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2000 2013.
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..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
.............................................................................................................................................................. 6
................................................................................................................................. 8
1 ............................................................................................ 11
. ............................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.1 ....................................................................................................... 11
1.1.1
.............................................................................................................................. 11
1.1.2
............................................................................................................................................. 11
1.2 ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.1
................................................................................................................................................ 11
1.2.2
..................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.3
................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.4
..................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.5
.................................................................................................. 12
1.3 ................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1
......................................................................................................... 12
1.3.2
.............................................................................................. 13
1.3.3
................................................................................................................... 13
1.4 ......................................................................................................... 13
. ........................................................................................................................................... 14
.
.............................................................................................................................................. 15
2 - - ......................... 21
. ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
2.1 O ................................................................................................................................................... 21
2.1.1
............................................................................................................... 21
2.2 ......................................................................................................... 21
2.2.1
............................................................................................................................. 21
2.2.2
( Flowchart) ......................................................................... 21
2.2.3
...................................................................................................................................... 22
2.3 .................................................................................................................................. 22
2.3.1
..................................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.2
....................................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.3
........................................................................................................ 24
2.4 O ....................................................... 26
2.4.1
...................................................................................................... 26
2.5 .................................................................................................................................. 27
. ........................................................................................................................................... 28
.
.............................................................................................................................................. 29
.
.............................................................................................................................................. 33
3 ........................................................................................................................ 47
............................................................................................................................................................... 47
3.1 ............................................................................................................................................ 47
3.2 ................................................................................................................................... 47
3.2.1 .................................................................................................................................................. 47
3.2.2 ................................................................................................................................................ 48
3.2.3 .......................................................................................................................................... 49
3.2.4
............................................................................................................................. 49
. .......................................................................................................................................................... 50
.
.............................................................................................................................................. 51
.
.............................................................................................................................................. 56
.

4 ................................................................................................................ 77
.

............................................................................................................................................................... 77

4.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 77
4.1.1
... ...................................................................................................................... 77
4.1.2
... _........................................................................................................................... 78
4.1.3
... ... ... _ ... ............................................................................................... 80
. .......................................................................................................................................................... 84
.
.............................................................................................................................................. 85
.
.............................................................................................................................................. 91
5 ..................................................... 117
. ............................................................................................................................................................. 117
5.1 ......................................................................................................................................... 117
5.1.1
..................................................................................................................... 117
5.2 ................................................................................................................ 117
5.2.1
................................................................................................................................................. 117
5.2.2
.................................................................................................................................................... 118
5.2.3
............................................................................................................................................... 118
5.3 ................................................................................................................................ 118
5.3.1
................................................................................................................... 119
. ........................................................................................................................................................ 124
.
............................................................................................................................................ 124
.
............................................................................................................................................ 130
6 ................................................................................................. 147
.
6.1
.
.
.

............................................................................................................................................................. 147
.............................................................................................................................. 147
........................................................................................................................................................ 153
............................................................................................................................................ 153
............................................................................................................................................ 157

7 ......... 173
. ............................................................................................................................................................. 173
........................................................................................................................ 173
. ............................................................................................................................................ 185
8 ................................................................................ 189
. ............................................................................................................................................................. 189
8.1 ..................................................................................................... 189
8.1.1
.............................................................................. 189
8.1.2
........................................................................................................................... 189
8.1.3
............................................................................................................................................. 190
8.2 .................................................................................................................................................... 191
8.3 ..................................................................................................................................................... 193
. ........................................................................................................................................................ 194
.
............................................................................................................................................ 195
.
............................................................................................................................................ 199
9 .............................................................................. 215
...................................... 215
.................................................................................................. 284
........................................................................................... 321
...................................................... 334
10 .................................................................................. 349
11 .......................................................................... 373


" " . ,
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1.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

2.

2.1

2.3

2.4
/
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3 (
. 36 " ... .",
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2.4.4
2.4.5
3.

3.1
3.2
+ =
3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6
3.7

6.

6.1

6.2

6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4 4
6.3

6.4

6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.7

7.

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9
-
7.10

8.

8.1

8.1.1
8.2

8.2.1 ...
8.2.2 _
8.2.3 ... ...

9.1

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.

10.

10.1
10.2
10.3
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10.5.1
10.5.2
10.5.3

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14

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3.

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1.19 .
.

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iii.

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17

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iii.

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1.20
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1.21 .
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18

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23

 http://www.pseudoglossa.gr.

