
trSeftwdkif; &dyfrdavonf/ uREkfyfu-
704
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udk,hftjzpfudk MunfEl;jcif;
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ajymoluajym em;axmifolrsm;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifMuav
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xdknOfh rpdk;ESifh uREkfyfrSm &HzefrQom ajymcGifh&Mu olwa,mufwnf;
pma[mq&majymenf;rsKd;jzifh wyg;oGm;MuJygavawmhonf/
ukvm;oif;csKdif;wck tavmif;awG pkNyKHxm;onfhtxJrS udk,f0ef
t&ifhtrmESifh ukvm;rBuD;wa,muf\ tavmif;onf aygifaxmif um;,m;
ESifh &Iraumif; jrifraumif; jzpfaeykHudkrsufpdxJ uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrif
vmatmif ajymjy&mwGif udk,fwdkifjrifcJU&aom uREkfyfomru a':zl;ndKESifh
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o&kyfygatmifajymwwfaom vlwa,mufygaywnf;/ odkUjzifh oef;acgif
ausmfwdkifatmif
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MuufawGwGefaomtcgrS
705
706
udkodef;az\aumif;enf;rsKd;
r&Sdjcif;udk
uREkfyfodonfESifh
707
rrsm;av&um;
uREkfyfonf
twkdif;xdkifpm;Mu
708
709
710
711
useforQydkufqHuav;rsm;jzifh
712
ujrif;Muavao;onf/
xdkacwfurl
ydkufqHrsm;rsm;BuD;ygrS
aysmfEdkifonfr[kwf?
vlwa,muf
uREkfyfudk,fwdkifay;vdkuf&ygonf/
xdkaeU
acgufBuD;ESifh
,ckvlaumif;yuwd&Sd&mrS
713
tonf;ESvkH;udk
odMu&NyD;jzpfonfhtxJwGif
OMooHudk,fEIduf
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pdwf\nId;EGrf;jcif;
714
rqif;Edkifapumrl
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BuJoluBuJ?
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av;ig;tdrfrSwyg;
vlr&Sd
715
urm&GwfodkUoGm;&\/
okdUjzifh
Zefe0g&Dvukeftxd
aerdaomtcg
716
rEav;NrdKUeef;awmftwGif;
rEav;odkU
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xdwfvefUwkefvIyfvsuf&SdpOf
xdkaeUurl
rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkif
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uREkfyfrSm
ol&d,owif;axmuf
uREkfyfvnf;
rvmMu[k Mum;od&onf/
717
roGm;awmh?
tjcm;vlrsm;vnf;
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1942ckESpf? {NyDv 3 &ufaeU *syefav,mOfysHrsm;onf rEav;NrdKUodkU
tESHUtjym;AkH;BuJcsav&m xdk&ufrSp rEav;NrdKUwGif ae0HUoltvGefenf;NyD;
rajy;Edkifolrsm;om usef&pf wwfEdkifol[lorQ xGufajy;ukefMuavNyD/
{NyDvwGif; udkodef;az\ wlrrsm;onf &efukefrSrEav;okdU ajy;vmMu&mrS
rEav;AkH;BuJ&mwGif udkodef;\aetdrfodkU ajy;vmMujyef\/ if;wkdUESifhtwl
OD;bcspftrnf&Sd Adokum (Architect) wa,mufvnf;ygvm\/ OD;bcspfrSm
uREkfyfESifhtwl
'kua&muf&Sm&rnfhvlwa,mufjzpf
if;wkdUtaMumif;udk
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(Sister)
wuGvdkufvmjcif;jzpfavonf/
OD;bcspfrSm
t*FvefrS
Adokumpmar;yJG
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ol\tdrfodkU
718
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OD;bcspf? udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf weHeufwGif oabFmqdyf
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(Pantry)
jywfvyfOD;rnf
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uREkfyfonf
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719
if;wkdUudk
tjcm;vlrsm;
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720
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721
e,fcsJUorm;rsm;aywum;/
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722
723
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OD;acgif;vSnfhvsuf
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AkH;wvkH;pD
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724
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725
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xdkifvsuf&Sd\/
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726
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727
w&ufESpf&uf
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728
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729
aoewfudkifcGifh&SdaMumif;
ajymyg/
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OD;bcspfwkdU
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730
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731
uREkfyfwdkU
vdkufygoGm;Mu&onf/
vdkufygvm&m
vl19a,mufonf
vrf;c&D;
OD;bcspfrSm
ppfom;rsm;NcH&Hum
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732
rsufESmi,fonfqdkjcif;um;
tu,fyifjzpfonf[k
od&awmhonf/
aemufqkH; uREkfyfwkdUtm; aygufwl;aygufjym;rsm; pkykHxm;onfudkjy
vsuf wa,mufwck,lcJU&ef vufjyajcjyjzifh trdefUay;onf/ xdkae&m
pum;jyef r&Sdawmhacs/ aygufjym;wckudk aumuf,lvsuf w&kwfppfom;rsm;
aemufodkU vkduf&pOf udk,fhoif;csKdif;udk,fwl;&onfqdkaom pum;udkMum;bl;
tu,fyif ckdif;acsrnfavm[k ylyefrdao;&m aq;&kHodkUa&muf tavmif;
rsm;udk nTefjyaomtcgrS awmfayao;&JU[k atmufarhrdonf/
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733
OD;xkyfvnf;ryg? pGyfus,fvufjywf
vkdufvmrdcJUaom
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oGufoGufvnfaeygawmhonf/
xdktawmtwGif; xrif;vnf;rpm;&? a&vnf;raomuf&? ac:&modkU
waeUvkH;vkduf cdkif;&mudk vkyfae&ygawmhonf/ tjcm;vlrsm;rSm rsm;aom
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wa,mufomyg&Sd if;tbkd;BuD;u uGrf;pm;csifaomaMumifh uGrf;0,f&ef
xGufcJUrd&mwGif w&kwfppfom;rsm;ESifh awGUoGm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;? uGrf;pm;csif
vSaomyg;pyfaMumifh okdU'kua&muf&jcif;jzpf udk,fhyg;pyfudkom &dkufcsif
aMumif; ajym&Smojzifh 'kua&mufonfhtxJrSyif &,fcsifvSawmh onf/
em&DjyefESpfcsufcefU tcsdefwGifrS uREkfyfwkdUudk Z&yfwckodkUac:oGm;
qefESifhtmvl;rsm; xkwfay;ojzifh u&ifppfjyefrsm;u csuf tjcm;vlrsm;
pm;Muaomfvnf; uRekfyfum; qmvnf; rqm? Murf;ay:wGif yufvufvSef
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vGwfvyfjcif;udkom tm;usrdygawmhonf/
xdkvlrsm; xrif;pm;NyD; ppfAdkvfBuD;&Sdaom AdkvftdrfBuD;odkU uREkfyf
wkdUudk ac:oGm;aomtcg 4em&DcefU&SdavNyD/ bmcdkif; bmvkyfOD;rnf
rodojzifh vkH;0 pdwfrat;Edkifacs/ aemufqkH;w&kwfppfom;wa,mufonf
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734
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735
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usefaomvlrsm;
b,fqDa&mufukefMuonf
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uREkfyfonf w&kwfppfom;rsm; rjrifap&ef cg;ydkfufxJ vdrf0wfxm;
aom vufywfem&DudkxkwfMunhf 5 em&DcGJaeonfudk awGU&onf/ t&yf
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jzpf tay:wnfhwnfhrS csdefypfjcif;r[kwforQ umvywfvkH; usnfqef
rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUudk rxdEdkifyJ ausmfoGm;&rnf[k pdwfcsEdkifayonf/ okdUESifh
yif usnfqefrsm;\ tqufrjywf w&pyfypfcwfrIaMumifh wcsufwcsufwGif
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5em&DcJGrS
6em&D?
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7em&D?
wdk;yif
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8em&D?
rsm;jym;vm
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pl;pl;
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736
em;ESpfbufxJodkU
qdkUydwfxm;&ygawmhonf/
odkUESifhyif
prf;Munfh&m
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rnfonfhae&m
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toufatmifhvsuf
uREkfyfwkdUESifh
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rajymwwf?
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737
ajrmif;ay:rSvQH
b,fESpfcsufypfNyD;
b,fESpfBudrf
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toufatmifhcJUMu&onf
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vGefpGmvefUxdwf\/ okdUaomf tcsufaygif;rsm;pGmMum;&aomtcgwGif uREkfyf
wkdUudk xdrSefEdkifaom tcGifhta&; enf;yg;oGm;onf r[kwfaomfvnf;
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a[mif;wckavsmhaomtcg a0'emopfrsm; ay:vmMujyefonf/ uREkfyfrSm
waeUywfvkH; bmwckrQ rrsKdcJU&onfESifh tlwusKwfusKwfjzpfaeawmh&m
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wwfaom obm0&Sd&onfhtxJwGif waeUvkH; aeylusJusJBuD; OD;xkyfrygyJ
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738
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739
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rsm;vnf; tvsOf;rMum;&awmhacs/ oli,fESpfa,mufudkEId; tajctaeudk
tuJcwfMunfh&mwGif csKdifhBuD;EIwfcrf;ay: vlwa,mufonf txkyfuav;
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740
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741
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742
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743
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744
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745
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746
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747
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748
t"dym,fr&Sdaom
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w&ufESpf&ufwnf;cdkum
749
uREkfyf\pdwful;rSm
EIwfqufMuNyD;
aemuf
&efukefokdU
qufvufoGm;a&mufMu&ef
jzpfavonf/
if;wkdUaexdkif
rsufESmuav;awG
uREkfyf\a,mufzu
i,fi,fESifh
&efukefokdU
jzpfaeMuonfudkawGU&\/
uREkfyfwkdUa&mufzkdU
ta&;wBuD;
uwday;vdkufygonf/
a,mufz\om;
(uREkfyf\wl)
odkUjzifh
wvcefUMum&Sdaomtcg
0if;armifonf
om;r,m;rsm;ESifhwuG
ay;vkdufaompmwapmifa&mufvm&m
if;pmwGif
&efukefokdU
750
aqGrsKd;tusKd;ay;olwa,muf
r[kwf?
wu,fcifrif&if;ESD;aom
udkodef;azwkdUESifhtwl
ig;vausmfausmfrQ
aexdkifcJU&pOf
751
ausmif;utus,fBuD;?
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0ifvdkU&ygw,f}}
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av&m uREkfyfrSm xdkae&m&yfae&pfcJUvQif aoewfESifhvSnfhvmaom w&kwf
ppfom;jrifoGm;rnf pdk;aomaMumifh aMumufaMumufESifhyif olUaemufodkU0if
vdkufoGm;&av\/ oli,fum; apm&euwf ygavonf avmrqdkEdkif?
tvGef&Jwif; zswfvwfvsifjrefjcif;udk awGU&\/ 0ifcJUrdonfhaemufrl
uREkfyfrSm
bmrQrwwfEdkifawmhyJ
oloGm;&mokdUom
vdkufae&awmh\/
xnfhxm;onfhypnf;rsm;udk
(ausmif;xJawGUaom)
oHwl&Gif;
oMum;?
EdkUqDAl;?
ppfapmifBuD;rsm;?
ouvyfMurf;
qufvuf
azmufxGif;arTaESmufjyefav&m
uREkfyfurl
752
w&kwfppfom;onf
ausmif;udkvSnfhywfpOf
&ifckefoHESifh
rSefjywif;aygufwckrS
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jzpfaeygawmhonf/
ppfom;udkacsmif;Munfh
ae\/
oli,furl
ajcoHvGefoGm;
wkd;0Sufaeojzifh
uREkfyfuar;Munfh&m
]]&kH;xJ
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wGifuREkfyfpOf;pm;onfrSm
&kH;qdkuwnf;u
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753
*syefwacwfvkH;
754
tjcm;vlrsm;onf
zsifMurf;
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tajctaeudk
trSeftwdkif;ajymwwfaom
xdkpOfurl
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armifrif;BuD;om;u 0,fay;
aus;Zl;wifrdygonf/
ighrSm
rnfodkUqdkap
755
a&S;jzpfa[mif;ay:vmjcif;
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pufwifbmvwGif &efukefokdU rD;&xm;jzifh qif;vmcJUMu\/ rD;&xm;ay:
vrif;udk
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rqdkEdkifaomfvnf;
pdwfESvkH;ESifh
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tvGefayghyg;MunfEl;vsuf&Sdaom
tvGefuGmjcm;onf[k
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756
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rsufESmay:okdU
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bmt"dym,f&Sdonf[k
rsufvkH;rsm;udkom
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vufjzifhyGwfvsuf&SdpOf
aea&mifxdk;0ifaom
aevkH;BuD;uG,faysmufoGm;
txkyfuav;udkacgif;tkH;
tdyfcJUrdjcif;jzpf&m
757
rwufEdkifyJ
[dkoli,f&JU
OD;xkyfudk
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rSwfxifrdonfwaMumif;?
rD;&xm;pD;&m
jzpfap?
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jzpfwef&monf[k
758
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a&mufoGm;aomtcg
uREkfyfwkdU\
tdrf&Sifu
tjcm;vlrsm;odkU
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if;wkdUESifhyif
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uREkfyfonf
urm&Gwf&Sdaom
OD;buav;\
&efukef&Sdaom
jrefrmowif;pmwkdufrsm;udk
(ol&d,?
uREkfyfESifhudkxGef;oef;wkdUtm;
acgif;BuD;a&;
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0rf;omrdcJUygonf/
759
OD;buav;\
aetdrf
OD;buav;\tdrfrSjyefMu&mwGif
bwfpfum;r&Sdojzifh
trSwftom;r&Sdawmh?
ajyaysmufoGm;cJU[efwlavonf/
760
vifr,m; wuGJpD
1942 ckESpfonf uREkfyf\woufwmwGif usef;rma&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
wuG taetxdkifyg 'kuta&mufqkH; tnId;i,fqkH;aom umvtydkif;tjcm;
aywnf;/ olwyg;tdrf t&dyfcdkae& (udk,fhxrif;awmh udk,fcsufpm;
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cPcPAkH;BuJ? pufaoewfypf? vufESdyfpufa&mif;cJU&onfh ydkufqHuav;
vnf; ukefNyDjzpf vufywfem&DESifh t0wftpm;uav;rsm;udk nDawmf
armifxHodkUa&mif;NyD; reufn tvsifrSDatmif tvGefw&m acRwmpm;
aomufMu&ygonf/ aemufqkH; t*Fvdyfav,mOfysHrsm;onf npOfvdkyif
vma&mufAkH;BuJMuonfwGif &efukefNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;rSm ,cifuxuf ydkrdk
xdwfvefUvmMujyefavNyD/ *syefowif;pm xkwfzkdUqdkaom pdwful;rSmvnf;
b,fqDa&mufoGm;onf rqdkEdkifacs/
tawmtwGif; oDwmvrf;rS vlrsm;onfvnf; *syefrsm;AkH;BuJcs
onfh
acwfuuJUodkUyif
t*FvdyfAkH;rsm;udk
aMumufvmMujyefonfESifh
tm;u&kPmjzpf&SmMuonf/
761
w&yfvkH;ajy;MurnfjyKonfwGif
a0VK0efausmif;wkduf
aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom
nDESifh
xdkae&m av;ig;&ufaeMuNyD;rS
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a0VK0efausmif;wkdufodkU wcgwnf; ajymif;a&TU&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufav\/
odkUjzpf rpdk;wkdUvlpku ouFef;uRef;odkUajymif;a&TUMuaomtcg uREkfyfonf
a0VK0efausmif;odkU ajymif;a&TUESpf&ufwacguf okH;&ufwacguf oGm;a&muf
vnfywf&ef tpDtpOf&Sdavonf/ waeUo uREkfyfonf rpdk;wkdU&Sdonfh
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762
(xdkUaMumifhvnf;
vlawGxdwfvefUukefMujcif;
uREkfyfuZGwfayae
olUudkom
ta&Smifcdkif;avonf/
uREkfyf
NyD;wmyJqdkumapmifNcKHNyD;
rsufpdrSdwfae&pfjcif;
AkH;wvkH;jzKwfcsvdkufonfhtoHudk
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wNydKifeuf0g;pnf;udk
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av,mOfysHrsm;onf
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qJGaomaomtoHuJUokdU
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oGufoGufcgoGm;NyD;
vQif
jrLrIHESifh
trIdufo&dkufrsm;onf
763
aernf[laomtpDtpOfudkzsuf
aeUeHeuf&xm;ESifhyif
okdUaomfxdkpOfurl
wudk,fvkH;
rusef;rmaomtjzpfudkvnf;aumif;?
wa,mufwnf;&Sdonfh
rpdk;ESifhuREkfyfonf
tjzpfrsKd;okdU
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olUcrsm
touf&IMu&rnfh
ab;tE&m,fxlxyfonfh
tm;i,f&Smvdrfhrnf[laom
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764
rD;&xm;rxGufrD
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rD;&xm;xGufaomtcgrS
&ifxJ
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uREkfyfudk
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rnfr[kwfyg/
wufzsm;uszsm;
ouFef;uRef;blwmrS
a0VK0efausmif;wkdufodkU
jyefa&mufaomtcg
xdkaeUuprlum;
zsm;waeU
aumif;waeU
rSefrSefBuD;
apmifb,favmufNcKHonfjzpfap
0dkif;zday;vQifum;
oufom&m&yg\/
765
raEG;EdkifyJ&Sd\/
okdU&mwGif
vlrsm;rsm;
zday;rnfholrSm
vlBuD;rsm;xHrSrluum;
tultnDrawmif;yJ
wavQmufvkH;
aeUrsm;
pm;aom
tpmonfrenf;vSaomfvnf;
okH;jyavmuf
a0;onfjzpf&m
ausmif;okdU
tjyefwGif
owdjyKavavm[k
xdkif&mrSxrd
rdrdudk,fudkqkH;ryg
a0VK0efausmif;odkU
766
onf/
a&mufonfwGif
rnfol\xrif;udk
ol\xrif;twGuf
ausatmifqdkum
pm;onfjzpfap?
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,kwfpGmhtqkH;
ae&mwckck
wNydKifeuf
nDawmfarmif\
tvkyfudk
ulnDzkdUpDpOfygonf/
apmifhMunfhMuzdkU
jzpfavonf/
767
udkcifarmifESifh
uRekfyfonf
rsufESmudk
wBudrfjrifvkduf&jcif;
ywfouf
rpdk;uwm0ef,lum
tultnDay;EdkifNyD
jzpfaomfvnf;
olwyg;\xrif;udk
Mum&SnfpGm
rSDcdk
768
twlaeMuaom
tifpydwfawmf
udkatmifabmfwkdUonf
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o,f,lEdkifyg\/
wufqdkvQif
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rD;&xm;
769
qdkygvQif
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rqdkxm;bd
vludk,fwdkifyif
refusnf;wkHodkU
a&mufaumif;rS a&mufayrnf/
rdb\t&dyfat;vSjcif;
rD;&xm;wwef? iSuf(oref)wwef? vSnf;wwef? jrif;&xm;wwef
oGm;Mu&
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qdkufa&mufMu&m
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refusnf;wkH&Gm
uREkfyf\pdwfxJ
yifv,f&yfjcm;
r[kwfonfhjyif
olwkdU\
trlt&maMumifh
udk,fhudk,fudk
770
uREkfyf\rdaxG;onf
tcsuftjyKwf
771
olqmvQif
pm;wwfonfjzpf
csufuwnf;u
ydkydkvQHvQH
nD0rf;uJGESpfa,mufteuf
tBuD;jzpfol
armifazbu
olUxufig
o,f,l0Sufxm;Mu\/
772
armifazbonf
vdkufygoGm;avonf/
vli,frsm;teufwGif
uREkfyfwkdU
0efpnfryg?
AvmoGm;Muav&m
uREkfyfrlum;
xdktcsdef
vlUavmuwGif
uREkfyfydkifqdkifaom
ypnf;rSm
uRekfyfonf
vrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif
qifudkemAl;udk
acgif;tkH;
tdyfjcif;tm;jzifh
apmifha&Smuf
773
c&D;onfrsm;\
wae&modkU
tajctaeudk
Munfhvkdufaomtcg
ajymif;a&TUolrsm;ESifhrwlyJ
uREkfyfwkdUvlpkuJUodkU
774
&Sufrsm;&SufOD;rnfudk
pdk;&drfrdaomaMumifh
aps;wnfhonfhjyif
aemifudkvnf;
&orQ0,f,lygrnf[k
aq;a&mif;ay;ol
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uREkfyfonf
nDaemifwkdUtm;
a&TykpGefajcmuf
775
toGm;tvm
cufcJjcif;wkdUavmufudkom
awGU&onf
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rD;&xm;vufrSwf&zdkU
ta&;rSm
todrdwfaqG[lonfrSm
(wu,fMuifemrI&SdcJUvQif)
edrfhonf?
xdktcg
uREkfyf\
aemufqDrS
]]q&muD;
b,fudkvJ}}[k
tkyfaygif;jzpfaMumif;awGU&\/
776
w&kwfwef;wcGif
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waeUo
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(Uncrowned King)
[k ajymbl;
uREkfyfr&Sufwwf?
em&DjyefwcsufcefU
tkyfaygif;uvnf;
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ay:vmMuonfwGif
aus;Zl;wif&Smonf/
tcsufay;OMoqJG
vufrSwfaygufapmifhaeMuaom
av,mOfysHrsm;
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tE&m,fruif;[k
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777
rsm;vGef;onfqdk
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0rf;omp&m
jyef&rSauseyfwwfaom
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uREkfyfonf
uREkfyf\0goemaMumifh
vrf;c&D;wavQmufvkH;
778
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vSnf;wwefjzifh
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779
tcgjzpfap?
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aocsmonf[k wGufvkduf\/ tajctaet& MunfhvQifvnf; 0,folr&Sm;
qdkaomaMumifh wGufudef;onf r&dkif;vSacs/
okdUjzpf
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aq;rIefUrsm;
vlapvTwf
qifudkem
uREkfyfonf
omru
nDawmfarmif
armifazbtjyif
wynfhuav;
wa,mufudk
780
tdyfaysmfatmif
tdyfwwfygonf/
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waeUvkH;armif;Mu&m
vlokH;av;q,frQom
eHeufapmapm
xrif;pm;&kHrQ
&yfem;NyD;
qefUaombwfpfum;ay:wGif
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bwfpfum;&yfumvlawG
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av,mOfysHudk
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781
ajymMuaomaMumifh
rsufpdudkrSdwfxm;vdkuf\/
wu,fypfawmhrnfh
odkUaomfrypfyJ
xifrdonfESifh
qufvufysHoGm;avonf/
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csdefxm;pOfuuJUodkU
xlyloGm;atmifyif
ykef;atmif;&mrS
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tcsKdUrSm
ql;csKHxJodkU
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'Pf&muav;rsm;
yJUvdkyJU?
tcsKdUrSm
cvkwfwdkufrdojzifh
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bwfpfum;ay:rS
vluyfwa,mufwavu
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782
bwfpfum;orm;u
rdk;umt0wfBuD;ESifh
zsmrsm;
onftwdkif;
tvGwfroGm;&yJ
um;wpD;vkH;udk
vkHatmifzkH;NyD;rS
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vlrsm;jrifrnfpdk;aomaMumifh[kqdk\/ ajcvsiform;rsm;ESifh bdkifpu,form;
rsm;rlum; jrifcsifjrifMuapqdkonfhoabmjzpfae\/ bwfpfum;udk tvkHydwf
vdkufaomtcg eHab;odkUrjrif&yJ a&SUwnfhwnfhokdUMunhfum armif;Edkifav
onf/ xkduJUodkU zkH;tkyf armif;ESif&aom c&D;rSm rdkif20cefU &Snfvsm;av&m
rlvuwnf;u>ywfodyfatmifwifxm;onfh um;ay:okdU trdk;ay:rSvkdufonfh
vl 15a,mufcefUudk atmufodkUtwif;jzpfnSpfxnfhoGif; ay;vdkufjyefav
&um; av0ifaygufenf;vSaom bwfpfum;ay:wGif c&D;onfrsm;rSm ysKdUtef
rwwf rGef;Mu&\/ uREkfyfrlum; bwfpfum; OD;ydkif;wGif ae&m&xm;onfh
783
if;e,fudkausmfvGef
*syefppfom;wpk
apmifhvsuf&Sdaom
uREkfyf\pdwfwefcdk;aMumifhjzpf[efwlaom
azmfjycJUbl;&m
ae&mtvm;wl
xl;qef;aom
qifudkemrIefUrsm;udk
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uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om
784
c&D;onfrsm;qif;onfESifhwNydKifeuf
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qdkifrdMu
rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh
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rxyJ
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785
xdktwGufaMumiffh
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ae0HUol
qdkufa&mufoGm;aomtcg
,cifwacgufuESifhrwlawmhyJ
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oGm;Muaomtcg
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od&Sd&\/
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786
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if;aq;wrsKd;wnf;
tm;vkH;,lrnf[k
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787
av;a,mufwzGJU?
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uREkfyfonf tdrfay:odkUa&mufaomtcg vli,f\rsufESmudk Munfhaomf
vnf;jrifbl;onfxif&kHrSwyg;
rnfolrnf0g[l
rrSwfrdacs/
jzpfykHrSm
859
{nfhcHNyD;
tdyf&mae&m
jyifay;av&m
uRekfyfonf
uREkfyfonf
vli,f\tdrf
eHeufpmpm;
vufatmufwGif
pm;aomufEdkifonf[kod&
uHx&dkufuav;jzpf
0rf;ajrmufcJU&yg\/
acsmifvnfpGm
tawmtwGif;
okdUjzpf
uRekfyfonf
qufvufNyD;pkHprf;&ef
NrdKUxJodkU
860
vrf;ckvyfyif
tdyfMu&\/
c&D;onfrsm;teufwGif
uREkfyf\tazmfwa,mufwnf;om
uREkfyfodcJU&ojzifh
pmtkyfrsm;
qufvufa&;om;zkdU
Mum&SnfpGm
xdkifpm;zkdU0efav;wwfaom
uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif;
861
vkH;yg;yg;ukefMuonfjzpf
&yfpJvkdufMu&av\/
waeUo
wrdkifomoma0;onfh
ocGawm&Gm
*sifupm;Edkifol
uRekfyfonf
odkU
r&SdawmhyJ
refusnf;wkH&GmESifh
tvnftywfa&mufoGm;&m
tvkyfwGif
vkyfief;udk
uREkfyfvkyf&vQif
862
vufavQmh&jcif;
xdktcsdefwGifjrefrmjynfwGif
qm;tvGef&Sm;
oGif;onfrdonfhqm;twkH;tcJrsm;udk
qm;aps;tvGefaumif;\/
axmif;xk
refusnf;wkH&GmrS
*syefwkdU
b,fqDrS
[if;cwfMu&ojzifh
uREkfyf\aqGrsKd;tcsKdUonf
uRekfyf\
pdwf0ifpm;jcif;udk
jrifonfESifh
]]udkBuD;odef;
zcifonf
uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tm;
auR;&onfhtwGuf
taMumuftuef
uefUuGuf&Smygayonf/)
waqGvkH;wrsKd;vkH;
*kPfi,fonf[k
,lqMu[efwlygonf/
]oHCmtm;
bk&m;rqefom}[laom
pum;uJUodkU
863
uREkfyfu
aemuftBuHwck
xkdUaemuf uREkfyfonf tBuHwck&jyef\/ xdkacwf 0uftlacsmif;
wydm 80 usyfaps;ayguf 0ufom;wydmvQif 5d-10dusyf aps;0,f
&\/ uREkfyf\tbdk;rSm rif;wkef;bk&if\ ]pm;awmfcJ} jzpfcJU tpm;
taomufudk
pm;aumif;atmif
pDrHwwfjcif;onf
uREkfyf\aoG;xJwGif
vdkvdrfhrnfqdkum
uydkif
&Sdrf;rum;bufrS
oGm;&efrvdkyJ
rEav;bufrS
864
taMumif;udk
owd&MuonfESifh
NyKH;cJUMu&ygao;onf/
jrif;0goemtdk;wa,mufjzpf
jrif;ESifhoGm;&rnfqdkvQif
uREkfyfwkdUonf
jrif;udk,fpDESifh
a&Twacsmi;fajrmif;abmifwavQmuf
pD;vmMu&jcif;rSm
(jrif;0goemyg
uydkif&GmrS
pum;wajymajymESifh
twefMumatmif
jrif;rpD;cJU&aom
qm0gvwmpaumhwfonf
jrif;pD;,if;pdwful;onfqdkouJUodkU
0wKaygif;
uREkfyfonfvnf;
tBuH&cJUbl;\/
rmq'dbifhum;udkjrif&
tom;usjrif;aumif;aumif;ESifh
uREkfyfonf
vrf;jzL;jzL;ajzmifhajzmifhudk
pum;cyfenf;enf;
vlwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; i,f
865
pdwfxJ&SdorQ
tjyeftvSef
awGUBuKHcHpm;Mu&aom
zGifh[ajymjyMu&jcif;onfvnf;
t&omrsKd;r[kwfay/
wcgw&HwGif
aeUwdkif;
uREkfyfu
awGU&onfhtcg
jrif;rsm;udkvnf;
tem;ay;,if;
awGU&efudptwGuf
taMumif;udk
vmcJUjcif;jzpfonfqdk\/
BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;jcif;
uREkfyfwkdUa&mufumrS
r&Sdojzifh
npmxrif;csufjyKwf&ef
uREkfyfwdkUvmrnfh
NcHapmifh
pDrHav&m
onf
uREkfyfrSm
NrdKUBuD;twGif;
]vSHBudK;}rsm;ESifh
vTwfxm;av&m
866
uREkfyfonf
olwxl;\ypnf;udk
jrif&onfhtcg
twGufaMumifh)
tNrdefqkH;pm&if;0if
xrif;weyfjzpfyg
ayonf/
ig;ESifhc&koJU
]]uGrf;rpm;pbl;pm;vQif xkH;ayguf? jrif;rpD;pbl;pD;vQif ukH;ayguf}}[l
aom
pum;ykHtwdkif;
OD;xifrSm
ukH;aygufraygufum;
rrSwfrdawmh?
