.

Introduction
oi-sLul iiudliloi, u CLlioso iucilcul uii liioiivliod vliL
Lumui lllo uid Lus u doo lilluoico, li uiilcului, oi souiL-
ousioii CLliu ui iLo usocis ol sLuli cliy uid vllluo
luidscuo uid loimli cLuiucioilsilc uicLliociuio, oic. i vus
iooiod liom CLlioso LllosoLy ol Luimoilous cooxlsioico vliL
iuiuio uid Lumui. JLo souid olloci ol oi-sLul oi
oivlioimoii Lus omLodlod u susiuliuLlo uilculiuiul socloiy li
CLliu loi ivo iLousuid youis.
\liL iocoii iuld ocoiomlc dovolomoii, sucL lssuos us
uiluiiod luid uso uid oivlioimoiiul dosiiuciloi Luvo Locomo
moio uid moio coislcuous li CLliu, li uiilcului li iuiul
iolois. i vldo sioud iuiul uious, luid oiosloi uid
doloiosiuiloi iosulili liom lmmodoiuio oxloliuiloi ol iuiuiul
iosouico voio vliiossod slico CLlius ioloim li 1D78.
JLoioloio, u iovuluuiloi ol oi-sLul iiudlilois iolo luyli li
oivlioimoiiul ioiociloi vould iovldo vliL ui ollocilvo
soluiloi io iLoso oivlioimoiiul ioLloms li iLo luiuio.
JLus, li ls voiiL locusli oi iLo oivlioimoiiul coicoi ol
oi-sLul uid ulyli li io iLo iLooiy ol oivlioimoiiul
coisoivuiloi uid luid uso sysiom li iLo luiuio iosouicL. i
oidoi io lllusiiuio iLo oivlioimoiiul coicoi ol oi-sLul uid
lis iiudliloiul ullcuiloi li luid uso sysiom ol oi-sLul vllluo,
iLls siudy ls io cluilly iLo iosouicL Llsioiy ol oi-sLul li CLliu
iLiouL summuilzli iLo iovlous iosouicL ucLlovomoii.
oi-sLul iiudliloi oxlsiod li CLliu slico iLo Loliili ol
CLlioso uicloii culiuio. oi-sLul Lus Looi vldoly iucilcod li
CLliu, uid ovoi lilluoicod lis iolLLoili !usi .slui uious,
sucL us Hoi Koi, Julvui, Koiou, Okliuvu, uid Vloiium uid
oic. Hovovoi, iLo ucudomlc siudy ol oi-sLul dldii uoui
uiill vosioii mlssloiuiys comli io CLliu. JLo suoisililous
uouiuico uid mulc ovoi ol oi-sLul Lus uiiiuciod
muliliudlious iosouicL olloiis uid vuiluii uiumoii. i ls voiiL
ioilcli iLui iosouicLois uiiliudos iovuids oi-sLul uii voio
iovoi lidooidoii liom iLoli Llsioilc Luckiouid. \Loi
vosioii mlssloiuilos uiilvod li CLliu ivo Luidiod youis uo,
Luvli Looi liusiiuiod ui omloyli iLoli coisiiucili uid
oiliooili li iLo luidscuo, iLoy voio uiioyod vliL iLo
vldosioud oxlsioico ol oi-sLul uii. Slmllui olii ol vlov vus
ulso Lold Ly coiiomoiuiy CLlioso iuilvo scLoluis. Noi uiill
1D6Os, oi-sLul uii vus uiocluiod loi lis iolo luyli li
culiuiul uid soclul dovolomoii. JLo ioidoicy ol iovlous
iosouicL uiullolod vliL iLo uvuioioss ol voildvldo ocololcul
uid oivlioimoiiul cilsls. oi-sLul uiiiuciod iosouicLois
oiiLuslusm vliL lis souid oivlioimoiiul lmuci. \Lllo, iLo
iosouicL ucLlovomoiis oi oi-sLul siudlos mulily coisiliuio
ol dlscusslois oi lis liioiivliomoii vliL CLlioso iiudliloiul
culiuio uid uicLliociuio. Hovovoi, iosouicL vliL oivlioimoiiul
coicoii vus silll voiy iuio uid u sysiomuilcul iosouicL Lus ioi
como liio Loli.
i oidoi io muko my voik ousloi io uidoisiuid uid soom
2D7
')||UNo.`.