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24

 !!!
Div 2
. Mod .
: 3 Div 2 = 1 , 1 Div 2 = 0 , 21 Div 3 = 7 , 2 Mod 2 = 0
5 Mod 2 = 1 , 32 Mod 2 = 0 , 0 Div 3 = 0 , 3 Div 0 = , ..
,,
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.
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5 < -1

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(2* 5 > 3) AI (5*y 8 = 12)
( 3 < 5 )
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= ...
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25

2.4

()

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26

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2.3.3 . .

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27

2.1 .
2.2 ;

2.3 .
2.4 .
2.5 , ;
2.6 ;
.
2.7 / ;
2.8 .
2.9 ;
.

2.10 ; 2
.

2.11 ;
2.12
;

2.13 ;
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2.14 ;
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28

2.18
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2.19 .
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.

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29

2*
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2
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30

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2.21 : .
5. .
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^3

31

2.22

a2 + b2

b b2 4ac
2a

)}

. 28 x 3 a5 a + e x 1

(^2 + b^2)^(1/2) _(^2 + b^2)

(b _(b^2 4**c))/(2*a)

28 (x)*(3(a^5 (a) + E(x1)))

2.23 =8, =5, =3 =

.
.

(( <+) (-= ))
((8 < 5+3) (8-5=3))
((8<8) (3=3))
( )

(>=+) ((* >+) ())

(8>=5+3) ((5*3>8+5)
(8>=8) (15>13)

((<>++1) (^2=(-)^2)) ((=+) )

((8<> 5+3+1) (8^2 = (5-3)^2)) ((8=5+3) )
((8<> 9) (64=4)) ( )
( )

32

1.

2.24 () ().
.

2.25 () ().
.

,
() .

2.26 () ().
.

div .

33

2.27 .
.

5 mod 2 * 10 ;
i. 10

ii. 5

iv.

iii. 0

.
i. A + B = 1 ii. A B*5 iii. A + B 23 iv. A 2*B 12

.
(5+4/2*2)*2 (3*2 + 5 3)^2 + 9/3 2
i. -53

ii. -37

iii. -125

iv. -45

5*(-3) + ^3 2 + , = 5 = 1
;
i. 35

ii. 134

iii. 22

iv. 148

2.28 .
.

.
i. /
ii.
iii.

iv.
v.

:
i.
ii.
iii.

iv.
v. ()

:
i.
ii. 1
iii. 1

iv. _
v. --
vi.

2.29 ,
.
.

x + 3y
x 2y

a 2a 7b3

X =

= 3 x + 5 log a

x ( y + z (5 k ))

b + b 2 4ac
2a

3x 2 2 x + 1

xy
x+ y

A = 2 3 a 5 ( 1) e x 1

34

2.30
= 5 , = 4 , = 2, = 3
(*) DIV 2 ( )
DIV (A+1) + 30 MOD ( )
^2 * + 1 MOD A
( )*

2.31
.

1.
2.
3.

.
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2.32 :
.
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= 2 + 5

2.33
.

1.
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1.
.

2.
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35

2.35
= 9 , = 11 , = , = -3
( > (-) ) ( ( < ))
( DIV (A+1) = 1 ( ))
( (OXI ( DIV (^2 MOD 4) < 5)))

2.36
; .
.

. ( ;)

2.37 0 5. (
0 5 ).

;
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. ( > 0) ( < 5)

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2.38
.

1. 3115
2.
3.
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2.39
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36

2.40 .
.
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6.

3.

.
.

2.41 .
.
.

5.

10.

2.

2.42 Fahrenheit Celsius.

( C=

5
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2.43 11%
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2.44
= 1.2.( 1.05. + 50 ) + 11.
.

3.

2.45 .
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37

2.46 :
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20 10 .

2.47
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38

2.51 2013
40%.
:
.

.
: 200
: 80
: 120 .

2.52
.

f ( x) =

x7
3
+ (3 x ) .
4
9 + (3 + x)

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; .

2.53 .. 700 .
15 ,
25 .
17%.
1.

2.

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39

4.

2.54 1.
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2.

10
10

10
, 10

10
,

25
(2 + _()*3/5)^2 - (+50)/5

. 22

. -3

. 10

. 25

2.55 .
_

mod 6
+3

+ 10
div 2
, -1
_
.

, 17.

2.56 .
_
X 12
Y 2*X - 8
Z Y div X
Y, Z, X
X (X + Z) mod Y
Y (Y + Z) div X
ZX*Y-Z^2
Y, Z, X
_

40

5.

2.57
L R. .
L=2R = 3,14.

2.58 .

2
E = = .

2.59 :
.

4 , ,,,

, 4 ,

.

2.60 :
= 2

L
g

F=

GMm
r2

g = 9.81 , G = 6673 = 3.14

:
.