867
OD;xifrSm
jrif;ay:odkU
emusifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh
rwuf0HUavmufatmif
udk,fvufawG
uREkfyfESifhtwlrvdkufawmhyJ
vSnf;ESifh
tjyefusawmh
wa,mufu
vSnf;eJUwdkufvmcJU&awmhAsm;}}[k
jrif;eJUjyef?
wa,mufuawmh
ajymbl;avonf/
jrif;pD;jcif;onf
wwfawmhonftxd
w&yfjzpfygawmhonf/
tcsKdUu
uG,faysmufoGm;jcif;rSm
0rf;enf;zG,f
um;aumif;pD;&jcif;avmuf
Zdrfr&Sd[k
868
oHo&mc&D;onfrsm;
uRekfyfonf OD;xif?a':pkxHrS aiGacs;&ef vmcJUjcif;jzpf&m a':pk\nDr
roufa&S rusef;rmonfhtwGufaMumifh (NrDpm;wkdU\xkH;pHtwkdif;) NrD&Sif\
rsufESmomrIudk apmifhMunfh&onfESifhyif wveD;yg;rQtcsdefukefoGm;cJUavNyD/
xdktawmtwGif; uREkfyfonf OD;xifESifhtwltdyf nOfheufatmif pum;ajym
Mu,if;ESifhyif olUtaMumif;udk avhvmcGifh&&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh ]&ifbwfrdwfaqG}
tjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;cJUygavNyD/ vlwa,mufum; uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom
rdwfaqGrsm;teufwGif ukodkvfuHtaumif;qkH; wa,muftygt0if jzpfonf
[k jrifvm\/ olonf uREkfyfav;ykHwykHrQ BudK;pm;&olwa,muf r[kwfyg
yJvsuf
tvdkufoifh
tvsm;oifh
uHaxmufyHUonfESifhyif
pD;yGm;a&;
olUrSmrl
aqGrsKd;nmwd
[dkajy;onfajy;
vIyfumvSnfhumESifhyif
tacRt&H
toif;tyif;ESifh
om;orD;?
OruGJ
wcgw&H
a&omcdkcGifh&jcif;aMumifh
oufomonfrSefaomfvnf;
869
a':pk\nDr
roufa&Sonf
vaygif;rsm;pGm
aemfrefausmif;oltm;
aw;xyfuav;wyk'f
aevmMuawmhonfjzpf&m
roufa&Srlum;
uREkfyfxuf
870
uREkfyfrjrifvdkuf&ay/
roufa∑
uREkfyf\
OD;vSESifha':trmwkdUtm;rl
olwkdU\tvkyfwdkufwGif
uREkfyfu
pum;rpyfMuygay/)
871
uav;rsm;u
vufzuf&nfyGJESifh
*kPfjyK{nfhcHMuonfESifh
pma&;q&m
wufa&mufMujcif;udk
awGU&ojzifh
awmfawmfpnfpnfum;um;
bmrsm;ydk
ajymEdkifcJUao;onfudk
uREkfyfrrSwfrdyg/
872
OD;xGef;vSatmif
tjyefc&D;wGif uREkfyfonf rif;uGef;rS y'lblwmodkU vSnf;ESifhoGm;&rnf
jzpf&m roGm;bl;aom c&D;vrf;wckudk oGm;&rnfhtwGufaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;rI
&Sdjcif;ESifhtwl pdk;&drfruif;aompdwfvnf; jzpfrdygonf/ pdk;&drfruif;jzpf&jcif;
rSm awmvrf;BuD;oufoufjzpf vSnf;ay:wGif wa,mufwnf; vkduf&rnfh
tjyif
uydkifrS&cJUonfh
aiG
1500duvnf;
ygvmaomaMumifhjzpf\/
&Sdonfqdkjcif;udkrl
w&m;&kH;odkUrwifyJ
e,fwckH;
xdkolajymrS
ypfowfjcif;jzpf
NidrfoGm;jcif;rSm
od&ygonf/
tcsKdUvlrsm;u
&ufpufonf[k
ajymaomfvnf;
uREkfyf\udk,fawGUjzpf\/
rQomruao;
we,fvkH;u
ajymMu\/
(ae&m
jrif&kHrQjrifbl;
emrnfavmufom
Mum;bl;\/
873
xkwfazmf0efcHjcif;
jzpfavoavm[k
ajymMu\/
874
yxr
awmc&D;jzpfonfh
pmayorm;rsm;jzpf
uREkfyf\pmrsm;udk
trsm;BuD;zwfbl;
&Gmuav;rsm;
awGUaomtcg
aomufa&cyfay;jcif;?
rD;jcpfAl;
0ifaiGaumif;aomtvkyf
r[kwfvifhupm;
c&D;oGm;&m
y'lodkUa&mufMuaomtcg
rD;&xm;qdkufzdkU
tcsdefvkdao;
ajryJ,dk
ponfrsm;ESifh
{nfhcHMuayonf/
vSnf;c
refusnf;wkHokdUjyefa&muf
zciftm;
aiG1500d
875
ormtmZD0 tvkyfr[kwf
uREkfyfonf aiG 1500d t&if;tESD;jzifh 0uftlacsmif;vkyfa&mif;zkdU
pkHprf;\/ trSeftwdkif;azmfjy&vQif uREkfyfonf aiG&rItwGuf oufouf
r[kwf? uREkfyf\rdcifbufrS tbdk;\ ]]aoG;}ygaomaMumifh jzpf[efwl\/
pm;aumif;aomufzG,fudk BudKufwwf&kHomr[kwf? udk,fwdkifcsufjyKwfvkyf
udkif&jcif;vnf; 0goemyg rD;zdkacsmifodkU 0ifwwfoljzpf\/ ZeD;rpdk;onf
todrdwfaqGrsm;teufwGif tcsuftjyKwfESifh ywfouf emrnf&vsuf&Sd &m
olcsufjyKwfwwfjcif;rSm
uREkfyf\oifjyrIaMumifhjzpfaMumif;
oludk,fwdkif
rsufjrifavhvmjcif;wkdUaMumifh
rdrdudk,fudktawmfem;vnfonf[k
aysmfvnf;aysmfvdrfhrnf[laom
pdwful;jzifh
pDpOf;jcif;jzpf\/
(uREkfyfvkyf&vQif
atmifjrifzkdUvnf;
aocsm
ormtmZD0
tvkyfrsKd;r[kwfEdkif[k
876
ajymjyonfwGif
rjzpf&aomtcgwGif
uREkfyfonf
]vlaygvlaZmfvkyfenf;}[laom
tvGefatmifjrif
trnfjzifh
ydkufqHtawmf&onf[k
bmomjyefxkwf&m
Mum;&bl;\/
if;pmtkyfrSm
877
&dkufESdyf&jcif;aMumifh
uG,faysmuf&onf[k
pmtkyfaumif;wtkyf
ESajrmrdygonf/
]tBuHOmPfjzifh
wdrfjrKyf
BuD;yGm;atmif
uREkfyfwkdU\
0if;NcHtwGif;odkU
rdkwmum;rsm;0ifvm
paumhwvefjynfom;
(Highlanders)
ppfom;rsm;
jzpfMuavonf/
uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;ESifh
csrf;at;vSaom
OD;av;wa,mufonf
jymodkvjzpfonfhtavsmuf
tdyf&mrSxvmMu
xif;wkH;BuD;rsm;jzifhrD;zdkum
878
oabmxm;onfhwdkifatmifvnf;
jzpfoGm;EdkifaomaMumifh
ppftwGif;qdkawmh
ajymwwfw,fudk;
'DvdkyJvkyfMu&wmyJ?
'DrSmbmvkyfudkifpm;ovJ}}
cifAsm;
t*Fvdyfvdk
[kar;\/
uREkfyfu
uREkfyftm;
(olwkdUxifouJUokdU)
awmom;
ajymif;a&TUaexdkifojzifh
aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymayonf/
879
jyemwckay:aygufojzifh
uREkfyfxHodkUa&mufvmMu\/
ppfom;rsm;u
wGifuREkfyftBuHwck&vmonf/
uREkfyfuqdkif&Siftm;
[kajymonfESifh
tjcm;aps;onfrsm;tm;vnf;
ta&mif;t0,f
twkdif;yif
jzpfoGm;&kHru
uREkfyfaMujimvdkufonf/
wGufudef;&NyD;jzpfonf/
uREkfyf\aMujimcsuf
if;wkdU\jyemudk
uREkfyfxHokdU,lvmMu\/
880
ajy;vmMu\/
ppfom;rsm;onf
eHeuftdyf&mrxaomtcg
]usL}wef;BuD;wef;vsuf
uREkfyf\tdrfa&SU
apmifhaeMuNyDjzpf&m
ppfom;
vufvDaps;a&mif;aumif;jcif;onf
aps;onfrsm;
tzdkU&m
omwefzdk;&Sd\/
uREkfyfESdyfe,fajymqdkolrsm;ESifh
qkHrdvQif
881
ESpfbufvkH;onf
jyemt&yf&yfudk
ajz&Sif;&ef
twGuf
882
qm0gvfwmpaumhESifh
uAsmq&mBuD;
a&mhbwfbef;pf
uREkfyfuvnf;
jrefrmenf;csufxm;onfh
xrif;udk
ppfAdkfvftm;vkH;wdkUtm;
]'if;em;ygwD}
Muufom;[if;ESifh
auR;arG;ygao;onf/
883
rdrdwkdUwwfxm;aom
pum;vkH;rsm;
aqG;ajrUrukefap&ef
okdUr[kwfcJUvQif
ta&SUbufwnfhwnfh
{&m0wDqdyfurf;wGif
&Sdaom
ppfom;rsm;url
if;wkdU0,faeusjzpfaom
c&rf;csOf;oD;?
aps;a&mif;vdkufaomtvkyfrSm
aysmfp&mr[kwfaomf
884
uREkfyfwkdUonf
refusnf;wkH&GmrS
naeokH;em&DtcsdefwGif
vSnf;wpD;ESifh
xGufvmMu&m
ukefypnf;rsm;wif
aqmif;Owk&moDjzpf
uREkfyfuJUodkUaom
vlwa,mufu
aps;onfvkyfaejcif;udk
([efvkyf&jcif;rSm
vlrsm;onf
uREkfyf\
rSm;jcif;udkBuKHbl;
oifcef;pm
885
uREkfyf\0goemwck
aemufwaeUeHufapmapmx vSnf;armif;oGm;Mu&m c&D;vrf;rSm
uREkfyfra&mufbl;onfhvrf;jzpf
tqef;topf
pdwf0ifpm;wwfaom
[kar;Muojzifh
uREkfyfu
jyefajym&ao;\/
a,mufzu
886
pwnf;cs&ykH
ppfwyfonf {&m0wDjrpf\ ta&SUbufurf; *syefppfom;rsm; &Sdonf
qdkaom owif;aMumifh &GmokdUajymif;a&TUvmjcif;jzpf&m &Gmom;rsm;onf
owif;udkMum;Mu &GmrSwdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;Muaom aMumifh w&GmvkH;wGif
tdrfvGwfawGomrsm;NyD; vl&Sdaomtdrf tenf;i,fom awGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdU
onf &Gm todrdwfaqG&Sdonfr[kwf? opfyifatmufjzpfap pwnf;csNyD;
ukefa&mif;rnfhtBuHESifh vmcJUMujcif;jzpf&m tdrfvGwfawGaygrsm;jcif;udk awGU
&aomtcg opfyif&dyfudk r&SmawmhyJ oifhwifhaom tdrfvGwfwaqmifudkom
&SmMu\/ ppfwyfrlum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;wcktwGif; pwnf;csxm;
jcif;udk awGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf ppfwyfESifhreD;ra0;wGif pkHprf;&SmazGMu
oifhawmfaom tdfrfvGwfwvkH;udk awGU&\/
xdktdrfrSm
tdrfjrifhjzpf
atmufxyfwGif
ckwifwckESifh
tay:xyfrSm
rD;zdktjyif
aomhcwfxm;aomfvnf;
tdrfa&SU
vSnf;EGm;xm;&ef
&dumazmaX;jcif;ESifh
ajymoHMum;&bl;ay&m
taetxdkifom;em;jcif;
uREkfyfawGU&onfh
NAdwdoQ
887
paumhwvef
awmifwef;om;rsm;um;
tvGef
bmrqdk
wxkyfwusyfjzpf
tm;vyfaom
tcsdefwGif
a,mufz
armifpHvGeftm;
azmufonftjzpfESifh
(Country Spirit)
&Sdoavm[k
c&rf;csOfoD;a&mif;jcif;udk
rodapvdkonfESifholUxHodkU
roGm;yJ
pnfurf;wckvnf;
vkyfxm;&\/
(xdkacwfwGif
csufwwfoljzpf
888
olUt&ufpGHvSayonf/)
iHjym&nfESifhoHy&moD;nSpf
armifpHvGefcsufonfh
yJ[if;
xrif;eyf[l
tvGef&Sm;ay&m
pdwfMunf&Tifaomtcg
889
toHESpfqifhMum;&
armfwmypfjcif;jzpfonf[k
uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufonf
tdyf&mrS
Mum;cJU&bl;aomaMumifh
aigufueJ
xxdkifMu
csnfxm;onfh
opfyifatmufokdU
vmMu
890
rD;[kef;[kef;awmufonfwkdifatmif jyif;vSonf/
uREkfyfonf
]Adkvfaomuf}aomufwwfol
csrf;at;jcif;udk
umuG,fvdkonfjzpf
wcsufwnf;armhfcsvdkuf&m
jzpfygonf/
wBudrfwGifrl
armifpHvGef\t&ufudka&ra&myJ
EdkifiHjcm;t&ufrsm;yif
tqef;r[kwfaom
891
odkUaomfausmcsif;uyf
tdyfMu&ef
tBuHjzpf
892
rarhEdkifaomaysmufjcif;
aemufwaeUeHeuf uREkfyfwkdUonf apmapmBuD;xGufMu&ef tBuH&Sd
aomfvnf; ,refnOfhu tdyfysufonfhtwGufaMumifh apmapmrxGufEdkifMu yJ
rkd;BuD;vif;cgrS xGufEdkifMu\/ jyefcgeD;wGif ppfom;wa,mufESifhawGU
,refnOfhu armfwmoHtaMumif;udk ar;Munfh&m [dkbufurf;rS toHr[kwf
aMumif;? bufppfwyfrS rdrdwkdUEdk;Mum;jcif;udk *syefrsm;odatmif vSefUay;
jcif;jzpfaMumif;ajymjyod&avonf/
tjcm;ppfom;wa,mufu
vnf;
rkd;csKyfcgrS
refusnf;wkH&GmodkU
jyefa&mufvmMuav\/
0,faomuf&m
tvGefqkH;ESpfESpfokH;ESpfavmufom
arhusefaysmufqkH;&onfcsnf;jzpf\/
893
aomuf&NyD;
aq;wHwacsmif; aysmuf&jyef\/
(Under Bore)
uREkfyfvkyfxm;aom
aq;&GufBuD;rIefUudk
jrnf;Munfhjcif;?
(Dunhill)
wHqdyfudk awGUonfESifh
aq;wHaomuf
orm;csif;vnf;jzpf
atmufarhvkdufonf/
(okdUESifh
vnf;
894
uREkfyfonf
udkifaumif;ykH[l
[efwrsKd;pD&SdMu
vlrsm;onf
[efwlyg\/
rsufpdxJwGif
&SdbdouJUodkU
aq;wHaomuf&mvnf;
rnfokdUyifjzpfap
]axmfavmfuefUvefU}&Sd
aq;wHaomufcgp
awmfawmfESifh
895
xdktdEd,wdkif;om;onf
uREkfyfESifh
b0a&pufeD;cJUaomaMumifh
uREkfyf
&efukefokdUqif;vdkaomqEjyif;jy
wapmifawGU&\/
xkwfa0vsuf&Sd
uREkfyftm;
tvdk&SdaMumif;yg&Sd\/
udkodef;armifu
acgif;BuD;a&;orm;
uREkfyfonf
tcsufuav;rsm;&SdcJUjcif;udk
]oHawmfqifh}owif;pm
wa,muftjzpfESifh
ukdodrf;armiftay:
azmfjycJUbl;&m
olurl
rauseyfaom
taMumif;udk
896
udktkef;cifuac:jcif;
udktkef;cifonf &efukef Armhacwfowif;pm wnfaxmifvsuf&Sd
olUwdkufvkyf&ef pdwfqE&SdygvQif &efukefokdU qif;vmcJUzdkUtaMumif; pma&;
jcif;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfonf e*g;eDpmtkyfwdkuf udktkef;cif refae*smvkyfpOf
u if;wdkuftwGuf pmtkyfESpftkyf bmomjyefay;onfhtjyif '*kHcifcifav;
ESifholwkdU wnfaxmifMuaom pmtkyfwkduftwGufvnf; a&Smvrkefodkuf?
&wemodkuf paom0wKrsm;udk bmomjyefay;\/ vlcsif;um; xdktcsdef
tuRrf;w0ifBuD;&SdvSonfr[kwfacs/ oluac:,lykHrSmvnf; at;at;puf
puf&Sdonfxif
ol\pmudkvnf;
uREkfyfav;av;eufeuf
rpOf;pm;yJ
897
&kyf&nfoefUjyefUaomacG;udk
rjrifbl;yg[l
vlwdkif;u
898
awGU&onfESifh
tzkd;wefvSygonfqdkaom
]t,fvfaq;&Sif;}
abmfbDudk
&ifcGifMum;okdUoGwfoGif;um
awmolc&D;onfrdef;r
vlrsm;udkufyghr,fawmf}}
[katmfBuD;[pfus,f
uefUuGufMu&m
rdef;rBuD;rsm;
rcHcsifatmif
oufoufajymjcif;
r[kwf?
vlrsm;\
rxDrJUjrifajymjcif;cH&onfrSm
c&D;oGm;wdkif;vdkvdk
899
rEav;u wm;MuykH
rEav;okdUa&muf oli,fcsif; vifr,m;jzpfonfh OD;xifa':pkwkdUxH
odkU EIwfquf,if;tvnftywf oGm;&mwGif armifvSrtrmwkdUESifhawGU
uREkfyftm;rEav;aezdkU wdkufwGef;Mu\/ olwkdUtpDtpOfrSm rEa v;wGif
]&ufowywfpOf xGufonfhvlxk*sme,f} xkwfaeonfjzpf uREkfyftm;
t,f'DwmvkyfzkdU awmif;yefMu\/
OD;nGefUu
av;pm;ouJUodkU
tpDtpOfudk &kwfw&uf
olwkdUvifr,m;onf
uREkfyftay:
av;pm;vdrfhrnfrxifaomaMumifh
olwkdU
olwkdUvifr,m;xHrS
pum;wcGef;
oufomvdfrfhrnf[laom
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rlvu
900
tav;omvsuf&Sd\/
aiGt&if;tESD;awmifhwif;jcif;rSm
&Sdao;onf/)
OD;nGefUurl
uREkfyfa&;onfh
olaxmufcHrnfhtaMumif;
av;pm;jcif;rSm
ajymbl;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;
tawmfxif&Sm;vsuf&SdavNyD/
odkUjzpf
OD;nGefU\
uREkfyfonf
oli,fcsif;vifr,m;jzpfMuaom
901
OD;xifa':pkwdkU\
aus;Zl;udkiJUnSmaxmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh
[Hom0wDtvkyfudky,f
vlxk
902
yOrydkif;
OD;azodef;rSq&mBuD;odkU
todtrSwfjyKMu
{NyDv19&ufaeUwGif
if;trnftaMumif;ESifh
ywfouf
jyuf&,fpum;
a&;om;&ef
(Anticolonialism)
[lvnf;aumif;
903
aeUpOfowif;pmrsm;apmifa&rSm
xdk;qif;oGm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh
apmifa&rSmvnf;
waeUwjcm;
wufvmonfqdk\/
ckduyfjcif;r&Sd?
wwfEdkiforQ
BudK;pm;a&;om;cJUonfom
904
uREkfyfoGm;zdkU
pwifzGifhvSpfrnf
qkH;jzwfcJUygrl
rajymEdkifaomaMumifh)
(vlxkowif;pmudk
b,ftcsdefrS
olwkdUcHpm;&onfh
aumif;usKd;
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905
jzpfcJUonf/)
uREkfyfonfvnf;
"m;wef;&yf
0if;armif\aetdrf
a&mufESifhaejcif;udk
awGU&\/
pkHprf;Munfhaomtcg
tac:vmjcif;jzpfaMumif;
ajymjyavonf/
OD;apmxHrSpm
(a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&
a&Twd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;rS
vufxuf
tpdk;&tmPmudk
OD;apmESifhtwl
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uREkfyf,kHMunfonfhjyif
ol&d,wdkuf
906
t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfzkdU
zqyvvufxufwGifrS
axmif\t&omudk
jrnf;&bl;yg
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OD;nGefUxHrS
awmhonf/
vcwdk;ay;jcif;
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[Hom0wD
uREkfyfudkac:onfh
pmokH;apmif&&Sdjcif;jzpf\/
BuD;jrifhonfhjyif
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uREkfyfwkdUonf
vcxuf
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uREkfyfonf
vlxkwkduf
vkyfudkifvsuf&dSonfh
xdktcsdefodkU
wdkifatmif (wESpfcefU&SdNyDxifonf/)
vlxkowif;pmonf
avmu"HESifh
907
nmP
oaX;OD;nGefUonf
tp&Sdaom
tvkyform;rsm;u
pdwfwkdif;usonfhtcgrsm;wGif
ajrSmufpm;ay;wwfjcif;ESifhtwl
pdwfwdkif;rusaom
ajymjyonfrSm
rsufESmtvGef&Tifys
tcgrsm;wGifvnf;
okH;av;BudrfNyKH;jyaomfvnf;
wBudrfrsufaMumwif;vQif
908
rmeavQmusykH
vlxkarmifESHonf
yxrwGif
owif;pmacgif;BuD;ta&;tom;ESifh
uRekfyfrSwfrdygao;onf/
vlxkarmifESHwkdUonf
q&mBuD;uJUokdU
tom;qwfqwfwkef
atmifrmeBuD;zkdU
wjznf;jznf;wGifrS
usifhom;&
cHEdkif&nf&Sdvm\/
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a&BuD;cGifhus,fynm&yfwck
r[kwf[l
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909
pdwfxJ
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uREkfyftvGefauseyfaom
tjcif;t&mudk
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azmfjy&
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uREkfyfbufu
vnf;
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910
uREkfyf\pdwfxJ
t"dym,f&SdvSonf/
tvkyf&SifESifh
tvkyform;
oGm;aevdrfhrnf[k
[Hom0wD
,lqaom
tvkyf&SifwdkUom
ajymvdrfhrnfr[kwfqdkum
a&G;cs,frdjcif;um;
awmfavpG[k
cPcP
pum;wvkH;onf
rtrm\cRwf,Gif;csufuav;rsm;udk
vlxkwdkufudk
atmufarhrdygonf/
ajzazsmufap
ygonf/
avmif;upm;yGJrsm;
vlxkwdkuf tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfonf tNrJpdwful;&aom
acgif;BuD;a&;jcif;tvkyfaMumifh OD;aESmuf&Sif;onfhtaejzifhwaMumif;? av;
aumif*sifupm;enf;ynmudk
(tNrJupm;wwfaom)
vlwa,muftm;
vlxkwdkufonf
ol&d,wdkufuJUodkU
pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufr&SdonfESifh
tm;vyfcGifh
vlxkarmifESHwdkUtm;
odMurnfr[kwfojzifh
avmif;upm;&ef
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911
w&kwf'dkifrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh
yufyufpufpuf
xkd;,lEdkifonfqdkum
tm;emzdkUr&Sd/
prf;oyfcsifaompdwf
]wdkuf}vQif
jyif;xef
acsmifvnf&kHrQavmufom
tusKd;ay;onfjzpfaomaMumifh
912
EdkifzdkUta&;rBuD;?
r&IH;yJESifh
a&mufcJU&onfqdkvQif
pdwfauseyfEdkifol
cJ,Of;onfqdkum
tawmftwefEdkifMu\/
aiG150dcefUEdkif\/
uREkfyfuvnf;
uREkfyfrSm
olwkdUbmom
avmif;upm;Mu
uREkfyf\pepft&avmif;upm;
avmbrBuD;yJ
c&D;p&dwfoufom&vQif
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a&mufMuaomtcg
913
um;aemufydkif;rS
xdkifvdkufvmaom
c&D;onf
wa,mufu uREkfyftm;]]q&mBuD;wkdUb,fhES,fvkyfMurvJ}}
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]]uRefawmfhtdrfvdkufcJUMuav? uRefawmfu'D&Gmuyg}}
aiGuav;udk,fpD&SdMuaomaMumifh
uREkfyfwkdUawGa0um
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Mu\/
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eHeufpmnpmudk
xrif;aumif;
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914
wa,mufudkwa,mufMunfhum
yg;pyfa[mif;
ajcvsufavQmufvmcJUMu&m
wacsmif;pDudkifvmMu\/
ESpfrdkifcefUvrf;avQmufMuaomfvnf;
vlvm wa,mufrSrawGU/
vsuf&Sd\/
aiGqdk
vloGm;
*syefacwfBuD;ysufwkef;uxufyif acsmufcsm;
olwkdUESpfa,muf
tvum;&cJUaom
vrf;wGifwkwfrsm;csKd;
aiGb,fhavmufygMurnfrod?
ESajrmvSatmifr&Sd?
uREkfyfurl
wif;wif;awmif;vQif
915
]]ausmufqnfoGm;MurvkdUyJ}}
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awmhr,f pdwful;w,f}} xdktcg uREkfyf\vlESpfa,mufwkdUu ausmufqnf
ab;tE&m,fr&SdEdkif?
rnfolrnf0gwkdUudk
aumif;aumif;od
onf?
ajcvsifravQmuf&awmhyJ
um;pD;oGm;Edkifjcif;
twGuf
]aemifcgvm
aemifcgaps;}[k
oabmxm;vkdufMu
ygawmhonf/
aomifjyifvTwfaom acG;yrm
ausmufqnfodkUa&mufaomtcg wNrdKUvkH; acsmufcsm;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk
awGU&\/ ta&;ydkifESifhwuG tpdk;&t&m&Sdtm;vkH;onf rEav;odkUxGufajy;
oGm;MuavNyD/
olwdkU\tawG;rSm
u&ifolykefrsm;onf
rdwDvmrS
olwkdU\udp&Sd&modkU
oGm;MuonfwGif
uREkfyfwkdUonf
uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufrSm
916
ausmufqnfNrdKUwGif
olwkdUum;
uREkfyfwkdUrSm
udpr&Sd?
uREkfyfwkdU
wnf;cdkp&m&Sdaom
udp&SdavNyD/
[efjrifhrdk&GmrS
eHeufpm
rpm;cJU&ao;aom
eHjym;jzifhom
rEav;oGm;zdkU
tmomajzMu&NyD;aemuf
jzpfEdkifaomenf;udk
waeUvkH;
pkHprf;&SmazGMu\/
od&\/
wGifuREkfyfwdkUu
]]oGm;omoGm;yg?
bmrS
aus;&Gmrsm;wGif
vrf;ay:rSapmifh
uREkfyfwkdU\avmf&Dum;udk
w&Gmrl
&Gmom;wusdyfcefUonf
&Gmom;rsm;onf
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cuf&if;?
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917
rsufpdxJwGif
jrifa,mifao;
NyKH;rdygao;onf/
xdkvlBuD;onf
wusdyfcefUrQaom
cg;axmuf
avQmuf,if;
&Gmom;rsm;\a&SUrS
uREkfyfwkdUtm;
ppfAdkvfBuD;[efrsKd;ESifh
]][dk;}}[ktrdefUay;vdkuf&m
a&TMuuf,ufodkU
pkefvmMu\/
n9em&DausmfrS
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wdwfqdwfpGm
tdrfodkUvdkufNyD;ajymif;zl;jyKwfjzifh
uyfvsuf&SdMu\/
NyD;&jyef
iSuform;\
waeUvkH;xrif;iwf&aom
tjzpfESifh BuKHcJU&avonf/
aMumufyJaMumufvGef;onf
eHeufvif;aomtcg rEav;odkU bwfpfum;ESifhvdkufMu tdrfodkU
a&muf&mwGif
uREkfyfwkdUtwGufpdk;&drfylyefvsuf&Sdaom
vlxkarmifESHwkdUtm;
tjzpftysufudk
tdrfom;rsm;ESifh
[kwfwkdif;rSef&m
ajymjy&onf/
&SdaeMu&aomaMumifh
jzpfavonf/
rEav;rSvlrsm;url
tcsnf;ESD;taMumif;rJUaMumufvefUaeMu
918
jcif;jzpfae\/
t&m&Sdwpk\
pdwfqdk;rdonf/
nHUzsif;rIaMumifh
rdrdwkdU'kujzpf&onf[k
tawmtwGif;ausmufqnfaiGwdkufrS
rEav;odkU
Mum;&aomtcg
0rf;omrdovdk
&Sdaomfvnf;
919
rEav;odkUa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf;
xkdenf;twl
&ufpufrnf
rcHcsifaom
pdwfxm;uav;ESifh
a&;rdonfcsnf;jzpf\/
tu,fwEK
u&ifrsm;0ifvm
(0ifzkdUuvnf;
aocsm
920
u&ifolykefrsm;0ifvmjcif;
rEav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf
arNrdKUrS
u&ifrsm;qif;vmonf[k
u&ifrsm;0ifvmMuavNyD/
okdUaomf
u&ifrsm;onf
rNzKHyJ
avSum;&if;rSxdkif
MunfhaecJUonf/
(&Jonf[k
921
ppfwdkufenf;jzpf
udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;
tpdk;&rsm;u
twkcdk;enf;,l
xdkufonfrxifay/
Armtpdk;&onf
aumif;uifrS
av,mOfysHESifh
(AdkvfcsKyfvrf;BuD;)ay:r[kwfao;yJ
0g;wJBuD;ESifh
&Sdao;\/
rsufESmcsif;
qdkifwGif&Sdaom
wdkufjzpfonf/)
uREkfyfonf
tdyf&may:
aq;&dk;0if;twGif;
xdktcsdefwGif
if;0g;wJBuD;ESifh
tkwfwdkufa[mif;BuD;wckwGif
pmzwfvsuf&Sd&m
(a':pkwkdU\
'dkif;erdkif;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh
yufvufvSefvsuf
pmzwfaeaom
uREkfyfxHodkU
0kef;ueJ
922
jrif&\/
wdkufcef;wGif;okdU
vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg
rvkdufyJrjzpfaMumif; ajymvsuf&Sd
jiif;qefrjzpfEdkifaMumif;
odMuaomtcg
923
uREkfyfonf
ppfwyfESifhywfouf
tNidtpGef;&Sdonfh
rauseyfcsuf&Sd&rnfjzpf&m
txufyg
aMumufwwfvSonf[k
rpGyfpGJoifhyg/
924
pum;ajym
acwpum;jywfonfwGif
wa,mufu
]]cifAsm;wkdUu
uRefawmfwkdU
ppfAdkfvfuav;
taMumif;awG
a&;ykHu
ypfxm;cJUykH
ckdudk;&mrJUjzpfNyD;
taMumif;a&;jcif;udk
tm;i,fonfESifh
ajymawmhrnf[k
a&;rdjcif;jzpfaMumif;
&dyfrd
ajymrnf[k
(AdkvfrI;usifonf
oabmaumif;ykH&onf[laom
ywf0ef;usif&Sdaom
txiftjrifonf
,aeUwdkif pJGvsuf&Sdygonf/)
925
ppfAdkvfuav;rsm;xuf
uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif
tewacgif;BuD;rsm;
owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm; a&;&mwGif ay:yifowif;ESifh ywfouf
(Topical)
bmudkvufudkifxm;Muonf
rajymwwfay/
uREkfyfrlum;
obm0taMumif;t&mrsm;
jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh
(vufrcHEdkif
yk*dKvfum;
],l}&efr[kwf?