Bl Xlu CLoi
`
Yuol Nukumu

H(]|[1'9AU`!@[[|

`
uc. .ilc., Ciud. ScL., Kyukyus Uilv., Okliuvu DO1-O218|)(([

uc. .ilc., Kyukyus Uilv., Okliuvu DO1-O218|)(]

CLoi, B. X. uid Nukumu, Y. . A summary of research history on Chinese Feng-shui and app|ication of Feng-shui princip|es to
environmenta| issues Kyusyu J. For. Res. 57 . 297301,2004 \liL iocoii iuld ocoiomlc dovolomoii, sucL lssuos us uiluiiod
luid uso uid oivlioimoiiul dosiiuciloi Luvo Locomo moio uid moio coislcuous li CLliu, li uiilcului li iuiul iolois. Jiudliloiul
oi-sLul coicoi oi Lusls ol u LllosoLy ol Luimoilzli mui uid iuiuio sLould Lo ui ollocilvo soluiloi io sucL ioLloms. JLls iooii
summuilzos iLo iovlous oi-sLul iosouicL ucLlovomoiis li CLliu, vliL u locus oi ullcuiloi ol oi-sLul coicoi io
oivlioimoiiullsm. Mosi ol iovlous iosouicLos Lusod oi documoii iosouicL uid iosiilciod io lolkloio siudlos oi Louso Lulldli uid
comoioiy oi-sLul. \Lllo, oi-sLul iosouicLos vliL oivlioimoiiul coicoiis uio silll voiy iuio.
Key words. oi-sLul, dollililoi, soclul uid ollilcul lssuos, uicLliociuio, ocololcul uid oivlioimoiiul coicoiis
A summary of research history on Chinese Feng-shui and
app|ication of Feng-shui princip|es to environmenta| issues

Record and others

moio lolcul, iiy io summuilzo iLo iovlous iosouicL
ucLlovomoiis li llLi ol iLoli cLuiucioilsilcs cLioiololcully.
Hovovoi, iLoio ls somo dllllculilos li clussllyli ull ioluiod
ouisiuidli voiks cLioiololcully, slico iLoio uio silll somo
voiks oxcludli my ioloiiod oilod do u ioui Lol loi us io
sLuo iLo iosouicL Llsioiy ol oi-sLul. JLus, iLo youis
uouili li iLo suLililo oily siuio iLui sucL u iosouicL iioid
iosoii us iLo mulisiioum siudy duili iLls oilod. Koluiod old
documoiis uid iovlous iosouicL uois uio collociod uid
clusslllod vliL iLoli iosouicL louiuios liio loui uiis us iLo
lollovli.
.Before 1960's . arguments on definitions of
Feng-shui
Hlsioilcully oi-sLul vus vldoly iucilcod iLiouLoui CLliu
Ly iLo omoioi us voll us iLo mussos, iLo suciod uid iLo
ioluio. \Lllo, ucudomlc iosouicL oi oi-sLul dld ioi uoui
uiill vosioii mlssloiuiys comli io CLliu liom 18OOs. uili
iLo oilod Loloio 1D6Os, mosi oi-sLul siudy doscilLod oi-
sLul li sucL voids us suoisililous, cLuiluiuilsm, oic.
o Ciooi1D62), ui 18
iL
coiiuiy Sliololsi vioio li Lls
moiumoiiul voik Kolllous Sysiom ol CLliu, dollili oi-
sLul uii us u ildlculous cuilcuiuio ol scloico, u luiiuo ol
uLsuidlilos, uid u quusl-scloiilllc sysiom. i ls llkoly io lmioss
us ioduy oi llisi oicouiioi us u Lulllli uid sllly mlsLmusL ol
iLlis Loiioi soiiod oui us Lyslcul scloico, iollloi, osiLoilcs,
sycLoloy, LllosoLy, uid socloloy.idiov, 1D68).
SucL uilmus uioso liom iLo Lollol iLui oomuicy vus io
Llumo loi dllllculilos li iomoili, li CLliu, CLilsiluiliy uid
iiudo uid iLo osol ol iuiuiul scloico vLlcL soivod LoiL
ukos, 188b). i vus iLo iouiosi oLsiuclo io CLilsilui ucilvlilos
licludli coisiiuciloi uid oiliooili li iLo luidscuo, vLlcL
voio coisldoiod io Lo iocossuiy Ly iLo \osioiiois loi iLo
dovolomoii ol iLo couiiiyo.. ukos, 188b).
i luio Qli yiusiy, cililclsm ol oi-sLul ulmod io cloui
uvuy ldoololcul oLsiuclos loi Lulldli iov mlili lidusiiy uid
iiuisoiiuiloiCuo,1DD4). \liL liiioduciloi ol vosioii
dlcLoiomy uid soclul ovoluiloi iLooiy io CLliu ui iLo iuiili
olii ol 1D
iL
coiiuiy, oi-sLul vus cililclzod vliL lis
mysioilous iiudliloiul culiuio muiks. LuLollod vliL suoisililoi,
oi-sLul iiudliloi vus iouidod us culiuio dioss, uid
iomuliod iolociod Ly iosouicLois ioiully loi ulmosi oio
coiiuiy.
