Nguyen Li Diricle

I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC KHOA HC
TRNH VIT PHNG
NGUYN L DIRICHLET V NG DNG
GII TON S CP
Chuyn ngnh: Phng php Ton s cp
M s: 60.46.40
LUN VN THC S KHOA HC TON HC
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:
PGS.TS PHAN HUY KHI
Thi Nguyn - 2009
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.Lrc-tnu.edu.vn
Li ni u
Nguyn l Dirichlet l mt cng c rt hiu qu dng chng minh nhiu kt
qu su sc ca ton hc. N c bit c nhiu p dng trong lnh vc khc nhau
ca ton hc. Nguyn l ny trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta d dng chng minh
c s tn ti m khng a ra c phng php tm c vt c th, nhng
trong thc t nhiu bi ton ta ch cn ch ra s tn ti l ri.
Lun vn ny dnh trnh by cc ng dng ca nguyn l Dirichlet gii
cc bi ton s cp.
Ngoi phn m u lun vn gm bn chng v danh mc ti liu tham kho.
Chng I dnh trnh by cc kin thc c bn (c bit gii thiu nguyn l
Dirichlet) s dng n trong cc chng sau.
Chng II vi tiu "ng dng nguyn l Dirichlet vo bi ton hnh hc t
hp" trnh by cc ng dng ca nguyn l Dirichlet gii cc bi ton trong lnh
vc hnh hc t hp.
Cn nhn mnh rng s dng nguyn l Dirichlet l mt trong nhng phng
php hiu qu nht gii cc bi ton v hnh hc t hp.
Chng III trnh by cch s dng nguyn l Dirichlet gii cc bi ton v
s hc, c bit l cc bi ton v tnh chia ht, tnh chnh phng . . .
Phn cn li ca lun vn dnh trnh by cc ng dng ca nguyn l Dirichlet
vo cc bi ton khc.
Lun vn ny c hon thnh di s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio
PGS.TS Phan Huy Khi. Ti xin by t lng knh trng v bit n su sc n
Thy. Ti xin trn trng cm n ban lnh o khoa Ton trng i hc Khoa
hc, khoa Sau i hc - HTN, cc thy, c gio trang b kin thc, to iu
kin cho ti trong thi gian hc tp ti y. Ti cng gi li cm n n Ban gim
hiu v cc ng nghip ca ti trng THPT Phng X - Ph Th ng
vin, gip ti rt nhiu trong qu trnh hon thnh lun vn ny.
Mc lc
Trang
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Chng 1 Cc kin thc c bn 1
1.1 Nguyn l Dirichlet c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Nguyn l Dirichlet m rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Nguyn l Dirichlet dng tp hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Nguyn l Dirichlet dng tp hp m rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chng 2 ng dng nguyn l Dirichlet vo bi ton hnh hc t
hp 4
Chng 3 ng dng nguyn l Dirichlet vo s hc 25
Chng 4 ng dng nguyn l Dirichlet vo cc bi ton khc 42
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
ii
Chng 1
Cc kin thc c bn
Nguyn l nhng ci lng nht cc ch th c bit n t rt lu. Nguyn
l ny c pht biu u tin bi nh ton hc ngi c Perter Guster Lijeune
Dirichlet (1805-1859).
1.1 Nguyn l Dirichlet c bn
Nu nht n + 1 con th vo n ci chung th bao gi cng c mt chung cha
t nht hai con th.
1.2 Nguyn l Dirichlet m rng
Nu nht n con th vo m 2 ci chung th tn ti mt chung c t nht
_
n +m1
m
_
con th, y k hiu [] ch phn nguyn ca s .
Ta chng minh nguyn l Dirichlet m rng nh sau : Gi s tri li mi chung
th khng c n
_
n + m1
m
_
=
_
n 1
m
+ 1
_
=
_
n 1
m
_
+ 1
con, th s th trong mi chung u nh hn hoc bng
_
n 1
m
_
con. T suy
ra tng s con th khng vt qu m.
_
n 1
m
_
n 1 con. iu ny v l v c n
con th. Vy gi thit phn chng l sai.
1
Nguyn l Dirichlet v ng dng gii ton s cp 2
Nguyn l Dirichlet m rng c chng minh.
Nguyn l Dirichlet tng chng n gin nh vy, nhng n l mt cng c rt
hiu qu dng chng minh nhiu kt qu su sc ca ton hc. N c bit c
nhiu p dng trong lnh vc khc nhau ca ton hc. Nguyn l ny trong nhiu
trng hp ngi ta d dng chng minh c s tn ti m khng a ra c
phng php tm c vt c th, nhng trong thc t nhiu bi ton ta ch cn
ch ra s tn ti l ri.
Nguyn l Dirichlet thc cht l mt nh l v tp hu hn. Ngi ta c th
pht biu chnh xc nguyn l ny di dng sau y.
1.3 Nguyn l Dirichlet dng tp hp
Cho A v B l hai tp hp khc rng c s phn t hu hn, m s lng phn
t ca A ln hn s lng phn t ca B. Nu vi mt quy tc no , mi phn
t ca A cho tng ng vi mt phn t ca B, th tn ti t nht hai phn t
khc nhau ca A m chng tng ng vi mt phn t ca B.
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
5
b
4
b
3
b
2
b
1
A
B
Hnh 1.1
Vi cng mt cch din t nh vy, nguyn l Dirichlet m rng c dng sau
y.
1.4 Nguyn l Dirichlet dng tp hp m rng
Gi s A, B l hai tp hp hu hn v S(A), S(B) tng ng k hiu l cc s
lng phn t ca A v B. Gi s c mt s t nhin k no m S(A) > k.S(B)
v ta c quy tc cho tng ng mi phn t ca A vi mt phn t ca B. Khi
tn ti t nht k +1 phn t ca A m chng tng ng vi cng mt phn t ca
B.
Ch : Khi k = 1, ta c ngay li nguyn l Dirichlet.
Chng 2
ng dng nguyn l
Dirichlet vo bi ton hnh
hc t hp
Chng ny trnh by phng php s dng nguyn l Dirichlet gii cc bi
ton hnh hc t hp. V l , chng ti xin trnh by mt s mnh (thc cht
l mt s nguyn l Dirichlet p dng cho di cc on thng, din tch cc hnh
phng, th tch cc vt th) hay s dng nhiu n trong nhiu bi ton hnh hc
t hp c cp n trong chng ny.