2.61
.

.
( = 2 V = 3 ).

41

2.62 ,
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2.63 2%
50 .
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2.65 22
10 .
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2.66
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42

2.67 .
20%
36 .
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4850 .
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2
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4850
4850 .
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3+ 2+ 5

2.69 z = + .i w = + i.
:
.

2 .
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x+yi.

6.

2.70
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2.71 .
.
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2.72
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.

2.73
1
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3
.

43

2.74 1.

:
.

, .

:
4362 s 1 h 12 min 42 s.

2.

2.75 .
.
8%.
.

2.76 .
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( 11%)
.
.

2.77
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(
) = 55004, .
0,02m. ()

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80% ,
.

( 0.01m)
10%, 33% 50%.

44

 3
.

3.1

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47

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2
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1
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() 1.
2.
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48

3.2.3
: <-1>
...
-1
...
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...
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...
.........................
.........................
_ <->
...
-
...

...
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3.2.4

.
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49

 : <-1>
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...

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_

!!!
_
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_ 2 . (
).


.

3.1 ;
3.2 ;
3.3 ;

50

3.4
40 .


> 40

3*
_

> 40

3*

!!!
x x mod = 0
x mod <> 0.
x mod = 0 . x
.
, = 2.
x mod 2 = 0.
x ,
.

.

0 100.
.
.

51

..

( < 0) ( > 100)
,

_
...
_

.
.
, .

.
_() .
_() = 0
. .

3.5

.

:
<= 0

,


<= 0
_
,
mod 2 = 0

,,
_

MOD 2 = 0 TOTE
,,
,,
_

,,

_
_

!!!

.
.
.

1
2
3

1 div 100
2 mod 100 div 10
3 mod 10

52

1
1 div 10000

3
3 mod 1000 div 100
4
4 mod 100 div 10

5
5 mod 10
.

3.6 5
5
.

60
60 < 240
240

0,12 /
0,10 /
0,05 /

.
: 5 275 ,
: = 60*0,12 + (240 60)*0,10 + (275 240)*0,05.
. (
).







< 0


_
_ mod 10
_ = 5
<= 60
!
*0,12
_ <= 240
60*0,12 + ( 60)*0,10

60*0,12 + (240 60)*0,10 + ( 240)*0,05

_
,, , , !!!

53

3.7 .
= 4, = -5 , = 9 ;

_3_8

> 0
2
+5

^2 + 5
_
> 12
,
_
__3_8

_3_8

> 0
2
+5

^2 + 5
_
> 12
,
_
__3_8

=4
4 > 0
=2
=7
2 > 12
-

1 = 2 < 12
, = 7 = 2.

_3_8

> 0
2
+5

^2 + 5
_
> 12
,
_
__3_8

=4
= -5
4 > 0 -5 >0
=2
=7
-5 <=0
= 27
2 > 12 27>12
-5 , 27
-

2 -5 , 27 = 27 > 12 ,
= -5 = 27.

54


_3_8

> 0
2
+5

^2 + 5
_
> 12
,
_
__3_8

=4
= -5
=9
4 > 0 -5 >0
9>0
=2
=7
=7
= 12
-5 <=0
= 27
2 > 12 27>12 7 > 12
-5 , 27
-

3 = 7 < 12
, = 12 = 7.

55

1.

3.8 () ().
.

2 .

,
.

3.9 () ().
.

<> .

div 2 = 0 .

=10 =20 (>8 <20) (>10 =10) .

=5 =6 (>5 <3) (>5) .

3.10 , .
. -3 x 8

. y = 10 29 35

x > 5 x < 28 . > -3 = 2

3.11
= 7 = 4 = .
: ( + > -2) (())

....................

: ((( < 0)))

....................

: (* 28 = 0) (())

....................

....................

( ) ( ())

....................

( )

....................

56

3.12 10, 5
3 .
.

( >)

A > < <=

> (< <=)

= ( - ) < 0

( > < ) ( <> < )

3.13 . .

1.

>1

2.

3.

+2

4.

+ /2

5.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

3.14 .
.

1.
85
2.

15
.

3.

. ( )

4.

5.

34,2

6.

-345,87

57

3.15 :

7

>2

^2 3
_


:
.

3.16 :
> 0

_
,
.
.....

58

2.

3.17
a,b,c,d.
:
.

a,b,c,d

,
18 .

3.18 9 2005
12 1, 2, 3.
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3.20
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59

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3.21 :
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100
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5
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60

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3.31 :

1
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61

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3.34
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3.35
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63

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3.43
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3.44 9
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3
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64

9
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3.45 :
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6.

