Chng 4: iu chnh v n nh vn tc

iu chnh vn tc chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng quay ca c cu chp hnh

trong h thng thy lc bng cch thay i lu lng du chy qua n vi hai phng
php sau:
+/ Thay i sc cn trn ng dn du bng van tit lu. Phng php iu chnh
ny gi l iu chnh bng tit lu.
+/ Thay i ch lm vic ca bm du, tc l iu chnh lu lng ca bm cung
cp cho h thng thy lc. Phng php iu chnh ny gi l iu chnh bng th tch.
La chn phng php iu chnh vn tc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cng sut
truyn ng, p sut cn thit, c im thay i ti trng, kiu v c tnh ca bm
du,...
gim nhit ca du, ng thi tng hiu sut ca h thng du p, ngi ta
dng phng php iu chnh vn tc bng th tch. Loi iu chnh ny c thc
hin bng cch ch a vo h thng du p lu lng du cn thit m bo mt
vn tc nht nh. Do , nu nh khng tnh n tn tht th tch v c kh th ton b
nng lng do bm du to nn u bin thnh cng c ch.
4.1. iu chnh bng tit lu
Do kt cu n gin nn loi iu chnh ny c dng nhiu nht trong cc h
thng thy lc ca my cng c iu chnh vn tc ca chuyn ng thng cng
nh chuyn ng quay.
Ta c: p . c . A . Q
x
=
Khi A
x
thay i thay i p thay i Q v thay i.
loi iu chnh ny bm du c lu lng khng i, v vi vic thay i tit
din chy ca van tit lu, lm thay i hiu p ca du, do thay i lu lng dn
n c cu chp hnh m bo mt vn tc nht nh. Lng du tha khng thc
hin cng c ch no c v n c a v b du.
Tu thuc vo v tr lp van tit lu trong h thng, ta c hai loi iu chnh bng
tit lu sau: +/ iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo.
+/ iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra.
4.1.1. iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo
Hnh 4.1 l s iu chnh vn tc bng tit lu ng vo. Van tit lu (0.4)
t ng vo ca xilanh (1.0). ng ra ca xilanh c dn v b du qua van cn
(0.5). Nh van tit lu (0.4), ta c th iu chnh hiu p gia hai u van tit lu, tc
l iu chnh c lu lng chy qua van tit lu vo xilanh (bng cch thay i tit
din chy A
x
), do lm thay i vn tc ca pittng. Lng du tha (Q
T
) chy qua
van trn (0.2) v b du.
Van cn (0.5) dng to nn mt p nht nh (khong 38bar) trong bung bn
68
phi ca xilanh (1.0), m bo pittng chuyn ng m, ngoi ra van cn (0.5) cn lm
gim chuyn ng git mnh ca c cu chp hnh khi ti trng thay i ngt.
Trong : p
0
l p sut do bm du to nn, c iu chnh bng van trn (0.2).
Phng trnh lu lng: Q
1
qua van tit lu cng l Q
1
qua xilanh (b qua r du)
p . c . A . v . A Q
x 1 1
= = (4.1)
Hiu p gia hai u van tit lu: p = p
0
- p
1
(4.2)
Khi A
x
thay i p thay i Q
1
thay i v thay i
Nu nh ti trng tc dng ln pittng l F
L
v lc ma st gia pittng v xilanh l
F
ms
, th phng trnh cn bng lc ca pittng l:
p
1
.A
1
- p
2
.A
2
- F
L
- F
ms
= 0 p
1
=
1
ms L
1
2
2
A
F F
A
A
. p
+
+ (4.3)
Ta thy: khi F
L
thay i p
1
thay i p thay i Q
1
thay i v khng
n nh.
0.1
1.0
1.1
0.2
0.3
p
0
P T
A B
Q
0
Q
T
0.5
0.4
Q
2
Q
1
A
x
p
2
p
1
F
L
v
A
2
A
1












Hnh 4.1. S mch thy lc iu chnh bng tit lu ng vo
4.1.2. iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra
0.2
0.1
1.0
1.1
0.3
p
0
P T
A B
0.4
A
x
Q
1
Q
2
Q
T
Q
0
p
3
0
p
1
p
2
F
L
v A
2
A
1









Hnh 4.2. S mch thy lc iu chnh bng tit lu ng ra
69
Hnh 4.2 l s iu chnh vn tc bng tit lu ng ra. Van tit lu m
nhim lun chc nng ca van cn l to nn mt p sut nht nh ng ra ca
xilanh. Trong trng hp ny, p sut bung tri xilanh bng p sut ca bm, tc l
p
1
=p
0
.
2
x 2 2
p c . A . A . v Q = = (4.4)
V ca van ca tit lu ni lin vi b du, nn hiu p ca van tit lu:
p = p
2
- p
3
= p
2