Mnh 2.1 Nguyn l Dirichlet cho din tch
Nu K l mt hnh phng, cn K
1
, K
2
, . . . , K
n
l cc hnh phng sao cho K
i
K
vi i = 1, n v
|K| < |K
1
| +|K
2
| + +|K
n
| .
y |K| l din tch ca hnh phng K, cn |K
i
| l din tch ca hnh phng
K
i
, i = 1, n, th tn ti t nht hai hnh phng H
i
, H
j
, (1 i j n) sao cho H
i
v
H
j
c im trong chung. ( y ta ni rng P l im trong ca tp hp A trn
mt phng, nu nh tn ti hnh trn tm P bn knh b sao cho hnh trn ny
nm trn trong A ).
Tng t nguyn l Dirichlet cho din tch, ta c nguyn l Dirichlet cho di
cc on thng, th tch cc vt th.
Nguyn l Dirichlet cn c pht biu cho trng hp v hn nh sau.
4
Mnh 2.2 (Nguyn l Dirichlet v hn) Nu chia mt tp hp v hn cc
qu to vo hu hn cc ngn ko, th phi c t nht mt ngn ko cha v hn
qu to.
Ta bt u s dng nguyn l Dirichlet gii cc bi ton hnh hc t hp sau
y.
V d 2.1 Trong mt phng cho su im, trong khng c ba im no thng
hng. Mi on thng ni tng cp im c bi mu hoc xanh. Chng minh
rng tn ti ba im trong s su im cho, sao cho chng l ba nh ca mt
tam gic m cc cnh ca n c bi cng mt mu.
Li gii:
A
B
1
B
2
B
3
B
4
B
5
Hnh 2.1
Xt A l mt trong s su im cho. Khi xt nm on thng (mi on
thng ni im A vi nm im cn li). V mi on thng c bi ch mu
hoc xanh, nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet c it nht ba trong nm on ni trn cng
mu. Gi s l cc on AB
1
, AB
2
, AB
3
v c th cho rng chng cng mu xanh.
Ch c hai kh nng sau xy ra:
1. Nu t nht mt trong ba on B
1
B
2
, B
2
B
3
, B
3
B
1
mu xanh th tn ti mt
tam gic vi ba cnh xanh v kt lun ca bi ton ng trong trng hp
ny.
2. Nu khng phi nh vy, tc l B
1
B
2
, B
2
B
3
, B
3
B
1
mu , th ba im phi
tm l B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, v B
1
B
2
B
3
l tam gic vi ba cnh .
V d 2.2 Cho hnh chp y l a gic chn cnh. Tt c cc cnh bn v 27
ng cho ca a gic y c bi bng mt trong hai mu hoc xanh.
Chng minh rng tn ti ba nh ca hnh chp sao cho chng l nhng nh ca
hnh tam gic vi cc cnh c bi cng mu.
Li gii:
Xt chn cnh bn. V chn cnh ny ch c bi bng hai mu hoc xanh,
nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti nm cnh bn c bi cng mu. Khng gim
tng qut c th cho l cc cnh bn SA
1
, SA
2
, SA
3
, SA
4
, SA
5
c bi cng
mu , cc im A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, A
5
xp theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. Xt
a gic A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
. C hai kh nng sau xy ra:
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
S
Hnh 2.2
1. Nu A
1
A
2
l ng cho ca y, khi d nhin A
2
A
4
, A
4
A
1
cng l cc
ng cho ca y.
Li c hai kh nng sau xy ra:
(a) Nu c ba on A
1
A
2
, A
2
A
4
, A
4
A
1
cng bi mu xanh. Khi A
1
, A
2
, A
4
l ba nh cn tm, v tam gic A
1
A
2
A
4
l tam gic vi ba cnh xanh.
(b) Nu mt trong cc on A
1
A
2
, A
2
A
4
, A
4
A
1
l . Gi s A
2
A
4
, th
SA
2
A
4
l tam gic vi ba cnh . Lc ny S, A
2
, A
4
l ba nh cn tm.
Trng hp 1 gii quyt xong.
2. Nu A
1
A
2
l cnh y. Khi d nhin A
1
A
3
, A
3
A
5
chc chn l ng cho
y.
(a) Nu A
1
A
5
l ng cho y th ta quay v trng hp 1 va xt, vi
A
1
A
3
A
5
l tam gic vi ba cnh l ba ng cho y.
(b) Nu A
1
A
5
l cnh y. Khi r rng A
1
A
3
, A
1
A
4
l cc ng cho y.
NuA
3
A
4
l ng cho y, ta quay v trng hp 1, nu A
3
A
4
l cnh bn.
Li xt hai kh nng sau:
A
5
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
Hnh 2.3
1. Nu A
2
A
3
l ng cho y, th tam gic A
2
A
3
A
5
l tam gic vi ba cnh l
ba ng cho y, ta quay v trng hp 1.
2. Nu A
2
A
3
l cnh y. Khi xt tam gic A
2
A
4
A
5
v quay v trng hp 1.
Tm li bi ton c gii quyt xong hon ton.
V d 2.3 Trong hnh vung n v (cnh bng 1) c 101 im. Chng minh rng
c nm im trong cc im chn c ph bi mt ng trn bn knh
1
7
.
Li gii:
Chia hnh vung ra lm 25 hnh vung bng nhau, mi cnh ca hnh vung l
0.2.V c 101 im, m ch c 25 hnh vung, nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti
hnh vung nh cha t nht nm im (trong 101 im cho). V hnh vung
ny ni tip trong ng trn bn knh R =
1
5
.
2
2
=
2
10
.
Do
2
10
<
1
7
nn d nhin ng trn ng tm vi ng trn ngoi tip trn
v c bn knh
1
7
cha t nht nm im ni trn.
Hnh 2.4
V d 2.4 Trn mt phng cho 25 im. Bit rng trong ba im bt k trong s
lun lun tn ti hai im cch nhau nh hn 1. Chng minh rng tn ti hnh
trn bn knh 1 cha khng t hn 13 im cho.