JLo !uioouis doiosiuiloi ol oomuicy musi Luvo uilsoi ioi
oily liom iLo oLsiuclos li oosod io iLoli ucilvlilos, Lui ulso
liom iLoli ovi liuLllliy vLolly io dlsLollovo li-iLoy sLuiod iLo
oxoiloico Lui iLo mouili soomod u uiody ol iLoli ovi
iucilco.idiov, 1D68).
Luioly NoodLum uid ioodmui, oucL liom iLoli uilo, Luvo
sLovi moio ioloiuico uid oiulio liioiosi.idiov, 1D68).
NoodLum iocoilzod li loi lis iolo li iLo dovolomoii ol
CLlioso scloico uid iocLioloy. NoodLum1Db6)uiuod iLui
oi-sLul omLodlod u muikod uosiLoilc comoioii, vLlcL
uccouiis loi iLo ioui Louuiy ol iLo slili ol iLo so muiy luims,
Lousos uid vllluos iLiouLoui CLliu.
By oi-sLul li ls luco oiosoll suilully uid iomoiully li ui
uioiluio ioluiloi io iLo llov ol iuiuiul iocossos
oucLivui, 1D74). JLo oi-sLul iucililoioi sooks io
uidoisiuid iLo movomoii ol oioiyQl)iLiouL u luidscuo,
uid Lov iLui movomoii ls ollociod Ly iLo uliliudo uid
lucomoii ol mouiiulis, iioos, uid ilvois, us voll us mui-mudo
louiuios, iLiouL ilmoLooiuid, 2OOO).
KosouicL duili iLls loi oilod ulmosi livolvos vliL
uiumoiis oi dollililoi ol oi-sLul. JLoso uiumoiis sLov
Lumuis llisi olloiis io comioLoid li. .id uilmus iovuid oi-
sLul li iLo ouilloi oilod lidlcuios Lumuis io]udlco oi oi-
sLul Loloio 1D6Os.
T.1970's . Feng-shui and socia| and economic
issues in China
JLo mosi iomlioii iosouicL ucLlovomoiis ol iLls docudo llo
li lis livolvomoii vliL soclul uid ocoiomlc lssuos li CLliu.
JLiouL siudlos oi comoioiy oi-sLul, .idiov1D68)
iovoulod iLui oi-sLul ls closoly ussocluiod vliL uicosioi
voisLl uid ulso livolvod li iLo loimuiloi uid dovolomoii ol
souiLousioii cluis li CLliu. Slico 1D7Os, KosouicL li Julvui
ulso sLovod iLui oi-sLul Lus Looi succosslully uilllzod io
iovoii ocoiomlc dovolomoii ucilvlilos li souiLoii CLliu,
sucL us mlili lidusiiy uid iullvuy Lulldli. i muliluid
CLliu, oi-sLul iosouicL LlLllLis lis liioiuciloi vliL iuilvo
iolllois, sucL us uolsm, BuddLlsm, uid oic, muliiulili iLui
LoiL ol iLom sLuio iLo sumo LllosoLlcul ciood iLui ls iLo
Luimoilcully cooxlsioico Loivooi iuiuio uid Lumui Loli.
oi-sLul, u iucilcul iiudliloi vus ioducod io suilsly
Lumuis oiiLuslusm loi u moio iosoious lllo uid u lousuii
llvli oivlioimoii. oi-sLul ulso dovolood uid iiuisloimod
vliL soclul uid ocoiomlc iocoss ol Lumui Llsioiy. JLo
lilluoico ol oi-sLul vus ovoivLolmli li loss dovolood
oilod, uid Locumo voukoi li modoii CLliuYooi, 1D8O).
Hovovoi, oi-sLul uii muliiuliod loi ulmosi ivo iLousuid
youis uid liioiivliod vliL ulmosi ovoiy usocis ol Lumui lllo.
Muiy dlsuios Loivooi vosioii coloilos uid iuilvo CLlioso
sLovod oi-sLul vus succosslul uilllzod io iovoii ocoiomlc
dovolomoii ucilvlilos li souiLoii CLliu, sucL us mlili
lidusiiy uid iullvuy Lulldli.