]ay;}csifvmjcif;jzpfonf[k
926
udk,hfq&mawmf\enf;emed,rSwyg;
tvum;[m
(,ckaumvif;NrdKU
qefpufydkif)
927
OD;boifjzpfav&m
olonf
a&Trif;0HacsmifodkU
uREkfyfwkdUESifh
twlvkduf
uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf
pm;a&;aomufa&;yg
&ufowwywfcefUxdkifzdkU
tpDtpOfjyKvkyfay;oGm;ygonf/
uREkfyfrSm
0dyemtvkyfESifh
ywfouf]tpdrf;}wa,muf
todrsm;udk
tm;vkH;z,fxm;
enf;
ponfwkdUudk a&Smif&Sm;NyD;)
wdwdusus
*CPe
ausmif;0if;BuD;
ywfywfvnf
928
pBuFavQmufcsnfwvSnfh?
ausmif;ay:
]tazmif;tydef}
rSwfcsnfwvSnfhjzifh
wnOfhvkH;
tcsdef
]]rtdyfcsifygeJU}}[k
trdefUay;&kHESifh
csufcsif;vdkyif
929
tawmtwGif;
toufjyif;pGm&I&Idufjcif;onf
wkd;wkd;
&Gufzsifukvm;xdkifay:xdkifum
tvkyfvkyfjcif;jzpf&m
em;rvnfEdkifatmifjzpfae\/
aemuf uREkfyfonf
ukvm;xdkifay:
twefMumatmifpBuFavQmufNyD;
wzefjyefxkdif
,cifutwkdif;
a&mufvm\/
xkdUaemuf
toufjyif;jyif;&SLaomtjzpfodkU
bmjzpfoenf;[kpOf;pm;p&m
tajzrxGufvmacs/
twGif;wGif
wBudrfum;
oufjyif;&SLaomtjzpfodkU
aMumufpdwfudkESdrfeif;jzpfcsif&m
930
a&mufvmjyef\/
jzpfprf;ygapqdkum
b&dwfrtkyfyJ
vTwfay;vdkufonf/
touf&SLjcif;onf
jyif;onfxuf
uREkfyfaumif;aumif;od\/
odkUjzifh
wcsufxufwcsuf
wu,fNidrfrNidrfudk
uREkfyftrSefrajymEdkifyg/)
xdkuJUodkU
bmoHrSvnf;
Mum;onfrxif?
bmrSvnf;
931
q&mawmfvnf;tcufawGU\
uREkfyfonf xdkif&mrSxcJU q&mawmfxHokdUoGm;NyD; taMumif;jcif;&m
udk avQmufxm;av&m q&mawmfonf rBuKHbl;onfhvuPmESifh uREkfyfudk
Munfh aeNyD;aemuf]]'umBuD;&JUtjzpfu awmfawmfqef;wmyJ? avSum;rygyJeJU xef;yif
ay:a&mufwJUvlvdk
[kar;\/
jzpfaeNyDaum?
uREkfyfu,cifu
taMumif;wkdUudk
b,fw&m;rsm;
tm;xkwfbl;ovJ}}
tm;xkwfcJUbl;ykHESifh
tusOf;csKyfavQmufxm;av&m
ouFef;0wfcJUbl;jcif;
q&mawmfonf
uREkfyf
xyfrHtm;xkwfzkdU
wdkufwGef;jyefjcif;
,m*kaomuf&eftwGuf
oDv&Sif\
932
ausmif;odkUoGm;Mu\/
oDv&Sifq&muav;ajymonfhtwdkif;
em&D0uft"dXmefjyK
xef;yifay:okdUa&mufjcif;udk
auseyfykHr&ojzifh
933
odkUjzpf
OD;xifrSmrl
oabmus0rf;ajrmufvufcHavonf/
uREkfyfu
uREkfyfjzpfykHudk
olwkdUa&SUwGif
toufiifaeouJUodkU
vkyfjy&m
armonfhtjzpfudk
olwkdUonf
uREkfyf\
aMumufvefUMuaomfvnf;
uREkfyfudk,fwdkifvnf;
wjznf;jznf;
tjcif;t&mwckjzpfygonf/
enf;jyq&mawmfu
NidrfoufoGm;jcif;[lonfrSm
OD;boifu
rqkH;jzwfEdkifyJ&Sdjcif;wkdUudk
em;rvnfp&m
[kwfonf[kajymjcif;ESifh
tyxm;
uREkfyfonf
rdr\
d tjzpfudk tjyefjyeftvSefvSef pdppfpkHprf;ygonf/ uREkfyfwoufywfvkH;
em;vnfxm;onfrSmum; r*fqdkufjcif;wnf;[laom OmPftvkyfjzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; r*fOmPf zdkvfOmPf[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ OmPf[lonfrSm
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tyxm;)
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934
rdbrsm;tm;EdI;
ajymjycJU&bl;onf/
Oyrm
odvdkufbdouJUodkU
jzpf\/
xdkvlonf
wzefjyefvnfaom
rsufpdvnf
aysmufcJU&jcif;rsKd;[l
wpkHw&mrQ
r&SdcJU&
935
t"dXmef\tpGrf;yifjzpf&rnf[k
uREkfyf
ynm(OmPf)\
tpGrf;owdr[kwf[l
qkH;jzwfcsufcs
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enf;odkU
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936
bmomjyeftvkyf jyefaumuf&jcif;
1949 ckESpf? {NyDv 24&ufaeUwGif vlxkwdkufudk 'dkif;erdkif;tcJGcH
&ojzifh vlxkowif;pm &yfpJvkduf&onfwGif uREkfyfonf bmomjyef
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937
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943
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944
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tjzpfESifh tjcm;aomacG;rsm;ESifh rBuKHbl;avmufatmif cifrifvsuf&Sd \/
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waeUu tdrfeD;csif;rsm;u ESdyfES,fay;jcif;udk ESdyfpufonfxif abmfbDu
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947
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948
949
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950
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951
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952
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953
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954
qEjywwfaom abmfbD
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twGuf pdwfckwkwkjzpfoGm;ygonf/ uREkfyfuvnf;armifae0if;u apwemESifh
ay;onfh acG;tzkd;wef (t,fvfaq;&Sif;rsKd;) jzpfonfhjyif oifMum;wwf
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tcgwdkif; rsufESmnId;i,foGm;jcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&\/ uREkfyfuolUudk ac:onfh
tcgrsm;wGif ,cifuuJUodkU csufcsif;rvmyJ wcGef;jyif ESpfcGef;ac:rS vmav
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uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ uREkfyfonfabmfbD\ trlt&majymif;vJjcif;udk oabm
usovdkvdk rusovkdvdkjzpfrd\/ uREkfyftay:,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdatmif wmwG,f
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uREkfyfESifh wdkifeDuav;rSmvnf; oHa,mZOfBudK;aESmifzGJUvsuf &SdMuNyDwMumif;?
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955
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956
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957
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958
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arG;bl;ygao;onf/ xdkpOftcgu twlaeaom om;orD;r&Sdonfh uREkfyfrSm
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ae0if; t,fvfaq;&Sif;rsKd; acG;uav;rsm; &Sdygao;vQif uREkfyfawmif;
,lOD;rnfjzpf&m ol\acG;uav; ckESpfaumifvkH;rSm aoukefMuNyDjzpf tjcm;
ae&mrS awmif;,l&onf/ uREkfyfonf "m;wef;&yfrS acG;xD;uav; waumif
udk oabmus awmif;Munhf&m olUocifutxD;csnf;ray;Edkif? tr
uav;waumifyg wJG,l&rnf[k ajymaomaMumifh armifESrwpkH,l&\/
acG;cspfwwfaom uREkfyfwkdUonf EdkUrcGJwcGJ &Sdaeao;aom olwkdUESpfaumifudk
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aMumifh ]<uufpkwf}[krSnfhxm;&m (abmfbDrSm EIwfoD;ykwdk ESifhem;&Gufukyf
jzpfonf/) acG;ruav;udkrl ]ruf*D}[k rSnfhxm;\/ waeUo uREkfyfonf
rif;uGef;bufodkU Oykof&uf&Snfapmifh&ef oGm; jyefa&mufvm&m wGif
<uufpkwfESifhruf*DwkdUudkac: EIwfquf\/ ruf*Donf uREkfyftm; ]yvl;
yvJ}vkyfum EIwfqufNyD;aemuf uREkfyf\'l;udk qwfueJudkufvkduf ojzifh
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959
960
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uREkfyfwkdUrSmokH;ESpf
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961
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962
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963
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964
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1960
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965
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966
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967
uREkfyftm;
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968
cyf&Iyf&Iyf&Sdaeao;onfh
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969
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970
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971
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972
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973
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974
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vrf;c&D;wGif
vSrf;
EIwfquf
vsuf&SdMu&m
rsufESmi,fMujcif;twGuf
uREkfyfoem;rdonf/
okdU
uREkfyfonf
rdrdukd,fwdkifEIdufu
975
rsufESmri,f?
tm;ri,f
uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;
c&D;oGm;aom
tcgrsm;wGifvnf;
taMumif;aMumifhaywnf;/
&Ir0twGuf
awmfvfpwGdKif\
uREkfyfonf
t,fem
awmif;yefrIaMumifh) bmrqkdifnmrqdkif
976
pma&;q&mopfrsm;jzpfMuonfh
okc?
om"k?
OD;nGefUESifh
twefMumNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
OD;qefeDwkdUonf
uREkfyftm;
uREkfyfESifh
w&m;"r
oduRrf;onfrSm
avhvmvkdufpm;ol
977
w&m;aqG;aEG;&m
uREkfyfonf
Oykof
(Revolutionary Type)
Ak'bmomwa,muf
csD;usL;ajymqdkwwfaomfvnf;
rd&dk;zvmtwkdif;
pdyfykwD;ESifh
&dyfBuD;cdkNyD;
bmoma&;t,ltqrSm
Oykofapmifhjcif;rQavmufudk
uREkfyfESifhOD;qefeDwkdUrSm
,lykHqykH
cyfuGJuGJ&SdMu
uREkfyft,ltq
axmufcHjcif;u
rsm;vm\/
uGJvJGrI&Sdwdkif;
OD;nGefUonfuREkfyfbufrS
MumMumaeaomtcg
ukrPDtvkyfudk
w&m;"raqG;aEG;&jcif;[lonfrSm
tawmfcJ,Of;\/
978
OD;nGefUonfrEav;okdU
uREkfyfrjyefapvdkonfh
aus;Zl;wifvSaMumif;ajym&ygonf/
tcuftcJwck&SdaeonfrSm
uREkfyfonf
okdU&mwGif
bmomjyeftvkyf
979
rEav;rS
vlxkOD;vSwkdUvifr,m;u
vlxkowif;pm
jyefxkwfzkdU
vufcHaomtcgwdkif;
vctenf;trsm;xuf
uREkfyf
980
zsufvdkufygonf/)
jyefwufvmcJU&m
wacgufwGif
&efukefrSrEav;okdU
NAdwdoQbm;rm;OD;nGefUuay;rnfqdkaom
tultnDudk
ZeD;ESifhc,frwkdUrSmvnf;
&efukefodkUuREkfyfwkdU
981
twlwuG
aexdkifcJUMuonfhtwGif;
(ESpfESpfcefU
aiG{nfhonf?
oGm;zefrsm;awmh
aomuf{nfhonf
uREkfyfwkdUtm;
EIwfquf&ef
vufaqmifuav;rsm;ESifh
982
ESD;&if;aom
rdwfaqGwa,muftjzpfESifh
]]aomufawmh
owday;bl;ygonf/
(aomfwmaqGudkvnf;
twdkif;yif
tcsuftvufrsm;
awGU&jcif;udk
MunfjzLpGm
0efcH&ayrnf/
avmu0wf
ausyGefjcif;udk
uREkfyfBuKH&onf/
rBudK;pm;?
BudK;pm;vQifyif
oabm&onf/
983
jzpfvdrfhrnfrxif[k
vuf0Jpmayavhvmjcif;
1951ckESpf aEG&moDwGif vlxkwdkufrScGifhESpfv,l arNrdKU tdrfwvkH;
iSm;NyD; q&mvGif\aetdrfrS ajymif;a&TUaexdkif&m aomfwmaqGvnf; vdkufyg
vm\/
uREkfyfonf
vlxkowif;pmwdkuf
okH;ESpfausmfrQ
t,f'Dwm
e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;ponfh
t,ltqrsm;wGif
oabmwlnDMu
uREkfyfem;rvnfEdkifyJ
uREkfyfa&mufaomtcgwGif
jzpfaeawmhonf/
vuf0J0g'ESifh
okdUjzpf
ywfoufonfh
arNrdKUodkU
pmayrsm;udk
zwf&onfh
ac:pmtkyfBuD;wtkyfyg&Sd&m
pmtkyfrsm;teuf
udprsKd;wGif
OD;Eka&;onfh
]rmhufqD;Zdrf;}
jrefrmbmomESifha&;
onfh
984
wa,muf
a&;xm;jcif;jzpfonfwaMumif;?
t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;
r&ao;
]wdrfovm}rsm;udk
xkwf,lypfvdkufonfhES,f
puKtvif;
w&m;onf
rw&m;onf[laomuREkfyf\rlv
]pHcsdef}
rSm
985
t&qdkygvQif
zdESdyfjcif;cH&aom
vlrsm;pktm;
zdESdyfaom
vlenf;pk\
uREkfyfem;vnfonf/
rmhufpfrsm;onf
uREkfyf\
r&SdawmhNyD[k pdwfcs&NyD
986
txifBuD;ouJUokdUyif
uREkfyfvnf;
txifBuD;cJU\/
uREkfyfusrf;wapmifwzJGU jyKpkcJUonfh
'daX'daXarwH
usifhpOft&
odkU&mwGif
if;wkdU\nTefMum;csuft&
jzpfaomaMumifh)
tm;vkH;rSefonf[k
987
vufrcHcsifawmhyJ
rSm;jcif;\taMumif;&if;
&Sif;OD;tHU? taMumif;ESifhywfouf uREkfyftm;a&S;OD;pGm rsufpdzGifh
ay;ouJUodkU&Sdaom tjcif;t&monfum; pwmvif? c&ka&Smhudpyif jzpf\/
pwmvifvufxuf
vuf0J0g'orm;rsm; tm;vkH;vdkyif
pwmviftm;
c&ka&Smhudk,kHMunfol[l
ESpf*dkPf;ay:xGuf
vmav&m
uREkfyfjrifvmonf/
qdkvdkjcif;rSm
umvfrmhufpfESifh
qkH;jzwfzdkUrBudK;pm;yJ
vuf0Jacgif;acgifrsm;vnf;
rSm;csif
tb,fhaMumifh rSm;Mu&oenf;[k
pwmvifonfvnf;aumif;?
xyfavmif;
c&ka&Smhonfvnf;aumif;
ppfaq;jyef&m
EdkifiHa&;wGif
[kwfvnf;[kwf&rnf/
avmb?
a'go?
rmewnf;[laom
988
a'goESifhrmewdkUaMumifh
jzpfonf[k
uREkfyf&Sif;&Sif;BuD;
ywfouf
pdwfxJr&Sif;vif;aomtcsufrsm;?
rauseyf
vuf0Jorm;rsm;onfvnf;
989
(Ak'udk
uREkfyf
tm;xkwfxm;aom
umvfrmhufpf\
zwf&Iavhvm&jcif;aMumifh
]aiG&if;}
&&SdcJUaom
[laom
pmtkyfBuD;udk
tusKd;aus;Zl;ESifh
a*gwrAk'\
tusKd;aus;Zl;wkdUudk
vlrsm;pkqif;&jcif;udk
990
EIdif;,SOfazmfjyvdkygao;onf/
awGU&onfhtcg
rnfokdUaom
vlrsm;pkqif;&JrIudp
vltrsm;0dkif;NyD;
BudK;pm;vdkouJUodkU
pdwfcsrf;omrIESifh
ywfouf
Ak'0g'
(0dyemtvkyf
olUu@ESifhol
tvGef&Sm;yg;onfudk
ydkif;jcm;em;vnfaomvlonf
awGU&\/
]rmhufqD;ZD;}pmtkyfudk
urmavmu
a&;xkwfaom
a*gwrAk'\pdwfcsrf;omrI
rNyD;onfhtjzpfudk
aq;enf;rSm
vufawGUtm;jzifh
ig;yg;oDvavmufESifh
odEdkifavmufygvsuf
odykHr&yJ
991
vrf;avQmufzkdU 0g'jzefUjcif;
uREkfyfonf a&mufav&mt&yfwGif eHeufapmapm vrf;avQmufzdkU
udk,fwdkifavhusifh&kHomru taygif;tazmfrsm;tm;vnf; aoG;aqmifjcif;?
erlemjyjcif;?
wdkufwGef;jcif;
jyKvkyfavh&Sd\/
rEav;NrdKUq&mvGif\
arNrdKU
aexdkifvsuf&SdpOfuvnf;
ESifhvlxkrtrm\zcif(OD;xif)tygt0if
aomfwmaqG
vrf;avQmufazmf
av;a,muf&
apmifhac:wwfavonf/
1951ckESpf
aEG&moD
eHeuf
vrf;avQmufonfhtcg
[ma0,H
&SyftuFsDrQESifh
vloGm;vlvmenf;jcif;?
uw↦vrf;
edAmefjzpfonf[k
qdkxdkufayonf/
pifppfrSm
arNrdKUuJUokdUyif
qdkcJUNyD;aom
992
aumif;jcif;rsm;ESifhjynfhpkH
ukef;jrifhNrdKUrsm;okdU
oGm;onfhtcgwdkif;
bdkifpu,fudkvnf;
okdUjzpf
vrf;BudKvrf;Mum;rusef
tcsKdUvlrsm;u
]]bdkifpu,fpD;wJU
tbdk;BuD;
ydefydef&Snf&Snf
wa,muf}}[k trSwftom;jyKvmMuavonf/
[moorm;enf;y&d,m,f
1951ckESpf? ZGefvwGif aomfwmaqGESifh uREkfyfwkdUonf arNrdKUrS
qif;vmMuaomtcg q&mvGif\tdrfwGif raeawmhyJ 33vrf; wdkufwvkH;
iSm;aexdkifMuonf/ aomfwmaqGonf uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl wvcefU quf
vufaexdkifNyD;aemuf &efukefokdUjyefoGm;\/ oli,fonf uREkfyf\tdrf
okH;vcefUaexdkifoGm;&m bmudpESifhvmonf[k oluvnf;rajym? uREkfyf
uvnf;
rar;acs/
aemufrsm;
ol\
]udk,fawGU}wckudk
uREkfyf
993
&dkufonfqdkjcif;rSmvnf;
idkjcif;}qdkouJUokdU
]yGJoem;atmif
[kwfrS[kwfygavp[k
rif;om;uav;u
oHo,jzpfrdonf/
olonf
(,kHr,kH
tyxm;)
oabmuswwfonfhtavsmuf
vlxkarmifESHwkdUuvnf;
uREkfyfpdwftm;xufoefjcif;
994
udk
pOf;pm;&jcif;tvkyfonf
OD;aESmuf&Iyfonf[kqdkMu\/
rdrdjyKorQtwdkif;cH&onf/
995
pH&onfqdkaom
bmom0g'onf
obm0usrus
qkH;jzwfwwfaom
OmPf[lonfrSmvnf;
awGU&onf/
taemufwdkif;om;rsm;onf
yifudkOmPft&mwGif
udk;uG,faom
tjypfrsm;twGuf
taemufwdkif;om;rsm;onf
ocifa,&Ic&pfu
cHonfqdkjcif;udk
uREkfyftzdkU&m
tHUMorqkH;Edkifatmif
&Sdygbd
996
tm;cJxm;Mu\/
vrf;pjrifonfjzpfap?
997
qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk
oem;zG,f&m
uefUuGufajymqdkMujcif;rSmrl
jrifwwfaomyg&rDygcJUjcif;?
(3)
oaX;jzpfcsifaom
998
if;wkdU\wdkif;jynfrsm;
qdk&S,fvpfpepf
jzpfxGef;zkdU
r&SdEdkifjcif;um;
csD;usL;ajymqdkoHrsm;vnf;
999
ay:xGufvmonf/
okdU&mwGif
uREkfyfonf
OD;nGefUay;bl;aom
tultnDudk
pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh
uREkfyftm;
wbufu
pOf;pm;rdygonf/
onfudk
ckESpf?
pufwifbmv
yDuif;NrdKUwGifusif;yonfh
urmh
1000
uREkfyfESifh
vTwfawmftrwf
'kwd,OuXrsm;tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;
ref;xGef;&ifwkdUtm;
wifajrSmufum
yDuif;uGefz&ifhodkU
zwfcJU&bl;ol
wa,muf
jzpfonfESifh
tjcm;
ra&mufbl;aom
a'owckodkU
a&mufbl;
rnfrQavmuf
rSefuefrnfudk
odvdkvSonfESifh
udk,fpm;vS,f&Sdvdrfhrnf
rxifay/
okdU&mwGif
uREkfyf\
1001
wifaqmifvmcJU
befaumufodkU
a&mufaomtcgusrS
Muifemjcif;oabmESifh
(yckuLNrdKUrS
jynfhpkHonfh
ocifaumif;qifhjzpf
toufBuD;&ifholjzpf
udk,fpm;vS,fwa,mufu
uREkfyfarwmydkUygonf/)
'kurrsm;ygapESifh?
uREkfyftm;
uREkfyfrSm
jyefydkUrnfhtpm;
uREkfyfwkdUudk,fpm;vS,frsm;teufwGif
ajymwwf
olUtcsdefwGif
vkyfMurnfomjzpfonf/) aemufwaeU
1002
ygvmojzifh
uREkfyftawmftm;wufrdonf/
'kwd,tokwfjzpfaom
&efEdkifpdefwkdUudk
vSnfhvnfMu&mwGif
uREkfyfwkdU
uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/
udk,fpm;vS,f
w&kyfjynfBuD;twGif;
30ausmfrQ&Sdonfhteuf
vlopfwa,mufESifh
r[kwfonfhtwdkif;
rdwfaqGjzpfzkdU
a&S;uwnf;u
vG,fulolwa,muf
oduRrf;NyD;jzpfonfh
q&mBuD;ocif
pma&;q&mBuD;wa,muftaejzifhvnf;aumif;
txdkuftavsmuf
av;pm;jcif;&SdMuykH&\/
okdU&mwGif
tjyeftvSef
udkbNidrf;onf
rQru
rjynfhjcif;udkawGU&\/ vTwfawmftrwfwa,mufqdkvQif
jynfh0oifhonf[k
uREkfyf,lqxm;onf/
(onfrSm
1003
uREkfyf\
udkbNidrf;tm;ajymjyonfh
]tEdkifusifh}
jcif;udk
vuPm&Sd\/
rcHcsif&kHESifh
udkbNidrf;ESifh
rNyD;yJ
uREkfyfonf
tv,frSxdkifum
uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufudk
owdxm;Munfhwwfonfh
tavhtx&Sdolwa,mufjzpf
cyfcJGcJG
cyfat;at;yif
aecJUygawmhonf/
odkU&mwGif
rdwfaqG[lorQonf
yxrwGif
txpfaigh&SdNyD;rS
em;vnfrI&
1004
'*kefwm&m
pma&;q&m '*kefwm&monfvnf; urmhNidrf;csrf;a&; udk,fpm;vS,f
wOD;tjzpfESifhtwloGm;Mu if;tm; txdkfuftavsmuf avhvmcGifh&cJUonf/
yDuif;odkUroGm;MurD
4ESpfcefUavmufu
'*kefwm&monf
uREkfyf\
rajymwwf?
q&m&efatmif
r[kwfvQifvnf;
wa,muf
uREkfyftaMumif;
udk
'*kefwm&mtay:
(aiGOa'gif;\pum;t&)
(Good Mixer)
1005
xdkUaMumifhyif uREkfyfonf
wrifa&Smif
raomufyJaecJUjcif;jzpf\/
yDuif;okdUa&mufMu
wBudrf
]jynfh}aom
t&nftcsif;&Sdjcif;udk
awGU&\/
apmjrat;MunfwkdUvdk
tqdkawmfBuD;
rsKd;eJUrS
uREkfyfem;axmifcGifh&aomtcg
qkH;jzwfcJUygonf/
axG&mav;yg;
xdkUaemuf
pmay
taMumif;t&mrsm;udkaqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif
vlwa,muf
t&nftcsif;jynfh0jcif;udk
awGU&onfhtcg
1006
q&mBuD;ESifh uREkfyf
w&kwfjynf c&D;vSnfhvnfMupOf uREkfyfonftcGifhBuKHwdkif; q&mBuD;
ocifudkf,fawmfrIdif;ESifhtwlc&D;oGm;avh&Sd\/ ]tcGifhBuKHwdkif;} [l azmfjy
&jcif;rSm
rD;&xm;ESifh
c&D;oGm;Muaomtcgrsm;omvQif
q&mBuD;ESifh
udpuREkfyfESifh
t,ltqrwljcif;udk
aemiftcgwGif
olU
]&SdpkrJUpk}
jzpf[ef&Sdaom
1007
'*Fg;rsm;ESifh
rl;aph?
rwfaph
ta<uuav;rsm;udk
vufckyfjzifhaqmif,lvmNyD;
uREkfyf\tdwfxJokdU
uREkfyfjrif&\/
xdkUaemufwESpfausmfcefUMum
awGUqkH
uREkfyfESifhuJGMu&m
olUtjypfudkjrKyfxm;NyD;
uREkfyfESifh
]]igurodaygifuGm?
[kjyefajymavonf/
rif;rdbrsm;u
uREkfyfonfrdrdtm;
twdkfif;rod
auseyftm;&jcif;
jzpfcJU&bl;ygonf/
uREkfyf\vlaygif;rqefUykH
uREkfyftay: udkbNidrf;uat;pufpufvkyfvmonfqdkvQifyif tjcm;
aom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUu (tm;vkH;awmhr[kwfyg/) uREfkfyftay: wGif
txl;wvnfav;pm;rI r&Sdawmhjcif;udk uREkfyfawGUvm&onf/ uREkfyfonf
tdfrfh&Sifrsm;jzpfaom w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;tay: ({nfh0wfausyGefjcif; twGuf)
auseyfzG,faumif;jcif;udk w&kwfjynfoGm; rSwfwrf;wGif csD;usL;a&;om;
cJUbl;onfjzpf&m rdrdwdkUtcsif;csif; auseyfzG,fraumif;onfh tjcif;t&mudk
1008
ae&mwGif
a&;om;azmfjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/
waeUo
uREkfyfwdkU
oGm;a&mufMunfh&IMu
tjyefwGif
oabFmESifh
nTefjycsuft&)
vJavsmif;um
tdyfae\/
ajymumjyefvJScdkif;ayonf/
tcsdefudkrav;pm;jcif;?
tjzpftysufESifh
uREkfyfwkdUarmfawmfum;pD;&NyD;
wuG
olwkdUtzkdUbwfpf
udkbNidrf;a&G;vmcJUaom
urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
1009
avmif;upm;jcif;uif;ykH
uREkfyfwkdUonf w&kwfjynf vSnfhvnfMunfh&IMupOf w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;
tay: rauseyfp&m bmwckrQ rawGU&yJ x<uvkHUv0D&d,&Sdjcif;? olwkdU\
acgif;aqmifrsm;pum;udk MunfjzLpGm em,lMuykH&jcif;wkdUudkom awGU&\/
wdk;wufjcif;[lonfrSmrl w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;\ ,ciftajctaeudk rjrif&bl;yJ
wacgufwnf; a&mufbl;oljzpf EIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfp&m r&SdonfhtwGuf
aMumifh wkd;wufonf? okdUr[kwf qkwf,kwfonf[k uREkfyfu rSwfcsufcscJU
vQif t"dym,f&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ uREkfyfcsD;rGrf;rdaom tcsufwckrSm
avmif;upm;jcif;tvkyf urmausmfatmif 0goemBuD;aom w&kwfvlrsKd;
jzpfcJUygvsuf armfpDwkH;vufxufwGif rnfonfhae&mXmewGifrS avmif;upm;
jcif;ESifhywfouf
t&dyftaiGUrjrifcJU&jcif;yifjzpfonf/
taMumif;udk
1010
tvefUwMum; pdwfysufjcif;
txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm w&kwfjynfodkUoGm;cJU&jcif;
ESifh ywfoufuHraumif;aom tjcif;t&mrsm; tawmfuav; BuKHcJU&\/
w&kwfjynfrS jyefvmMu e,fpyfjzpfaom rD;&xm;blwm&kHodkU qdkufa&muf
Mu&mwGif uREkfyf\ywfpfykwfpmtkyfuav; &SmrawGUyJjzpfaeonf [kajymMu
tawmfpdwfnpfoGm;\/ uREkfyfwkdUudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;onf rdrdwkdU\
EdkifiHul;vufrSwf (ywfpfykwfpmtkyfuav;)rsm;udk w&kwftpdk;& t&m&Sd
rsm;\vufodkU toD;oD;ay;tyfxm;Mu&av&m e,fpyfblwm&kHodkU a&mufMu
aomtcg tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;\ ywfpfykwfrsm; awGU&ygvsuf
uREkfyf\ywfpfykwfwckwnf;rSa&G;NyD; aysmufaeonfqdkaomaMumifh tvGef
pdwfraumif;yJjzpfoGm;cJU\/ ywfpfykwfrygcJUvQif e,fpyfudk ul;ausmfcGifh
r&Sdojzifh uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; w&kwfjynf csefae&pfrnfqdk aomaMumifh
tvGefpdwfysufvsuf&Sd\/ odkUjzpf uREkfyfonf jyefoGm;Murnfh udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;udkyif EIwfrqufEdkifyJ rD;&xm;ay: wa,mufwnf; yufvuf
vSefum tdyfae&pfonf/ okdU&SdpOf rdrdudk,fudk ]]w&kwfjynfa&muf csifvSwJU
ieJwa,muf rSwfaya&mhuGm? rif;wa,mufwnf; b,fESpf&uf b,fESpfv
aecJU&r,frqdkEdkifbl;? tDoGm;atmif ae&vdrfhr,f? rSwfua&maygh uGm}}[k
ajymrdygao;onf/
uREkfyfrSmtazmfcifwwfonfqdkavmufonfh
0goem
pum;jyefw&kwfruav;ajy;vmonfudkjrif&
1011
vufxJ
pmtkyfeDuav;udk
rrSwfrdyg/
pmtkyfuav;udk
jrifvdkuf&jcif;uJUokdU
0rf;omaomtjzpfudk
olUvufrSqGJ,lNyD;
vufqGJtdwfuav;udk
1012
NrdKUudk
ESHUatmifvSnfhvnfMunfh&Ivdkaom
twljyefMu&rnfh
qEvnf;&Sd\/
&[ef;udk,fpm;vS,fESpfyg;onf
rvdkufvdkao;onfESifh
udkbNidrf;tm;
uREkfyfwkdUESifh
uREkfyfwkdUESifh
ae&pfcGifh&ap&ef
twl
ajymcdkif;Mu&m
udkbNidrf;udkjrif&onfESifh
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;xHrS
okH;&ufcefUqufvufaexdkifcGifh&SdMuav&m
uREkfyfomvQif
n8em&DtcsdefwGif
qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg
txl;aphpyfpGm
arTaESmuf&SmazGppfaq;Mu\/
EdkifiHjcm;rS
tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;ESifh
orm;rsm;onf
avqdyf
EIdif;pmvQif
tawmfrsufESmi,fykH&\/
urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
t&m&Sdrsm;onf
uREkfyfwkdUonf
jrefrmaiGESifh
0,f,lcJUjcif;r[kwfyJ
(Wealth)
wkd;yGm;vmjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh if;ypnf;tay:rS
1013
&efukefodkU
jyefa&mufaomtcgwGif
OD;nGefUxHokdUoGm;EIwfqufav&m
"rrdwfaqGBuD;
OD;nGefUESifh
uREkfyfwdkU
]]uRefawmfu
Murf;ydk;udkvdyfjzpfatmif
a&;wwfw,fvdkU
qdkvdkufjcif;vm; cifAsm}}
nGefU/ (&,farmvsuf)]]'Dvdkawmhrqdkvdkygbl;? OD;azodef;u taMumif;
jy&mrSm ,kwd,kwmt&Smaumif;vGef;vdkU uRefawmfwkdUu vefUw,fcifAsm}}
Ekyf/]]udk,fhpnf;pdrf jyKwfavrvm;vdkU vefUwmvm;cifAsm? odkUaomf
vnf; uRefawmfwifjyorQ[muawmh uRefawmfjrifwJUtwdkif; &dk;&dk;om;om;
wifjyjcif;jzpfygw,f? y&d,m,feJU vSnfhpm;jcif;rygygbl; cifAsm}}
1014
]]uRefawmfawGUcJUwmuawmh
w&kwfjynfrSm
tvkyform;
]]ajrydkif&SifBuD;awG&JU
vuf0,frSm&SdwJU
v,fajrawGudk
]]uRefawmfwkdUqDrSmvJ
v,fajrawGudk
a0iSay;vdkufwm
]]uRefawmfvJ
Mum;&bl;ygw,f?
uRefawmfwkdUqDu
acgif;ykHjzwfwJUvlujzwf?
usefwJUaiGuav;udk
1015
nGefU/
]]'DvkdqdkvQif
v,fajrawGa0ay;wJU
pepf[mb,frSm
aumif;vdkUvJcifAs}}
Ekyf/ ]]pepfuawmhrqdk;ygbl;? vkyfykHvkyfenf;u ae&mrusvdkUyg?
a0iSay;wdkif;
aumif;wmr[kwfbl;cifAs?
vkyfwwfzdkUu
vdkao;w,f?
olUwdkif;jynfrSm&SdwJU
olaX;ol<u,frsm;xHrS
'DawmhrS
bk&ifhr,fawmfu
'Dvdkqdkcuf&acs&JU
1016
oGm;&nfusaeMuwJU
qif;&Jom;awG[m
vufxJaiGa&mufwmeJU
tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;xuf
vmatmif?