3.53 .
a
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67

3.54
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68

3.56 :
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8
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3.57 .

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69

7.

3.58
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3.59 :
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.

3.60
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70

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71

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3.65
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72

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3
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3.69
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73

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4.4
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;

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84

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85

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,
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4.14 , ,
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86



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sum 1000
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87

4.16
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.
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14 2 _ -3
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4.18 ()
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91

4.21 .
1. ...................
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4.22 .

:
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92

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1, 2 .
.

1=15

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1=1

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2=2

=5

4.25 .

.
.
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4.26
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10
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......

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4.28
.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

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4.29 .

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94

4.30
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4.31 . ;
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15 30
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5.
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).

96

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3.

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=750 x y 2x+y > 4.
.

4.38 .
.
0. ( 0
. )

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4.39

-1. ( -1
).

97

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= 3.

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15 C.
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.

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99

5.

4.58
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4.59
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4.67 ,
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101

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4.78 :
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4.79 .
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5
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103

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2
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.

= 1

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4.81 :

0
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,
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104

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).

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4.83 .
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2
3
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3
4
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105

4.84 .

0
1
2
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4.85 .
1
1 < 5
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2
24
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3
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4
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5
MAX A

MAX C

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MAX

MAX C


6
, , , C, MAX
+2


.

1
...
6
...

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...

...

...

...
1 , -2 , 0 , -1 , 0
...

106

4.86 .

1 5
2 <=7
3
y 3-
4
+1
5 _
6 , y

.

1
2
...
5
...

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...

5 <= 7
...

...

...

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...

4.87 .

7.

3
<5

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_

3
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3
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4.88
:
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.

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107

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.
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4.91 100
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4.92
.
.

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S 2 = 5 2 + 10 2 + .... 100 .

4.93
450 .
:
1.
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.

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108

4.94 ( )
.

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.
, :
.

0 20.

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4.96 .

.
.

0
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4.97 :

0
100 1 _ -2
_
+ 2*
_ > ^3

_

.

109

4.98
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.
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.

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).

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1001
1002

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4.101
.
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. 150
.
:
.

,
.

110

4.102
:

S1 = 1 + 2 + ... + n
S2 = 1n + 2n + ... + nn
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a n .
.

4.103
.
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.

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0 <= < 60
60 <= < 240

0,80 /
0,65 /
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:
.

, , sms , mms ,
100

19 %.

, .
111

4.107
,
.
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.
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4.109 .

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;
;
112

4.110 2000 , , ,
:
.

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4.111 100
, .
.
4.112 20
, .
.

4.113
. .
300
3 6 . 300 800
6 9 800 9
12.
.
(
) .

4.114
0 786 .. 0 , 787
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.
.
. .

4.115 (
) . 200.
4.116 :
.

0.

7.

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7
10000.
113

4.117 250 7
.

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,
.
.

4.118 . :
.

50.

7 .

8 .

4.119

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114

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( ,
, , ...)
.

.
5.1.1
.

Wirth (1976 Pascal) :

+ =

5.2

: ,
, , , .


.
.
.
5.2.1

. .

. .
LIFO (last in first out).
. :
(push) (pop).
117

 . .
Overflow
.
Underflow
.
.
5.2.2

.
(enqueue)
(dequeue).
.
.
FIFO (first in first out). (front)
(rear) .
,
. ,
.
5.2.3


.
.

.
.
.
.

.

. ,
.
.

. :

5.3

: (1 , 2 , ... , ).
, .

.

118

5.3.1

:
. // //
2 :
// , //
table 100
:
// table // ! .
,
table 100 .

,
. :

: [10]
: [500]
: [30]
: [5]
5.3.2 100
i 1 100
[ i ]
_
.
5.3.3 200
i 1 200
[ i ]
_
[ i ]
[ i ].
5.3.4 [50]

SUM 0
i 1 50
SUM SUM + A[i]
_
SUM/50

119

5.3.5 11 49 [50]
SUM 0
i 11 49
SUM SUM + A[i]
_
5.3.6 80 A
MAX A[1]
i 2 80
A A[i] > MAX
MAX A[i]
_
_

M A[1]
i 2 80
A A[i] < M
[i]
_
_

5.3.7

.
.
, .
.

.

800
SUM 0
i 1 800
[i] > 0
SUM SUM + A[i]
_
_

[100] 2
i 1 100
[i] MOD 2 = 0
[i]
_
_

[100] 34.
i1
([ i ] <> 34) KAI (i <= 100)
[ i ]
ii+1
_

120

5.3.8 // //

.
// //.
..