JLo closo ioluiloisLl Loivooi oi-sLul uii uid iiudliloiul
culiuio vus ioullzod slico iLo Loliili oilod ol iocoii oi-
sLul iosouicL. i ls voiiL ioilcli iLui oi-sLul uii iosouicL
Lus dlscovoiod iLui oi-sLul uii ulso livolvod li iLo loimuiloi
uid dovolomoii ol SouiLousioii cluis. oi-sLul uii vus
2D8
KyusLu |. oi. Kos. No. b72OO4. 8
uilllzod Ly uicloii cluis li souiLousi CLliu io oxuid iLoli
ovoi iuio. .id u siudy ol Hui iuiloiulliy li Julvui louid
oui iLui oi-sLul uii uciuully oiloimod us u ovoi io iomoio
iLo loimuiloi ol dosiliy commuiliy ol vllluo lollovscliod Ly
CLoi, 2OO2).
Siudlos iLiouL oi-sLul Luilul uii oLsoivo iLo uicloii
CLlioso uicosioi voisLl iiudliloi. JLo oomuicy ol Luilul
coisldois li uioiluio io suoilmoso ivo soiilmoiis. Oio ls
iLo loolli ui u iiuo slio ol lllo LiouiL uid uioiLoi voild , iLo
oiLoi ls iLo omoiloi dliociod io iLo Lody ol u doud uioii. So
mucL iood moui oily iLui oio iilos io Luiy u uioii li u
luidscuo ol somo cLuim. i musi ioully voik li somo
clicumsiuicos. JLo doclsloi oi iLo uii ol u lumlly io iuko ulis
uid soid moioy io llid u llisi-iuio iuvoslios ls lisoll u sli io
iLomsolvos uid iLoli iolLLois iLui iLoy uio umLlilous uid
coilldoii. SucL u osiuio cui uiouso uid coicoiiiuio iLoli
oioilos, omLody iLoli commlimoii io iLo collocilvo ood ol iLo
lliouo, uid Llid iLom iooiLoi Ly ui lidlvlslLlo li vosimoii li
iLoli commoi luiuio.idiov, 1D68).
|uuioso scLoluis Luvo coiiilLuiod u loi io oi-sLul uii
iosouicL, li uiilcului oi lolkloio slilllcuico liom iLo vlov ol u
ioiiuilvo culiuio. |uuioso uiiLioololsi, \uiuiuLo2OO2).
uiuos iLui oi-sLul oxlsis us lolkloio kiovlodo umoi
CLlioso oolo, iLus li sLould Lo oLsoivod li lis lolkloio
Luckiouid. .lioi iLoiouL llold iil comuiuilvo siudlos
Loivooi Okliuvu uid CLlioso SouiLousioii uii, \uiuiuLo
ussoiiod iLui li Okliuvu, oi-sLul uii Lus Looi iiuisloiiod
liom lis iolLLoili CLliu, Lovovoi, li Lus sLuod lis ovi
cLuiucioilzod oomuicy iiudliloi. Hls uiumoii lmllos iLui vo
sLould iuii io ioLo liio iLo iosocilvo uiilculuiliy ol oi-
sLul uii li .slui couiiilos Losldos iLoli slmlluililos.
Hovovoi, mosi ol iLo iosouicLos ioloiiod li iLls sociloi voio
iosiilciod io lolkloio siudlos oi Louso Lulldli uid comoioiy
oi-sLul.
N.1980's . App|ication of Feng-shui concept to
Architecture
uili iLls docudo, iosouicL uois ioluiod io uicLliociuio oi
oi-sLul voio LiouLi loivuid, osoclully li Julvui. \Lllo, li
muliluid CLliu, slmllui siudy dld ioi uoui uiill 1DDOs vLlcL
vliiossod u oi-sLul iosouicL Loom li KouLllc CLliu.
Slico 1D8Os, iLoio voio volumlious iuduuio uois livolvod
vliL oi-sLul culiuio omLodlod CLlioso iiudliloiul
uicLliociuio li Julvui, uid li .moilcui uid Muliluid CLliu ui
iLo oid ol 1D8Os uid 1DDOs.
