Biodiversity

The variety among living

organisms
Viruses
It is difficult to place viruses
into the five-kingdom scheme of
classification
Viruses
Contain nucleic acids, DNA and
RNA
Reproduce in the living host
cells
Do not have cellular
organisation. No nucleus
enclosed by nuclear membrane,
no cytoplasm and no organelles
Viruses
No processes such as nutrition,
respiration, excretion, growth,
irritability and movement
Show no signs of life outside
the cells of the living host
Five Kingdom Systems
Organisms are grouped into
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Prokaryotae
Prokaryotes
E.g. bacteria, cyanobacteria
Protoctista
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or multicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Reproduce asexually and sexually

*heterotrophic organisms
requiring a supply of organic
material (food) from its
environment
Algae
Photosynthetic thallus
Thallus a relatively
undifferentiated vegetative
body with no true roots,
stems, leaves, or vascular
system
Great range of size and form
Habitat: aquatic or moist area
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chlorophyceae
photosynthetic pigment;
Chlorophyll a & b (dominant)
food reserve is insoluble starch
eg. Chlamydomonas
(unicellular, motile), spirogyra
(filamentous)
Chlamydomonas sp.
Chlamydomonas sp.

Contractile vacuole a
membrane-surrounded cavity in a
cell that periodically expands,
filling with water, and then
suddenly contracts, expelling its
contents to the cells exterior
Pyrenoid site of starch formation

Spirogyra sp.
Spirogyra sp.
Chloroplast ribbon-shaped

Pyrenoids are found on the
chloroplasts
Protozoa
Unicellular
High degree of cellular
differentiations with many
organelles
Locomotion using pseudopodia,
cilia or flagella
Zoomastigina
(Flagellates)
Green autotrophic
Colourless - heterotrophic
Flagella are used for locomotion
One nucleus
Definit shape
Eg. Euglena
Euglena gracilis
Euglena gracilis

Reservoir place where water is
stored
Paramylum granules stored food
Canal tube of pipe for food or air
Myoneme long contractile fibrils
Accessory vacuole a number of
radial canals which are filled with
fluid before emptying into the
main vacuole



Fungi
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic saprotrophs, parasites
or mutualistic
In saprophytic fungi, they digest their
food extracellularly by secreting
enzymes. The then absorb the
digested food through their cell walls
into their hyphae
Cell walls made of chitin
Fungi
Body of the fungi is called mycelium
which is a network of fine thread-like
structures called hyphae
Food reserve are glycogen granules
or lipid droplets
Non-motile
Reproduction
Sexually - conjugation Asexually
spores
Eg. Mucor

Muc
or
sp.
The life cycle of Mucor
sp.
Mucor sp.
Multicell
Saprophyte the hyphae relaease
enzymes into the substance digesting
the substrate into simple molecules
and absorb the digested products
Sporangiophore the part that bears
sporangia
Mucor sp.
Sporangium a capsule in
which meiosis occurs and
haploid spores develop.
Asexual & sexual reproduction
heterothallus
Haploid life cycle

Plantae
Eukaryotic
Have cellulose cell wall
Cells have a large vacuole
Multicellular
Autotroph
Non-motile
Reproduce sexually
Biodiversity
Gametophyte haploid individual
producing gametes by mitosis
Sporophyte diploid individual which
produces spores by meiosis
Alternation of generation plants
that show distinct alternation of
generations between the diploid
individuals (sporophytes) and the
haploid individuals (gametophytes)
in their life cycle.
Biodiversity
Sexual reproduction progeny will not
be identical to the parents. This is due
to variations that occur during the
formation of gametes. This advantage
plays an important role in maintaining
the survival of a species.
Three different types of life cycles:
(a) Haploid life cycle gametophyte
generation is dominant.
(b) Diploid life cycle sporophyte
generation is dominant.
(c) Haploidiplon life cycle the haploid
and diploid stages where both stages
alternate.
Biodiversity
Three different types of life
cycles:
(a) Haploid life cycle
gametophyte generation is
dominant.
(b) Diploid life cycle sporophyte
generation is dominant.
(c) Haploidiplon life cycle the
haploid and diploid stages where
both stages alternate.