// , , max //

max .

5.3.9

(key)
. .
[500].
done
!
position 0
!
i1
(done = ) (i <= 500 )
[i] = key
done
!
! i
position i

ii+1
!
_
_
done =
,position

_
5.3.10 [150] ()

i 2 150
j 150 i _ 1
[ j 1] > A[ j ] T
TEMP [ j 1]
[ j 1] [ j ]
!
[ j ] TEMP
_
_
_

.
: [ j 1] < A[ j ] .

121


[ j - 1] , [ j ]
. .
5.3.11

.
:

: .. [50] , [20] , [25]
[95].
: i 1 95
i<=50
[i] A[i]
_ i<=70
[i] B[i 50]

[i] [i 70]
_
_

[] = [ 1 , 3 , 6 , 9 , ... , 25] [] = [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 11 , ... ,15 , 20]

[ + ] .
:
1
J1
1
<= J <=
!
[] < [J]
[] []
+1
+1

[] [J]
+1
J J +1
_
_
!
>
+
[] [J]
J J +1
_

122

 +
[] []
+1
_
_

( )
.
5.3.12 () .

.
[100]
[ ? ] [ ? ]
. ?
.
// //
0
0
i 1 100
X[ i ] mod 2 = 0
+1
[K] X[ i ]

+1
[] X[ i ]
_
_
// , , , //
!!!

i , j

.
... ...

( , , ...)

123

5.1 :
.

. .

5.2 ;
5.3 ;
5.4 () .
5.5 .
5.6 .
5.7 ;
5.8 ;
5.9 .
5.10 ;
5.11
.
5.12 .
.

5.13
[10] [150]. :
.

5 .
.

124

i 1 10
[i]
_
i 1 150
[i]
_

[1]
i 2 10
[i] < [i]
_
[1]
i 2 150
[i] >
[i]
_
_

done
i 1 5
[i] <> B[i]
done
_
_
done =
5
_

0
0
i 1 10
+ [i]
T_
/ 10
i 1 150
[i] < 0
+ 1
_
T_

key
done
position 0
i1
(done = ) (i <= 150 )
[i] = key
done
position i

ii+1

125

_
_
done =
,position

_
_

5.14 = ( -5 , 0 , -4 , 2 , 7 , -1 )
:
K0
L1 5
L2 A[L1-2]
1 3
5* = L1 TOTE
D L2^2 + [+2]

K L1 MOD 2 []
TE_
D > K TOTE
MAX D

K
_
D,K
_
L1^2 D + K
.
; ;
:

K0
L1 5
L2 A[L1-2]
1 3
5* = L1 TOTE
D L2^2 + [+2]

K L1 MOD 2 []
TE_
D > K TOTE
MAX D

K
_
D,K
_
L1^2 D + K

-5
0
K=0
L1 = 5
L2 = -4

I = 1 (1 )

D=12
A
= 12
12,0
-

-4

= 2 (2 )

K=1

= 12
12,1
-

= 3 (3 )

K=5

= 12
12,5
= 18

126

. .

3
-

I
1
2
3
3

K
0
0
1
5
5

D
12
12
12
12

L1
5
5
5
5
5

L2
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

MAX
12
12
12
12

X
18

_ 18
:

12
12
12

0
1
5

5.15
5
= 0 ,..., 20 2.
.
.
[6] 5
: P ( x ) = a 0 + a1 x + ... + a 5 x 5 . [1]=0, ... , [6]=5.

P(x), [11] = 0 ,..., 20 2.

: [6], [11] , , , X
: S

!
1 6
(,-1,)
[]
_
!
1
0 20 2
S0
= 0
S [1]

1 6
S S + []*^(-1)
_
_
[] S
K K+1
_

127

!
1 11
[]
_
_

!!!
. 2
1.
.
, 1

.

5.16 ,
15 .
.

.
.
4
. [15] : , [15] : ,
[15] [15] .
.
. 12 .
, ,

.

!
. -
1 15
[] , [] , [] , []
_
!
0
1 15
+ []
_
/ 15
= ,
128

!
[1]
1
2 15
[] <
[]

_
_
:, []
!
2 15
j 15 _ -1
[j-1] < EE[j]
EE[j-1] , EE[j]
[j-1] , [j]
[j-1] , [j]
[j-1] , [j]
_
_
_
!
1 15
[] , [] , [] , []
_

129

1.

5.17 .
.

5.18 .
.
5.19
[1] = ...

[2] = ...

[3] = ...

:
[1] 20

[2] ([1]+1) div 2

[3] [2] mod 2

5.20 .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

5.21 ()
() .
.

130

i.