Ho1DDO)uid \ui1DD2)ioiosoii iLo LlLosi
ucLlovomoiis oi iLo oi-sLul uid CLlioso uicloii
uicLliociuio. Ms. Ho Lus coiiilLuiod u loi io Yui ZulHouso)
Lulldli uicLliociuio. .lioi livosiluiloi li souiLousioii uii ol
CLliu uid ioudli muiy oioulolos, sLo uvo u Llsioilcul
doscililoi ol oi-sLul iLooiy oi Louso Lulldli. SLo uiuos
iLui CLlioso oolo commoily uio uldod vliL oi-sLul
ilicllo uicoisclously duili LuLliui cLoosli, luiili uid
Lulldli li iLo uicloii uid ovoi iovuduys.
i iLo iosouicL collociloi odliod Ly \ui1DD2)ls u llisi mosi
comioLoislvo iosouicL iosulis oi uicLliociuio iLooiy oi Lusls
ol oi-sLul culiuio, licludli iLo iLooiy uid moiLodoloy ol
slio cLoosli, luiili uid Lulldli, ooiuLlcul uid oololcul
iosouicL, uid luidscuo uid ocololcul iosouicL. JLls Look
lllusiiuios iLo uicloii uicLliociuio culiuio iLooioilcully. i
uiuos iLui iLo coio ol uicloii Lulldlis ls io oxumlio iLo
iuiuio iLoiouLly, io coiloim io li, uid io uilllzo uid ioloim iLo
iuiuio uLsilioiily li oidoi io Lulld u Luimoilous LuLliui umoi
iLo Louvoi, iuiuio, uid Lumui.
OLllvlously, vosioii uicLliociuio could ioi Lo comloioly
ullod io iLo uiiiucilvo CLlioso uicloii Lulldli. JLls iLooioilc
muili uiod uicLliocis oi iuii io CLlioso iuilvo culiuio, slico
ioio Lulldli li CLliu oscuod iLo lilluoico ol oi-sLul. .
closo vuicL io coicois ol iocoii vosioii luidscuo
uicLliociuio uid ocololcul uicLliociuio, vo vlll llid slmllui
coiioiuilois li iLom vliL oi-sLul iiudliloi oi iLo usoci ol
mui-iuiuio ioluiloisLl. Luidscuo uicLliociuio LlLllLis iLo
iuiuiul oivlioimoii ioiociloi uid iLo Luimoilous cooxlsioico
Loivooi mui uid iuiuio. \Lllo, ocololcul uicLliociuio
uidoillios iLo vLoloioss ol Lumui Loli uid iLo oivlioimoii,
oi Lusls ol lvli iloiliy io iuiuio. JLoioloio, u lov uiuod
iLui oi-sLul uii vlll iovldo uldollio io look liio iLo luiuio
dovolomoii ol uicLliociuio iosouicL\ui, 1DD2 24O , Ho,
1DDO)uid CLlioso iiudliloiul uicLliociuio.
JLoso iosouicLos iLooioilcully Lili loivuid iLo uisvoi io
vLy CLlioso Lulldli Lus Looi so uiiiucilvo. Hovovoi, iLoso
iosouicLos locus oi iLo ullcuiloi ol oi-sLul coicoi io
LuLliui Lulldli, vLllo, moio ullcuLlo usocis ol oi-sLul vus
iolociod.
.Since 1990's . Research with environmenta| and
eco|ogica| concern
\liL iLo comli ol 1DDOs, iLo locul olii ol oi-sLul ulso
cLuiod vliL iLo uvuioioss ol voildvldo ocololcul uid
oivlioimoiiul cilsls. JLo ocololcul uid luiciloiul olloci ol
oi-sLul oi luidscuo vus ioilcod, us li iiuli suillLi,
kooli oll vlid, uvoldli lloods uid cLoosli voll diuliod slios
vLllo kooli vuioi ui coivoiloii ioucL loi dully uso uid
liiluiloi, oic. Koioui ooiuLoi, Yooi Hoi-Koy1D8O)ls
oiLus iLo llisi io ioluio oi-sLul iiudliloi vliL
oivlioimoiiul siioss. Somo ocololsis Lold iLui mui sLould llvo
li Luimoiy vliL iuiuio, uid iLui Lumui ucilvlilos sLould Lo
dosliod vliL iuiuio.
!xcoi iLui oi-sLul coiiulis u loi ol suoisililous coicois
oi li ulvuys iukos u suoisililous look, iosouicLois iocoiily
2DD
')||UNo.`.
Loui io coisldoi iLo ocololcul uid oivlioimoiiul coicoi ol
oi-sLul. |osoL NoodLum Lus Looi cililclzod loi, li olloci,
ldoiillyli \osioii scloico ioo vLolly vliL u uilvoisul scloico
uid loicli iiudliloiul CLlioso iLouLi liio oui mold , iLus
oomuicy uid oiLoi sucL uiis, lmoiiuii io muiy iLouLilul
CLlioso, uio io Llm oily soudo-scloicos cliod li .idiov, 1D68).