BuD;yGm;apvdkwJU
wdkif;jynfeJUtrsKd;om;udkcspfwJU
pdwfqE
pdwf"mwfrsKd;?
jyif;xef
wdkif;jynfeJU
]]uRefawmfwkdUvlawGu
wqdyfynm
Ekw,fcifAs?
olwkdU
udk,folwkdU twwfqkH;avmufxifaeMuykH&w,f}}
nGefU/ ]]'DvdkqdkvJ ckeifu r,fawmfrsKd; arQmf&rnfhykH ay:aeNyDxifw,f}}
Ekyf/ ]]'guawmh ]"rm[a0&uwd "rpm&D}qdkwJU bk&m;a[mtwdkif;
udk,fhapwemtavsmuf tusKd;ay;&rSmayghcifAsm}}
vlawGpGJaomtcsuf
rEav;odkU jyefa&muf vlxkowif;pmwGif acgif;BuD;rsm;a&;&aom
tvkyfudkjyefaumuf&pOf uREkfyfonf w&kwfjynfoGm; rSwfwrf;udkvnf;a&;
1017
om;om;em;em;a&;zdkU
BuH&G,fcsuf&Sdaomfvnf;
taMumif;?
pdwfvnf;
txl;wvnfxdcdkuf
jcif;&Sdonfudk
uREkfyfrSwfrdorQ
a&;om;azmfjycJUonfh
txJwGif
w&kwfwef;odkUajy;NyD;
bJuifwaumif
0,fpm;&jcif;ESifh
uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;
&Sdonfr[kwf/
uREkfyfra&mufrD
uREkfyfjyefvmNyD;onfhaemufrS
jzpfaomaMumifh
uREkfyftm;
uREkfyfum;
1018
rsKd;&dk;ZmwdwavQmufvkH;
tpm;
uREkfyf\pmrsm;udkzwf&
oabmusaom
31&ufaeUa&muf
ESpfukefonfwGif
Nidrf;at;wdwfqdwfpGm xGufvdkufygawmhonf/
1019
vlxkowif;pmwdkufrS
acgif;wkH;ay:xdyfuGufjcif;
]vlxk}rSxGufNyD; rsm;rMumrDtwGif; 1916ckESpfu uREkfyfa&;cJUonfh
&wemykH0wKrSm ausmif;okH;jyXef;onf[laom owif;oefUoefUMum;vkduf&
avNyD/ trSefrSm uREkfyfonf ESpfwJGxGufonfh &wemykH0wKudk ol&d,OD;baz
\ aps;qpfaumif;jcif;aMumifh ol&d,wdkufokdU 115usyfrQESifh rlydkifa&mif;NyD;
jzpfausmif;okH;jzpfNyD; pmtkyftajrmuftjrm; a&mif;&onfqdkvQif ol&d,
xHrS
o'gaMu;uav;rsm;
ay;rnfavmufukdom
arQmfvifhEdkifygonf/
vufajymif;vJoGm;NyDjzpf
ol&d,wdkufrS
0,f,loGm;onfh
1020
Armhacwf OD;tkef;cif
1953ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif Armhacwfudktkef;cifonf uREkfyf\
tdrfodkU rvmpbl;ay:vm &efukefokdU wacgufwav tvnftywfvmzdkU
uREkfyftm;zdwfac:\/
uREkfyfu
rD;&xm;raygufao;yJ
av,mOfysHESifh
]]uav;uvm;qHykH}}taMumif;udk
a&;xm;&mq&mBuD;
a&;vdkufykH[mu
vdk&if;udk
pGyf0ifoGm;wmyJ}}[k
uRefawmfwkdUeJU b,fawmhrSrcGJbl;rSwfxm;yg}}
1021
&wemykH0wKudpuvnf;
rNyD;rjywf&Sdae\/
rlydkifvufudkif&Sd
1022
odkUjzpf
uREkfyfonf
armifvSa&Ttm;
taMumif;Mum;
udptrSefudk
zGifh[rajymao;yJ
ol\arQmfvifhcsuf
t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;
rdwfqufay;
]olwkdUvl}
jzpf
oluvnf;pma&;q&m
tpnf;ta0;ac:
qkH;jzwfcsufcsum
Armhacwfowif;pmwGif
uREkfyftaMumif;udkpkHprf;ae[ef&Sday&m
udktkef;cif\tdrf
uREkfyfbufrS
vdktyfaomtulnDay;rnfqdkaom
vufudkif&Sdxm;olrsm;od&SdoGm;onfh
aemufwaeUyif
1023
oabmwlonfqdkojzifh
tHUMordygonf/
okdU&mwGif
onf[k
oGm;&vm&aom
uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/
p&dwfputwGuf
uREkfyfu
aiG500dydkay;zkdUajym&m
csufcsif;yifoabmwlayonf/
txifvJGMup&m
Armhacwfowif;axmuf cifarmifMunfonf uREkfyf\pmta&;tom;
udktvGefESpfouf
tcsKdUaompmydk'frsm;udk
tm*kHaqmifxm;onfqdk&m
1024
(odkUaomf
aiG&NyD;
auR;arG;&rnfudk
a&SmifxGufajy;onf[k
tm;xkwfjcif;?
aqG;aEG;jcif;ponfh
tvkyfrsm;wGif
tqdkygaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;
uREkfyfonfrdrd\
t,ltqrsm;ESifh
(rmhufpf0g'Da[mif;)
udkqef;xGef;onf
,ckref;wuodkvf
uREkfyfwkdUtxJwGif
yk*Kd vfjzpfonfhtavsmuf
vufaxmufuxdu
pmayusrf;*ef
pmayESifhywfoufonfh
tESHUpyfqkH;aom
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
okdUaomf
usrf;*eftay:
tawG;tac:
1025
uJGvJGaomtcsufrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/
]tvkyform;}
okdUaomf
wa,mufr[kwfonfhjyif
olonf
uREkfyfuJUokdU
uREkfyftm;vnf;
tvkyform;
xkwfa0vsuf&Sdonfh
'daX'dXrwHusifhpOfrSmrl
udkqef;xGef;u
EIduf,ljcif;
ppfudkif;NrdKUqifrsm;&Sif&dyfomokdU
uREkfyf\"rrdwfaqG
OD;boifu
tav;ay;avh&Sdygonf/
r[mpnfq&mawmf
oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmf&ef
waeUo
<uvmonfqdk
uREkfyfudkvm
1026
yifudkOmPftaetm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
auseyfzG,f
em;vnfol
&Sm;vS\/
ar;vdkufvQif
bk&m;a[m
1027
OmPfjzifh
&Sif;NyD;jzpf\/
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
]uREkfyftzdkUwGif
oufouf
a*gwrAk'onf
avmurS
yGifhawmfrljcif;jzpfonf[k
em;vnf
ygonf/
aqG;aEG;jcif;wjcm;? jiif;jcif;wjcm;
txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif;
uREkfyf\aetdrf
oDwif;aeUwdkif;
t,ltqrsm;udk
udkqef;xGef;ponfh
usrf;wwfyk*dKvfrsm;ESifh
aemufydkif;rl
tcsKdUyk*dKvfrsm;onf
rdrdwdkUt,ltq
qifajcuefaom
taersKd;jzifh
jiif;Muavawmhonf/
pum;wwfNydKifaom
yk*dKvfurl
yJGrsKd;jzpfatmif
zefwD;vmMu\/
(pum;]uyf}wwfolwa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf)
1028
(okdUESifhvnf;uG,fvGefol
rEav;NrdKUjynfolUbPf
uREkfyfwkdUjiif;MuonfrSmvnf;
uREkfyf\pdwfxJum;
uREkfyfwifjyaom
t*Fvdyfvdkjzpf\/
t,ltqESifh
if;a&SUaeESifhomru
bdk;ab;bD
bifrsm;ESifhjzpfap
1029
tawmfauseyfrdonf/
'pfuif;pf\0wKBuD;rSm
wurmvkH;&Sd
jyifopfjynf
pmayXmeu
a&G;cs,fcJUbl;onfqdk\/
'pfuif;pf\0wKBuD;aumif;ykHrSm
ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;
tuJcwfaom
if;wkdUonf
ynmbufwGif
befaumufvkHcsnf0wfaom
tawmfnHUMuao;onf[lvdk/
r[maqG\[D;&dk;rsKd;udkom
yef;yJorm;rsKd;udk
[D;&dk;taejzifh
rjrifwwfatmif
&SdaeMuao;[efwlavonf/
yxrtBudrf pum;ajym&jcif;
1953 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif uREkfyfonf arQmfwvifhvifh0wKtwGuf
pmayAdrmefqkudk
udk,fwkdifvm,lzkdU
wdkfufwGef;jcif;cH&onfESifh
pdwfcyf
1030
vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;?
tpdk;&t&m&SdBuD;rsm;
yg0ifMuvdrfhrnf[k
A[kokwrsm;oludk
aMumufvdrfhrnf/
&mxl;BuD;jcif;udk
]wpfay;}&mwGif
uREkfyfonf
rnfokdUajym&rnfudk
pdwful;
jzpfvm&jcif;rSm
]vlawmf}wa,mufjzpfaomaMumifhr[kwf?
jcif;udkjrifvdkuf&\/
uREkfyfutpdk;&bufwGif
touf
1031
tvkyfrqif;yJaecJUaMumif;?
tcGifhawmif;vQif&Edkifaomf
udk,fhudk,fudk
pma&;q&mjzpfvm&onfh
jyKwfatmifvkyfvkdufonfESifh
tvkyfNyKwfNyD;
]vla&Smf}wa,mufjzpfaMumif;
ajymjy&mwGif
um;ay:rS
[pfatmf
1032
&Ir0r*Zif;wGifaqmif;yg;rsm;taejzifh
a&;aom;azmfjycJUNyD;
xyfrHazmfjy&ef
tawmfus,fjyefU
jzpfygaomaMumifh
rSwfwrf;wGif
BuH&G,fcsufr&Sdawmhyg/
xdktcsdefrSp
urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;orm;rsm;\
qJGaqmifrI
uavmiform;wa,mufjzpfyg
]]q&mBuD;rsufESmjyvQif
1033
onf[k
vli,frsm;vkyftm;&Sd
*spfum;uav;ay:
arSmifarSmifrnf;rnf;BuD;wGif
wkd;wkd;a0SUa0SU
csrf;csrf;pD;pD;ESifh
xdkifum
oGm;&jcif;
vkyf&jcif;[l aom
rdrdtzdkUtusKd;aus;Zl;wpkHw&m
ay:xGufvmvdrfhrnf[l
uREkfyfw&m;cHjzpfcJU&bl;&m
vlxkwdkufwGifvnf;
owif;
1034
ajym&ravmuf
jzpfaeawmhonf[k
owd&
tvkyf&Sdonfqdkum
tawmfauseyfcJUrdygonf/
okdU&mwGif
jyefa&mufvmaomtcg
tawmfpdwf0ifpm;vsuf&SdNyDjzpf
rEav;NrdKU
urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tvkyfwGif
&yfuGuftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
pum;ajymjcif;
tvkyfrsKd;pdwful;rxnfhcJUbl;
onfh
rdk;nSif;NrdKUusif;yonfh
ESpfywfvnf
urmhNidrf;csrf;
1035
uREkfyfonfoef;acgifausmfonfwdkifatmif
rD;vif;zdkuav;a&SUwGif
rsufESmcsif;qdkif
qD;ESif;aygufrsm;onf
tdrfeab;&Sdaom
0g;&kHyifxufrS
pnf;0g;vkdufay;ouJUokdU
ay:xGufvmjcif;udkMum;&\/
]]b,fhES,fvJq&m?
wGefukefNyD?
q&mtdyfysufaeawmh
r,f}}[k
wcsufwcsuf
oef;acgifMuufawGvJ
uREkfyfuowday;aomtcg
ESifh
NcdrfhNcdrfhoJvsuf
wkd;raygufatmif
pnfum;
uREkfyfwkdUvlpk jyefcgeD;wGif
rkd;nSif;NrdKUay:rSomru
1036
wcgjyifESpfcgjyifrac:&yJ
xdktcsdefwGif
udkbNidrf;?
olwkdUESifhtwlvdkufoGm;cJUjyefygonf/
odef;azjrifhtp&Sdaom
trwfavmif;rsm;onf
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;aemufrS
wwfo
rSwfouav;rsm;jzifh
1037
ra[mwwf
BuJcJU&ygao;onf/
uREkfyf\a[majymcsufrsm;rSm
taMumif;,kwd
wifjy&m
nHUvdrfhrnf
ay:xGufvm
tcsKdUowif;pmrsm;wGif
awGUvdkuf&\/
um,uH&Sifrsm;jzpfaom
bmrQrod&acs/
owif;um;
azmfjyyg&Sdjcif;udk
a':trmESifh
uREkfyfwkdUkum;
tawmfqef;Mu,f\/
owif;pmwdkuf
vltrsm;od&aom
1038
ppfaq;vsuf&Sdaom
vlxkOD;vS\trIwGif
tjzpfESifh
uREkfyftm;jyxm;
arv2&ufaeUwGif
w&m;cHjyoufao
&efukefodkU
uREkfyf
EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJwckwGif
a[majymvdkufykHrSmum;
a&G;
csJUvifhcsfvkyfaom
aqmif;yg;wyk'fudk
vlxkowif;pm a&;xnfhvdkufavonf/
]ynm&Sd}ESdyfpufjcif;
txufygaqmif;yg;rSm arv1&ufaeUxkwf vlxkowif;pmwGif ygav
&m arv 2&ufaeUwGif vlxkOD;vS\ trItwGuf uREkfyf&efukefokdUoGm;
&avonf/ trIcsdef;&uf eD;uyfaeNyDjzpf uREkfyfonf av,mOfysHESifh
oGm;&av&m c&D;onfrsm;teufwGif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;
udk
jrifvkduf&onf/
av,mOfysHay:
Akdvfcifarmifuav;ESifh
uREkfyf
1039
vli,fwa,mufonf
uREkfyf\ypnf;uav;rsm;udk
]]q&mBuD;yguvm;}}[k
av,mOfysH
ay:rS
&kHxJokdU
ppfaq;Mu\/
a&Tacsmif;rsm;jzpf
vli,fu
ol\txkyf
ol\ypnf;jzpfaMumif;
0efcHajymqdk
xdktawmtwGif;vlrsm;onf
acsmif;ajrmif;Munfh&IaeMu\/
vli,fu
uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufudk
]]uRefawmhypnf;ygqdkrSAsm?
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;
Adkvfcifarmifuav;onf
tjcm;tcef;
uREkfyf
ESpfa,mufwnf;om
usefavawmhonf/
uREkfyfrSm
wa,mufwnf;
'kua&muf&acsawmhrnfqdkum
1040
pdwful;&aom
rdef;uav;wa,mufjzpf\/
w&kwfjynfodkU
[laom
i,fpOfuoDcsif;wykd'fudk
owd&
rdonf/)
uHqdk;aomarv 10 &uf
uREkfyfwnf;cdkaom nDawmfarmif\ aetdrfodkUa&muf vlxk\trI
wGif oufaocH&eftwGuf ESpf&ufokH;&uf aexdkifvsuf&SdpOf tpdk;&pkHaxmuf
1041
wcgrSrawGU&yg/
wGifuREkfyfonf
av,mOfysHay:
av,mOfysH&kHxJwGif
ighudknSOf;&&kHESifh auseyfao;ykHray:[k
rw&mNrdKUodkU
vdkuf&efoabmwlvdkuf&ygonf/
oGm;MuzkdUajymojzifh
aemufwaeUwGif
uREkfyfu
uREkfyfonfeHeufapm
uREkfyfu
]]vmNyDAsKdU
OD;b&if}}[k
*spfum;r[kwfonfhjyif
okH;a,mufudkjrif&onfESifh
OD;b&ifvnf;r[kwfyJ
]b,folawGygvdrfh}
tjcm;vlESpfa,muf
[kpOf;pm;aerdao;\/
10
&ufaeUjzpf&m
1942ckESpfu
uREkfyftm;
csefau&Sdwf\
1042
wifNyD;aemuf
ZeD;rpdk;ESifh
rdwfaqGrsm;onf
uREkfyftm;
rQavmufaom
avmu"HtwGufjyifqifNyD;jzpf
rqdkEdkifyg/
taMumif;ESifh
ywfouf
avmu"H
1043
rjzpfrdap&ef
BudK;pm;Muavonf/
,if;odkUBudK;pm;&mwGif
wbufpGef;odkUa&mufoGm;Muolrsm;vnf;&SdMu\/
taemufwdkif;om;rsm;u
rsufESmuav;i,fi,fESifh
cHjcif;rsKd;xuf
aumif;rGefjcif;um;
wkefvIyfjcif;?
nId;i,fjcif;?
ylyefjcif;tp&Sdonfhtrlt&m
NidrfoufMunfvifaom
rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh
0rf;enf;jcif;?
ESvkH;
vuPmrsKd;tvsOf;uif;
ajE&&cHawmfrlMuonf[k
ajymjy&mwGif
rtrmonf
uREkfyfqdkvdkaom
t"dym,fudk
1044
rSmum;
igonf[efvkyfzdkUvdkonfh
tqifhtwef;xuf
jrifhonf[k
qdkvdkygonf/
arQmfvifhcsuf rudkufykH
uREkfyfudkzrf;NyD;
axmifxJokdU
ydkUvdkufaomtcg
taMumif;w&yfrSmaxmifxJtcsKyfcH&jcif;onf
rwkefvIyfjcif;
rdrdoGm;vdkaom
ae&mokdU
pm;csif&m
rSmpm;Edkifonf?
owd&ygonf/)
(tpm;orm;jzpf
vrf;avQmufEdkifonf
ponfjzifh
ac:oGm;Mu\/
onfhaEG&moDjzpf&onfhtxJwGif
arv(uqkefv)jzpf
wkdufcef;uav;onf
tvGefyljyif;
taemufbufodkU
arNrdKUwufNyD;
wvausmfcefU
1045
ig;ydaMumfwdkUudk
ZeD;wdkUa&mufvmMu
awGU&\/
]Al;}xJ
[if;aumif;ryg&Sdacs/
awGUqkHMuojzifh
uREkfyfu
tmCmwxm;NyD;
nOf;qJykH&onfh
tjyKtrludkom
1046
vlowfrIw&m;cHrsm;udk
BudK;pifodkUrwifrD
ydwfavSmifxm;onfh
Mum;&jcif;tm;jzifh
0rf;omrnfqdkvQifvnf;
omygap?
a&mufcgpvlrsm;twGuf
xkH;pHwckayavm[k
Budwfom
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uawmf
a':cifMunf\armif
armifodef;onf
1047
jzpfaMumif;
odvdkonf[k
a'gygyg
pmwapmif
uREkfyfrEav;axmif
BuD;wckvkH;wGif
uREkfyftwGuf
ESdyfpufcsifonfqdkvSsif
cifAsm;OD;acgif;xufrSm
rD;xawmuf
wa,mufwnf;
xm;ygavonf/
odkUaomf
tyl'PfESifh
1048
uREkfyfonf
olUtwGuf
axmifxJodkU
XmeBuD;wck
r[kwf[ljrifvm
aomaMumifh
uREkfyfrausreyfjzpfcJU&bl;ykHudk
1049
azmfjycJUbl;onfjzpf&m
]]tpfrBuD;
okH;avmufMu&JUvm;?
uRefawmfhudkajymaemf?
udkbNidrf;onf
uREkfyftwGuf
0rf;enf;ykHt&qkH;aom
&SdcJUbl;jcif;udkvnf;
owd&onfhvuPmESifh
1050
ocifcspfarmif
uREkfyfonf ocifcspfarmiftm; trnfudkMum;&kHrQom Mum;&bl;
uREkfyfaxmifxJrS vGwfvmaomtcgwGifrS yxrtBudrf awGU&bl;ygonf/
waeUo ocifcspfarmifESifh udkatmifoef; (AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\tpfudk)
wkdUonf uREkfyf\tdrfodkU 0ifvmMu\/ ocifcspfarmifu ]]q&mBuD;udk
aps;csKdem;rSm bdkifpu,fpD;oGm;wmjrifvdkufvdkU
uRefawmf0rf;omvdkufwm
jrif&vdkUodyftm;&w,fAsm?
bdkifpu,fawmif
eHygwf(2)
Aef;armfwifatmifjzpfavonf/
vlESpfa,mufum;
1051
olESifhyxrtBudrf
vGwfvmNyD;onfh
aemufwGifrSjzpf\/
awGU&bl;jcif;rSm
olUcrsmrSm
uREkfyfaxmifrS
axmifxJae&aom
ol&SdcsifrS&Sdwwf\/
a&mufoGm;
1957ckESpf
(uREkfyftxif)&efukefodkU
axmifjyifodkUola&mufaecdkufESifh
uREkfyf
qkHpnf;wdkufqdkifrd&mwGif
wBudrfjrifawGU&vQif
uREkfyfudkav;pm;onfqdk
1052
rarhEdkifpaumif;aom
awGUqkH&efvmaom
auseyfum
jyefoGm;wwfMu\/
uREkfyfuvnf;
tdrfokdUa&mufvmuwnf;u
pum;ajymjcif;
olU
em;axmifjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ
olUtdrfokdU
jyefa&mufaomtcg
Aef;armfwifatmifu
uREkfyfudk
rnfuJUodkU
uREkfyf\c,fr
(nD\r,m;)
onf
Aef;armf
azmfxkwf0efcHonfh
1053
pma&;q&monfum;
Zmwfvdkufrif;om;
aZ,sudk
ac:vmcJUbl;onf/
q&m0ef\vufokdU
xl;jcm;csufwckrSmvnf;
vTJay;vkduf&ygonf/
pma&;q&mrsm;teufwGif
azmfjyjcif;jzpf
avmukw&ma&;&m
uREkfyfcsD;usL;rdonf/
pmayrsm;udkpdwf0ifpm;jcif;
olonfuREkfyf\
&Sdaomfvnf;
r*fayguf
]ynmonf}
rsm;teufwGif
todtrSwfjyKrdygonf/
1054
vllxl;wa,muf[l
trSwfw& tjzpftysuf
uREkfyfaxmifxJ&SdpOf trSwfw&&Sdaom tjzpftysufwckudk azmfjy&ay
OD;rnf/ if;rSm Mo*kwfvwvwnf;twGif; uREkfyf\ "rrdwfaqGokH;OD;ESifh
wOD;wnf;aom om;wa,muf uG,fvGefMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ yxruG,fvGef
olrSm rEav;jynfolUbPfrefae*sif;'g&dkufwm OD;barmifjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf
vGefcJUonfhokH;av;ESpfavmufuwnf;u
we*FaEGaeUwdkif;
OD;barmif\
(Back Bencher)
waeUo
wdkif;jynfwGif
tw0g'Dwa,muftjzpfESifh
1055
wGif
uREkfyfonf
&mxl;cefUxm;a&;bkwftzGJUwGif
uREkfyfudkremvdkMuovdkvdk?
olwkdUudk,fwdkift*Fvdyfvdk
OD;omausmfwdkUurlum;
(txl;ojzifh
a'gufwmqdkeDu)
rEav;
xGef;um;rnfhykH
ray:jcif;udk
awGUMu&mwGif
(olonf
uREkfyf\
'daX'dXrwH
pmtkyfudk
1056
om;aojcif;
NAdwdoQbm;rm;oaX; OD;nGefUESifh yJa&mufOD;qefeDwkdU &kwfw&ufuG,f
vGefjcif;rSmvnf; axmifxJuREkfyf\pdwfudk xdckdufvSonf/ xdkyk*dKvfESpfOD;
onf uREkfyfESifh "rrdwfaqGtjzpfodkU a&mufcJUykkHtaMumif;udk wae&mazmfjy
cJUNyD;jzpf&m (,cktcsdefwGif uREkfyf "rrdwfaqGrsm;omru wynfhwyef;rsm;
yif&SdaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf;) xdkpOfurl uREkfyftaMumif;udk txdkuftavsmuf
em;vnfonfh yk*dKvfyif &Sm;yg;ao;onfjzpf yk*voyg,taejzifhvGefpGm
ESajrmrdygonf/ OD;nGefUtm;rl aemufydkif;wGif uREkfyftm;xkwfxm;onfh
'daX'dXrwH usifhpOftaMumif; a&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyfudk rjyvdkuf&onfh
twGuf txl;wrf;w0rf;enf;vSonf/ uREkfyf\wa,mufwnf;aomom;
pdk;Edkifonfvnf; (orD;wa,mufawmh usefygao;onf/) uREkfyfaxmifxJ
&SdpOfuyif
uG,fvGefav&m
twefESD;&if;aom
rdwfaqGokH;a,mufESifh
xkdpOfu
pdk;&drfcJUrdygao;onf/
okdUaomf
vGwfvmaomtcsdefwGif
uREkfyfrSm
touf
35ESpf
1057
tm;xkwfzkdUvnf;
edum,fusrf;BuD;rsm;
tu,f
aomwmyef
Ak'a[mawmfrlcJUjcif;rsm;udkvnf;
zwfbl;ygonfqdkvQifvnf;
pOf;pm;wwfonfh
avm?
pdwfrul;?
(Clear Thinking)
twdkuftcHowif;pmorm;
obm0usus
taMumif;udk
rzwf
bl;?
&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
ynmOmPf yg&rDcHr&SdaomaMumifhay
wa,mufjzpfonf
qdkuwnf;u
1058
bmoma&;ESifhywfouf
t*Fvdyfvdkxkwfa0Muonfh
aqmif;yg;awmif;onfh
pmwapmifvufcH&&Sd\/
if;pmwGif
1059
oufa&mufaom
pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufudk
uREkfyfxHodkU
olwyg;odapvdkaom
apwemjzifh
ajyma[mygonf/
olwyg;tay:
xm;&Sdaom
apwemxuf
awGU&onfhtcsdefrSp
uREkfyfonf
rdrdudk,fudk
vSnfhpm;ol
1060
rdrd&Sdaom
rmeudk
udk,fh[mudk,f0efrcHyJ
y&d,m,fESifh
rmrmqwfqwfa&;jcif;xufodrfarGUEl;nHUpGm
omvGefoifhavsmfonf[k
em;vnfxm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh
a&;jcif;onf
w&m;"rudk
1061
igonfolwkdUwawGxuf
Ak'bmomppfaMumif;?