5.22 ()
() .
.

5.23 :

-2
23
7

. :
. 8 . . -9

. 10 .

.
;

5.24 :
2
front

-7

-6
rear

.
.

. 9

. 10

131

5.25 .
.

// , //
i . . _ .
j . .. _ .
[ ] .. [
]
.. ..
.. A[ j ]
.. temp
_
_
_
// , //

5.26 10 .
; , .
;
0
i 10 2 _ -2
[] [i]
+ 1
_

2.

5.27 20
.

5.28 35
.

5.29 50
.
5.30 85
.
5.31 24
2.

5.32 100
,
.

132

5.33 50
(
[0,100] )
70.
3.

5.34 1000
5
.

5.35 325
,
.
5.36 300
120.

5.37 200
.

5.38 50 .
> 0
.
.
.
4.

- -

5.39 ( >0 )

( -20 , 45] .

5.40 50
4.

5.41 :
.

70 .

5.42 [100].
100 .
0
100.

133

5.43 cm
. ( :
30 360 ).
. ;
.

5.44 200

2 .
5.45
9
.
10
30
.
.
,

5.

5.46 [30] [20]

.

5.47 :
.

[150] .

5.48 :
.

1000 .

5.49 60
.
5.50 90

28 63 .

134

6.

5.51 , 400 , .

.

5.52 , 12
,
. :
.

2 .

2 2
.

5.53 50
.
10 .

10 .

5.54 :
.

5.55
.
20
.

5.56 , email
200 .
:
.

email .

135

7.

5.57 , 7 , 1 7
:
= ( 5 , -3 , 0 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 )
:
i 1 6 _ 2
k ((i+5) mod 3)+2
A[i] A[k-1]
i, k, A[i], A[k]
_
: i, k, A[i], A[k] ,
;

5.58 C 6
:
C = ( 2
5
15
-1
32
14
)
:
min 100
max -100
i 1 6 _ 2
C[ i ]
B C[ i + 1]
<
Lmin A
Lmax

Lmin
Lmax
_
Lmin < min
min Lmin
_
Lmax > max
max Lmax
_
, , Lmin, Lmax, min, max
_
D max*min
D
:
.

, , Lmin , Lmax , min , max,

.

D .

136

5.59 =( -5 , 0 , -4 , 2 , 7 , -1 ) :
2 6
6 -1
[ -1] < [ ]
[-1] , []
_
_
_
.

= 2 = 3

5.60
.

i 1 10
i mod 2 <> 0
[i] i+2

[i] A[i-1] 3
_
_
i 1 10
[i]
_

5.61 Table :
1
12

2
5

3
-4

4
-6

5
8

:
2 5
J 5 _ -1
Table[J-1] > Table[J]
Table[J-1], Table[J]
_
_
_

J, I=2 =3

137

1
2

5.62 = ( 1 , 0 , 3 , 6 , 2 , 11 , 7 , 5 , 4)
:
i2
x A[i+1]
y A[x-i]
i <= 9
x >y
x

y
_
y x mod i
i i +2
x A[i-3]
_
*
.

8.

5.63 35 .

.
:
.

:
.

;
.

138

5.64 50 /
. /, ,
.
/ .
50 /,
.

5.65 [20] 20
[20]
2009.
:
.
.

10000.
(
).

5.66 10
1, 2, 10.
:
.

5.67 :
.

2 [50] [50].

5.68 2 [300] [100] .

100
.
.
5.69 . OM

. 10
1500.
:
139

,
.

5.70 20
.
.
. 0

11001 : 1 2 +
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
02 + 02 + 12 + 12

5.71 [50] [30] .

:
.

30
.
.

5.72 70
: , ,
. :
.

.
.

5.73 [500]
. 1 500 , 2
499 ...
5.74 [233]
. 1 233 , 2

232 ...

140

5.75 800
:
.

5 .

5.76 [30]
:
.

. . .

5.77 150 .
:
.

5.78 :
.

2 [300] [300] .

10.

,
.

>= 5
.

5.79
50 [50] [50]
. :
.

141

5.80 300 1 , 3
5. 1 3 5
.

5.81
200 .
( ,, 2= )

9.

5.82 3 [5] , [12],

[15]
.

5.83 2 [] , []
.
.

5.84 20
.
.

5.85 20
10.
.

5.86 :
.

100 .

25
.

5.87 1000 .

0 3.

5.88 :
.

[400] .

142

2 .
.

5.89 :
.

[100]
0.

2 .
.

5.90 :
.

[30]
.

143

 6
.