Khi A
x
thay i p
2
thay i Q
2
thay i v thay i.
Phng trnh cn bng tnh l:
p
0
.A
1
- p
2
.A
2
- F
L
- F
ms
= 0 (4.5)
p = p
2
=
2
ms L
2
1
0
A
F F
A
A
. p
+
(4.6)
Ta cng thy: F
L
thay i p
2
thay i Q
2
thay i v khng n nh.
Nhn xt:
C hai iu chnh bng tit lu c u im chnh l kt cu n gin, nhng c hai
cng c nhc im l khng m bo vn tc ca c cu chp hnh mt gi tr nht
nh, khi ti trng thay i.
Thng ngi ta dng iu chnh bng tit lu cho nhng h thng thy lc lm
vic vi ti trng thay i nh, hoc trong h thng khng yu cu cao v n nh vn
tc.
Nhc im khc ca h thng iu chnh bng tit lu l mt phn du tha qua
van trn bin thnh nhit, nhit lng y lm gim nht ca du, c kh nng lm
tng lng du r, nh hng n s n nh vn tc ca c cu chp hnh, dn n
hiu sut gim.
V nhng l do , iu chnh bng tit lu thng dng trong nhng h thng
thy lc c cng sut nh, thng khng qu 33,5 kw. Hiu sut ca h thng iu
chnh ny khong 0,650,67.
4.2. iu chnh bng th tch
gim nhit du, ng thi tng hu sut ca h thng thy lc, ngi ta
dng phng php iu chnh vn tc bng th tch. Loi iu chnh ny c thc
hin bng cch ch a vo h thng thy lc lu lng du cn thit m bo mt
vn tc nht nh.
Lu lng du c th thay i vi vic dng bm du pittng hoc cnh gt iu
chnh lu lng.
c im ca h thng iu chnh vn tc bng th tch l khi ti trng khng i,
cng sut ca c cu chp hnh t l vi lu lng ca bm. V th, loi iu chnh
ny c dng rng ri trong cc my cn thit mt cng sut ln khi khi ng, tc l
cn thit lc ko hoc mmen xon ln. Ngoi ra n cng c dng rng ri trong
70
nhng h thng thc hin chuyn ng thng hoc chuyn ng quay khi vn tc
gim, cng sut cn thit cng gim.
Tm li: u im ca phng php iu chnh bng th tch l m bo hiu sut
truyn ng cao, du t b lm nng, nhng bm du iu chnh lu lng c kt cu
phc tp, ch to t hn l bm du c lu lng khng i.


















e
A
1
Q
1
Q
b
= Q
1
F
L
v
Hnh 4.3. S thy lc iu chnh bng th tch
Ta c: Q
1
= Q
b
= q
b
.n (l/p) (Q
1
= v.A
1
)
Mun thay i Q
b
= Q
1
ta thay i q
b
v thay i
Trn hnh 4.3 ta thy:
Thay i lch tm e q
b
s thay i Q
b
= Q
1
thay i v thay i.
Nhn xt:
Ton b lu lng ca bm u cung cp cho xilanh (khng c du tha) hiu
sut cao.
4.3. n nh vn tc
Trong nhng c cu chp hnh cn chuyn ng m, chnh xc cao, th cc h
thng iu chnh n gin nh trnh by trn khng th m bo c, v n
khng khc phc c nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s khng n nh chuyn ng, nh
ti trng khng thay i, n hi ca du, r du cng nh s thay i nhit
ca du.
Ngoi nhng nguyn nhn trn, h thng thy lc lm vic khng n nh cn do
nhng thiu st v kt cu (nh cc c cu iu khin ch to khng chnh xc, lp rp
71
khng thch hp,..). Do , mun cho vn tc c n nh, duy tr c tr s iu
chnh th trong cc h thng iu chnh vn tc k trn cn lp thm mt b phn, thit
b loi tr nh hng ca cc nguyn nhn lm mt n nh vn tc.
Ta xt mt s phng php thng dng n nh vn tc ca c cu chp hnh.
gim nh hng thay i ti trng, phng php n gin v ph bin nht l
dng b n nh vn tc (gi tt l b n tc). B n tc c th dng trong h thng
iu chnh vn tc bng tit lu, hay h thng iu chnh bng th tch v n c th
ng vo hoc ng ra ca c cu chp hnh. (Nh ta bit lp ng ra c
dng rng ri hn).
4.3.1. B n tc lp trn ng vo ca c cu chp hnh
