Li gii:
A
B
Hnh 2.5
Ly A l mt trong s 25 im cho. Xt hnh trn
1
(A; 1) tm A, bn knh
1. Ch c hai kh nng sau xy ra:
1. Nu tt c cc im cho nm trong
1
th kt lun ca bi ton hin nhin
ng.
2. Tn ti im A = B (B thuc trong s 25 im cho), sao choB /
1
. V
B /
1
, nn AB > 1. Xt hnh trn
2
(B, 1) tm B, bn knh 1. Ly C l
im bt k trong s 25 im cho sao cho C = A, C = B. Theo gi thit
(v da vo AB > 1), nn min{CA, CB} < 1. V th C
1
hoc C
2
.
iu khng nh ny chng t rng cc hnh trn
1
v
2
cha tt c 25
im cho. V th theo nguyn l Dirichlet, c t nht mt trong hai hnh
trn ni trn cha khng t hn 13 im cho..
Ch : Bi ton c dng tng qut nh sau (cch gii hon ton tng t).
Cho 2n + 1 im trn mt phng(vi n 3). Bit rng trong ba im bt k
trong s lun lun tn ti hai im cch nhau nh hn 1. Khi tn ti hnh
trn bn knh 1 cha khng t hn n + 1 im cho.
V d 2.5 Cho chn ng thng cng c tnh cht l mi ng thng chia hnh
vung thnh hai t gic c t s din tch bng
2
3
. Chng minh rng c t nht ba
ng thng trong s cng i qua mt im.
Li gii:
J
M
N
B
C
D
A
J
P
Q
B
C
D
A
E F E F
J
1
J
2
J
3
J
4
Hnh 2.6
Cc ng thng cho khng th ct cc cnh k nhau ca hnh vung, bi
nu th chng chia hnh vung thnh mt tam gic v mt ng gic (ch khng
phi chia hnh vung thnh hai hnh t gic). V l , mi ng thng (trong
chn ng thng) u ct hai cnh i ca hnh vung v d nhin khng i qua
nh no ca hnh vung c. Gi s mt ng thng ct hai cnh i BC v AD
ti cc im M v N. Ta c:
S
ABMN
S
MCDN
=
2
3

1
2
.AB(BM + AN)
1
2
.CD(MC +ND)
=
2
3

EJ
JF
=
2
3
( y E v F l cc trung im ca AB v CD tng ng), gi E, F, P, Q
tng ng l cc trung im ca AB, BC, CD, DA.Gi J
1
, J
2
, J
3
, J
4
l cc im sao
cho J
1
, J
2
nm trn EF, J
3
, J
4
nm trn PQ v tho mn:
EJ
1
J
1
F
=
FJ
2
J
2
E
=
PJ
3
J
3
Q
=
QJ
4
J
4
P
=
2
3
.
Khi t lp lun trn suy ra mi ng thng c tnh cht tho mn yu cu
bi phi i qua mt trong bn im J
1
, J
2
, J
3
, J
4
ni trn. V c chn ng thng,
nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet, phi tn ti t nht mt trong bn im J
1
, J
2
, J
3
, J
4
sao cho qua n c t nht ba trong chn ng thng cho. Vy c t nht ba
ng thng trong s chn ng cho i qua mt im.
V d 2.6 Cho mt bng kch thc 2n2n vung. Ngi ta nh du vo 3n
vung bt k ca bng. Chng minh rng c th chn ra n hng v n ct ca bng
sao cho cc c nh du u nm trn n hng v n ct ny.
Li gii:
Hnh 2.7
Chn ra n hng c cha c nh du nhiu trn hng nht. Ta chng
minh rng s c nh du cn li nh hn hoc bng n. Gi s tri li khng
phi nh vy, tc l s c nh du cn li ln hn hoc bng n + 1. S cc
hng cn li cha chn l n. Vy theo nguyn l Dirichlet s c t nht mt hng
(trong s n hng cn li) cha t nht hai nh du.
Ch rng theo cch chn th n hng chn cha s c nh du nhiu
trn hng nht. C mt hng cn li cha chn c t nht hai nh du, nn
suy ra mi hng trong s n hng chn u c t nht hai c chn, tc l
trn n hng chn khng c t hn 2n c nh du. Nu vy, s c
nh du ln hn hoc bng 2n+(n+1) > 3n. l iu v l (v ch c 3n c
nh du). Vy nhn xt c chng minh.
Nh vy, sau khi chn ra n hng (vi cch chn nh trn), theo nhn xt
cn li khng qu n c nh du. V th c cng lm l c n ct cha chng.
V l s khng thy nh du no nm ngoi cc hng hay ct chn.
V d 2.7 Cho hnh a gic u chn cnh. Mi nh ca n c t bng mt
trong hai mu trng hoc en. Chng minh rng tn ti hai tam gic phn bit c
din tch bng nhau, m cc nh ca mi tam gic c t cng mu.
Li gii:
O
A
1
A
9
A
8
A
7
A
6
A
5
A
4
A
3
A
2
Hnh 2.8
Chn nh A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
9
ca a gic u c t bng hai mu trng hoc en,
nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet c t nht nm nh trong s c t cng mu,
nm nh ny to ra C
3
5
=
5!
3!2!
= 10 tam gic mu trng (tam gic mu trng l
tam gic c ba nh mu trng). Gi l tp hp cc nh ca a gic cho.
Tc l
= {A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
9
} .
Gi O l tm ca a gic u cho. Xt php quay cc gc:
0
0
, 40
0
, 80
0
, 120
0
, 160
0
, 200
0
, 240
0
, 280
0
, 320
0
xung quanh tm O. R rng ng vi mi php quay ny th tp bin thnh chnh
(tc l tp cc nh ca a gic khng thay i qua php quay, mc d khi quay
nh ny bin thnh nh kia).
Sau chn php quay trn th 10 tam gic trng bin thnh 90 tam gic trng,
m mi tam gic ny c cc nh thuc tp hp . Ch rng s tam gic khc
nhau c nh trong l C
3
9
=
9!
6!.3!
= 84.
V 84 < 90, nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti hai tam gic trng
1
,
2
sao
cho cc php quay tng ng trng vi mt tam gic. V php quay bo ton hnh
dng v ln ca hnh (ni ring bo ton din tch), tc l S
1
= S
2
.