6.1

a11 a12 a13

: a21 a22 a23 .

a

31 a32 a33
, 3x3 = 9
. N
xM .
.
6.1.1
10 15 .
// //

.

// , , //

6.1.2

: [100,10]
: [11,5]
: [10,2]
: [2,6]

.
6.1.3 10x6
i 1 10
j 1 6
[ i , j ]
_
_

147

6.1.4 10x5
j 1 5
i 1 10
[ i , j ]
_
_
6.1.5 20x10

i 1 20
j 1 10
[i,j]
_
_
6.1.6 20x10

j 1 10
i 1 20
[i,j]
_
_
6.1.7 [5,10]

SUM 0
i 1 5
j 1 10
SUM SUM + A[i,j]
_
_
SUM/50
6.1.8 3
[5,4]
SUM 0
j 1 4
SUM SUM + A[3,j]
_
6.1.9 [5,4]
i 1 5
SUM 0
j 1 4
SUM SUM + B[i,j]
_
SUM
[ i ] SUM
!
_ !

148

6.1.10 [5,4]
j 1 4
0
i 1 5
+ B[i,j]
_
MO /5

[ j ] MO
!
_ ! .
!!!
,

(.. ,
...).
.
. :
100
12 . 100x12.
.

.
.

.
100 .

.
6.1.9 6.1.10.
6.1.11 [5,4]
[5]
i 1 5
[i]0
j 1 4
A[i] A[i] + B[i,j]
_
_
6.1.12 [5,4]
[4]
j 1 4
MO[ j ] 0
i 1 5
MO[ j ] MO[ j ] + B[ i , j ]
_
149

MO[ j ] MO[ j ] / 5
_
6.1.13 () A 80x10
MAX A[1,1]
i 1 80
j 1 10
AN A[i,j] > MAX TOTE
MAX A[i,j]
_
_
_
6.1.14 () A
80x14
j 1 14
MIN A[1,j]
i 1 80
AN A[i,j] < MIN TOTE
MIN A[i,j]
_
_

_

.
,
.
. [10] [20].
6.1.15

.
( ).

,
.

800100
SUM 0
i 1 800
j 1 100
[i, j] > 0
SUM SUM + A[i,j]
_
_
_

150

[10,12] 2
i 1 10
j 1 12
[i, j] MOD 2 = 0
[i,j]
_
_
_

[10,20]
S[10]
i 1 10
S[i]0
j 1 20
[i, j] = 0
S[i] S[i] + 1
_
_
_

6.1.16 ,
.
DONE
0
0
1
(<=N) (DONE=)
J1
(J<=M) (DONE=)
[,J]=
DONE

JJ+1
_
_
+1
_
DONE=
,, (,,,,,)

' ' ,, ' '

_

151

6.1.17 300x50
1 300
I 2 50
J 50 I _ -1
[, J-1] < [, J]
[ , J-1]
[ , J-1] [ , J]
[ , J]
_
_
_
,,
_
6.1.18 55x400
1 400
I 2 55
J 55 I -1
[J-1 , ] > [J , ]
[J-1 , ]
[J-1 , ] [J, ]
[J, ]
_
_
_
,,
_
6.1.19 .
[400] [400,40].
5

35 .
I 2 400
J 400 I -1
[J-1 , 5] > [J, 5]
1 [J-1]
[J-1] [J]
[J] 1
1 40
2 [J-1 , ]
[J-1 , ] [J , ]
[J-1 , ] 2
_
_ [J-1 , 5] = [J, 5]
[J-1 , 35] > [J, 35]
1 [J-1]
[J-1] [J]
[J] 1
1 40

152

2 [J-1 , ]
[J-1 , ] [J , ]
[J-1 , ] 2
_
_
_
_
_

6.1 ;

6.2
; ( )
6.3 ;
6.4 ;
.

6.5 10 . :

15

. 2 ,
.

200.

.
[10] [10,15]
. (3,8)
3 8 . .
[10]
. .
. .

153

: [10] , TEMP2
: [10,15] , [10] , , J , , , TEMP1

! .
1 10
[]
_
! .
1 10
J 1 15
[, J]
_
_
! . :
1 10
[] 0
J 1 15
[] [] + [, J]
_
_
! . :
[1]
1
2 10
[] >
[]

_
_

& , []
! . : 2
2 10
J 10 _ -1
[J-1] < [J]
TEMP1 [J-1]
[J-1] [J]
[J] TEMP1
TEMP2 [J-1]
[J-1] [J]
[J] TEMP2
_ [J-1] = [J]
[J-1] > [J]
TEMP1 [J-1]
[J-1] [J]

154

[J] TEMP1
TEMP2 [J-1]
[J-1] [J]
[J] TEMP2
_
_
_
_
! .
1 10
[] > 200
[]
_
_
_

, []

6.6 [10,20] 200 .