D
Q
1
Q
2
p
0
p
3
p
2
p
1
A
1
A
2
F
L
F
lx
v
0
F
L
F
L
B

A

B
p
0
A
p
3
p
1
L(p
2
+p
ms
)
v

p
p
v

Hnh 4.4. S mch thy lc c lp b n tc trn ng vo
Gi s khi F
L
= 0
ta c: A
1
.p
1
- A
2
.p
2
- F
ms
= 0 )
A
F
P , A A (
A
F
p p
1
ms
ms 2 1
1
ms
2 1
= = + =
Ti van gim p ta c:
0 F
4
D .
. p
4
D .
. p
lx
2
1
2
3
=

(4.7)

2
lx 1 3
D .
4
. F p p p

= = hiu p qua van tit lu (=const) (4.8)

p .
A
A . . c
A
Q
v
1
x
1

= = = const (4.9)
72
Gii thch: gi s F
L
p
1
pittng van gim p sang tri ca ra ca van
gim p m rng p
3
dn n p = const.
Trn th: p
1
p
2
+ p
ms
(4.10)
+/ Khi p
1
p
3
p = const v = const.
+/ Khi p
3
= p
0
, tc l ca ra ca van m ht c (ti A trn th), nu tip tc
F
L
p
1
m p
3
= p
1
khng tng na p = p
3
- p
1
(p
3
= p
0
) v v n khi
p
1
= p
3
= p
0
p = 0 v = 0.
4.3.2. B n tc lp trn ng ra ca c cu chp hnh









p
0
F
lx
p
2
B
p
3
A
p
3
D
Q
2
Q
1
p
4
0
Q
2
p
2
p
1
= p
0
v
v
0
F
L
F
L
B

A

p
0
=p
1
P
ms
p
A
1
A
2
F
L
v
Hnh 4.5. S mch thy lc c lp b n tc trn ng ra
+/ Ti van gim p ta c: 0 F
4
D .
. p
lx
2
3
=

(4.11)
const
D .
4
. F 0 p p
2
lx 3
=

= = . (4.12)

2
lx
2
x
2
2
2
D .
F . 4
.
A
A . c .
A
Q
v

= = = const
+/ Gi s: F
L
p
2
p
3
pittng van gim p sang phi ca ra m rng
p
3
p = const.
Trn th:
Khi F
L
= 0 p
2
= p
0
- p
ms
v = v
0
.
Khi F
L
p
2
van gim p duy tr p
3
p = const v
0
= const.
Nu tip tc F
L
p
2
= p
3
(ti A trn th), nu tng na p
2
= p
3
= 0 ti B
73
p = 0 v = 0.
4.3.3. n nh tc khi iu chnh bng th tch kt hp vi tit lu ng
vo
Lu lng ca bm c iu chnh bng cch thay i lch tm e. Khi lm
vic, stato ca bm c xu hng di ng sang tri do tc dng ca p sut du bung
nn gy nn.























p
1
p
2
p
0
e
Stato (vng trt)
Rto
Bung ht
Bung nn
F
lx
Pittng iu chnh
F
2
F
1
A
2
v
F
L
A
1
Hnh 4.6. n nh tc khi iu chnh bng th tch kt hp vi tit lu ng vo
Ta c phng trnh cn bng lc ca stato (b qua ma st):
F
lx
+ p
1
.F
1
- p
0
.F
2
- k.p
0
= 0 (k: h s iu chnh bm) (4.13)
Nu ta ly hiu tit din F
1
- F
2
= k F
1
= F
2
+ k
(4.13) F
lx
+ p
1
.(F
2
+ k) - p
0
.F
2
- k.p
0
= 0
F
lx
= F
2
.(p
0
- p
1
) + k.(p
0
- p
1
)
F
lx
= (F
2
+ k).(p
0
- p
1
)
p
0
- p
1
=
1
lx
2
lx
F
F
k F
F
=
+
(4.14)
74
Ta c lu lng qua van tit lu:
p . c . A . Q
x
= (4.15)
1 0
p p p = =
1
lx
2
lx
F
F
k F
F
=
+
(4.16)
p . c . A .
F
F
. c . A . Q
x
1
lx
x
= = (4.17)
T cng thc (4.17) ta thy:
Lu lng Q khng ph thuc vo ti trng (c trng bng p
1
, p
0
).
Gi s: F
L
p
1
pittng iu chnh s y stato ca bm sang phi e
p
0
p = p
0
- p
1
= const.





75