.s loi iLo quulliy ol luidscuo us iLo iosuli ol oi-sLul
iucilco, ovoi iLo mosi voclloious scollois could ioi Lui uioo
iLui lucos solociod uid uiiuiod vliL oi-sLul voio
uiiiucilvo. JLoio musi Lo ooiiy li iLo CLlioso soul ulioi ull,
Sioiis Juiioi usod li udmliuiloi cliod li MuicL, 1D6D). Bui
ovoi scollois ioilcod iLui oomuiilcully cLosoi slios voio
uiiiucilvo.
oi-sLul ilicllo ol vllluo slio cLoosli omLodlos CLlioso
iiudliloiul LllosoLlcul uisuli uid ocololcul coicoii. |lu
1DD8)siuios ocololcul ilicllos ol oi-sLul us iLo lollovlis.
.i ldoul vllluo sLould Lo locuiod li u iocossod osliloi. JLls
vould oiuLlo iLo vllluo io Lo LoiL socludod uid sLolioiod vLllo
commuidli u vlov ol iLo llolds uid dlsiuii luidscuo li lioii.
i sLould ioloiuLly Lo Luckod Ly Lllls uid lluikod oi LoiL sldos
Ly Lllls. Jo iLo lioii dlsiuii mouiiulis cui Lo sooi ucioss
llovli vuioi. JLo ilvoi oi siioum llovli oi souiL sldo ol iLo
slio sLould Lo li cuivli loim llko u ilLLoi. .ll olomoiis ol iLo
oivlioimoii sLould lucllliuio ood Ql io llov vliLli iLo slio loi
iLo iosoiliy ol iLo oolo. JLo oivlioimoiiul cuucliy
dooids oi Ql. . llovli siioum ui iLo souiLoii sldo loods iLo
oiilio vllluo. JLo ldoul uiioii ol soiilomoii doscilLod li oi-
sLul iLooiy clouily domoisiiuios ui ocololcul coicoii. lisily,
ull iLo iuiuiul olomoiis, licludli Lllls, luid, vuioi, soll,
oiloiiuiloi uid cllmuio, uio coisldoiod us uii ol iLo soiilomoii
luiili. Socoidly, us u iosuli ol iLo uiiuiomoii ol iuiuiul
olomoiis, u Louiduiy ls clouily loimod Ly Luvli mouiiulis ui
iLo ioui, Lllls oi ivo sldos, uid vuioi li iLo lioii. JLlidly, iLo
cuucliy vliLli iLo Louiduiy, vLlcL suoiis coisumiloi ol
iosldoiis uid uLsoiLs iLoli vusios, ls symLollzod Ly Ql. JLo
soiilomoii oi iLo liioi Luik ol iLo ilvoi ls li uccoiduico vliL
iLo ilicllo ol Lydiuullc lioiilu. vliL iLo ussuo ol ilmo,
doosliloi vould oxioid iLo luid uiou..i ldoul vllluo
luidscuo li llLi ol oi-sLul sLovi us iLo lollovli lluio.)
oi-sLul coicoi ulmod ui uisuli ol u oiloci iuiuiul
luidscuo. ucli vliL iLo dlvoislllod iuiuiul coilluiuiloi,
oi-sLul iiudliloi ulso lislsiod oi oi-sLul iomody mousuios
Losldos coiloimliy io iuiuio iliclloHo, 1DDO). Somo mu]oi
mouis io iouli iLo dolociod oi-sLul oivlioimoii licludos
dlicLli io loud vuioi uiouid iLo vllluo, luiili vooiuiloi oi
iLo Ciooi iuoi uid SLu Mouiiuli uid oiocili uodu ui iLo
vuioi mouiL ls oio ol iLo ivo mu]oi luciois io oLsoivo ui ldoul
coilluiuiloi, vuioi vus lvoi u ilmuiy siuius, slico vuioi
vus doomod io Lili loiiuio uid iosoiliy loi iLo vllluois.
.moi iLo oioiul iulo ol slio solociloiLlidoi iLo vlid uid
oLiuli iLo vuioi, li ls ilmuiy io Lo uccossod io vuioi uid vlid
ls li iLo socoiduiy coisldoiuiloiCuo Iu 276-824 .). Mui-
mudo dlicL oi oid ls mudo io liciouso iLo vloi loi iLo vllluo.