V d 2.8 Chng minh rng trong mi khi a din li tn ti t nht hai mt c
cng s cnh.
Li gii:
K hiu M l s mt c s cnh ln nht ca khi a din. Gi s mt M c k
cnh. Khi v c k mt c cnh chung vi M, nn a din c t nht k + 1 mt.
V l mt c s cnh nhiu nht bng k, nn mi mt ca a din c s cnh nhn
mt trong cc gi tr{3, 4, . . . , k}.
a din c t nht k +1 mt,m mi mt s cnh ca n nhn 1 trong k 2 gi
tr. V th theo nguyn l Dirichlet suy ra c t nht hai mt ca a din c cng
s cnh.
V d 2.9 Cho 1000 im M
1
, M
2
, . . . , M
1000
trn mt phng. V mt ng trn
bn knh 1 tu . Chng minh rng tn ti im S trn ng trn sao cho:
SM
1
+SM
2
+ + SM
1000
1000.
Li gii:
S
1
S
2
M
1
M
2
M
1000
Hnh 2.9
Xt ng knh S
1
S
2
tu ca ng trn, y S
1
, S
2
l hai u ca ng
knh.V S
1
S
2
= 2 nn ta c:
_
_
S
1
M
1
+ S
2
M
1
S
1
S
2
= 2
S
1
M
2
+ S
2
M
2
S
1
S
2
= 2
.
.
.
S
1
M
1000
+S
2
M
1000
S
1
S
2
= 2
Cng tng v ca 1000 bt ng thc trn ta c:
(S
1
M
1
+S
1
M
2
+ + S
1
M
1000
) + (S
2
M
1
+S
2
M
2
+ + S
2
M
1000
) 2000. (2.1)
T (2.1) v theo nguyn l Dirichlet suy ra trong hai tng ca v tri ca (2.1),
c t nht mt tng ln hn hoc bng 1000.Gi s:
S
1
M
1
+ S
1
M
2
+ +S
1
M
1000
1000.
Khi ly S = S
1
.
V d 2.10 Mt khu rng thng c dng hnh vung, mi chiu di 1000m. Trong
khu rng c 4500 cy thng, cy to nht ng knh 0, 5m. Chng minh rng trong
khu rng c t nht 60 mnh t, din tch mi mnh 200m
2
khng c mt cy
thng no.
Li gii:
0, 60
m
20
m
20
m
10
m
10
m
20
m
20
m
10
m
10
m
0, 56
m
Hnh 2.10
rng: 1000m = 48.20m+47.0, 6m+2.5, 9m v 1000m = 95.10m+94.0, 52m+
2.0, 56m
Ta chia mt cnh ca hnh vung thnh 48 on, mi on 20m, khong cch
gia hai on l 0, 6m, hai u l hai on 5, 9m. Cnh cn li ca hnh vung
chia thnh 95 on, mi on di 10m, khong cch ga hai on l 0, 56m, hai
u l hai on 0, 56m.
Ta c tt c 45 95 = 4560 mnh c din tch 200m
2
. V ch c 4500 cy thng,
v do mi cy thng c ng knh 0, 5m, (0, 5 < 0, 52 < 0, 6), do mi cy thng
bt k khng th chim ch hai mnh, v l do , theo nguyn l Dirichlet cn t
nht 60 mnh (mi mnh c din tch 200m
2
), m trong mi mnh y khng c
mt cy thng no.
V d 2.11 Mi im trong mt phng c bi bng mt trong hai mu xanh
hoc . Chng minh rng ta lun to ra c mt hnh ch nht c 4 nh cng
mu.
Li gii:
Q
1 Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
3
R
1 R
2 R
3
R
4
Hnh 2.11
V ba ng thng song song
1
,
2
,
3
,(
1
//
2
//
3
). Ly trn
1
bt k by
im. V mi im ch c bi bng mt trong hai mu xanh hoc , nn theo
nguyn l Dirichlet trn
1
lun tn ti bn im cng mu. Khng gim tng
qut c th cho l cc im P
1
, P
2
, P
3
, P
4
cng mu . Gi Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3
, Q
4
l hnh
chiu vung gc ca P
1
, P
2
, P
3
, P
4
xung
2
v R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
l hnh chiu vung
gc caP
1
, P
2
, P
3
, P
4
ln
3
.
Ch c cc kh nng sau xy ra:
1. Nu tn ti hai trong bn im Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3
, Q
4
mu , (gi s l Q
i
, Q
j
). Khi
P
j
Q
j
Q
i
P
i
l hnh ch nht c bn nh cng .
2. Nu tn ti hai trong bn im R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
mu (gi s R
i
, R
j
). Khi
P
i
P
j
R
i
R
j
l hnh ch nht c bn nh cng .
3. Bn im Q
1
, Q
2
, Q
3
, Q
4
v bn im R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
trong ti a ch c mt
im . Khi r rng theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti i, j m Q
i
, Q
j
, R
i
, R
j
cng xanh.
Vy Q
i
Q
j
R
i
R
j
l hnh ch nht c bn nh mu xanh.
V d 2.12 Trong hnh vung c din tch bng 6 t ba a gic c din tch bng
3. Chng minh rng lun tm c hai a gic m m din tch phn chung ca
chng khng nh hn 1.
Li gii:
M
1
M
2
M
3
Hnh 2.12
Gi ba a gic l M
1
, M
2
, M
3
. K hiu |A| l din tch ca hnh phng A. Khi
ta c:
|M
1
M
2
M
3
| = |M
1
| +|M
2
| +|M
3
| (|M
1
M
2
| +|M
2
M
3
| +|M
3
M
1
|)
+|M
1
M
2
M
3
| (2.2)
Theo gi thit ta c:
|M
1
| = |M
2
| = |M
3
| = 3. (2.3)
rng M
1
M
2
M
3
nm trong hnh vung c din tch bng 6, nn t (2.2)
v (2.3) ta c bt ng thc sau:
6 9 (|M
1
M
2
| +|M
2
M
3
| +|M
3
M
1
| +|M
1
M
2
M
3
|)
hay
|M
1
M
2
| +|M
2
M
3
| +|M
3
M
1
| 3 +|M
1
M
2
M
3
| (2.4)
Do|M
1
M
2
M
3
| 0 nn t (2.4)ta c:
|M
1
M
2
| +|M
2
M
3
| +|M
3
M
1
| 3 (2.5)
T (2.5) theo nguyn l Dirichlet suy ra tn ti t nht mt trong ba s
|M
1
M
2
| , |M
2
M
3
| , |M
3
M
1
|
ln hn hoc bng 1. Gi s |M
1
M
2
| 1. iu c ngha l hai a gic M
1
, M
2
c din tch phn chung khng nh hn 1.