Ak'\
uREkfyf\pmrsm;onf
rmvSonf[k
ajymMuavonf/
uREkfyf\pmrsm;udk
jyefvnfppfaq;
rwfvxkwf
&Ir0r*Zif;rSp
avmukw&ma&;&m
y&dowfu
]yJGawmif;}onfwaMumif;?
a&;,if;ESifh
1062
jyefpma&;ydkUvdkufbl;ygonf/
odkUygaomfvnf;
pma&;q&mtcsKdUonf
twGufqdkum
]a&TOa'gif;
aiGaMu;xnfh0ifMu
pmay&dkufESdyfxkwfa0a&;}
&Ir0r*Zif;wGif
yg&SdaomuREkfyf\
1063
ajymonfESifh
qdwfqdwfaevdkufygonf/
uREkfyf\bmoma&;
w0ufrQ
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
jzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/
,ckrl
rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhwuG
uREkfyfwkdUarQmfvifhMuonfxuf
zwfNyD;avmufaomtcsdefwGif
uREkfyftm;
1064
tkyfa&wGifus,fonfht&mwGif
rwlEdkifaomfvnf;
pdwfESvkH;&Sda&;yifjzpf&m
awmftwdkif;
wwftm;oa&GU
xdktwGuf
rdrd\pdwfudk
tavhtusifhjyKvkyfcJUygonf/
Ak'\tqkH;r
odkU&mwGif
usef;rma&;udkvnf;
1065
*&kpdkufygonf/
rsm;pGmaom
trsm;qkH;
tav;ay;ol
tav;ay;onfhbuf
wa,mufjzpf\/
xGef;um;wwfjcif;
rnfolrqdk
rdrdwdkU
rSma,bk,sobm0jzpfav&m
ayghayghyg;yg;oGm;oGm;vmvm
aeEdkifa&;twGufrQ
avmufudkom
(0rf;0
cg;vSonfqdkvQif)
pD;yGm;a&;twGufxuf
usef;rma&;
eHeufwdkif;
av;em&DxcJUonfh
ESpfaygif;tawmfrsm;cJUNyDjzpf&m
rSefaomfvnf;
vlykHxJwGif
tokbaumifBuD;taejzifh
vTwfawmfrlonf
qdkjcif;rSm
1066
vGefpGmobm0usonf[k
uREkfyf
tvkyfysufonfqdkjcif;udk
uREkfyf
wBudrfrQ
uREkfyfMum;&aomtcg
uREkfyfonfvnf;
oluJUodkUyif
armfawmfum;arSmufjcif;aMumifh
1067
aygifusKd;oGm;NyD;
wtHUwMousef;rmvmcJUonf/
tajctaewGif
Mum&SnfpGm
uREkfyf\aumufEkwfcsufum;
olonf
toufr&SifyJ
vrf;rSefrSefBuD;avQmufzdkU
eHeufwdkif;twlvrf;avQmufMuzdkU
odEXmefcsvdkufMu\/
1955ckESpfavmufrSp
rEav;jrLeDpy,ftcGef0ef
tjcm;aom
vrf;avQmuform;rsm;u
(uREkfyfwdkU
1068
0rf;csLjcif;
vrf;avQmufjcif;onf usef;rma&;twGuf uREkfyftzdkU tavhtrSefwck
jzpfvmonfhenf;wl
0rf;csLjcif;onfvnf;
'kwd,tavhwckjzpfvm\/
if;pmtkyfwGif
0rf;csLjcif;\
uREkfyfudk,fwdkifprf;Munfh&m
tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;azmfjyyg&Sd
tusKd;rsm;aMumif;awGU&ygonf/
vdkufemaqmif&Gufvsuf&SdMu
MumavtusKd;rsm;
twloGm;Muaom
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;onf
1069
vIdufvSJpGm
,kHMunfpdwfcsvsuf
&SdMuygonf/
q&m0efrsm;
wGef;vSefNzdKzsufjcif;iSm
,kHMunfvsuf&SdMuygonf/
1070
rpGrf;Edkif[k
]tonf;pGJ}
qXrydkif;
pmayta&;tom;
uREkfyfonf pmtkyfwGif trnfay;xm;onfhtwdkif; uRekfyf:wouf
wmtjzpftysufrsm;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm; a&mnSyfum a&;om;wifjycJU&m
ed*kH;csKyf taejzifhrl uRekfy\
f tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh t,ltqrsm; oufouf
udkom azmfjy&ef usefygawmhonf/ uavmifjzifh toufarG;onfh pma&;
q&mwa,mufvkyfawmhrnfBuHvQif wwfEdkiforQ pmrsm;rsm;zwfjcif;onf
r&Sdrjzpfaom t*Fg&yfwckjzpfonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ tcsKdUpma&;q&m
rsm;u ]]uRefawmfwkdUawmh pmrsm;rsm;rzwfbl;aygif}}[k xkwfazmf ajymqdk
jcif;udkMum;&bl;&m ysif;&daomtaejzifh 0efcHjcif;jzpfvQifyif qdk;&Gm;vSavNyD/
xdkuJUodkU r[kwfrl pmzwfzdkUrvdk? oludk,fwdkifpmrzwfyJ pma&;q&m
wa,mufjzpfvsuf&Sdonf[k ajymvdkjcif;jzpfygrlum; tvGefUtvGef qdk;&Gm;
onf[k qdkoifhonf/ pma&;q&m r[kwfolrsm;tzdkUrSm pmzwfjcif; onf
A[kokwtvdkUiSm
jzpfonf[k
qdkEdkifaomfvnf;
pma&;q&mrsm;tzdkUrSm
0efcHcJUbl;onfhtwdkif;
(wwfEdkifvQif)
uREkfyfonf
0wKcsnf;r[kwf?
ta&;tom;aumif;vSonf[k
(Essays)
udk zwf&I&onfhtcg
oyf&yfuspfvspfajyjypfjcif;ESifh
tcsufusatmif
ol\pmrsm;udk
okH;ESpfcefUwqufwnf;
zwf&Ivmonfhtcg
odkUjzpf
ESpfoufoabmusaom
1072
avmh'fraumav;:pmrsm;udk
oli,fcsif;armif&Du
]]rif;u
ArmrSmodyfNyD;
pnf;urf;pepfr&SdMubl;?
'umBuD;u
OD;MobmoESifh
OD;yknwdkUtaMumif;rsm;udk
qufvuf
0gusrSm
'gavmufr[kwfygbk&m;?
olu
pum;vkH;
1073
pmtrsKd;rsKd;
pma&;&m aumif;ykHaumif;enf; trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhteuf trsKd;orD;
pma&;q&mwa,mufESifh uREkfyfaqG;aEG;bl;&mwGif olu ]]'DvufxufrSm
awmh OD;Mobmoudk jrefrmpm pum;ajyta&;aumif;wJU yk*dKvfrsKd; ray:vm
awmhygbl;xifw,f}}[k ajymvdkufojzifh uREkfyfu ]]OD;Mobmou bmta&;
aumif;wmvJ}}[k ar;vkduf&m trsKd;orD; rsufESmysufoGm;\/ uREkfyfqdkvdk
aomt"dym,fudk em;vnf[efrwlacs/ uREkfyf\0goemrSm odkUaomvSefU
vkH;uav;rsm;ESifh
ajymcsifwwfay&m
tcsKdUvlrsm;onf
uREkfyfpum;
tvGJvGJtacsmfacsmf
ajymcsifwwfMu
1074
OD;Mobmoaumif;ykH
wzefpum;ajya&;csifwlaomfvnf; acwfwGif owif;pmacgif;BuD;
rsm;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;enf;[l wrsKd;wzkHay:vmjyef\/ uRekfyfonf
OD;Mobmo: ZmwfBuD;q,fbGJUudk pDukH;EIef;zJGUjcif;ESifh ywfouf olrwl
atmif aumif;jcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ ol\a&;enf;rsKd;rSm um&efuav;
rvGwfapyJ tcsdeftqufuav;awGESifh [yfum[yfum a&;xm;jcif;jzpf
aomaMumifh toHxkwf zwfvdkufaomtcg tvGefacsmarmajyjypfjcif;
&SdonfudkawGU&\/ acwfpmzwfy&dowfurl pmvkH;aygif; 10ausmf 12vkH;
wGifrS tvsOf;oifhovdk wcsufwcsuf pyf[yfxm;onfh ]um&ef} uav;
rsm;udk owdjyKrdaumif;rS jyKrdM uayvdrfhrnf/ ol&d,wdkuf tvkyfvkyfcJUpOf
u if;a&;enf;udk uREkfyfoabmusvSonfESifh q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;
xHrS
uREkfyftenf;i,f
avhvmcJUbl;\/
odkU&mwGifq&mBuD;udk,fwdkif
tcgum&efuav;rsm;aMumifh
acsmyifacsmaomfvnf;
1075
vsifjrefpGm
pDukH;zJGUEJGUxm;onfh
odvdkMuaom
pum;vkH;rsm;:
acwfpmzwfy&dowfonf
vSyjcif;oufoufrQudk
BudK;pm;wwfMujcif;rSm
ZmwfBuD;q,fbJGUESifh
cifjrifhBuD;0wK
&mXmersm;
0wKa&;q&mESifh
jzpfayawmhonf/
owif;pmq&mwa,muf
ae&m
uREkfyfonf
jzpfonfrSefaomfvnf;
uREkfyfESpfouf
rnfonfha&;enf;rsKd;a&;wwfatmif
1076
tusifhqdk;udk jyifjcif;
uREkfyfonf
0wKa&mowif;pmacgif;BudD;rsm;yg
ta&;tom;ESifhywfouf
0wKbufrSmxuf
a&;om;cJU&mwGif
owif;pmbuf
ydkrdk
awmfvfpwGdKif\
]]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}}[laom
0wKBuD;udk
"mwfykHerlemrsm;ESifhwuG
awGU&onfwGifrS
uREkfyf
tvGefoabmusolwa,mufjzpf\/
uREkfyf\
1077
t&monf
uREkfyftxJodkU
wjznf;jznf;
pdrfh0ifvmwwfonfjzpf&m
uREkfyf\pum;vkH;okH;ykHESifh
xdkif;xkdif;r[kwf/
0guswnfaqmufykHrSm
uRwfuRwf&G&G&SdvSonf[k
xyfavmif;
xkHxkH
&Sif;ajymyg
ao;onf/
ajympum;vkH;nSyfokH;jcif;
1936-41ckESpfrsm;wGif
yefwvkH;ESifh
ol&d,acgif;BuD;rsm;a&;&m
[efwvkH;
cefUcefUnm;nm;ajEBuD;ESifh a&;csifwwf\/
pma&;aom
1078
]aumfrmuav;rsm;ydwf
okH;avh&Sdygonf/
]ajympum;vkH;}nSyfxnfhjcif;onf
rSwfxifMuayvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl
tcsKdU
]uvuf}oa,mifa,mif
t"dym,fav;eufjcif;udkom
acwf
tvGefemrnfB uD;aom
1079
t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD;
t,ltqrsm;onf
uREkfyf\t,ltqESifh
wxyfwnf;
tuGefU?
ykHrSeftwdkif;
tnGefU?
&dk;&dk;a&;
twufawGygapzdkU
jcif;udk
qdkvdk\/
&dk;aomfvnf;aumif;onf?
okdUr[kwf
1080
&dk;&dk;ESifh
aumif;onf[k
ajymMu\/
uREkfyfudk
csD;usL;olrsm;yifvQif
uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufudk
uREkfyftxl;owdjyK\/
cufcJeufeJaom
]tvefUwMum;}em;vnfapjcif;onf
uREkfyfoabmusaom
pmwyk'fudk
zwfvdkufonfhtcg
]a'gif;a'gif;
1081
zwfjcif;onf
aumif;aomppfaq;enf;wckjzpf\/
okdU&mwGif
]em;aumif;}vmEdkif
ndKjronf
rkH&GmrS
&efukefokdUtjyefvlxkowif;pmwkdufodkU
[laom
pum;vkH;wckyg&Sd\/
olonfxdkuJUokdU
rnfokdUyifjzpfap
ndKjr\pum;wvkH;
1082
]ajympum;vkH;}
yifjzpfaomfvnf;
t"dym,fay:vGifaom
pum;vkH;jzpfcJUvQif
tcsufus
pmxJnSyfokH;avh&Sdonfh
uREkfyf,lqonfESifh
aemufydkif;wGif
]yD}jcif;udk
0efcHxdkufonfxifay&m
atmufom;pma&;q&m
1083
tvG,fqkH;?
tjrefqkH;
em;vnfap
jcif;udk
trsm;qkH;nSyfa&;wwfolwa,muf
jzpf\/
Mum;&ojzifh
uREkfyfauseyftm;&rdygonf/
txl;ojzifh
1084
rvG,fulaomaMumifh
jzpfwef&monf/
[kwfawmh
]a&;pum;vkH;}xuf
]ajymif}
t"dym,fav;eufaom
atmufom;wa,mufjzpf
]ajympum;vkH;
a&;aomtcsdefodkUwdkifa&mufaomtcgrl
0g&ifhaom
pma&;q&m
wGifwGifBuD;
tokH;jyKvsuf&Sdygonf/
tcsKdUvlrsm;u
1085
aoG;xJokdU
pdrfh0ifvmjcif;udk
qdkvdkygonf/
toGifo@mef[efyefavoHrsKd;
tvG,fuav;aumufjcpfxm;onf[k xif&aompmrsKd;
ay:rvmapyJ
(Easy Flow)
a&;
a&;ouJUokdU
]uysufuacsmf?
awmftdavsmftd}
1086
0guswnfaqmufykH
&dk;&dk;0gusrsm;rSm uwm;? Bud,m? uH[l tcsuftcsmBuD; okH;ck&Sd\/
t*FvdyfbmomwGifif;wkdUonf tpDtpOftwdkif; owfrSwfwnf&SdMu
jrefrmbmomrl uwm;? uH? Bud,m [laomtpDtpOfjzifh a&;wwfMu\/
okdU&mwGif usifvnfaom 0guswnfaqmuform;onf (t*Fvdyfbmom
vnf;aumif;? jrefrmbmomvnf;aumif;) wcgw&HwGif txufygtpDtpOf
udkzsuf a&;jcif;tm;jzifh t"dym,fydkav;eufapEdkifonfh tcgtcGifhrsKd;
ay:vmjcif;udk
jrifwwf\/
xdktpDtpOfudk
zsuf
a&;jcif;tm;jzifh
usifvnfaom
0gus]vuform;}\t&nftcsif;wckaywnf;/
pdwful;pdwfoef;bufwGif
cRefcsifvnf;cRefayrnf/
1087
0gusvuform;aumif;wa,muf
&Snfoifhonf?
jzpfvmaomtcgwGif
rnfonfhae&mwdkoifhonfqdkjcif;udk
t,ltqwckrSm
0gus&SnfBuD;rsm;csnf;
0guswdkuav;rsm;tm;jzifh
tem;ay;oifh
1088
olUtcsdeftqufESifhol OD;acgif;xJ
wdkwdka&;jcif;onf tE&m,fuif;onf[kqdkoifhay
onf/
oAEtokH;
tcsKdUpma&;rsm;onf oAEtokH;ESifh ywfouf trSwfwrJUoabm
xm;Mujcif;udkawGU&\/ 0guswckwnf;twGif; tqifwlaom orE wck
xufydk rokH;rdap&ef uREkfyftNrJowdxm;\/ ]NyD;vQif} rsm;jzpfap? ]}
rsm;jzpfap? ]&m}rsm;jzpfap wckxufydkokH;onfh 0gusrsKd;udk zwf&onfh
tcguREkfyftzdkUwGif ]em;uavm}vS\/ (wcgw&HjyefzwfzdkU tcsdefr&Sdaom
pmrsm; uREkfyfudk,f wdkifvnf;rSm;wwfjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/) tjypfrsKd;rSm
]t&yfom;}rsm; rSm;csifrSm;Muygap? pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh cPcP
rSm;jcif;rlum; rjzpfMuapzdkU owday;vdkuf\/ ]NyD;vQif}wckokH;NyD;aemuf
]}odkUr[kwf]&m}
paom
orErsKd;jcm;NyD;rS
]NyD;vQif}udkjyefaumufvQif
1089
tokH;rsm;aom]&m}
]&m}[laom orEtaMumif;udk txl;wvnfazmfjyvdkao;\/ ]&m}[l
onfrSm 0gusqkH;rnfqdku tqkH;owfEdkifygvsuf wrifquf a&;csifao;
ojzifh tokH;jyKaom orEjzpf\/ ]&m}udkjzKwfNyD;]{}udkokH;vQif jzpfEdkifjcif;udk
awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ okdU&mwGif 0guswdkvGef;rnf xifaomaMumifh tqkH;rowf
ao;yJ ]&m} ESifhquf,ljcif;jzpfavonf/ tawmftwefokH;vQif udpr&Sd?
tcsKdUrSmrl 0guswckwGif wpf]&m}ESpf]&m}okH;]&m}wdkifatmif wckNyD;wck okH;jcif;
tm;jzifh
pmzwfol\
]em;}udknSOf;yef;ESdyfpufwwfMu\/
jrefrmbmom
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif]&m}udkvdktyfrS
okH;rnf[k
1090
a&Smiftyfaom orE
0guswck tqkH;owfNyD; aemufwck tpjyKonfhtcg ]okdUjzpfav&m}[l
aom pum;vkH;jzifh tpjyKjcif;onf cGeftm;enf;aom0gusrsKd;wnfaqmufap
zdkU tavhtusifhudk ysKd;axmifjcif;jzpf\/ woufywfvkH; uREkfyfpma&;cJUorQ
wGif ]okdUjzpfav&m} [laom pum;vkH;udk wcgrQ tokH;jyKcJUbl;onfrSm
rrSwfrdyg/ ]odkUjzpf}aomfvnf;aumif;? cefUcsifvQif ]okdUjzpf&um;}[l
vnf;aumif; okH;bl;yg\/ ]okdUjzpfav&m}[laom pum;udkrl rokH;cJUbl;yg/
ESpfckonf
t"dym,fjcm;em;jcif;&Sd\/
taMumif;w&m;tjzpfESifh
]odkUjzpf&um;}[laompum;onf
txufwGifazmfjycJUNyD;orQudk
axmufxm;NyD;
xnfhay;vQifvnf;
]0if}rnfr[kwf?
tcsKdUvlrsm;\pmrl
tydkoufoufjzpfae
]okdUjzpfav&m}[laom
tvkH;udk
1091
BudKwifjyifqifrI
taMumif;udk em;vnfatmif&Sif;jy&efrSm rvG,fulaomfvnf; a&;rd
aom vufp&SdaeNyDjzpf wwfEdkiforQ BudK;pm;NyD; &Sif;jyygrnf/ usifvnf
aom 0gusvuform;onf pma&;onfhtcgwGif 0guswckqkH;cgeD; a&SU
0gustwGuf
BudKwifjyifqifxm;wwf\/
t"dym,ft&jzpfap?
pm[eft&jzpfap
BudKwifjyifqifonfqdk&m
BudKwifjyifqifrI&Sd&\/
Oyrm
1092
cGeftm;&SdaompmrsKd;
vufxufrsm;pGmaom
(Forceful Language)
pma&;q&mwdkUonf
]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}
(2)tcsufususa&;wwfjcif;?
(0g)oifhawmfaom
udk,fh[mudk,fem;vnfNyDtxifESifh
a&;csifajymcsifwwfMu\/
xdktajcrQavmufESifh
a&;xm;onfhpmrsKd;
jzpfrvmEdkifacs/
usifvnfaoma&SUaeu
ppfaMumar;jref;vkdufonfhtcg
a,mifcsmcsmESifh
z&dkz&JjzpfukefwwfouJUodkU
pOf;pm;wwfaom
pmzwf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
wwfxm;onfhjyif
a&G;cs,fwwfaom
1093
pum;vkH;rQom
pum;vkH;uav;rsm;teufrS
wwfao;onfjzpfygvsuf
olwwfaom
uREkfyfudk,fwdkifwtHUwMojzpfavmufatmif
oli,fum;BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg
tajymaumif;
aomfvnf;aumif;?
ta&;aumif;aomfvnf;aumif;
uREkfyfarQmfvifhcJu&m
jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k
(1)ESifh(2)wkdUuJUokdUyif
]ajymif}vQif
wef;wlxm;vdkufonfxif\/
]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}rsKd;
jzpfvmwwfaomfvnf;
1094
pmwtkyfa&;om;zkdU
BuH&G,fcsufr&Sdawmhyg/)
]0gusvuf
tvkyfudk
em;vnf&efrSm
q&mESifhoifjyjzpfonfr[kwf?
1095
avhusifhxm;jcif;onf
tqifajyaompmrsKd;
a&;vdkolrsm;tzdkU
vdktyfvSayonf/
0daooersm;
emr0daooeESifh emrfudkvnf;aumif;? Bud,m0daooeESifh Bud,mudk
vnf;aumif; eD;uyfpGmxm;jcif;onf t"dym,f&SifapzdkU taxmuftyHUjyK\/
vSyaom armifjzL\tdrf[k a&;jcif;xufarmifjzL\ vSyaomtdrf[k a&;jcif;
onfvnf;aumif;? vsifjrefpGm wdkufay:odkUwufoGm;onf[k a&;jcif;xuf
wkdufay:odkUvsifjrefpGm
t"dym,f&Sif;jcif;udk
wufoGm;onf[k
em;vnfoifhygvsuf
a&;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;
pnf;urf;udk
csKd;azmufol
uREkfyf\cufcJeufeJaom
avmukw&m
aqmif;yg;rsKd;onfyif
&Sif;ygayonf[k ajymMu&jcif;jzpfygonf/
jrefrmpmESifh t*Fvdyfpm
uREkfyfausmif;aepOftcguRekfyf\
q&mrsm;u
]]rif;wdkUpma&;vQif
if;Mo0g'onf
t*FvdyfpmtwGuf
oufoufjzpfonf
1096
]a&;pm}rsm;ESifh
vkH;0jcm;em;jcif;r&SdonfudkawGU&\/
a&;vkH;rsm;ESifhjcm;em;jcif;&Sdaomfvnf;
rdefUcGef;taejzifh
1097
ae;&Sif;\oabmxm;udk
tawmfjyif;xefpGm
&Iwfcsa0zef,if;
udkavm&kHu
olUowif;pmwGif
xnhfay;vdkuf\/ okdU&mwGif
wGif
uREkfyf'kwd,aqmif;yg;udkvnf;
owif;pmwGif
wa,mufuwa,muf\
ta&;tom;udk
ESpfNcdKufvS
jzpfygonf/
udkavm&kHESifh
uREkfyfwkdUudp
1098
jzpfygonf/
uREkfyfu
olUtm;oabmusaeaMumif;udk
yxrolrod?
vlwa,mufonf
jrefrmvdka&;aomtcg
qdkvdkonfr[kwf?
udkifuwnf;u
uREkfyfodNyD;jzpfonf/)
(tmabmfudkrl
uavmifwHudkol
ol\jrefrmvdkta&;tom;udk
uGif;uGif;BuD;}jrif&ygawmhonf/
(tokH;tEIef;rSm
aumif;olwa,muf
jzpfjcif;um;rSefonf/
(Fresh
1099
udpr&Sd?
vlawmfwa,mufuwckckjyKvkyfvkdufonfhtcg
zsufqD;rI
pdk;&drfrdygaomaMumifh
aMumifh
aZmufxdk;rdk;arQmfusqif;oGm;rnfudk
vuf0,fodkUa&muf&SdNyD;om;
]atmifyef;}rsm;ESifh
pum;rsm;rSmvnf;
ygvDref
Mum;&wwfayonf/
1100
? azmufpf
(Fox)
? &S&D'if
(Sheridan)
wnf;[laom
(Frence Revolution)
y&dowfub,fodkUjyKonfxifMuoenf;/
]]armifrif;BuD;om; tem;ay;ayvdkU
awmfygao;Asm}}[kqdkum
vufzuf
tm&kHjywfoGm;vdrfhrnfqdkum
vufzuf&nfaomuf
tem;r,lyJ
qufvufajym&avonf/
wzefeHeufpmpm;
1101
t*FvdyfwkdU\ pm&dwpHcsdef
jrefrmjynfrl 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku tdrfrSa&;,lcJUaom rdefUcGef;udk okH;em&D
cefUavmufMumatmif zwfajymonfqdkvQif ]]{&mrrdefUcGef;&SnfBuD;}} (rm&oGef
rdefUcGef;BuD;) [l owif;pmrsm;u csD;usL;axmyem Mobmay;Mu avonf/
bmhuf\rdefUcGef;onf tvsm;&Snfjcif; oufoufjzpfonf[k rxifMuyg
ESifhOD;/
MunfndKrdjcif;um;
0efcHygonf/)
rMumao;rDu
OD;EkESifh
aumif;aomt&nftcsif;rsm;
1102
tawmfjynfhpkHol
wa,muf[l
1103
pum;ajymaumif;aom Armrsm;
t*FvdyfvlrsKd; tuf'frefbmhuf\ pum;ajymaumif;ykHudk azmfjyrd&m
wGif pum;ajymaumif;aom ArmvlrsKd;rsm; taMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyvdkuf
csifygao;onf/ ,if;odkUazmfjy&mwGif uREkfyfudk,fwdkif em;axmif&bl;olrsm;
taMumif;udkom azmfjyEdkifygrnf/ uREkfyf yxrOD;pGm em;axmif&bl;onfh
yk*Kd vfrSm rEav;om; pDyDOD;cifarmifjzpf\/ ol&d,wdkuf EdkifiHa&; tpnf;
ta0;wck jyKvkyf&mwGif (0dkiftrfbDatavm? ig;yGifhqdkifavm rrSwfrd)
OD;cspfvIdif?
OD;baz?
OD;cifarmifwkdU
wufa&mufMujcif;udk
rSwfrd\/
u&m;a&oGefacsmarmoGufvufpGm
ajymoGm;onfESifh
em;axmifMu&bl;onfh
vuPmr&Sdacs/
pum;tqkH;
1104
*VKHOD;apm
yk*Kd vfwOD;wa,mufwGif BuD;us,faom tjypftemqmrsKd;yif &Sdyif&Sd
aomfjim;vnf; tMuifyk*dKvf xl;jcm;aom t&nftcsif;wrsKd;&Sdonfudk
awGU&vQif tjypf&Sdonfqdk ajrjrKyfrypfvdkufcsifyJ xl;jcm;csufudk azmfxkwf
wifjyvdkjcif;rSm uRekfyf\0goemwckjzpf\/ ae&mwGif ]ajcmufwef;orm;}
[kajymaeMuonfh
a&SUaeuav;tjzpfrS
(xdkacwftac:)
eef;&if;0ef
uREkfyfoGm;a&mufjcif;jzpf\/
OD;apmESifhuREkfyfrSm
olpum;ajymjcif;udk
wBudrfrQrMum;bl;ao;acs/
a&S;OD;pGma[m
OD;bwifu
aemufrSa[m\/
uREkfyfonf
rdrdtwGuftwk,l&efr[kwfyJ
ynm&yfwcktaejzifh
okdUjzpf
pum;ajymjcif;twwfudk
A[kokw&SmrDS;&eftvdkUiSm
OD;apmpum;ajym
em;pdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
aumif;vSonf[k
emrnfxGufaejcif;rSm
pum;ajymaumif;aomt*Fgw&yfudk
1105
uREkfyftrSwfjyKcJUrdonfrSm
ajympOftckduf
]a0gueJ}yGJusatmif
ajymwwf&kHomru
w&m;yGJNyD;
onfhES,fpl;0ifoGm;onfhpum;
av;ig;vkH;onf
]aqmifyk'f}
a&TjynfOD;bwifonf
&[ef;b0udk
pGefUvTwfcJUonfrSm
1106
(ae&m
]tcsdefudk
y"merxm;}
1107
[laom
pum;udk
xrf;aygufonfh
tjzpftysufESifh
udkufnDatmifvuf[ef
vGefyJvGefvGef;vSonf/
olwkdU\q&mjzpf
1108
vufckyfwD;Mu
em;uJGrwwfqlnHoGm;\/
xvdkufaomtcg
bmwcGef;rQ
xkdUaemuf
rajym&ao;rDu
OD;qef;xGef;
&,fzdkU
yg;pyfjyif
xkwfazmfuefUuGufoH
Mum;vkduf&\/
zwfcGifh&aom) 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrSty
1109
xkdae&modkU
jyefqkdufum
(0vkH;a&;onfhES,f)
tajymorm;wa,mufudk
odef;azjrifhudk
a&G;cs,fprf;yg[kqdkvQif
a&G;cs,fayvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyfonf
olonfy&dowfudkpdwfwuf<uatmif
EId;qGNyD;
rdrdvdk&modkU
wGef;xdk;ac:iifoGm;Edkifonfh
tajymorm;rsKd;um;
r[kwf?
rnfolUudkrQ
xdcdkufemusifatmifrajymyJ
pum;vkH;cyfaysmhaysmh
rsm;udk
avat;ESifhxkwfNyD;
]taysmhqJG}
orm;wa,mufjzpfavonf/
1110
yk*dKvfrsm;u
uREkfyftm;
A[kokwtawmfjynfh0aom
EIwfwGifom
apmifh&dk;xkH;pH&Sdygvsuf
uREkfyfrl
[kwfykH&jcif;udk
awGU&onf/
pOf;pm;xm;
aompum;vkH;rsm;onfyif
pum;ajym&aomtcgrsm;
uREkfyfBudKufaom
tpDtpOfrsKd;
pmjzifha&;aomtcgrl
wcgw&H
(owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;
1111
uREkfyf
omrna&SUaewa,mufudkyif
uREkfyfaMumufcsifwwfygonf/
okH;EIef;ykHtaMumif;udk
txufwGifazmfjycJU&m
uREkfyfrSmvnf;
wifavQmufMujcif;rsKd;udk
if;ppfuJawmfrif;u
om;orD;rsm;tm;
[&dkU}}[k
0efBuD;rsm;tm;
ar;Muonf[k
1112
]uRefawmfrsm;}
[laomtvkH;udk
(uREkfyftxif)
a&S;OD;pGm
]]jym;jym;0yf}}onfrqdkEdkifaomfvnf;
(,kwfpGmhtqkH;)
aps;onf
rJqG,faomvlrsm;vkyfMuonfh
a[majymjcif;tvkyfrsKd;udk
r[kwfojzifh
uREkfyfaigufjcif;udk
cHEdkifMurnf
r[kwf&um;
1113
wvSnfhpDajymif;xpfwwf\/
csufcsif;&atmif&SmNyD;
odkUajymif;vJjcif;twGufaMumifh
tpm;xkd;
ajym&ygonf/
tBudKufqkH;tvkH;udk
rajym&onfESifh
aomhwefaomh?
wGef;wefwGef;&onfh
pum;ajymjcif;
1114
pmtkyfokH;rsKd;
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;teuf
pmaybufvnf;aumif;?
tawG;tac:
(Francis
a&;cJUbl;avonf/
uREkfyfonf
pmwtkyfudk
udkifvdkufonfhtcg
wcgw&Hrl
jrnf;&kHjrnf;Munfhprf;rnfqdkum
zwf&I&mrS
pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;
0ifvmapwwfaom
pmtkyfrsKd;[l
1115
uREkfyftzdkUrl
abaumfef\
tqkH;tjzwfudk
pmrzwfaomvlrsm;onf
abaumfef\
pum;twdkif;a&
t"dym,frSm
olUtvSnfh
wkd;wufvmapzkdU
1116
tavhtusifhjyKvkyf&ma&muf\/
odkUjzifh
xdkolonf
wdusatmifpOf;pm;zdkU
BudK;pm;
odkUqdkjcif;tm;jzifh
pma&;olwdkif;onf
wdusaom
tcsdefuxuf
pmcyfrsm;rsm;
a&;vmaomtcsdefwGif
1117
xdkowif;\rSm;jcif;onf
pum;vkH;udk
xnfh&efyif
vkHavmufoifhayNyD/
rvkdacs/
okdU&mwGif
vkdufolrsm;vnf;
vkdufMuap?