.id li vus Lollovod io lucllliuio iLo dvollois lllo vliL u iucilcul
slilllcuicoHo, 1DDO). i iLo luli oi li somo uious vLoio
iLoio uio io Luo mouiiulis, vooiuiloi ls uiiuiod LoLlid uid
ui iLo ivo sldos ol iLo dvollli io oiloim us iLo lmuliuiy
iuoi Mouiiuli uid SLu Mouiiuli io iomody iLo lmoiloci
luidscuo. Hovovoi, Losldos ioloiili llouilsLli loiosis, oi-
sLul coicoi LlLllLis iLo Yli uid Yui Luluico LllosoLy.
Numoly, li u coilliod suco, ioo muiy iioos sLould ioi Lo
luiiod , oiLoivlso li vlll liciouso iLo sLudovlioss!xiiomo
Yli). \Lllo loi u Lollov uid suiso suco!xiiomo Yui),
doiso vooiuiloi vus volcomod io sLuo u ioluilvo oisoiul
sucoYui volllis Collociloi). Jioos voio uLlo io Llidoi
siioi vlid uid coicoiiiuio llvli Ql. NovoiiLosls, iLoy ulso
liciouso iLo vliulliy ol iLo vllluo uid oiloim io sLuo u mlcio-
ocololcul oivlioimoii. Iuodu voio lioquoiily Lulli io Llidoi
iLo uivolcomo Ql oi io lmoiiuio u smooiL luio loi llioiuil. SucL
iLioo mousuios Luvo iLoli ocololcul uid oiLilc uosiLoilc
slilllcuico|lu, 1DD8).
i uicLliociuiul ioiulliy, iLo usliuilois omLodlod li oi-
sLul iouidli slio solociloi uio u iucilcul iollociloi ol Kudoll
ScLvuizs ioiloi ol u iosiod LloiuicLy ol dvollli li vLlcL iLo
mouiiulis uio vulls, iLo llolds lloois, iLo ilvois uiLs, iLo cousis
uio odos uid iLo lovosi olii li iLo mouiiuli iuio iLo dooi
Ho, 1DDb).
JLo vuy modoii ocololsis doul vliL iLo ioluiloisLl ol mui
uid iuiuio Lus Looi liciouslily closoi io iLui ol oi-sLul,
vLlcL Lold iLo CLlioso ldoul iLui mui sLould llvo li Luimoiy
vliL iuiuio, uid iLui Lumui ucilvlilos sLould Lo dosliod vliL
iuiuio. JLo sumo ldoul ls udmliod uid mucL siilvoi ulioi Ly
modoii oivlioimoiiullsis li oioiul uid luidscuo uicLliocis
llko McHui 1D6D)li uiilcului, uid ls silll coisldoiod io Lo iLo
mosi lmoiiuii quosiloi loi ioduy uid li iLo luiuio loi iLo
iolossloi ol luidscuo uicLliociuioo.. Coiioi, 1DD2).
Yooi Hoi-Koy1D8O)dlsiliulsLos coicois uid culiuiul
8OO
KyusLu |. oi. Kos. No. b72OO4. 8
l. . vllluo li .iLul Iiovlico sLovs mosi
closoly io iLo ldoul slio uiioiiHo, 1DDb)
coiioiuilois Loivooi !usioii oomuicyoi-sLul)uid
\osioii !ivlioimoiiul oioimlilsm. .ccoidli io Llm, LoiL
ivo coicois luco siioi omLusls oi iLo ilmuiy iolo ol
oivlioimoii li Lumui lllo. \Lllo iLoy LoiL doul vliL mui-
iuiuio ioluiloisLls, oomuicy ls u mucL moio comlox uid
lilluoicli sysiom. i oivlioimoiiul doioimlilsm, iLo
oivlioimoii ls coicolvod us quulliuilvoly ulloi uid oxioiiul io
mui, uid oL]ocilvoly oxlsili qulio uuii liom uiy Lumui vlsL
io cLuio iLom. i oomuicy, Ly coiiiusi, LoiL mui uid iuiuio
uio oxiosslois ol oio uidoilyli sliliuul uiliy, uid mui ls ui
ucilvo uiilcluii li iLo ioullzuiloi ol luioii mui-iuiuio
ioluiloisLls, coiiocili iLo sLoiicomlis ol iuiuiul luidscuo
uid solocili uuslclous slios loi Lls ucilvliyYooi, 1D82).