V d 2.13 Cho mi im trn mt phng c t bng hai mu xanh v .
Chng minh rng tn ti mt tam gic m ba nh v trng tm cng mu.
Li gii:
M
A
A
B
C
G
P
N
Hnh 2.13
Ly 5 im tu sao cho khng c ba im no thng hng trn mt phng.
Khi v ch dng hai mu t cc nh, m theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi tn
ti ba im trong s cng mu. Gi s l ba im A, B, C mu . Nh vy
tam gic ABC vi ba nh mu . Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC. Khi ch
c hai kh nng sau xy ra:
1. Nu G mu , khi A, B, C, G cng v bi ton c gii quyt xong.
2. Nu G c mu xanh. Ko di GA, GB, GC cc on AA
, BB
, CC
sao cho
AA
= 3GA, BB
= 3GB, CC
= 3GC. Khi , nu gi M, N, P tng ng l

trung im ca BC, CA, AB th AA
= 3GA = 6GM AA
= 2AM. Tng t
BB
= 2BN, CC
= 2CP. Do tam gic A
BC, B
CA, C
AB tng ng nhn
A, B, C lm trng tm. Mt khc, ta cng c cc tam gic ABC v A
c
cng trng tm G. C hai trng hp sau c th xy ra:
(a) Nu A
, B
, C
c cng mu xanh, khi tam gic A
v trng tm
G cng mu xanh.
(b) Nu t nht mt trong cc im A
, B
, C
mu . Khng gim tng

qut, gi s A
. Khi tam gic A
BC v trng tm A mu .
Vy trong mi kh nng lun tn ti mt tam gic m ba nh v trng tm cng
mu.
V d 2.14 Mt hnh lp phng c cnh bng 15 cha 11000 im. Chng minh
rng c mt hnh cu bn knh 1 cha t nht 6 im trong s 11000 im cho.
Li gii:
Chia mi cnh ca hnh lp phng thnh 13 phn bng nhau. Nh th hnh
lp phng cho c chia thnh 13
3
= 2197 hnh lp phng nh. Do 11000 >
5.2197 = 10985, nn tn ti t nht mt hnh lp phng nh, m hnh lp phng
ny cha t nht 6 im. Nh bit, nu gi cnh ca hnh lp phng ny l a,
th hnh cu ngoi tip c bn knh l R,vi R =
1
2
.a
3. V th hnh cu ngoi tip

hnh lp phng nh (cnh ca c l
15
13
), l:
R =
1
2
.
15
13
.
3 =
1
2
.
_
3.
225
169
=
1
2
.
_
675
169
<
1
2
.
_
676
169
=
1
2
.
4 = 1.
Hnh cu ny d nhin cha t nht 6 im trong s 11000 im cho.
V d 2.15 Trong hnh vung cnh 1 n v c mt ng gp khc L khng t
ct vi di ln hn 1000. Chng minh rng tn ti mt ng thng m song
song vi cnh hnh vung v ng L ti hn 500 im.
Li gii:
Gi s l
i
l di mt th i ca ng gp khc, a
i
, b
i
l di hnh chiu ca
n ln cc cnh hnh vung. Khi l
i
a
i
+ b
i
. Suy ra:
1000 = l
1
+l
2
+ +l
n
(a
1
+a
2
+ + a
n
) + (b
1
+b
2
+ + b
n
),
tc l a
1
+a
2
+ +a
n
500 hoc b
1
+b
2
+ +b
n
500. Nu tng di hnh chiu
ca cc mt ln 1 cnh di 1 khng nh hn 500, th theo nguyn l Dirichlet
cho di on thng phi c im chung cho hn 500 hnh chiu ca cc mt gp
khc, tc l ng vung gc k t im chung s ct ng gp khc ti t
nht 500 im.
V d 2.16 Bn trong ng trn bn knh n t 4n on thng c di 1.
Chng minh rng c th k mt ng thng song song hoc vung gc vi ng
thng l cho trc v ct t nht 2 on thng cho.
Li gii:
Gi s l
i
l ng thng bt k vung gc vi l. K hiu di cc hnh chiu
ca on thng th i ln cc ng thng l v l
i
l a
i
v b
i
tng ng. Bi di
mi on thng bng 1 nn a
i
+ b
i
1. Do :
(a
1
+a
2
+ +a
4n
) + (b
1
+ b
2
+ +b
4n
) 4n.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s:
(a
1
+a
2
+ +a
4n
) (b
1
+ b
2
+ +b
4n
).
Khi a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
4n
2n. Tt c cc on thng cho u c chiu
xung on thng c di 2n, bi v chng u nm trong ng trn bn knh
n. Nu nh cc hnh chiu ca cc on thng cho ln ng thng l khng c
im chung, th s c bt ng thc a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
4n
< 2n. Do trn l phi c
mt im b cc im ca t nht hai trong s cc on thng cho chiu ln n.
ng vung gc vi l ti im s ct t nht hai on thng cho.
V d 2.17 Trn on thng c di 1 ta t mt s on thng sao cho khong
cch gia hai im c t bt k khng bng 0, 1. Chng minh rng tng di
cc on thng c t khng ln hn 0, 5.
Li gii:
Chia on thng ra lm 10 on thng c di 0, 1, t chng theo mt ct
v chiu xung mt on thng nh vy. Bi v khong cch gia hai im c t
bt k khng bng 0, 1, nn cc im c t ca cc on thng cnh nhau khng
th cng chiu xung 1 im. Do khng c im no c th l hnh chiu ca
cc im c t nhiu hn 5 on thng. Suy ra tng di cc hnh chiu ca
cc on thng c t khng ln hn 5 0, 1 = 0, 5.