,ckrvdkufao;vQifvnf;
1118
t"dym,fESpfrsKd;&Sdaom pum;rsm;
jrefrmpum;wGif
pum;wvkH;onf
wae&m
aumif;aomt"dym,f&Sd
pkef;yifxifrd?
jypfr&Sd}}
[kqdk&m
twdkif;qdkvQif
1119
[mopmayrsKd;
urmausmfvuFmq&mBuD; rDvfweftaMumif;udk avmh'fraumav;u
a&;om;&mwGif ]]rDvfwefpma&;q&mrsm;wGif &SdwwfMuonfh aumif;jrwf
aom *kPft*FgtvkH;pkHESifh jynfhpkHonf[k qdk&efrSm ][mo}ynmwckwnf;vdk
vsuf&Sdonf}}[kqdkbl;avonf/ pma&;q&mrsm; &Sdwwfonfh t*Fgaumif;
rsm;rSm cefU nm;jcif;? eufeJjcif;? &Sif;vif;jywfom;jcif;? pmacsmjcif;? em;vnf
vG,fatmif a&;wwfjcif;? ESvkH;udk xdcdkufatmif a&;wwfjcif;? pum;vkH;
ajymifjcif; ponfwkdUjzpfav&m vuFmq&mBuD; rDvfwefwGif txufyg
t*Fgrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkH][moOmPf}wckwnf;om csKdUiJUvsuf&Sdonf[k
qdkvkdjcif;jzpf\/ [mouav;zufjcif;onf jrefrmpmrsm;xuf t*Fvdyfpm
wGif om tjrwfwEdk;xm;wwfMu\/ t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD;rsm;onf
pma&;onfhtcg wwfEdkifvQif [movkH;uav;wvkH;wav nSufxnfh
EdkifygrS ]pmajymifonf}okdUr[kwf]&Tifonf}pk ,lqMuav&m jrefrmpmrl
a&S;q&mBuD;rsm;teuf OD;yknrSwyg;&SifoDv0Ho? &Sifr[m&Xom&paom
yk*Kd vfBuD;rsm;\ pmrsm;wGif wcsufwavrQ NyKH;&aom tvkH;rsKd;? tuGuf
rsKd;yif awGU&cJvSonf/ xdkyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;u [mozufvQif pmysufonf?
okdUr[kwf ayghonf[k ,lqMuavooavm rajymwwfay/
[moESpfrsKd;&Sdjcif;
t*Fvdyf0wKrsm;a&;&mwGif
tvGrf;Edkifaompma&;q&m
(Pathos)
ESpfrsKd;vkH;a&;wwfzkdUvdkaomfvnf;
1120
wbufbufwGif
(Wit)
ESpfrsKd;cJGjcm;
tayghpm; &,fp&mESifh
em;vnfwwfMuavonf/
(Humor)
tcefUpm; NyKH;p&m[l
yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm
wckaom
1121
q&mvGef;\ pm&Trf;rsm;
jrefrmjynf tqifhtwef;jrifhaom NyKH;p&m
(Humour)
pmrsKd;udk
1122
aumif;oifhoavmuf
raumif;yJjzpfcJU&onf)/
wnfwnfcefUcefUBuD;ESifh
pGefUoGm;avoavm
rajymwwfay/
Z0e\aemuf
(Wit)
1123
[moOmPfwrsKd;rQomjzpfav
ay:vmjcif;udk
uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/
pum;wvkH;udk
a&;xnfhNyD;aemuf
]aigh}vkH;qefqef
qdwfjrnfoHuJUodkU
][J[J}[laom
xdkq&mBuD;rsm;
taMumif;udk
uREkfyfazmfjy&ef
rwwfEdkifay/
uREkfyfodovdk
azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/
q&mvGef;taMumif;udk
1124
jzpfcJUbl;onfESifh
q&mvGef;onf
uREkfyfvdkcsifaom
uREkfyfwkdUvlpkonf
tjcm;aom
jrefrmq&mrsm;tm;
vlzuf
acwfynmwwf
uav;rsm;u
av;pm;Mu&avonf/
BudKufonfjzpfap?
rBudKuf
q&mvGef;udk,fuvnf;
xdkpOf
1125
wdkfuftkyfrsm;udk
]armif}wyf
ac:zdkUa0;pG
rwfwwf&yfyif pum;ajym0HUMu[efrwlacs/
pma&;q&mrsm;\ BudKufvkH;uav;
uREkfyfonf q&mvGef;xHrS ]pm0Sufrsm;}udkcsL,l&mwGifq&mhtBudKuf
vkyfzkdU em;vnfygonf/ q&mvGef;onf rpwmarmifrIdif;trnfESifh ol&d,
owif;pmwGif tcgtcGifhay:wkdif; av;csKd;BuD;rsm; a&;xnfhavh&Sd&m uRekfyf
onf if;wkdUudk tm*kHaqmifxm;NyD; udk,fh[mudk,fvnf; oDqdkavh&Sd\/
tcGifhBuKHaom tcgrsm; ol\av;csKd;rsm;udk olUtm;vnf; &Gwfqdkjyavh
&Sd\/
waeUo
q&mvGef;ESifh
tvGefw&m
cyfMurf;Murf;ajymavh&Sdaom
uREkfyfonf
umrESifhpyfvsOf;aom
t"dym,fqDavsmfonfESifh
xkdpOfu
xkH;pHtwdkif;
pum;rsKd;ajymrdMu&m
ol\av;csKd;BuD;xJrS
uREkfyfu
1126
trlt&mudk
jrifvkduf&jcif;tm;jzifh
jrifvdkuf&aomtcg
jzpfay:vmonfh
rk'dwmpdwfonf
csD;usL;onfh
]bkef;awmfbGJU}wyk'fudk
jrefrmvdk
xifjrifcsufawmif;av&m
q&mvGef;u
1127
ajymyavmufatmif
ajymifajrmufjcif;
r&Sdonfhjyif
udk,fwdkifa&;pyfxm;jcif;omjzpfaMumif;
wyk'fpD
wyk'fpDudk
rl&if;pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhwuG
q&mOD;armifBuD;u
a0zefcsufudk
zwfcJU&ojzifh
]tcefUpm;}&Trf;jcif;rsm;ESifh q&mOD;armifBuD;\
Ek,Ofaom
1128
jzpfykHcsif;rwkdufqdkif
q&mvGef;ESifh q&mOD;armifBuD;wkdU pum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf uRekfyfrSm
yk*Kd vfBuD;ESpfa,mufudk tuJcwfvsuf&Sd&m pum;twefuav; ajymMuNyD;
aemuf
q&mvGef;onf
uREkfyfudkq&mOD;armifBuD;ESifh
rdwfqufay;\/
rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifhMunhfvkduf\/
ol\yg;pyfurl
[kajymygonf/
trSefudk0efcH&vQif
uREkfyfonf
vlysKdvSnfhcPf;wkdUomrsm;onf[k
atmufarhum
pmpDorm;zdkrifarmifbouf
qdkolu
q&m
1129
jyKaeustvkyfrsKd;
jzpfcsifjzpfayrnf/
uREkfyftzdkUrSm
uREkfyfonf
v,fwDq&m
awmfbk&m;\
pmrsm;udk
wdkif;owif;pmwkdufrefae*smonf
uREkfyf\pmudk
jrefrmq&mtjzpfESifh
(Adkvfujym;wa,muf
tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom
1130
jyifa&;cay;NyD;
refae*smxHodkUwif
a&mif;aomenf;om&Sdonfqdk\/
,cktcg
OD;Ektpdk;&
vufxuf
omoema&;XmewGif
OD;Ekvufxuf
OD;aESmufrsm;rsm;&SdzdkUrvdk?
vl[efaumif;NyD;
owif;pmwGif
1131
&kH;wifppfaq;NyD;
wouf
usavmufatmifawG;awmNyD;
1132
aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;
ol&d,
tNrJ0wfwwfaom
olwa,mufjzpf
OD;vSaz\
]bmvkyfwJUvlvJ}
paom
ar;cGef;rsm;jzifh
wwGwfwGwf
irdk;rSm
vufonftjzpfESifh
tjypf&onf
&Smr&onfh
twGufaMumifh
1133
okdUavmokdUavmawG;
vnf;aumif;
(*kPfBuD;aomjrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;taejzifh
raorDtcsdeftenf;i,fu
av;csKd;BuD;rsm;ESifh
ywfouf
q&moifonf
q&mvGef;\
(t&D;pdrf;u]wkdU}ay;avoavmrqdkEdkif/)
xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufonf/
uREkfyfonf
1134
pum;tokH;tEIef;rsKd;bufwGif
tawmfBuD;tqifhtwef;jrifhonfudk
odrf;qnf;xm;&m
ppfBuD;twGif;
tjcm;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh
twlaysmufqkH;oGm; ESajrmrdygonf/
][mo}\pnf;urf;csuf
pum;ajym&mjzpfap? pma&;&mjzpfap &,fp&muav;nSyf ajymwwfa&;
wwfjcif;onf jyKvkyfoltzkdUvnf;aumif;? Mum;&zwfoltzkdUvnf;aumif;
t&omwrsKd;&Sd vdkvm;tyfaom ynmwckjzpf\/ okdU&mwGif vlwbufom;
udk &,fatmifjyKvkyfMu&m pnf;urf;uav;wck em;vnfMu&avonf/
[mobuf urmausmfMum;ovdk jyifopfpma&;q&mBuD; aAmfvfwJ,m;
(Voltaire)
1135
if;wkdUudk
jyuf&,fajymifavSmifjcif;
onf
rsm;\tvkyf
r[kwfouJUodkU
t&kyfqdk;jcif;?
oGm;acgjcif;?
[mopma&;q&mrsm; em;vnfoifhMuonf/
owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;
waeUo trsKd;orD;pma&;q&m rtrmu owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;
a&;ykHa&;enf;ESifhywfouf Mo0g'ay;onfhtaejzifh wcef;wav a&;cJUzdkU
tBuHay; wdkufwGef;bl;&m udk,fhpmudk udk,ftaumif;qkH;[k owfrSwfaeMuykH
&onfh acwfwGif rnfolUtay:rS q&mvkyfNyD; Mo0g'ay;zkdUrBuH&G,fyJ
acgif;BuD;a&;orm;aumif;wa,muf &Sdtyfonf[k uREkfyfxifaom t&nf
tcsif;rsm;taejzifhom
azmfjyvdkufygonf/
pma&;q&mwa,mufonf
vlokH;av;a,muf
1136
a&;Muonfqdk\/
EdkifiHa&;?
pum;tajymaumif;qkH;aomolrsm;
owif;pmwkdufrsm;onfvnf;
pka0;&mXmewck
taumif;qkH;aompma&;
pmayrsm;teufwGif
owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;onf
1137
wnfaxmifxm;onfh
owif;pmrsm;&SdwwfMu\/
uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSm
,kHMunfrIr&SdyJ
aMu;wef;pm;
vlom;onf
vlom;omjzpf
rdrdESifh
1138
cJ,Of;vSonf/
yrmqdkaomf
ausmif;q&mESifh
ausmif;om;rsm;
jyemwck
oD;oefUyif&Sdaejyefavonf/
vuf0JESifhvuf,m
jyif;xefoljzpfonfhtavsmuf
BudKufBudKuf
rSefonfudkom
rnfonfhudpESifhjzpfap
0efcHa&;om;vd\
k /
1139
onfqdkvQifvnf;
uREkfyf*&krpdkuf?
uREkfyfvljzpfvmonfrSm
vuf0J0g'
rdwfaqGenf;vQifvnf;
udpr&Sd?
opmw&m;udkom
uREkfyfBudKufykHonfaumif;aomenf;vrf;
rSefaomenf;vrf;?
tvkyfESpfrsKd;
aqmif&GufMuonfjzpf&m
ESpfckudk
wifjyjcif;onf
uREkfyfrSmrlrnfonfhpmudk
a&;om;csifwwfaom
pmzwfoltm;
A[kokway;jcif;jzpf\/
a&;onfjzpfap
pOf;pm;p&muav;rsm;ygatmif
tavhtusifh&\
Sd /
taMumif;wkdufqdkifonfhtcg
1140
(Muddled Thinkers)
pOf;pm;wwfonfh
vlwkdUomaygrsm; &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
(Clear Thinkers)
vlrsm;onf tvGefenf;yg;onf[k
1141
pOf;pm;&rnf[k
obm0
pOf;pm;wwfonfh
usrusudk
vlOD;a&
(umvmrokwfwGif)
a[mawmfrlcJU\/
udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh
&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
&mcdkifEIef;onf
tydkif;*Pef;rQavmuf
pma&;q&mrsm;
vnf;aumif;?
owif;pmq&mrsm;
bmomrsKd;udkom
qdkvdkonf
[k
ArmuGefjrLepfrsm;u
1142
av;eufpGm
pOf;pm;xdkufvSonf/
tu,f
omoem
rnfodkUaom
w&m;rsKd;udk
a[mMuygrnf
enf;/
tm;xkwfNyD;MuygNyDavm/
tm;rxkwf&ao;ygyJvsuf
udk,fwdkifaygufa&mufatmif
olwyg;wkdUtm;
aygufa&mufatmifjzpfap?
,kHMunfMuygoavm?
em*awmifwef;odkU
w&m;
a'go?
rme
tm;BuD;onfum;
rSefonf/
odkU&mwGif
1143
tm;xkwfjcif;rjyK&ao;yJ
rdarG;wdkif;
zarG;wdkif;
&SdaeMuygao;vsuf
xifMuoavm/
vljzpfap?
&[efjzpfap
udk,fhwdkif;jynfwGif
acgif;aygif;paxmifaom
awmif&Snform;rsm;
1144
ausmcsrf;aomtvkyfwck
uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmvlrsKd;onf Ak'\ w&m;awmfaMumifh omoemawmf
ra&mufrDuxuf ckefwufovdk ,Ofaus;vmMujcif;um; ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sday/
uREkfyfwkdU\
,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf
Ak'\w&m;awmfrS
,Ofaus;rIwkdUom
xdyfwef;usolrsm;jzpf
avmuDom;wa,muf
Zmwfaumifrsm;
tcsDtcsajymonfh
1145
NAdwdoQbm;rm;&kyf&Sifu
&dkufxkwfonfh
]zl;pmESpfcdkif}
uREkfyfa&;ay;onfh
]ajympum;}
rsm;udk
oabmusonfh
ajympum;rsm;udk
a&;&onfh
ZmwfnTef;a&;q&mu
ae&mrus&
ygayvdrfhrnf/
xkdpOfurl
rdef;rMurf;odef;&ifBuD;rSwyg;
Zmwfaumifrsm;onf
raumif;[k
t*Fvdyf&kyf&SifZmwfaumifrsm;uJUodkU
jypfwifajymqdkjcif;udk
rcHEdkifyJ&SdwwfMuay&m
pum;udk
]pmausatmif}
1146
rusufyJ
roifyJESifh
Zmwfum;&dkufMuonf
aigufvkdufcsifonf/
&kyf&Sifynmonf
tjcm;aom
wzGJUvkH;udk
tcsufrsm;xuf
ukef;om
tcsufrSm
xyfavmif;NyD; om"ursm;awGU&Sd&jyefyg
1147
uREkfyfonfa&'D,dkrS
em;axmifaomtcg
pOf;pm;
uREkfyfa&;xm;onfh
ajympum;vkH;rsm;twdkif;
ajymaeMujcif;uJUokdU
xif&avmufayonf/
uREkfyfudkodaom
uREkfyfb,faeUu
jyefa&mufygoenf;[kar;\/
uREkfyfu
vlu
]]a&'D,kdxJu
pum;ajymwm[m
q&mBuD;
1148
avmutaMumif;ESifh "rtaMumif;
avmuaMumif;ESifh "raMumif;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf rpOf;pm;wwfonfh
twGufaMumifh uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynf jyemrsm; ray:wefyJvsufESifh
ay:aygufae&onf[k uREkfyfjrifrday&m taMumif;udkvnf; tenf;i,f
wifjyvdkygonf/ uREkfyf\tjrifudk &Sif;&Sif;wifjy&rnfqdkvQif omoemjyK
rif; (rQru)bk&m;avmif;
[lonfwkdUonf
wkdif;jynfwjynftwGuf
Ak'bmom0ifwa,muf
Ak'\
w&m;awmfudk
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
r[kwf[l
rpGyfpJGMuygukefvifh/
avhvmjcif;?
vufawGUusifhBuH
OmPfrrDMuaomaMumifhrQomjzpf\/
uREkfyfrlum;
1149
om"uwifjyjcif;
&Sif;OD;tHU/ a0E&mrif;onf (Ak' udk,fawmfwdkifu twdwfaqmif
NyD; a[mawmfrljcif; qdkaomaMumifh) okdUavm okdUavm tavmif;awmfrsKd;
r[kwf? ppfppfjrnfaom tavmif;awmfwyg;jzpf&ayrnf/ olonf (vI&J
aomrif;a0efqdkonfhtwdkif;)
rdk;racgifapEdkifaom
owdxl;&Sdonfqdk\/
rif;BuD;onf
udpwGif
rif;BuD;vnf;rrSm;?
'kuESifhBuKHawGU&onf/
wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;vnf;
a0E&mrif;(tavmif;awmf)url
jzpf\/
tavmif;awmfwkdif;onf
a0E&muJUokdU
1150
OmPf&zdkUavmufudkom
MunfhwwfonfqdkaomaMumifh
wdkif;jynftwGuf
a0E&mrif;
ay:xGef;onfhtcsdefESifh
rZdsrwdkif;
1151
a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;\
jzpfonfhjyif
ESpfbufaom
omoemawmftMum;wGif
omoemwkdUESifh
ESpfy&dap'
&Sdavmufoifhonf[k
vufcHEdkifavmufygonf/
1152
udk,fcsif;rpmemonfhtwGufaMumifh
rarQmfvifhxkdufonf
okH;xdkufonf[k
txifa&mufvmvQif
1153
odxdkufaomtcsuf
yk*vdutaejzifhwrsKd;? tpdk;&taejzifhwrsKd; aqmif&Guf&aom udp
rsKd;&Sd jcif;udk tkyfcsKyfolwkdUem;vnfoifh\/ vlwOD;wa,muf\v,fajrudk
tjcm;ol
vlwa,mufu
odrf;,ljcif;onf
trSefpifppf
rw&m;[k
ajymifajymif&J&Jyif
cGJay;oifhayonf/
OD;Ekonf
cHp&m&SdvQifvnf;cHrnf?
xdkenf;vrf;twdkif;vkyfrnf
[k
tvkyfrsKd;wkdUudk
tpdk;&taejzifh
1154
a&Smifr&aMumif;?
0,frpm;EdkifMuvQif
omaumif;onf[l
ig;awG
taoowfomaomaMumifh
aomoabmxm;onfh
t&yfom;wa,muftaejzifh
EGm;om;ray:vQif
0ufMuufpm;Edkifonf/
ig;&Sm;
]wdk;wdk;om;}tjzpfESifh
aps;wuf
oGm;&kHom&Sdonf/)
Ak'\&nf&G,fcsufudk
aumif;pGmem;rvnfaom
vlrsm;u
1155
qdkvQif
Ak'omoemawmf
nId;rSdefa&;twGuf
[dELbufrS
ajcwvSrf;
uREkfyfonf
a*gwrAk'\
omoemawmf
uREkfyftm;0efBuD;csKyfwifajrmufMuvQif
vkyfrnfavmj[k
i&Judk
aMumufvdrfhrnfr[kwf?
vkyfoifhonfudk
1156
&Smjcif;yifjzpfonf/
&Sdonf/)
(Absurdities) aMumifh
olUoEmef
&Sdaeonfh
zDvmoabmw&m;rsm;
1157
avonf/
yxrwJGwGif
tcsKDUvlrsm;u
orkwdopmxuf
y&rw
em;vnfzdkU
ta&;BuD;ayonf/
odkUr[kwfcJUvQif
,xmblw
ta&;BuD;avonf/
yk*vduusifhpOft&
vlwbufom;udk
okdUr[kwf
a'0'wf0g'udkBudKuf
oufoufvGwfpm;vdkvQif
tif;awGudkydwf?
ydkufuGefawG
udkodrf;?
ydkufuGef,uf
1158
udkodrf;,l&rnfh
rif;tjzpfudk
rvdkcsifyJ&Sd&onf/
i&JBuD;rnfudk
a&Smifwdrf;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/
oufxdkufolrsm;udkvnf;
0efBuD;csKyfjzpfonfhtcg
rdr\
d wm0efukd
a&Smifwdrf;cJUvQif
wdkif;jynfacsmifcsdatmif
olUudk,fwdkifvnf;
pDrH&rnfh
qefUusifbuf
jzpfaomaMumifh
aemufqkH;
waeUwGif
1159
txufwef;
ESifh
vlvwfwef;rsm;u
xrif;vkyfudk
qif;&Jom;wdkUrSmvnf;
trJajcmufudk
]'&dkifbm}tjzpfESifh
aps;ayg
ydwfyifxm;vdkuf&mwGif
olwdkUvnf;BudKufaom
crsmrsm;rSm
xrif;vkyfudk
trJajcmufudkyif
]'&dkifbm}
rygyJ
auseyfrIvnf;
r&&SmMuacs/
uREkfyfonf
taMumif;udk
1160
1161
a'0'wf0g'
EGm;om;rpm;jcif;onf [dEL0g'jzpfonf[lvnf;aumif;? oufouf
a&Smifjcif;onf ]a'0'wf0g'} jzpfonf[lvnf;aumif; a&;om;azmfjycJU&m
EGm;om;taMumif;udk a&;cJUNyD; oufoufa&Smifjcif;\ a'0'wf0g'jzpfykHudk
&Sif;jy&ayOD;rnf/
Ak'vufxufawmf
a,mufzawmfa'0'wfonf
usifhokH;vkdufem&ef
twGufqdkum
0denf;ynwfcsuf
&[ef;rsm;onf
NrdKUausmif;raeyJ
awmausmif;rsm;om
oDwif;okH; Mu&ef/
2/ vlrsm;ydkUaom qGrf;udkbkOf;ray;yJ? qGrf;auR;rsm;vnf;rvdkufyJ
qGrf;cHom pm;&ef/
3/ opfwyif? odkUr[kwf 0g;wyifatmufom aeMu&ef/
4/ oufoufvGwf pm;Mu&ef jzpfavonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'0'wf\ tBuHay;csufig;ckvkH;udk wckrQ vuf
rcHyJ ig;ckvkH;udk y,fcsawmfrlcJU&m oufoufvGwfpm;jcif;ESifh ywfouf
]Mum;om;? jrifom;? &nfom;}[k qdktyfaom ]tpGef;okH;yg;}vGwfcJUvQif
bkOf;ay;Edkifonf[k
rdefUawmfrlavonf/
a'0'wf\
tBuHay;csuf
teD;&Sd
&[ef;tcsKdU
onf
a'0'wf\
rGefjrwfaom
a'0'wfu
udk,fusifhw&m;t&mwGif
omao;onf[k
1162
rSwf,lMuonfh
vufcHoabmusNyD;
vuPmESifh
a'0'wf\
oufowfvGwfpm;Muaom
owfjcif;avm}}[k
ar;awmfrl&m
tmPmom;u
oifbmylp&m&Sd
oenf;}}[kar;awmfrl\/
1163
xdktcsdefrSp
tmPmom;onf
&Sifom&dykw&m
a[mawmfrlonfh
w&m;awmfudk
t*wdvkduf
&J&JBuD;,kHMunfvsuf&Sdonf/
pm;rIonfomvQif
omtjypfBuD;onf[k
(taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm
pdwfobm0t
pma&;q&mrsm;?
yef;csDq&mrsm;rSp
onfruG,fraysmufyJ
1164
tNrJxm0pOfwnfae&pfapzdkUqdkonfh
Immortality
&nfrSef;csufrsKd;rSm
vlBudKufrsm;
tvGefemrnfBuD;onfh
ynmonf
tm;xkwfvmaom
tcgrlum;
ruG,faysmufEdkifaom
wnfae&pfapvdkaom
qdkvdkjcif;rSm
rdrd*kPf,lvdk
aemifom;rsm;\
qE&Sdrdjcif;udkrlum;
wnfae&pfap
tusKd;twGuf
0efcH&ayrnf/
vdkjcif;r[kwf?
wnfae&pfapvdkonfh
aemifvm
apwemrQ
pma&;q&mrsm;
odkUr[kwf
tEkynmonfrsm;onf
rdrdwdkU\
1165
ynmonfrsm;
&SifoDv0Ho?
OD;ykntp&Sdaom
yk*dKvfrsm;
taMumif;udk
pOf;pm;MuygOd;pdkU/
&Sifr[m&|om&?
e0a';?
t*Fefjynf
&SdwfpyD;,m;?
OD;Mobmo?
rDvfwef?
jyifopfjynf
aAmfvfwJ,m;?
'l;rmhpfpaom
yk*dKvfrsm;\
rnfonfhb0udk
a&muf&SdaeMuygoenf;/
if;wkdUonf
yDwdaomre
jzpfEdkifcGifh&SdMuyg\avm/
jzpfae&mb0wGif
*kPf,l&pfEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k
ESifhMuonfqdkygvQifvnf;
BudKwifNyD;
pdwful;,Of
taemufwdkif;om;rsm;twGufrSm
[kwfaumif;
1166
tquftEG,frsm; *kPfjyKjcif;
&Sif;OD;tHU/
t*FvefjynfwGif
&SdwfpyD;,m;\
tquftEG,frsm;?
xkwfazmfa&;om;jcif;rjyK
yJqdwfqdwfaecJUjcif;
1167
wnfae&pfygrl
rdrdtwGuf
pdwful;,Of
,kHMunfonfh
twGufaMumifh
uREkfyf\vuf&mrsm;rSm
1168
xm;onfh
xrif;[if;rsm;udk
tvGefoefU&Sif;oyf&yfpGm
apwem
xufoefjcif;udk
uREkfyftuJcwfEdkifygonf/)
uREkfyf\'da|'d|rwH
ra[mwwfyJ
'da|'d|rwHpmtkyf
yg&Sdaom
uREkfyfajzqdkavmufatmif
rwwfuRrf;yg[l
twdtvif;
1169
aumif;rnf?
udk,fodonfjzpfaomaMumifh
0rf;ajrmufvSatmif
jzpfygonfqdkum
r&Sdojzifh
udk,fydkifpdwful;
r[kwfjcif;udk
csD;rGrf;pum;
ajymjcif;twGuf
ajymoifholrsm;udkrl
rSD;aom0wKrsm;
rlv0wKtrnfESifhwuG
zGifh[ajymavh&Sdygonf/
1170
oabmaygufykHwpfrsKd;
txufygpum;udkMum;&aomtcg
vnfacsmif;teD;odkUa&mufatmif
vufpowfawmh
ol\t,lrSm
qdkonfh
pum;uJUodkUjzpfae\/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdygao;onf[k ajzqnf&ayonf/
t,ltqwckrSmvnf;
vlow0gonf
wacwfxufwacwf
uREkfyf\
rd&dk;zvm
1171
udk,fwdkiftm;xkwfNyD;
acwfpum;rsKd;acwfOyrmrsDK;jzifh
a&;om;wwfjcif;
a&;csif
bdkifpukyfZmwfnTef;rsKd;udkrl
(aiG0ifaumif;vSonfqdk
a&;csifrd
a&;zdkUpdwfrul;awmhyg/
odkU&mwGif
bdkifpukyfMunfhjcif;aMumifh
udpr&Sd?
cHEdkif&nf&Sdygonf/
uREkfyf\t,ltqum;
vlonf
bmtjypfrSrjzpfEdkif?
vlwbufom;tm;
xdcdkufepfem
1172
udk,f&Smpm;&onfh
vlom;rsm;tzdkUrSm
wcgw&H
umr*kPf ra&SmifEdkifao;vQif
tcsKdUvlrsm;u uREkfyftm; ]][kwfawmh[kwfygonf? odkUaomf w&m;
orm; wa,mufqdkaomaMumifh
a&SmifMuOfoifhonf}}
[k
ajymMu\/
w&m;tm;xkwfavh&Sd&m
xdkodkUaom
tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;wGif
vdktyfonf[lvnf;
r,lqyg/)
tdrfaxmifESifh
1173
uREkfyfrSm
touf70ausmfNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
usef;rm
odkU&mwGif
jrif&olrsm;u
]uav;uvm;&Sdonf}?
vkyfrdMuvQif
ujrif;onf[k
rSwfxifwwfMuavonf/
rnfolu
rnfodkUxifMuonfjzpfap?
rsufpd? em;ESifh
1174
wufMunfh&jcif;xuf
ajrmif;xJrSqif;Munfh&onfhtcg
om
umr*kPftrsKd;rsKd;udk
pkHatmifjrnf;csifaomqE
odkU&mwGif
vGefusL;atmif
rjzpfcJUrdjcif;rsm;rSm
uREkfyf\owdw&m;aumif;jcif;xuf
uHaumif;jcif;
jzpf[efwlayonf/
jzpfwef&monf/
pkH&kHrQompkHcsif
0goemuav;r&SdcJUonfhwGufaMumifh
uREkfyfonf
vGefusL;csifwwf
twlwuG
aom
aysmfyg;
1175
vlwa,mufr[kwf?
rnfonfht&mrqdk
vdkayao;onf/
rsm;pGmaomolwdkUonf
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh
wcgw&HwGif
emrnfysufatmif
wrifwumvkyfcsifwwfonf[k
uREkfyf wu,fr&Sdaomt&nftcsif;rsKd;udk
pm;p&mrsm;rSm,l
taMumif;udkvnf;
xkwfazmfajymqdk
1176
auseyf
Edkifonf/
vli,fonf
uREkfyfaomufaom
uREkfyfrqdkvdkyg/
rxdkufwefaomenf;jzifh
uREkfyf\0goemjzpfygonf/
usrf;rjyKrD
txifBuD;
tcsdefumv
udk;ESpfcefUavmufuvnf;
uREkfyfonf
tjcm;aom
oDvr,lyJaevdkuf\/
oDv,l?NyD;rS
OykofcsKd;onfr[kwf?