2 200 .
> 50 .
5
.
.


. .

// //
! ( )
1 200
[] 0
[] 0
_
! .
0
0
i 1 10
j 1 20
[i , j] > 50
+1
[] [i , j]

+1
[] [i , j]
_
_
_

155

6.7 [100,10] [100]

.
:
.

.
.

. .

. .

: [100,10] , , J , , [100] , , 2
: [100] , 1
: [10]

1 100
[]
J 1 100
[I,J]
_
_
1 100
[,1]
J 1 10
[,J] > MAX TOTE

_
_
_
J 1 10
0
1 100
+ [,J]
_
[J] /100
_
1 100
[] 0
J 1 10
[] [] + [, J]
_
_

156

[1]
1
2 100
[] <
[]

_
_
[]
2 100
J 100 _ -1
[J-1] > [J]
1 [J-1]
[J-1] [J]
[J] 1
2 [J-1]
[J-1] [J]
[J] 2
_
_
_
_

1.

6.8 ()
() .
.

' .

,
.

6.9 ()
() .
.

,
.

157

6.10
.
i 1 5
j 1 5
(i+j) mod 2 = 0
[i,j] (i+j) div 2

[i,j] (i+j)*2
_
_
_

6.11 ( 1) :
sum 0
i 1 5
j 1 5
i <> j TOTE
sum sum + A[i,j]
A[i,j] 0
A
A[i,j] 1
_
_
_
sum
, ,
1.
1
6
4
3
0

-1
2
9
5
1

7
0
3
-4
2

1
8
3
2
0

1
-2
0
1
1

1:

, .

sum ;

158

6.12 :

1
2
2
2

0
1
2
2

0
0
1
2

0
0
0
1

6.13

.

[5,4] .

, [8,12] .

[35,10]

[120]

2.

6.14
54 .
6.15
.

6.16 :
.

[3,9] .

6.17 :
.

[4,12] .

3 .

6.18 :
.

[12,10].

3 .

6.19 26
.

159

3.

...

6.20 1010 .

.

6.21
50 3
.
6.22 5
4 . 54 .
:
.

6.23
[4,5].
.

6.24
5 .
[ 2 , 5]
:
.

4.

6.25 ,
.
.
6.26 50x100
. (J mod 2).
.

160

6.27 .
999
[1000,500].
.

[20,32] .

6.28
xM, .
.

6.29 [30,80] :
.

(key) .
.

6.30 [100,2] 100

. 1
2 .

.

6.31 :
.

[40] [40,50].

6.32 [100] 100

[100,3] ,
. :
.

161

6.33
.
.

20 x i
.

i x .
_

( xi x )2 i S 2 .

6.34 [50,40]
,
5.
6.35 :
.

[5,12,30]
5 .

3 .

,
1000 .

6.36 [1000,2] 1000

.
:
.

5.

6.37 5x5
1
. i = j ( ) i 2 2 .
j
i > j 5 1.
.

162

6.38 2 [300] [10,300]

:
.

6.39
, 12 18
, .
.
:
.

6.40 :
.

, table 15
8 .

5/6 .

6.41 :
.

5 .

10 5
.

5 .

163

6.42 :
.

50 .

5 .

3 .
: .

.
.

6.43 [310] [310,5].

:
.

1
.

6.44 5 . [5]
. [5,12]
2002,
i i .
, :
.

2002.

6.45
(10) . (6)
. , :
.

( ).

164

6.46 ,
.
500 32 .
1 32,
:
.

1 32.

6.47 20
. :
.

2 .

6.48 200
, 10.
:
.

10
.

200
.

6.49 .
500 , 5 .
1 100.
5
3/5 .
, (500 x 5)
.

6.50 :
.

10 40 .

165

5
.

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346

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2. : = ()

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3. : ( ( ))

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4. : (=) =

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.................

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349

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350

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351

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.
.

356

 /27
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.

,
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Wirth
.

/28
.
.

/29
n = 11,
A[1]=4 , A[2]=5 , A[3]=6 , A[4]=7 , A[5]=8 , A[6]=7 , A[7]=8 , A[8]=7 , A[9]=6 , A[10]=5,
A[11]=4 ;
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mid n div 2
i <= mid A[i] = A[n i +1]
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357

 /30
200 100 .
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 /33

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363

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/44

.

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364

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DVD ,
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3
3 7
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ii. 0.
iii.
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365

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366

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373

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100 ,
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378

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1.

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