uiiLoimoio, uccoidli io iLo dllloioii coiioiuilois ol oi-
sLul iiudliloi, ioims ol olk oi-sLul uid !ivlioimoiiul oi-
sLul uio mudo io ioloi iosocilvoly io iLo suoisililous uid
luidscuo luiili uii ol oi-sLulHuui, 1DDD). Huui
uiuos iLui olk oi-sLul oxlsis Locuuso li moois iLo soclul
iood sookli iLo coisoluiloi ol lidlvlduul ioivousioss uid
liusiiuiloi. Ho1DDD)ulso doscilLos !ivlioimoiiul oi-sLul
us ui oivlioimoiiul ocololcul sysiom licludli iLo luciois ol
uicLliociuio, uilculiuio.
uili iLo usi docudo, oi-sLul iosouicL vliL
oivlioimoiiul uid ocololcul coicoii Lus Looi ioucLod uoi,
Lovovoi, u sysiomuilcul iosouicL oi oivlioimoiiul uid
ocololcul coicoi ol oi-sLul Lus ioi como liio Loli.
References
Cul, . .1DDb)oi-sLul Jiudliloi li iLo Hlsioiy, 241,
Scloico, JocL. uid !d. Iioss, Bol]li.
CLoi, |. . 2OO2)Lllo-iloidly oi ouiL-iloidly-oi oi-sLul
& iLo Soclul Culiuiul Jiuisloimuiloi li u]lui Iiovlico,
27O, uiuLllsLod docioiul dlssoiiuiloi, Xlumoi Uilv.
u]lui, CLliu.
Coiioi, |.1DD2)Luidscuo |. 112). !!.
o Ciooi, |. |. M.1D62), Kolllous Sysiom ol CLliu, Vol. 8,
Koiliiod Ly Llioiuiuio Houso Lid. Julvui, !.
ukos188b)!voiyduy Lllo, Loidoi, 1bD.
Cuo Y. Q.1DD4)oi-sLul li CLliu, 271, CLlioso Huuqluo
Iioss, Bo]li.
Cuui, C. Y.2OO2)|. \uixl Uilv. 181). !!.
Cuo, S. L.1DD4)MoiiLly |. Hlsioilcul Siudy 8 . .
Ho, X. X.1DDO). IioLo liio oi-sLul, 1b8, SouiLousi Uilv.
Iioss, Nu]li.
Ho, X. X. uid Luo, Ql,1DDb)Hlsioiy ol oi-sLul, SLuiLul,
2b7, SLuiLul \oiyl Iioss, SLuiLul.
Huui, Y. Z. 1DDD)oi-sLul Coicoi uid Modoii !ivlioimoii
Iioiociloi, Lii .ikiucc. ikiu. odu. ivi1818liumo1.
Lim.
|lu, B. S.1DD8)Llvli Loucy. Hoi Kois Housli Hoiliuo
Clvos .dvlco io !co-Housli ovolomoii loi iLo uiuio,
Lii .uicL. Lku. Lk]lu]luLk. Liml.
Looiuid I. |. 2OOO)JLo Iollilcul Luidscuo ol u SlcLuui Vllluo,
Lii .vvv. uicc. odu]mllovoiiioos. Lim.
Llu, I. L.1DDb)oi-sLul-!ivlioimoiiul Coicoi ol CLlioso,
428, SLuiLul Suillui Booksioio, SLuiLul.
MuicL, .. L.1D68)|. .slui Siudlos 262). ``!.
McHui, . L. 1D6D)osli vliL Nuiuio, Nuiuiul Hlsioiy Iioss,
Nov Yoik.
NoodLum, |.1D6b)Scloico uid Clvlllzuiloi li CLliu, Hlsioiy ol
Scloiilllc JLouLi Vol. 2, !, CumLildo Uilv. Iioss.
Sl, J.1DD8)oi-sLul .ii uid !ivlioimoiiul Solociloi, 12D,
|liui Iioss, SLui oi.
\ui, Q. H.1DD2). Siudy oi oii-sLul JLooiy.
\ui, Y. . 1DD4)Clvll vollli Iluiili li CLliu, 1D8, CLliu
Ooiu Iioss, Bol]li.
\uiuiuLo, Y. 1DD4)Luidscuo CooiuLy ol Ql, |liLuisLoyli
Book Lid.
Yui, \. H. uid ZLui, I.1DD8)oi-sLul ol CLliu, 184,
iioiiuiloiul Culiuio Iioss, Bol]li.
Yooi, H. 1D8O)Coo]ouiiul 44 . .
Kocolvod . 6 Nov. 2OO8, uccoiod . 22 oc. 2OO8)
8O1
')||UNo.`.