Biodiversity
Bryophyta
Hepaticae
The simplest group of land plants
There is alternation of generations. Haploid
gametophyte is dominant generation.
Gametophyte is a thallus with unicellular
rhizoids
Rhizoids are long tubular single cells that
lack specialised conducting cells
Bryophyta
Hepaticae
Water & mineral salts can be absorbed by
the surface of the plant as well as root-like
rhizoids
The main function of rhizoids is anchorage
The diploid sporophyte is attached to the
gametophyte and is dependent on it for
support and nutrition
Found in damp, shady places, highland
Eg. Marchantia

Gemmae cup of Marchantia
Marchantia polymorpha
Marchanti
a sp.
Life cycle of Marchantia
Marchantia
Gemmae cup containing
gemmae which is a group of
cells that can detach from the
thallus when hit with irrigation
or rain drops and produce new
plant.
Archegonium (female) &
antheridium (male) a moist
chamber in which gamates
develop
Filicinophyta
Filicinae (Ferns)
There is alternation of generations.
Diploid sporophyte is dominant
generation.
homosporous (having one kind of
spore that gives rise to gametophyte
generation bearing both male and
female reproductive organs.)
Gametophyte is a free-living,
photosynthetic prothallus.

Filicinophyta
Filicinae (Ferns)
Sporophyte has true stems, leaves
and roots.
Vascular tissue consists only of
tracheids and sieve tubes. (No xylem
vessels and companion cells)
Stem is an underground rhizome.
Eg. Dryopteris

D
r
y
o
p
t
e
ri
s
Life cycle of the fern,
Dryopteris
Coniferophyta
There is alternation of generations. Diploid
sporophyte is dominant generation
Produces sporangium inside the cone
Heterosporous megaspores (inside female
cones) & microspores (inside male cones)
One of the megaspore which survives and
proceeds to grow and form the female
gametopyte
The germinated pollen grain is the male
gametophyte


Coniferophyta
Ovules are not enclosed by ovary
wall
Naked seeds - Seeds are not
enclosed by fruit wall (pericarp)
No fruits & flowers
Only tracheids present. Albuminous
cells instead of companion cells.
The leaves are needle-like
Eg. Pinus

Pinus
Life
cycle
of
Pinus
Angiospermophyta
Diploid flowering plant is the
dominant sporophyte generation
Flowers are produced
Heterospory pollen grains &
embryo sacs
Ovules are enclosed in ovary
Ovules develop into seeds & ovary
develops into fruit
Seeds are enclosed by fruit wall
Xylem vessels, tracheids, companion
cells and sieve tubes are present.
Monocotyledonae
Seeds
- Embryo has one cotyledon
Flowers
floral parts mainly in
threes or multiples of
three
perianth consists of two
similar whorls, sepals and
petals are not distinct
often wind-pollinated
Monocotyledonae

Leaves
Lanceolate (leaves
elongated, narrow and
pointed)
parallel venation
stomata are found on
both surfaces of the
leaf
Monocotyledonae

Stem
vascular bundles are
scattered in the ground
tissue
there is no distinct cortex
and pith
vascular cambium absent
from vascular bundles
no secondary thickening

Monocotyledonae


Roots
Fibrous root system

Example
- Zea mays
Dicotyledonae
Seeds
- Embryo has two cotyledons
Flowers
floral parts mainly in fours
and fives or multiples of
these
perianth consists of two
distinct whorls, the outer
sepals (calyx) and the inner
whorl of petals (corolla)
often insect-pollinated

Dicotyledonae
Leaves
leaves have broad lamina
(broad blade)
Netlike / reticulate
venation
more stomata on lower
surface of the leaf
Dicotyledonae
Stem
vascular bundles are
arranged in a ring
cortex and pith are
distinct
vascular cambium
present in vascular
bundles
secondary thickening may
occur
Dicotyledonae
Roots
tap root system with
lateral roots

Example
- Helianthus
Angiospermophyta
Angiospermophyta