V d 2.18 Chng minh rng nu mt ng thng l nm trong mt phng ca
tam gic ABC v khng i qua nh no ca tam gic , th n ct khng qu hai
cnh ca tam gic cho.
Li gii:
K hiu v l hai na mt phng do l chia mt phng ca tam gic ABC.
Mi nh A, B v C nm trong mt na mt phng trn. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet
t nht mt trong hai na mt phng trn, chng hn nh , cha hai nh ca
tam gic ABC, chng hn nh A v B. Khi ng thng l khng ct on thng
AB, ngha l n khng ct mt trong ba cnh ca tam gic ABC.
V d 2.19 Nhng im trong mt phng c sn bng mt trong ba mu.
Chng minh rng lun tm c hai im cng mu cch nhau ng bng 1.
Li gii:
Gi s hai im bt k cch nhau 1 c sn bng cc mu khc nhau. Xt
tam gic u ABC c cnh bng 1. Tt c cc nh ca tam gic c t bng
cc mu khc nhau. Gi s im A
1
i xng vi A qua ng thng BC. Bi v
A
1
B = A
1
C = 1, nn im A
1
c mu khc vi mu ca B v C, tc l n c t
cng mu vi im A. Cc lp lun thc cht ch ra rng nu AA
1
=
3, th
cc im A v A
1
c t cng mu. Do tt c cc im nm trn ng trn
tm A bn knh

3 c cng mt mu. R rng trn ng trn lun tm c
hai im c khong cch gia chng bng 1.
Ta c mu thun, vy lun tm c hai im cng mu c khong cch gia
chng bng 1.
V d 2.20 Cho 11 im khc nhau trong hnh cu th tch V .Chng minh rng
qua tm ca hnh cu c th dng hai mt phng sao cho chng ct hnh cu thnh
mt "ming" vi th tch
V
6
, m phn trong ca n khng cha trong phn trong
bt c mt im no cho.
Li gii:
Chia hnh cu thnh hai bn cu bng mt mt phng i qua tm v hai im
t cc im cho. Mt bn cu cha trong phn trong nhiu nht l 4 im t
cc im cn li. Chia na hnh cu bng hai mt phng, m mi mt phng i
qua tm hnh cu v hai im trong 4 im cn li. Nh vy na hnh cu chia lm
ba "ming"khng cha im no bn trong, t nht th tch ca mt ming ln hn
1
3
th tch ca bn hnh cu.
V d 2.21 Trong khng gian cho 37 "im nguyn" v khng c ba im no
thng hng. Chng minh rng chn c t ba im trng tm ca tam gic
lp thnh t ba im ny cng l im nguyn.
Li gii:
Mi "im nguyn" (x; y; z) trong khng gian cho tng ng vi b ba:
(g(x); g(y); g(z)), y g(x); g(y); g(z)
tng ng l cc s d trong php chia cho 3 ca x, y, z.
V g(x) {0, 1, 2}, nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn ti t nht 13 im (trong
s 37 im) c cng gi tr g(x).Ly 13 im trong s cc im ny. Gi s chng
l (x
1
; y
1
; z
1
), . . . , (x
13
; y
13
; z
13
) v ta c g(x
1
) = g(x
2
) = = g(x
13
).
rng g(y
i
) {0, 1, 2} , i = 1, 13, nn li theo nguyn l Dirichlet, tn ti t
nht 5 im (trong s 13 im nu trn) c cng gi tr g(y). Ly 5 im trong
s cc im ny.
Gi s chng l:
(x
1
; y
1
; z
1
), . . . , (x
5
; y
5
; z
5
),
y:
_
g(x
1
) = g(x
2
) = = g(x
5
)
g(y
1
) = g(y
2
) = = g(y
5
)
Li c g(z
1
) {0, 1, 2} , i = 1, 5, ch xy ra hai trng hp sau :
1. Tn ti ba im trong chng, gi s g(z
1
) = 0; g(z
2
) = 1; g(z
3
) = 2 th th ba
im (x
1
; y
1
; z
1
); (x
2
; y
2
; z
2
); (x
3
; y
3
; z
3
) u c:
_
_
g(x
1
) +g(x
2
) + g(x
3
)
.
.
.3
g(y
1
) +g(y
2
) + g(y
3
)
.
.
.3
g(z
1
) +g(z
2
) +g(z
3
)
.
.
.3
V th tam gic vi ba nh ny r rng c trng tm l "im nguyn".
2. Nu nm gi tr g(z
i
), i = 1, 5 ch nhn khng qua hai trong ba gi tr {0, 1, 2}.
Khi theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti t nht ba im c cng gi tr g(z).
By gi ta thu c ba im ( x
1
; y
1
; z
1
), (
2
; y
2
; z
2
), ( x
3
; y
3
; z
3
) m:
_
_
g( x
1
) = g( x
2
) = g( x
3
)
g( y
1
) = g( y
2
) = g( y
3
)
g( z
1
) = g( z
2
) = g( z
3
)
Tam gic thu c c trng tm l "im nguyn".
V d 2.22 Cho a gic u 100 cnh ni tip trong ng trn (C). Mi nh
c gn mt trong cc s 1, 2, 3, . . . , 49. Chng minh rng trn (C) tn ti hai
cung AB v CD vi cc tnh cht sau:
1. Cc im A, B, C, D l cc nh ca a gic u cho.
2. Cc dy cung AB v CD song song vi nhau.
3. Nu A, B, C, D c gn tng ng vi cc s a, b, c, d th a +b = c + d.
Li gii:
A
B
C
D
Hnh 2.14
V a gic u 100 cnh ni tip trong (C), nn c ng 50 ng knh khc
nhau m cc u mt ca cc ng knh ny u l cc nh ca a gic u 100
cnh cho trc. Gi s AB l mt trong cc ng knh y v gi s A tng ng
vi s a, B tng ng vi s b. By gi ta gn cho ng knh AB s |a b|. Do
a, b {1, 2, 3, . . . , 49} nn d thy: 0 |a b| 48.
Nh vy mi mt trong 50 ng knh va xt tng ng vi mt trong cc s
1, 2, . . . , 48. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet c t nht hai ng knh (trong s 50 ng
knh) c t tng ng vi cng mt s. Khng gim tng qut c th cho l
ng knh AC v BD. Cng khng gim tng qut c th cho l cc nh A, B, C, D
tng ng vi cc s a, b, c, d, trong c a v b d (Nu khng phi nh th th
ch vic i tn cc u mt ca ng knh).