1177
owday;\/
ol\owday;csufonf
uREkfyftzkdU
omqdk;oGm;\/
rnfudkaMumufonfhtwGufaMumifh
Oykofapmifh&onfqdkvQif
]nm}onf[k
xifwwf
rjyKvkyfyJ
aeonfursm;\/
uREkfyftay:
txifao;jcif;[lonfrSm
txif
ao;MuvQifvnf;
tjyeftvSefjzpfEdkifaom
udpr&Sd?
tvkyfrsKd;jzpf\/
pdwftm;xufoefaomaeUonf
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k
tcsdef
ay;urf;pGefUBuJ&vQif
axmifudk;&m
yk*dKvftm;
(rnfrQyif
tusifhoDv
jzLpifvSyg
1178
uREkfyf\&nfrSef;csuf
rsm;pGmaom olwdkUonf rdrdwkdU\woufwmwGif &nfrSef;csuf[l
wdwdusus r&SdMuyJ trSwfrJUaevmcJUMu\/ vuf&Sdtajctaexuf wdk;wuf
atmifqdkaom ]aomif;ajymif;}&nfrSef;csufrsKd;um; &SDwwfMuyg\/ tcsKdUurl
oaX;jzpfatmif [lvnf;aumif;? &mxl;wdk;wuf BuD;us,fatmif [l
vnf;aumif;? xifay:ausmfaZmatmif[lvnf;aumif;? tmPmvufudkif&
atmif[lvnf;aumif;
t"du&nfrSef;csuf
wckckxm;wwfMuavonf/
rvkyfcsifwwfacs/
wodef;wef
ausmif;xdkifyk*dKvfBuD;rsKd;u
1179
tjzpfrsKd;udkawmifhwjcif;r&Sdyg?
avmufqdkvQif
awmfavmufygNyD?
r&Sdr&Sm;qdkaom
tjzpfrsKd;
ypnf;OpmtvGeftrif;<u,f0wdkif;
(qifjcifwkHw&m;
um;csif;NydKif&?
vufvGwfcJUvQif)
wdkufcsif;NydKif&?
umr*kPf
vdkifpif&atmifvkyf&?
zwfzwfarmvsuf&Sd
r*fzdkvfedAmeftwGuf
vltrsm;&SdwwfMuonfh
Muonf/
pifppfrSm
taESmifht,Suf
jzpf&kHrQom
m?
rp&d,w&m;rsm;
1180
[dkw,f
pm;aomufaysmfyg;vsuf&Sdaom
vli,fwpkxuf
tjzpfudktrSefwu,f
vdkvm;ygonf/
odkU&mwGif
&nfrSef;csufum;
todkUenf;/
&nfrSef;csufum;
a&S;OD;pGmavhvmzdkU
A[kokwudk
vdktyfonf[k
eHywf(1)xm;
owfrSwfonfhtwdkif;
azmfjyjcif;jzpf\/
avmuD
&nfrSef;csuft&
1181
uREkfyftzdkUrSm
odkUaomtcGifhta&;rsKd;udk
(acwf
urmudkvSnfhzkdU
tcGifhta&;&vsuf&SdMuaom
odcJUMuonfrajymwwf?
vlUobm0ESifhywfouf
avmukw&ma&;&mqdkonfrSm
pdwf
,xmblwusus
,xm
odonfqdkvQif
blwus[lonfrSm
udpNyD;Edkifonf[k
taemufwdkif;om;rsm;
a&S;tpOftvmuwnf;u
avhusifhvmMuonfh
0dnmPH
jyEdkifonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
pdwfudk
1182
odaomolonf
odonf[k
qkdEdkifouJUodkUyif
tdEd,jynf
0dnmPHteEH
e,fy,f\tjcm;buf
&Sdaomt&mudk
taemufwdkif;qdkufaumfvdk*sDtaMumif;ESifh
(t&lyur|mef;)
udkavhvmtm;xkwfaom
tqkH;wkdifodjrifNyD;
r&SdEdkif[k
avmuBuD;rS
vGwfajrmufEdkifaom
vufcH,kHMunf&ayrnf/
wenf;qdkaomf
tjcm;enf;r&SdEdkif
ESpf Zefe0g&DvtwGif;u &efukefokdUa&mufcJU&mwGif acwfynm
vnf; xdyfxdyfBuJwwfonfh? w&m;udkvnf; (*dkPf;w*dkPf;rS ed,jzifh)
tjyif;txef tm;xkwfvsuf&Sdonfh? pOf;pm;OmPfvnf; tawmf&SdykH&onfh
vli,fwa,mufESifh aqG;aEG;cJU&bl;\/ xdkvli,fonf EdkifiHjcm;rS emrnf
ausmfyk*dKvfwOD;\ olUenf;ESifhol tm;xkwfjcif;udpwGif r*fqdkufzdkvfqdkuf
aygufrayguf (edAmefudk jrifrjrif) uREkfyfa&SUwGif olU[mol qifjcif
1183
xdkyk*dKvf\tjrifxuf
tjzpfudkvnf;
usrf;*efpnf;rsOf;ESifh
awGUatmif&SmEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
om
uREkfyftHUMo
bmomuJGwOD;wa,muf\
cRwf,Gif;csufudk
Ak'om0uwdkU\
csufcsif;axmuf
w&m;tjrifrsKd;
r[kwfEdkif
w&m;tjrifESifh
rjyEdkifvQif
qdkjcif;udkrl
&SdapOD;?
rMumrwif
odjrifqkH;jzwfEdkifavmufayonf/
pdkufMunfhESifh apmifhMunfh
pdwftaMumif;odatmif vufawGUapmifhMunfh avhvmjcif;onf Ak'
usifhpOf trSefjzpfonfj [k vufcHMuonfqdkvQif avhvmjcif;wumwdkUwGif
pdwfudkvufawGUavhvm&jcif;uJUodkU pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom tvkyfonf
1184
ay:xGufvmzkdU
]jyLpDjyLpD}jzpfaeMujcif;
udkawGU&ayrnf/
pdwfudkapmifh
Munfhjcif;[lvnf;aumif;?
a0'em
tvkyf[lonfrSm
udk,fum,udk
apmifhMunfhjcif;
1185
a0'emEkyem
wwfMu&m
tvkyfqdk
a0'em\
a0'emudk
apmifhrMunfhyJ
pdkufMunfh
OmPfxJwGif
ray:vmyJ
oabmobm0udk
tcg
]vuPm}rxifvmyJ
0dnmPteEac:onfh
rdpm'dXd
ur|mef;r[kwf?
y&dedAmefjyKcgeD;wGif
0dnmPHteEH
Ak'udk,fawmfjrwf
tygt0if
t&lypsmef
oabmw&m;rsKd;vnf;
aygufvmonfudk
rxifvm?
rawGU&aomaMumifh
0dyemOmPfrsKd;vnf;
vrf;um;
igoGm;vdkaom
ul;ajymif;vdkuf&ygawmhonf/
Munfhjcif;wkdU\
tvGefUtvGef
jcm;em;csufonf
ta&;BuD;vSonfhjyif
1186
]apmifh}Munfhjcif;ESifh
]pdkuf}
w&m;tm;xkwfaoma,m*Drsm;tzdkU
trSm;vrf;odkU
a&mufvsuf&Sdaom
rvdkolrsm;cGifhvTwfMu&ef
awmif;yeftyfygonf/
w&m;tm;rxkwfcsifao;vQif&Sdap?
A[kokwtaejzifh
zwf&I pOf;pm;xdkufvSygonf/
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aompdwf
pdwmEkyem [lonfrSm acwfpum;ESifh ac:onf&Sdaomf Ak'nTefjycJU
onfh enf;emtwdkif;pdwfobm0udk xdk;xGif;odjrifapjcif;iSm xufMuyfruGm
apmifhMunfhNyD; pl;prf;avhvmjcif; (0g)okawoejyKjcif;
(Research)
jzpfonf/
pdwftaMumif;udk
taemufwdkif;
qdkufaumfvdk*sDq&mrsm;u
yif
apmifhMunfhNyD;
pdwf\
tom&u|
(tew)
obm0udk
avhvmonfhtcg
ajrBuD;&Sd&modkU
udk,fwdkifoGm;
ynmonfonf
ywjrm;udk
wudkifwnf;udkif
ywjrm;wvkH;udk
odEdkifonfr[kwfacs/
1187
pdkufMunfhaejcif;tm;jzifh
opfyiftaMumif;udk
aysmufysufoGm;aom
pdwfuav;rsm;?
teDrIefUESifh
xifrSwf&jcif;oabm?
aemufwcP
tjcm;
tqif;wck
yx0DaA'ynmorm;onf
ajrBuD;&Sd&modkU
ywjrm;trsKd;rsKd;udk
(pdwfynmonf)
a,m*DtzdkUrlum;
aqmifxm;&OD;rnf/
pdwm
pdwfudkapmifhMunfhavhvm
1188
aysmufysufykH?
wu,fr[kwfygyJvsuf
wu,fxif&atmif
ynm&yf
wumwkdUwGif
pdwfokawoe
cufcJvSonf?
ysif;p&maumif;onf
vlrsm;u
ajymcsifajymMuygap?
&uftydkif;tjcm;ESifh
q&mrsKd;
&Sm;vsuf&SdonfhtwGuf
tvGJvGJ
tm;xkwfzkdUrSm
(q&maumif;
wynfh
o'gw&m;ESifh
txdkuftavsmuf
xkd;xGif;odjrifvmaomtcg
1189
onf/
xdkolonf
pdwfwkdU\
rdrd\pdwftaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?
taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;
cyfodrf;aom
&dyfrdem;vnfonfjzpf
yxr
wNydKifeuf
vdkcsifr&ojzifh
tcH&cufaomoabmudk
xdktckdufwGif
rSxGufvm
avmb
rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf;
avmbpdwf0ifvmaomtcg
xkdpdwfudk
ur|mef;ausmif;
rnfonfhenf;jzifh
yk*dKvfonf
owdapmifhvsuff&SdaeygvQif
avmb?
a'go?
atmif
avhusifhxm;jcif;uJUodkU
aemufusdnpfnrf;aom
1190
pum;vkH;onf
omay:vGifonf[k
waMumif;aMumifh
xnfhoGif;okH;EIef;jcif;twGuf
,lqonf
a&S;usaomvlrsm;u
rdefUawmfrlavonf/
q&mawmfu
OD;atmifjrwfxG#fonf
tb,fokdUaomtaMumif;aMumifh
if;tjypfrsKd;
uREkfyf
1191
jzLaumifobm0
uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;wGif (txl;ojzifh oli,fb0) ql;rsm; wacsmif;NyD;
wacsmif;
aygufcJU&ykHudk
azmfjycJUbl;&m
ql;awGrsm;vmaomtcgwGif
if;wkdU\
&efolcsnf;jzpfonf[k
,lqonfhvuPmESifh
ckcHzkdU
[efjyifwwf
onfhenf;wl
uREkfyfrSmvnf;
ckcHumuG,f&awmhrnfhES,f
]ql;}
rsm;udk
axmif<uxm;
rsm;pGmaom
vlpdrf;rsm;onfuREkfyfudkjrifaom
tcg
(Self Confidence)
rQom jzpfaomaMumifh
jzLaumifonf
1192
usm;?
usm;opfpaom
uREkfyfxif vdkufrdonf
jzLaumifonf
roifhjrwfoludk
tuJcwfjcif;tvkyf
rdrdESifhtpyfrwnfhrnfh
(Instinct)
&SdykH&\/
vlwa,mufudkodzdkU&ef
pkHprf;
xdkodkU
aomvlrsKd;ESifh
ac:ajymqufqHrIrjyKrdjcif;onf
1193
pdwfrwdkrdoifhyJ wdkrdjcif;
ql;rsm;ayguf&jcif;onf rQavmufom tusKd;w&m; ay:xGufonf
qdkygvQif
awmfygao;\/
uRekfyftzdkUrl
rQavmufruao;jcif;udk
pdwfqdk;vG,fwwfjcif;
wnf;[laom
raumif;onfh
&Iwfcsvdkufrdonf/
onfrSm
ql;rsm;aygufxm;jcif;\
onf)
vufcHEdkifvdrfhrnf
r[kwfjcif;udk
BudKwifod&Sdxm;\/
1194
udk,fwa,mufwnf;
a'gazmif;NyD;
wif;rmcufxefaom
qdkvdkjcif;
(Justification)
r[kwfyg?
tb,fhaMumifh
1195
odonfqdkvQif
tb,fhaMumifh
nHUzsif;rIrsm;&Sd&oenf;[k
ar;csifpzG,f
cRwf,Gif;csuf
uav;rsm;aMumifh)jzpfatmif
tb,fhaMumifh
rSefonf[l
vnf;aumif;
tvkyf[lorQ
uREkfyfratmifjrifyJ&Sd\/
uREkfyf\
vltrsm;rvkyf
csifonfh
pOf;pm;jcif;tvkyfrsKd;wGif
1196
arwmw&m;\ tusKd;tmedoif
uREkfyf\ woufwmrSwfwrf;udk zwf&IMuonfh y&dowfESifh uREkfyfwkdU
uJGuGmvsuf &SdcJUonfrSm av;vcefUrQ&SdcJUavNyD/ rSwfwrf;udk ,ckwzef
jyefvnfqufvufa&;om;azmfjy&mwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU uREkfyfoGm;a&muf
cJUjcif;udk od&SdMuaom rdwfaqGrsm;u if;taMumif;udk a&S;OD;pGm odvdkMuvdrfh
rnf[k xifrdonfwaMumif;? uREkfyfudk,fwdkifuvnf; tjzpftysufrsm;udk
rSwfrdjcif;t&mwGif (toufBuD;jyif;vmrIaMumifh) a&S;,cifuuJUokdU r[kwf
awmhyJ tenf;i,fqkwf,kwfjcif;&Sdvmonfudk awGU& qdkAD,uf,leD,H
BuKHcJU&aom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk ylylaEG;aEG;a&;om;azmfjyygrS wduspkHvif
vdrfhrnf
[k
,lqonfwaMumif;aMumifh
taMumif;t&mrsm;
udk
,cifu
azmfjyvmcJUonfh
acwjzwfxm;NyD;aemufqkH;
BuKHawGUcJU&onfh
arwmur|mef;(0g)arwm
w&m;yGm;rsm;jcif;ESifh
ywfouf
1197
&Sif;vif;csuf
arwmw&m; yGm;rsm;rIESifhywfouf uREkfyf\atmifjrifrIrsm;udk zwf&I
&aomy&dowfu uREkfyftm; ]udk,f&nfaoG;onf}[k pGyfpJGcsifpzG,f taMumif;
t&mrsm;vnf; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh BudKwif tenf;i,f&Sif;vif;
azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ uREkfyfonf vltrsm;csD;rGrf;jcif;? xifay:ausmaZmjcif;
tp&Sdaom t&mrsKd;udk vkH;0rvdkvm;ol wa,muf[l rajym0HUapumrl
csD;rGrf;cHvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ]r@yfwdkif wufjyaom} vlpm;rsKd; r[kwf
aMumif;udkrl uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;udk zwf&IvmcJUMuonfh rdwfaqGrsm;
wdkU
em;vnfavmufMuonf[k
arQmfvifhygonf/
arwmw&m;\
ppfrSefaom
arwmw&m;rnfonf
avmutHUMo
,lqonfhtwGufaMumifh
,kHMunfaom
arwmw&m;\tusKd;
BuD;jcif;udk
vlwdkif;vdkyif
yGm;rsm;ykHyGm;rsm;enf;ESifhwuG
tao;pdwfazmfjyjcif;
rsKd;udkvnf;
tjrifhjrwfqkH;jzpfaom
arwmw&m;
taMumif;udk
]]avmuBuD;twGif;}}[laom
1198
pum;vkH;udk
okH;EIH;&jcif;rSm
txifBuD;ykH&onfh
urmausmf tbd"rm
&efukefwuokdvfrS
yk*dKvfESpfOD;wkdUu
b0&Sdoavm}
qkdonfhtaMumif;udk
a&;xm;onf
tvGefpdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh
zwf&Iqifjcifygonf/
xdkpmtkyfwGif
1199
uREkfyf\tawG;
bmw&ef&wfqJvfrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkvm;onfhurmausmf ynm&Sd
yk*Kd vfBuD;jzpfay&m uREkfyfonf if;\tBuHay;csufrsm;udk jiif;qdkvdkaom
BuH&G,fcsuf tvQif;r&Sdapumrl uREkfyfrSmvnf; a*gwrAk' nTefjyawmfrl
cJUonfhtwdkif; pdwfobm0udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm avhvmxm;cJUol wa,muf
jzpfonfhtavsmuf
urmppfrjzpfEdkifa&;twGuf
pdwful;rsm;ay:aygufcJU
xdktcsdefrSp
urmhEdkifiHa&;ESifhywfouf
rnfonfh
wcsKdUuusL;bm;
ta&;?
bmvifta&;?
1200
b,fvdkvkduf&vdkuf&
uREkfyf\pdwful;t&rSm qdkAD,ufESifhtar&duefwkdU wbufESifhwbuf
txifvGJrSm;rIrsm; &SdaeMu&mwGif qdkAD,ufwkdU\ pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh
tar&duefwkdU\ pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udk uREkfyfod&atmif plprf;EdkifcGifh&SdcJU
vQif
uREkfyf\tBuHtpnfatmifjrifrnf?
ratmifjrifrnfudk
rSef;qEdkif
pmtkyfrsm;zwfjcif;tm;jzifh
txdkuf
,kHMunfrdonf/
okdU&SdpOf
tufz&dkat&Sef
cspfMunfrI
xnfhoGif;rnfqdkonfudk
Mum;&onfhtcg
uREkfyfonf
tpnfBuD;ESifh
urmppfudk
(jzpfrjzpftyxm;
wm;qD;vdkjcif;wnf;[laom
tBuH&jcif;twGuf
tBuH
0rf;ajrmuf
pGmjzifh)qdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU vdkufygoGm;cJUygonf/
arwm\tusKd;
armfpudkodkU a&mufoGm;aomtcg uREkfyfrSm uREkfyf\ ZmwmuHMurm
xkH;pHtwdkif; ]]tqdk;xJrS taumif;xGufay:jcif;}} wnf;[laom tjcif;t&m
wckESifh &ifqdkif&avNyD/ uREkfyf\ twdwftjzpftysufrsm;teufrS O'g[&kPf
1201
xdktwGufaMumifhyif
w&m;bufodkU
uREkfyf
tBuHBuD;
udk&
if;wdkUtwGuf
uREkfyfa&m
cH,lola&m
ydkUoolyg
tusKd;rsm;jcif;udk
udk,fawGUBuKHcJUaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
wqifhwufjcif;
txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif;
cHvdkuf&onfwGif
uREkfyfrSm
uREkfyf\pdwfESvkH;
w&m;orm;wa,muf
xdcdkufjcif;
jzpfonfhtavsmuf
1202
oEd|mefcsrSwfcJUygonf/
BudK;pm;cJUygonf/
if;oEd|meftwkdif;
txufyg
&ifqdkif&aomtcgrlum;
vnf;vkdufemaqmif&GufzdkU
ESvkH;rom,mjzpfap
igonf
rQaom
onfhtjcif;t&mESifh
arwm
avmufrQESifh
ukefvGefap&rnf[l
oEd|mefcsrSwf
ae&m
tusOf;rQ
azmfjyvkdufygOD;rnf/
,lEdkifMuapjcif;
uREkfyfonf
1203
pdwfxJzefqif;vdkufygonf/
rsufpdrSdwfNyD;
uREkfyftzdkUrSm
pdwful;vdkufonfESifhwNydKifeuf
oPmef
1204
uREkfyfod&Sdonfjzpf
xkH;pHtwdkif;arwokwfy&dwfudk
cspfBudKufonfhtcg
arwm&Sdonf[k
okH;EIef;
rdef;uav;u
tjcm;vli,fwa,mufudk
cspfBudKufonf[k
rdef;uav;\
ol&vdkjcif;rQomjzpfonf/
tusKd;udkvdkvm;jcif;xuf
ppfrSefaom
arwmpdwfrnfonf
rdef;uav;udk
rdrdtwGuf
wbufom;
aumif;apvdk
onfhapwemoufouf
1205
tcuftcJBuD;wck
tvGefwefzkd;&Sd jrifhjrwfppfrSefaom arwmrsKd;&Sdonfum; rdrdtwGuf
arQmfvifhcsuf vkH;0rxm;yJ(0g) wbufom;\ wkHUjyefrItay:rS tjrwf
xkwfzdkU r&nf&G,fyJ wbufom; aumif;pm;apvdkonfh apwemoufouf
(Good Will)
oavmuf
rvG,fulvSaom
pdwfxm;rsKd;jzpf\/ uREkfyfonf
jA[pdk&f
qefUusifbufjzpfcJU
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif
arwmw&m;
tjypfrsKd;um;
&Sdonfrxifyg/
1206
odkUqdkvQif
ppfrSefaom
r[kwfacs/
odkU&mwGifAk'\tbd"rm
oGufoGufvufvuf
tvdktavsmuf
pdwf[lvnf;aumif;?
rdrdukd,fudk
rwdkufwGef;&yJ
jzpfay:vmonfh
rdrdwdkufwGef;NyD;
(tocFg&du)
BudK;pm;aqmif&Guf
pdwfapwemonf
xufoefjcif;&Sd
onfhtwGufaMumifh
tavhtusifh
vkyf,lcJUvQif
tjzpfodkUa&mufvmEdkifonf[k
uREkfyfonf
arwmw&m;
wjznf;jznf;wGif
uREkfyf,kHMunf
yGm;rsm;jcif;tvkyfwGif
ygonf/
atmufyg
twdkif;tavhtusifhjyKvkyfygonf/
avhusifhwkd;wufykH
a&S;OD;pGm
uREkfyfonf
tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;\
rsufESmudkxif&Sm;pGm
1207
[laom
apwemjzpfay:vmatmifvkyf,l\/
pum;rSm
udk,f\usef;rmjcif;?
pdwf\
t"dym,fpkHvifonfhtwGuf
vltajrmuftjrm;\
uREkfyf
rsufESmrsm;udk
a&G;cs,fxm;jcif;jzpf
wOD;pDazmf
xkwfum
txufygtwdkif;
rdwfaqGrsm;tm;
arwmydkUygonf/
tvkyfrSm
arwmydkU&jcif;uJUokdU
cifrif
(tpyxr)
1208
xl;jcm;aomMunfhjcif;
uREkfyfonf azmfjycJUNyD;aom tvkyfrsKd;wGif eHywf(2)jzpfonfh arwmydkU
jcif;wnf;[laom
tvkyfudk
tcsdeftrsm;qkH;ay;
eHygwf(3)jzpfonfh
rsufvkH;rsm;onfvnf;
]arwmrsufvkH;}
jzpfvmMu[efwl\/
uREkfyfudkxyf
rMunfhyJ
raeEdkifonfhvuPmESifh
oHo,jzpfrdygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm
xif&Sm;aom tjzpftysufwckudkazmfjyvdkygonf/
1209
xl;xl;
jcm;jcm;
wcGef;wnf;aompum;
uREkfyftavhtusifhjyKvkyf
pwkwajrmufaomaeUwGif
uREkfyfwdkU
vrf;jytjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;
vdkufygvmMuonfh
&k&Sm;&Jabmf
jrefrmjynfrS
0efaxmuftqifhtwef;&Sdonfh
tajctaersKd;&Sdjcif;udk
awGU&onf/
om;em;ykH
t&m&Sd
qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU
1210
uREkfyfonf
pm;yJGxdyfwGif
wdwfqdwfpGmxdkifvsuf
&Gmom;rsm;onf
uREkfyfESifhwBudrf
rsufvkH;csif;qdkifvdkuf
Ou|onf
wpkHwck ]wkdUpf}
xdkif&mrSx
uREkfyftm;
vkyfzdkUwkdufwGef;avonf/
pum;ajymzdkU
uREkfyfonf
pum;ajymzdkUvnf;trSefyif
wGefUqkwfygonf/
1211
av;ig;a,mufrQom&Sdonfjzpf
vdkufygvmMuonfh
&k&Sm;&JabmfESpfa,mufteuf
uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl
wa,mufa,mufu
pOf;pm;rdonf/
xdkUaMumifh
t*Fvdyfvdkajymrnf[k
BuHyg
1212
yxrtBudrfpum;ajymjcif;
uREkfyfpum;ajymawmhrnf[k xdkif&mrSxvdkufonfqdkvQifyif xrif;pm;
yGJ
&SdMuaom
rwlatmif
y&dowf20
cefUwdkUonfh
em;pGifhvsuf&Sdjcif;udk
rnfolpum;ajympOfuESifhrQ
awGU&\/
owif;axmufESifhwlaom
xdktcg
url
(uREkfyf\arwmpdwf"mwf
tavh
txifao;atmif
ajymvsuf&SdMuaMumif;?
ESdyfe,fonfh
acgif;aqmifrsm;u
ESdrfvkH;rsKd;udk
&SmBuHNyD;
xdkuJUodkUajymvdkufonfhtcg
Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk
tjyeftvSefzefwD;um
yg;pyfu
b,fvdkajymMuaomfvnf;
Ncdrf;ajcmufpum;ajymaeMurnfqdkvQif
ponfrsm;jzifh
vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ
1213
0rf;enf;yufvuf
uREkfyfursuf&nf0dkif;aom
pm;yGJudkxkolxk
ponfjzifh
Mobmay;Muavonf/
ta&SUtkyfpkwkdUESifh
taemuf
tkyfpkwkdU
tjrefqkH;a&mufMuygapownf;}} [k qdkum
qEjyKvdkufygonf/
vlxkudktm;udk;jcif;
uREkfyf\pum;tqkH;
wa,mufNyD;wa,mufx
qkawmif;um
]wkdUpf}
&Gmom;rsm;onf
uREkfyftm;
0dkift&ufcGufudk,fpDESifh
usef;rmcsrf;ompGm&SdygapaMumif;
vkyfMuavonf/
uREkfyfrSmrl
t*Fvdyfvdk
uREkfyf\ arwm"mwfudk
enf;vrf;udk
[kwfwefavmufonf[k
1214
vufcHMu&m
a&mufonfwaMumif;?
,if;okdUqdkvQif
q&mBuD;
bmw&ef&wfqJvf\
rdrdajzqdkrnfh
tcsKdUem;0ifavmuf
tajzonf
onf[k
,kwfpGmhtqkH;
urmolurmom;
arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdvmonf
waMumif;aMumifh
tvGefw&m
aqmif&Gufjcif;
rmefrme
xuf
BuD;vsuf&Sdaom
urmolurmom;wkdUudk
pm;yGJNyD;
&Gmuav;rS
jyefMurnfjyK&mwGif
&Gmol
uREkfyf\pum;t"dym,f
xda&mufykHudk
t&if;uJUodkU
cspfcifvmNyDjzpfaMumif;ajymNyD;vQif
ajymavonf/
&Jabmfuvnf;
wGif
touf
ol\MunfndKav;pm;jcif;udk
1215
43ESpf
tm;usrcH
&SdNyDjzpfaom
azmfjyvdkonfh
oabmxm;zdkUtaMumif;ESifh
tm;&yg;&ajymMuygawmhonf/
wa,muf
uREkfyfuvnf;
wvSnfh
olwdkU\
Vanity
oabm,SOfwGJvsuf&Sdonfjzpf&m
rmerzufonfh
jzLpifMunfvifaom
ESpfodrfhrI
rsKd;aywum;[k
pOf;pm;rdygonf/
opfusm;oD;taqmif
aus;&Gmxrif;yJG uREkfyfonf vwfqwf jzLazG;aom opfusm;oD;
wyGJudkawGU& q,fvkH;rQawmif;,lvmcJU\/ tazmfESpfa,mufu ]]bmvkyfzdkU
vJq&mBuD;}} [kar;aomtcguREkfyfu ]]taqmifayghAs}} [kjyefajymcJUonf/
[dkwJvfodkU a&mufMu opfusm;oD;rsm;udk jrifMuaomtcg ]]q&mBuD;&JU
taqmifu w,fae&musygum;}} [k ajymMu&m uREkfyfu ]][kwfwmayghAs}}
[l om jyefajzvdkuf\/ olwkdUESpfa,mufu uREkfyf\ atmifjrifrIonf
opfusm;oD;taqmifaMumifhjzpfonf[k
arwmpdwf"mwf\
taMumif;udk
xifMuvQifvnf;&Sdap?
&Sif;vif;rajymyJ
1216
uREkfyfu
xm;vdkufonf/
(Superstitions)
vlwa,mufr[kwfonfhjyif acwfynm
vwfqwfvQifomaumif;rnf[laom
txifESifh tdrf&SifxHrS
arwmpdwf"mwf
tpGrf;atmifjrifrIwGif
opfusm;oD;rsm;u
1217
owdBuD;pGmxm;jcif;
uREkfyftzdkU&m arwmpdwf"mwf\ atmifjrifrIrsm;onf tvGefrsm;jym;
aomfvnf; pmjzifha&;rSwfjcif;rjyKcJUrdonfhtwGufaMumifh tm;vkH;aphpkHatmif
razmfjyEdkifapumrl rSwfrdoavmufudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ tmrD;eD;,m;e,f
NrdKUawmf tD&DAefrS a*smf*sD,me,f NrdKUawmfwpfbvpfqDodkU a&mufMu
[dkwJvfwckwnf;cdkvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfwkdUaeUwdkif;pm;aomufMuonfh pm;yGJ
wck rdef;uav;wa,mufu vkdtyfaom pm;p&mrsm;udk o,f,lay;
onfhwm0efudk aqmif&Guf\/ xdkrdef;uav;um; tvGefacsmarmvSyonf[k
rqdkEdkifyJ
]&GufMurf;a&usKdrQ}
avmuf&Sdonfh
&kyfqif;o@mef&Sdapumrl
uREkfyf\pdwfxJ
1218
aumif;uifc&D;rS
psmef<uaom
tjcm;olrsm;xuf
eHeufpmpm;yGJwGif
*&kpdkufjyKpk\/
xdkrdef;uav;onf
uREkfyfwkdUxGufcGmMurnfh
aemufqkH;tBudrfxyfrH
vufqGJEIwfqufjyefavonf/
if;tBuHtwdkif;rjyKcJUyg/
tjcm;tcef;odkU
rdef;uav;onf
1219
if;\tvkyf0w&m;rsm;udk
Muifemjcif;rsKd;xuf
rydkjcif;udk
opmjyKEdkifouJUodkU
rsm;udk
tpDtpOftwdkif;r[kwfyJ
uREkfyf\pdwf
xdcdkufaom
1220
onfhtcg
avqdyfESifhNrdKUrSm
tawmfa0;onfudk
]b,fu
a':trmvJ?
bmvJ
nmvJ}ponfESifh
1221
pum;ajym&jcif;jzpfonf}}
[k
jyefajymaomtcg
pm;yGJcef;odkUjyefoGm;
pdwfvIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sd
rpm;EdkifonfESifh
npmudkqufvufpm;ygaomfvnf;
emrnfBuD;vSonfh
&k&Sm;Akd'fum
rwwfEdkif/)
rtrmrdcifa':pktaMumif;udk
1222
apmifha&SmufapvdkaMumif;
rSmMum;a&;om;jcif;udk
awGU&ayonf/
ponfjzifh
xdkpmudk
tawmf&Snfvsm;pGm
rtrmu
zwfjy
1223
tNrJay:vmjcif;udk
BuKH&yg
onf/
axG&mav;yg;
rtrmum;
xdkaeUyif
*smreDbufodkU
okH;a,mufonf
vSnfhvnfMunfh&INyD;Mu
jyifqifMuavonf/
qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGif;&Sd
*smreDjynfbufodkUxGufcGm&ef
aeUem&DjyefwcsufavmufwGif
armfpudkavqdyfodkU
jyefxdkif&onf/
(&k&Sm;&Jabmfrsm;onf
1224
uREkfyfudk
av,mOfysHwpif;
qdkufa&mufvm
uREkfyfwkdUBudKqdkaeMuonf/
wBudrfjrif&jcif;uJUodkU
uREkfyfonf
0rf;omjcif;rsKd;udkrrSwfrdyg/
rtrmudk
vkyfazmfudkifbuf
awGUvdkuf&NyD;
tcsdef;tcsuf
b,fae&mb,fXme
ray;Edkifonfh
b,ftcsdefwGif
jyifawGUcsifrS
awGU&awmh
uREkfyfua&SUqkH;rSBudKae
rtrm0ifvmonfhtcg
uREkfyf
onf
1225
wa,muf0ifvmrnf
qdkygu
vJGoGm;Edkifao;aMumif;?
,ckuJUodkU
azmfjyvdkonfESifh
a&SUokdUtenf;i,f
ausmfvGefa&;om;xm;jcif;
vDeif*&ufNrdKUodkUoGm;Muonfh
wkHUjyefazmfjy&OD;rnf/
wDbvpfqDNrdKUESifh
taMumif;t&mudk
vDeif*&ufNrdKUrSm
wem&DvQif
1226
wnfcif;ay;,if;
uREkfyfESifh
]rsufrSef;wef;}
rdMuavNyD/
em;axmifaumif;atmif
ajymwwfolwa,muf
&Sifajymwmudk
uRefrydkNyD;Mum;csifw,f?
pdwf0ifpm;
vufxyfMuykH
xkH;pHESifh
r*Fvm
oli,fronf
uREkfyfteD;odkU
tjcm;aom
tacguftacguftcgcg
tvkyf0w&m;rsm;
vmxdkifum
1227
tawmfoGufvufpGm
rsm;tBudKuf
ajymEdkifvsuf&SdygavNyD/
ajrSmufumyifhumem;0ifcsKdatmif
rdef;uav;
ajymjcif;t&mwGifvnf;
wifaeonfhtwGuf
a&cJwkH;BuD;rsm;ESifh
xdcdkufrdNyD;
ab;tE&m,f
,kHMunfxm;onfhtwGufaMumifh
NidwG,fjcif;r&SdEdkif[l
udkvSausmf\pum;rsm;onf
1228
xdkav,mOfysHudkxm;cJUNyD;
tjcm;av,mOfysHwpif;jzifh
0efav;onf[k
xifcJUrdaomfvnf;
xdkrdef;uav;rygonfhtwGuf
pdwfxJ
c&D;qufMuaom
bmvkdvdkjzpfonfudk
(Vanity)
oabmrQom
jzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfEdkifygonf/
tJUpfwkd;&D;,m;[dkwJvf
uREkfyfwkdUonf rwfv w&ufaeUnwGif vDeif*&ufNrdKUodkU qdkuf
a&mufMu tJUpfwkd;&D;,m; [dkwJvfBuD;\ crf;em;BuD;us,fykH? aps;EIef;
BuD;jrifhykH?
ae&m&zdkUcJ,Of;ykH
ponfrsm;udkzwf&bl;onfh
uREkfyfonf
pdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh
[dkwJvfrsm;teufwGif
owdjyKrdyg\/
[dkwJvfonf
uREkfyfwnf;cdkcJUorQaom
tcrf;em;qkH;jzpf\/
A[kokw
1229
[dkwJvfBuD;ESifh
ydkif&SifwOD;wnf;jzpfcJUbl;aMumif;?
qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf
[dkwJvfBuD;rsKd;
wnf;cdkcJU&bl;jcif;
enf;yg;onfh
Murf;ESifhzdeyf
xdawGU&jcif;twGuf
]oGm;usdef;}
onf[k
2&ufaeUnwGif
jrefrmjynf
tpdk;&tajymif;tvJjzpfjcif;
uREkfyfwkdU\
pdwfxJ&Sdaom
tjcif;t&mudk
q,fykHwykHrQ
olwkdUtm;i,fMuvdrfhrnf?
1230
odkUavmodkUavm
awG;awmMuvdrfhrnf[laom
tjcif;t&mrsm;onf
pdwfxJwGifjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf[k
rsm;onf
tjzpftysufESifh
uREkfyfwkdUokH;OD;vkH;\
uREkfyfrSef;qEdkifygonf/
ywfouf
&k&Sm;&Jabmf
uREkfyfwkdU\xifjrifcsufudk
jzpfonf[k
,kHMunfxm;onfhtwkdif;
&kwfw&uf
olwkdUtxJwGif
xdkifaecJUygonf/
EIwftqdwfqkH;aom
(uREkfyfrSmpum;
vlwdkif;uajymMuaomfvnf;
enf;aom
qdkAD,uf,leD
vlwa,muftjzpfESifh
vlwa,mufjzpfonf[k
,HokdUa&mufuwnf;u
]rl}wrsKd;
ajymif;vJvsuf&Sdonfh
twGufaMumifh
uREkfyf\
tuJcwfMu[ef&Sdonf/
xdknrl
uREkfyfonf
1231
]'kH&if;}odkU
jA[pdk&fu&kPm
xdknOfhuREkfyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU a&mufuwnf;u tavh
tusifh jyKvkyfxm;onfhtwdkif; tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;? aqGrsKd;nmwdESifh ESD;&if;
aom rdwfaqGrsm;rSp rsufESmodrsm;wdkifatmif wOD;pDarwmydkUNyD;aemuf
tmPmodrf;onfqdkaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDteufrS "mwfykHudk uREkfyf
jrifbl;
rSwfrdonfhAdkvfcsKyfae0if;?
AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;
tp&Sdaom
tzrf;cHae&onfh
0efBuD;csKyfwa,muf
wdkufydwfcH&ojzifh
*&krpdkufcJUaomfvnf;
wdkif;Mum;onfh
olUapwemaumif;&SdykH&jcif;
1232
uREkfyfpOf;pm;ykH
uREkfyfonf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;wkdU\ rsufESmrsm;
udk tm&kHjyKaomtcgrsm;vnf; xdkyk*dKvfESpfOD;onf qdk;,kwfaomtoGifjzifh
uREkfyf\rsufpdxJwGif
rxifjrifvmyg/
taMumif;udkazmfjy&jcif;rSm
(2) r&Gm
tmPmodrf;,lonfh
AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&onf
raumif;
1233
paom
txufyg
jzpfay:vmonfrSm
pum;uvnf;
zqyvtpdk;&
&Sdao;\/
onf
wGiftBuHwck
jynfol\qEt&wufvm
aqmif&GufcJUjcif;udkvnf;aumif;
a&S;cyfusus
EdkifiHa&;yg&*lBuD;wa,mufu
wa,muf
(A Wise Autocracy)
pOf;pm;rdonf/
xdkUjyif
OmPfynm&SdaomtmPm&Sif
tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf taumif;qkH;aom
jrefrmjynfudkppfwyfu
tmPmodrf;onfqdkaom
1234
AkdvfcsKyfae0if;udkydkBudKufygonf/
vnf;rSm;ayrnf/)
aemufqkH;
(uREkfyftuJcwf
aumif;a,mifESifhqdk;Edkifonf?
onf]rl}tm;jzifh
aumif;
AkdvfcsKyftkyfcsKyfa&;onf
wkdif;jynfBuD;
Aa,mufA,uf
jzpfroGm;wef&m[k
qufvufpkHprf;jcif;
eHeufvif;aomtcg uREkfyfonf,refnOfhu pOf;pm;qifjcifykHrsm;udk
ocifausmfpdeftm;ajymjy&m ocifausmfpdefu uREkfyf\tqkH;tjzwfudk ESpf
ouf oabmusvSonf[k tm;&yg;&axmufcH&kHomru &k&Sm;&Jabmfrsm;tm;
vnf; ajymjyavonf/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwkdUonf jrefrmjynfrS owif;rsm;udk
qufvufem;pGifhvsuf&Sd&m Mum;&orQaom owif;rsm;onfvnf; uREkfyf\
tqkH;tjzwfudk waeUwjcm; axmufcHvsuf&SdaMumif;awGU& pdwfauseyf
vSygonf/ wGifuREkfyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,H qufvuf vSnfhvnf&jcif;
1235
azmfjy&mwGif
uREkfyf\arwmudk
wkHUjyefjcif;ESifh ywfouf
atmifjrifjcif;udkawGU&\/
uREkfyftwGuf
uREkfyf\atmifjrifykH
tom;,lvdkaomaMumifh
r[kwf?
wyfNyD;
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csJUxGifa&;om;jcif;rsm;om
tjzpftysufrsm;rSm
olwkdUESpfa,muf\rsufpdatmufwGif
zGifhcsvdku
jiif;qdkvdrfhrnfr[kwfyJ
zGifhcsEdkifcGifh&SdMuygonf/
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1236
uREkfyfu
arwmrsufvkH;\owd
vDeif*&ufNrdKU
tJUpfwkd;&D;,m;[dkwJvfwGif
npmpm;vsuf&SdMupOf
(Girl
wa,mufudk
Friend)
[dkwJvfodkUac:vm
vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m
onfhtaejzifh
xdktcgwGifrS
aq;wHudkikHU
rdef;uav;udk
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*&krpdkuf
tm;emaompdwfjzpf
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1237
q,fhav;ig;a,muf
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12
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1238
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tHUMo\/
rdef;rysKduav;omru
tqdkorm;rsm;
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1239
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cJcJ,Of;,Of;
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\/
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rdef;r\
tv,ftvwf
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1240
yifpifpm; ynmonfrsm;
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t&G,f
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1241
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1242
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1243
Ekyf/
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1244
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ppfaq;Munfhonfhtcg
txifcH&jcif;onfvnf;
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1245
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Mum;od&onfhtcg
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1246
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rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf pmtkyfBuD;wtkyfudk,lvm {nfhonfrSwfwrf;a&;
1247
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1248
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1249
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taemufwdkif;'@m&Dwck vkvifysKdwa,mufonf (Narcissi) Munf
vifaom a&uefwckwGif a&csKd;vsuf&SdpOf rdrd\t&dyfudk jrifvdkufonfESifh
vSyaom olU&kyftqif;udk olcspfBudKufNyD; pGJvrf;wyfrufvSojzifh tjcm;
rdef;uav;rsm;udk
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olUudk,folom
pJGvrf;
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&SdonfrSmum;
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jcif;um;
jzpfEdkifonf?
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jyKjyif&ef
rnfolrqdk
tvdk&Sdygu
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ponfjzifh
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pdwful;rsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/
tvkyfwck
vlwkdU
atmifjrifonfhtcg
1250
uREkfyftzdkU&m
tauseyfqkH;?
0rf;tomqkH;aom
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wa,mufudkwa,muf
tvGef
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uREkfyftm;av;pm;jcif;
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1251
rnfrQavmuf
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t&yfom;
uREkfyfrSm
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r&Sdaomfvnf;
olwa,mufjzpfonfh
tm;avsmfpGm
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tao;pdwf
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A[kokw&Sd
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tcsKdUaom
Mum;bl;
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1252
wae&mwGif
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ESpfa,mufwkdUrlum;
wem&DcefUMum
cJUMuNyDvm;}}
uREkfyf\tazmfESpfa,mufESifh &Jabmf
vrf;jyrdef;uav;ESifhtwl
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tvGefBuD;us,fonf[k
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jynfhESufvkrwwf&Sd
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rdef;rysKdwa,muftm;
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1253
vrf;jywa,muftjyif
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rdef;rwa,muf
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1254
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pwkwtcef;?
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ponfjzifh
rdef;rBuD;onf
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t0rS
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"mwfykH
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uREkfyfawGU&ygonf/
tu,fvltdkwdkif;tm;
1255
uJUokdUjyKH;vdrfhrnf
rxifyg/
xdkUaMumifh
tapmifhrdef;rBuD;rsm;onf
cGJcGm&rnfhqJqJ&Sdaom
rdef;rBuD;\
vufudkvIdufvSJpGm
tjcif;t&mudk
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uREkfyftwGuf
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csD;rGrf;rqkH;
tjzpftysufudk
tao;pdwfazmfjy&jcif;rSm
<um;vdkaomaMumifhr[kwf?
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1256
tvGefat;csrf;vSonfESifh
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aMumifhaywnf;/
bk&m;xJausmif;xJ
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aq;vdyfraomuf&qdkaom
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1257
aq;wqkH
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rarhEdkifwJUMuifemrI
tjyefc&D;
uREkfyfwkdUonf
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vrf;
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1258
uREkfyfBuKHawGUcJU&orQaom
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xm;&ygawmhonf/
aemufqkH;
tjcif;t&mrsm;teufwGif
uREkfyf\ESvkH;om;wGif
cGJcGmcgeD;
tmvmu
rarh
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arQmfvifhcsufr&Sdonfh
EIwfqufjcif;jzifh
uRefr
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11
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55
npmpm;yGJusif;y
armifodkufwkdUpkHwGJESifh
tawmfaysmfMuonf/
trsKd;orD;pma&;q&mrwkdUvnf;
1259
]wGJ}Mujcif;jzpf
&dk;&dk;om;om;cifrifMujcif;jzpfykH
tuJcwfrdonf/
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uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;
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&onf[k
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taemufwdkif;xkH;pHrSm
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tavhtusifhaMumifh
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1260
ypnf;wckarhusef&pfcJU\/
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omjyifqifxm;\/
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tvS0wfwpkH
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*smuifESifh
odrf;qnf;&mwGif
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teufwGif
armfodkufwkdUpkHwGJESifh
pma&;q&mrvnf;
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1261
oabmusNyD;,if; usjcif;
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odkU&mwGif
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wa&;Edk;aomtcg
uREkfyfonf
AD&dkxJwGif
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1262
NyKH;pdpdrsufESmxm;ESifh
uREkfyftm;
MunfhvdkufonfwGif
uREkfyf&dyfrd avNyD/
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wGifrSnDonf tjzpftysufudk ajymjyygawmhonf/ pma&;q&mr
onf tcef;xJrS uREkfyfxGufvmNyD;onfhaemuf pdwfrcsonfESifh ]om;}
udkac:NyD;
uREkfy\
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0wfpkHudkAD&dkxJwGif
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ajymjyavonf/
uREkfyftm;vnf;
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ponfrsm;jzifh
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/
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url
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1263
jrefrmpum;udk
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qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf bJav;tuudk Zmwf&kHBuD;okH;&kH
wGif MunfhcJU&\/ (1) armfpudkNrdKU abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;? (2) vDeif*&uf
NrdKUZmwf&kHBuD; (3) armfpudkNrdKU u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;? (PalaceofCongress)
[l vnf;
ac:onf/
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bJav;tutaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?
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bJav;tuudk
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Zmwf&kH
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1264
&&Sd
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jyefoGm;&avonf/
jyifqifMuykH
xdkn&Jabmfonf uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufudk vdkufydkUckHeHygwftvdkuf
ae&m csxm;ay;NyD;aemuf jyefoGm;&onf/ odkUESifhyif uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf
twGuf ae&mwqufwnf; r&Edkifojzifh udkvSausmfESifh uREkfyftwGufom
ae&mwqufwnf;&NyD;
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rdef;rBuD;rsm;ESifh
a,muffsm;BuD;rsm;omjzpf\/
toufBuD;&ifholrsm;tm;
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eHygwf(7)
1265
rdrdwkDU\ae&mwGif
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qdkAD,uf0efBuD;rsm;ESifh
(State Guests)
twGuf
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1266
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1267
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1268
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(Spirit
World)
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(obm0usonfh)
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1269
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ajymMu\/ aemifb0&Sdonf[k
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1270
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(qGrf;vdyfryg)
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Mu&aom
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1271
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ESpfouf
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t&dyftaiGUtm;jzifh
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1272
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1961
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Palace
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1273
of
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Theatre
(tpnf;ta0;rxdkifonfh
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1274
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1275
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(Escalator)
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1276
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avonf/
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Zmwf&kHBuD;xJodkU wtdtdaysmhaysmif;aom Murf;jyifwavQmuf vSrf;0if
oGm;aomtcg xdkifckHrsm;rSm abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD; rSmuJUodkU cyfrIdif;rIdif;
r[kwfyJ &J&JeDvsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ ydkqifajcavQm jyKvkyfxm;
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aocsmpGm udkifwG,fprf; oyfMunfh&moyf&yfjcif;? acsmarGUjcif;? yifudk
txnfaumif;jcif;wkdUudk
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1277
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1278
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1279
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1281
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1283
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1284
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jrif&onfwGif
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uREkfyf\pdwfxdckdufonfESifh
]nD}tm;
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uREkfyfwdkUtm;
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rdef;rav;a,muf
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1285
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1286
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tcg
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tat;rd
tpmrpm;vQif
1287
cGeftm;ukefcrf;rnfudk
rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf
wvSnfhpD
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MuifemrIwjznf;jznf;
rdef;rBuD;rlum;
wkd;vmMuykH&av&m
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touf50cefU&Sd
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trlt&mudk
pm;&rnf
qdkaomaMumifh
cJ,Of;pGm
rsKdcsygaomfvnf;
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Edkifacs/
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rdef;rBuD;onf
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tenf;enf;jyif qif,lcJUygonf/
1288
pm;p&mtrsKd;rsKd;udk
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uREkfyf\tcef;odkU rdef;uav;ESpfa,muf 0ifa&mufjyKpkavh &SdaMumif;
azmfjycJUNyD;jzpf&m wa,mufrSm axmifaxmifarmif;armif;ESifh tm;cGefAv
aumif;vS 'kwd,wa,mufrSm t&yfcyfjywfjywf yg;eDuav;ESifh NyKH;NyKH;
uav;aewwfoljzpfavonf/ xdkESpfa,mufteuf yxrrdef;uav;onf
a,mufsm;uav;ozG,f &Jwif;aom trlt&m&Sd 'kwd,rdef;uav;rlum;
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trlt&m&Sdavonf/
'kwd,
a&aEG;aiGUxGufonfh
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1289
jrifonfESifh
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ukvm;xdkifvkHavmufpGm
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pum;jyefESifh
r&Sdojzifh
q&mruav;wa,mufonf
ar;ygonf/
rwfwwf&yfum
tcef;xJodkU
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q&m0efrBuD;wGvmae
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1290
rdef;rBuD;ESpfa,muf
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aemufqkH;rS
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q&m0efBuD;
1291
uREkfyfprf;oyfjcif;cH&aom
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tm;vkH;aumif;onfwJU
aemufw&ufjcm;wGif q&m0efav;a,mufvmMujyef ,cif wacguf
uenf;wl
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ppfaq;NyD;aomtcg
wa,mufu
q&m0efBuD;wa,mufESifh
zefcGufydkUvmonf/
q&m0efuav;ay:vm
aemufwaeU
uREkfyfESvkH;wGif
1292
cRwf,Gif;csufr&Sd?
pdwfcsvufcsaeEdkifaMumif;ESifh
q&m0efuav;u
vkH;0ajymwwf[efrwlyg/
uREkfyfonf
a&m*gESifh
t*Fgtpdwftydkif;wkdU\
Mum;bl;em;0ESifhem;vnfygonf/
ta&;BuD;jcif;udk
odkUjzpfif;t*FgokH;&yfESifh
rlum;
ywfouf
ppfaq;Munhf&Ijcif;cH&NyD;
cRwf,Gif;csufr&Sd[kod&jcif;\
uREkfyfonft*Fvdyfpum;vkH;0rajymwwfojzifh
onf/)
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b,fvdkaMumifhbmjzpfonfrod?
pmtkyfudkvnf;
1293
tazmfvkyfwwfol?
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vrf;avQmufvm
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vGefoGm;NyD;rS
xdkifvsuf&SdpOf
uREkfyfudkvSnfhMunfh\/
olum;
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vlrsKd;jzpfaMumif;ajymjyonf/
olUrSmvnf;
*smrefaq;&kHodkU vma&mufukojcif;jzpfaMumif;
vlemrsm;jzpfMuav&m
15rdepftwGif;
tawmfuav;
1294
w,fvDAD;&Sif;
wno uREkfyf\tcef;jyifbufpBuFwGif wa,mufwnf; acgufwkHU
acgufjyef vrf;avQmufvsuf&Sd&m (ayESpf&mcefU tvsm;&Sdvdrfhrnf xifonf/)
q&mruav; ESpfa,mufteuf axmifaxmifarmif;armif;ESifh &Jwif;aom
trlt&m&Sdonfh rdef;uav;ESifh pBuFwGif uREkfyfESifhrsufESmcsif; qdkifqkHrd
MuonfESifh
uREkfyf\vufarmif;wbufudk
olUvufarmif;ESifh
nSyf
b,fudkac:rSef;rod?
ar;vnf;rar;EdkifyJ
vkdufoGm;&\/
uREkfyfwkdUonf
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1295
vufqGJaomxkH;pH
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taygif;toif;
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wbufom;\
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uREkfyf\vufacsmif;rsm;yif
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uREkfyf0rf;omtm;&&SdvSonf/
rdef;rBuD;url
uREkfyf
1296
cifrif&if;ESD;olwa,muftm;
vufqGJzspfnSpfvdkuf&onfhtcg
taMumif;udkvnf;
tenf;i,fazmfjyvdkygao;onf/
aoqkH;&vQif
woufwmrSwfwrf;udkvnf;
tNyD;rowfEdkif?
tawGUtBuKHuav;rsm;rSmvnf;
tokH;rcsEdkifyJ
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uREkfyaf &mufuwnf;u
owd&jcif;um;
q&mBuD;wufoGm;onfh
1297
a&muf
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odkUaom
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uREkfyftm;
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rwfv 22 &ufaeUwGif uREkfyfaumif;pGm usef;rmvmNyDjzpf armfpudk
odkU av,mOfysHjzifhvkduf&ef pDpOfxm;NyDjzpf&m xdkaeUwGif &Jabmfwa,mufESifh
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q&mruav;rsm;ESifh EIwfquf&mwGif if;wkdUonf uREkfyf\ypnf;uav;rsm;
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(trSwftom;tjzpfESifh)
1298
0,f,l&ao;jcif;r&SdonfESifh
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uREkfyfum;
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1299
vkdufpm;NyD;
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q&m0efac:apvdkaMumif;
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r[kwf/)
(armifMuifa0\
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1301
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1304
1305
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1342
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1343
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1344
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1345
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1346
AdkvfvkwJUoabmrsKd;
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1347
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nD/ /]]'Dvdkqdk vlnHUcsnf;yJvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]]udk,fhtusKd;udkeHygwf(1)xm;NyD; olUtusKd;vJygatmif aqmif
&GufwJUvl[mvlawmfyJ}}
nD/
/]]uRefawmfwkdUqDrSm
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Ekyf/ /]]emrnfwvkH;twGuf vkyfoGm;wJU &nf&G,fcsufvJ ygrSmaygh}}
nD/ /]]emrnfwvkH;twGuf toufudk taocHyghrvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/
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nD/ /]]b&m;om;u uwfuwfowfowf EIdufpOf;pm;wmudk;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]usKyftpGrf;r[kwfygbl;cifAsm? q&mhvrf;nTefcsufyg? vl&l;rS
wyg; udk,fhtzdkUwckckr&yJ cufcufcJcJ bmrSrvkyfbl;As}}
nD/ /]]xm;ygawmh b&m;om;? Adkvfusw,fqdkwm ajymygOD;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tar&duef[m cifAsm;wkdUeJUusawmh ]Adkvf}vk w,fwJUAs?
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1348
Ekyf/
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Ekyf/
1349
/]]w&kwfrSm
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Ekyf/
wwfygbl;As?
q,fjyeftaocH&ap?
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1350
nD/
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nD/ /]]uRefawmfwdkUu tMurf;zufvdkUvm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/
/]]vufeufeJUawmh
tMurf;rzufygbl;?
EdkUayr,fh
uRefawmfem;vnfwmuawmh
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1351
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1352
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odkUjzpf
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1353
zdESdyfcH
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Ekyf/
/]]'Dawmh
cifAsm;wkdUu
rw&m;bl;qdkNyD;
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acgif;aqmifrsKd;ay:vmNyD;
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1354
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUuawmh
apwemaumif;ESifh
aqmif&Gufjcif;yg
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pdwful;r,frxifygbl;?
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1355
tEdkif,lwJUvrf;pOf[m
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aumif;ygw,f?
tusKd;rsm;vdrfhr,f
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1356
pum;&nfvkyGJvkyfwJU oabmrsKd;eJU
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Ekyf/ / ]]cifAsm;wkdUbufu Edkifajc&Sdw,fvdkU wGufNyD;om;udk;As}}
nD/ / ]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]yxrtcsufu t&if;&SifpepfeJU qdk&S,fvpfpepf&SdMuwJUteuf
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1357
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1358
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1359
nD/ /]]wdkif;jynfi,frsm;twGuf
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nSpf,l&wJU pnf;urf;csufrsKd; w&mwaxmifxuf MunfMunfjzLjzL ESpfbuf
oabmwljyKvkyfMuwJU pnf;urf;wcsuf[mu wefzdk;&Sdygw,f? cifAsm;wkdUu
urmBuD;udk uGefjrLepfjzpfatmif aeUcsif;ncsif; vkyfcsifwJUqEu w,favm
wmudk;As}}
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om;}}
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1360
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1361
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1362
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1363
tJonfhwdkif;jynftzdkU
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repfem
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nD/ /]]b,ftcsufudk
axmufNyD;rsm;vGef;w,fvdkU
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b&m; om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUjynfwGif;a&;udpudk
uRefawmfra0zefcsifygbl;Asm?
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'guvJGvQif
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1364
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Theory
uRefawmf
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1365
ay;EdkifMuvQif
aumif;ygvdrfhr,f?
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(Theory)
pdwful;wcktaeeJU awGUxm;MuNyDvm;}}
nD/
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Ekyf/
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1366
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1367
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Ekyf/ / ]] Matter &kyfw&m;eJUywfoufvkdU 'Dacwf avmu"mwfq&m
awG[m prf;oyfjcif;? awG;awmjcif;tm;jzifh taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;
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a'gojzifh racsrIef;Edkif? arwmjzifhom atmifEdkifw,fvdkU wwftyfaocsm
odawmfrlw,f}}
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nD/ /]]a&SUudkrwkd;yJ 'Dtwdkif; &yfwnfraeEdkifbl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]pdwfu &kyfvdkr[kwfbl;As? OyrmoHrPdwacsmif;qdkvQif
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1368
olwkdU&JUtkyfcsKyfa&;0g'u
ppfjyifqifa&;0g'
cifAsm;wdkUbufu
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/]]OmPfxkwfwJUtcgrSm enf;aumif;enf;rSefudk
1369
rawGUyJeJU
vufeuftiftm;
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t&if;&SifpepfaMumifh
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taESmifht,SufwrsKd;
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1370
cifAsm;wkdUeJU
tar&duef[m
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rkef;jcif;aMumifhvdkU
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vkyfygvdkUuRefawmf awmif;yefwdkufwGef;jcif;?
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Machiavelli
y&d,m,fenf;rsKd;
1371
[dkwJvfcef;apmifhrdef;rBuD;u
c&D;xGufzkdU
tcsdefwefNyD
vkyfMuavonf/
odkUjzifhwem&DcefUMum
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wvSnfhpDtyfum
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1372
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(pm;vnf;pm;Muygayonf/)
wvcefUrQtwGif;
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aetdrfwdkufcef;rsm;ESifh
jzpfae&m
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wem&DvQif
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1373
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1374
txifao;jcif;aMumifh
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rdygonf/
jzpf[ef&Sdygonf/
igwkdU
rD;yGifhrsm;
azmazmoDoD
tcsdefMumygavOD;rnfenf;[l
pdwful;jzpfay:
av,mOfysHay:rS
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wGif
qif;Muaomtcg
uREkfyfrSmtaEG;0wftuFsD
ypnf;uav;rsm;xnfhonfh
vufqGJtdwfu
av,mOfysH&kHqDodkU
arQmfMunfhvdkuf\/
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vltkyfESpfpk
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ponfh
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1375
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(0rf;uJGESrrsm;url
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(aemufydkif;)
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1376
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orm; wa,mufjzpfygvsuf qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif taMumif;rnDnGwfaom
tjzpftysufwckaMumifh (qdkAD,ufESifh rnfodkUrQroufqdkif) arwmw&m;
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t&mrsm;udkvnf;
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uRekfyfjyefa&mufvmaomtcg
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1377
tpGrf;aMumifhjzpfap?
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a0;oGm;avNyD[k
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uREkfyf\vrf;pOft&rSm
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vlrsKd;?
wlaumif;rSwl
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pepf?
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w&m;bufvnf;
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aysmfaysmfvnf;
xif0HUonf?
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[kvnf;a&;onf?
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1378
vrf;avQmufoGm;&m
vlolr&Sdaom
awmc&D;yif
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1379
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28.12.2007
1394
1395
1396