Theo gi thit th ng knh AC ng vi s a c, cn ng knh BD ng vi
s d b.
T: a c = d b a +b = c +d.
R rng ABCD l hnh ch nht, do AB//CD.
V d 2.23 Cho dy v hn cc s t nhin u
1
, u
2
, . . . c xc nh theo cng
thc truy hi sau:
_
u
1
= 3
u
n+1
= (n + 1)u
n
n + 1, n = 1, 2, . . .
Gi s n l s t nhin bt k v tp M gm u
n
im sao cho khng c ba im
no thng hng. Mi on thng ni hai im khc nhau trong M c t bng
mt trong n mu cho trc. Chng minh rng tn ti ba im trong M l nh ca
mt tam gic cng mu.
Li gii:
Ta chng minh bng quy np theo n.
Vi n = 1, ta c u
1
= 3 v kt lun ca bi ton hin nhin ng (v y
ch c 1 mu do n = 1).
Vi n = 2, ta c u
2
= 2u
1
1 + 1 = 6. Ta c bi ton vi 6 im v dng 2
mu. Bi ton ny c gii (xem v d 2.1). Vy kt lun cng ng khi
n = 2.
Gi s kt lun ca bi ton ng vi n, tc l nu tp M gm u
n
im sao
cho khng c ba im no thng hng v dng n mu t cc on thng.
Khi tn ti tam gic cng mu.
Xt vi n + 1, tc l tp M gm u
n+1
im bt k (khng c ba im no
thng hng), v dng n + 1 mu t cc on thng.
Ly A l mt trong cc im ca tp M. im ny c th ni vi u
n+1
1
im cn li ca tp M bng u
n+1
1 on thng bi mu. Theo cng thc
xc nh dy ta c:
u
n+1
1 = (n + 1)u
n
n + 1 1 = (n + 1)(u
n
1) + 1. (2.6)
T (2.6) theo nguyn l Dirichlet c t nht u
n
on thng c chung nh A
c bi mu.Gi s AB
1
, AB
2
, . . . , ABu
n
c bi cng mu v gi s l
mu , th tam gic AB
i
B
j
cng mu , ( thuc vo mt trong n + 1 mu
cho ).
C cc kh nng sau xy ra:
1. Nu mt trong cc on thng B
i
B
j
(i = j, 1 i < j u
n
) c bi mu
, th tam gic AB
i
B
j
cng mu . Bi ton c gii xong trong
trng hp n + 1.
2. Cc on thng B
i
B
j
, 1 i < j u
n
c mu khc vi . Xt u
n
im
B
1
, B
2
, . . . , B
un
. R rng khng c ba im no trong chng thng hng.
Chng dng ti a (n + 1) 1 = n mu t (do khng dng mu ).
Theo gi thit quy np tn ti tam gic cng mu.
Vy kt lun ca bi ton cng ng vi n + 1.
V d 2.24 Trong mt phng, cho tp A gm n im (n 2). Mt s cp im
c ni vi nhau bng on thng. Chng minh rng trong tp A cho, c t
nht hai im c ni vi cng s lng cc im khc thuc A.
Li gii:
Gi s a A. Ta k hiu S(a) l s lng cc im ca A ni vi a thnh on
thng. Th d trong hnh v bn th:
S(a = 2), S(b) = 3, S(c) = 1, S(d) = 2, S(e) = 2
a
b
c
d
e
Hnh 2.15
Bi ton tr thnh: Chng minh rng tn ti a
1
, a
2
A(a
1
= a
2
), m S(a
1
) =
S(a
2
). R rng vi mi a A ta c:
0 S(a) n 1. (2.7)
Mt khc d thy khng tn ti hai im a A, b A m:
S(a) = n 1 v S(b) = 0. (2.8)
Tht vy, nu c (2.8), th t S(a) = n 1, suy ra a ni vi tt c n 1 im cn
li, ni ring a phi ni vi b. iu c ngha l S(b) 1 v dn n mu thun
vi (2.8) (v S(b) = 0.)
Gi S l tp hp cc gi tr m cc i lng S(a) nhn, a A tc l:
S =
_
m|m = S(a), a A
_
.
Nh vy t (2.7) suy ra tp S c ti a n gi tr. Tuy nhin t (2.8) suy ra n1
v 0 khng ng thi thuc S, v th tp S ti a nhn n 1 gi tr. Theo nguyn
l Dirichlet suy ra tn ti t nht a
1
A, a
2
A(a
1
= a
2
), m S(a
1
) = S(a
2
).
Chng 3
ng dng nguyn l
Dirichlet vo s hc
Cc bi ton s hc thng rt kh khn trong vic tm li gii. Tuy nhin c
mt s lng bi tp khng nh ta c th s dng nguyn l Dirichlet gii quyt
rt hiu qu, m trnh by tng i n gin v d hiu. Sau y l cc v d in
hnh.
V d 3.1 Bit rng 3 s a, a = k, a +2k u l cc s nguyn t ln hn 3. Chng
minh rng khi k chia ht cho 6.
Li gii:
Do a, a +k, a +2k u l cc s nguyn t ln hn 3, nn chng u l cc s l
v khng chia ht cho 3.
Do a v a + k cng l nn k = (a + k) a s chia ht cho 2. (3.1)
Do a, a = k, a + 2k u khng chia ht cho 3, nn khi chia cho 3 t nht hai s
c cng s d (theo nguyn Dirichlet). Ch c cc kh nng sau xy ra:
1. Nu a + k a(mod3) th (a +k) a 0(mod3), suy ra k
.
.
.3.
2. Nu a + 2k a = k(mod3) th (a + 2k) (a +k) 0(mod3), suy ra k
.
.
.3.
3. Nu a + 2k a(mod3) th (a + 2k) a 0(mod3), suy ra 2k
.
.
.3. Do (2, 3) = 1
suy ra:
k 3. (3.2)
25
Tm li trong mi trng hp ta u thy k 3. Li do (2, 3) = 1 nn t (3.1)
v (3.2) ta c k 6.
V d 3.2 Cho 10 s nguyn dng u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
10
. Chng minh rng tn ti cc
s c
i
{1, 0, 1}, i = 1, 10, khng ng thi bng khng sao cho s
10
i=1
c
i
u
i
chia ht
cho 1023.
Li gii:Xt tt c cc s c dng
A
j
=
10
i=1
b
i
u
i
,
trong b
i
{0, 1} , i = 1, 10, j = 1, 1024.
R rng c tt c 2
10
= 1024 s A
j
, j = 1, 1024, nh vy. Khi chia 1024 s A
j
ny cho 1023 th theo nguyn l Dirichlet c t nht hai s A
k
, A
h
, k = h sao cho
A
k
A
h
(mod1023).
Gi s A
k
v A
h
c dng sau: A
k
=
10
i=1
b
ki
u
i
y b
ki
{0, 1}, A
h
=
10
i=1
b
hi
u
i

y b
hi
{0, 1}
Ta c
A
k
A
h
.
.
.1023
10
i=1
(b
ki
b
hi
)u
i
.
.
.1023.
t c
i
= b
ki
b
hi
,i = 1, 10. V b
ki
{0, 1}, b
hi
{0, 1} nn c
i
{1, 0, 1}, mt
khc do A
k
= A
h
nn c
i
khng th ng thi bng khng, i = 1, 10. Nh th ta
chng minh c s tn ti ca 10 s c
i
{1, 0, 1} khng ng thi bng khng,
sao cho:
10
i=1
c
i
u
i
.
.
.1023.
V d 3.3 Cho 5 s nguyn phn bit tu a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
.
Xt tch:
P = (a
1
a
2
)(a
1
a
3
)(a
1
a
4
)(a
1
a
5
)(a
2
a
3
)(a
2
a
4
)(a
2
a
5
)(a
3
a
4
)(a
3
a
5
)(a
4
a
5
)
Chng minh rng P
.
.
.288
Li gii:
Ta c phn tch sau : 288 = 2
5
.3
2
v do (2, 3) = 1 nn chng minh P
.
.
.288 ta
ch cn chng minh ng thi P
.
.
.2
5
v P
.
.
.3
2
.
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet th trong n +1 s nguyn tu , lun tn ti hai s c
hiu chia ht cho n. Trong 4 s a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
c hai s c hiu chia ht cho 3, khng
gim tng qut, c th cho l: a
1
a
2
.
.
.3. By gi xt bn s a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
ta li c
hai s c hiu cng chia ht cho 3. Nh th trong tch P c t nht hai hiu khc
nhau cng chia ht cho 3.
Do
P
.
.
.3
2
. (3.3)
Li theo nguyn l Dirichlet trong 5 s cho c t nht ba s c cng tnh
chn, l. Ch c hai trng hp sau xy ra:
1. Nu t nht c 4 s c cng tnh chn l, th t 4 s ny c th lp nn 6
hiu khc nhau cng chia ht cho 2, do tch ca chng chia ht cho 2
6
, ni
ring P
.
.
.2
5
.
2. Nu c ng 3 s c cng tnh chn l. Khng gim tng qut, c th cho
l a
1
, a
2
, a
3
. Khi hai s cn li a
4
, a
5
cng c tnh chn l ging nhau nhng
khc vi tnh chn l ca a
1
, a
2
, a
3
. Vy bn hiu sau y cng chia ht cho 2:
a
1
a
2
, a
1
a
3
, a
1
a
4
, a
2
a
3
, a
4
a
5
.
Mt khc, trong 5 s cho c t nht hai hiu chia ht cho 4, v th trong
bn s a
1
a
2
, a
1
a
3
, a
2
a
3
, a
4
a
5
c t nht mt hiu chia ht cho 4. Do
:
(a
1
a
2
)(a
1
a
3
)(a
2
a
3
)(a
4
a
5
)
.
.
.2
5
tc l P
.
.
.2
5
.
Tm li trong mi trng hp ta lun c
P
.
.
.2
5
. (3.4)
T (3.3) v (3.4) ta suy ra P
.
.
.288.
V d 3.4 Cho a v m l hai s nguyn dng tu . Chng minh rng cc s d
ca php chia a, a
2
, a
3
, . . . cho m lp li mt cch tun hon (c th khng bt u
t u).
Li gii:
Xt m+ 1 lu tha u tin:
a, a
2
, a
3
, . . . , a
m
, a
m+1
.
Khi chia mt s nguyn dng bt k cho m, th cc s d phi thuc tp hp
{0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , m1} .
V th theo nguyn l Dirichlet, phi tn ti hai trong s m+1 s trn chia cho
m c cng s d. Ni cch khc, gi s hai s l: a
k
v a
k+1
, (k > 0), ta c:
a
k
a
k+1
(modm) (3.5)
Xt mt s t nhin bt k n k. T (3.5) ta c:
a
k
.a
k+1
a
k+1
.a
nk
(modm)
hay vi mi n k,ta lun c:
a
n
a
n+1
(modm). (3.6)
ng thc (3.6) chng t rng bt u t v tr a
k
cc s d lp li tun hon.
S l thng c gi l chu k tun hon ca cc s d khi chia cc lu tha ca
a cho m.
V d 3.5 Chng minh rng c v s s chia ht cho 19
11
1987
m trong biu din
thp phn ca cc s khng c cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3.
Li gii:
Gi a l s t nhin m trong biu din thp phn ca n khng cha cc ch
s 0, 1, 2, 3. R rng cc ch s a nh vy l v hn. Ta xt dy s sau y:
a, aa, aaa, . . . , aaaa . . . a
. .
19
11
1987
+1
.
em chia 19
11
1987
+1 s khc nhau ny cho 19
11
1987
. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet s
c t nht hai s khi chia cho 19
11
1987
cho cng s d. Gi s hai s l:
aaa . . . a
. .
n s
, aaa . . . a
. .
m s
, (n > m).
Nh vy:
aaa . . . a
. .
n s
aaa . . . a
. .
m s
.
.
.19
11
1987
hay:
aa . . . a
. .
(nm) s
000 . . . 0
. .
m s
.
.
.19
11
1987
. (3.7)
V (10, 19) = 1 nn (10
mk
, 19
11
1987
) = 1, suy ra
aaa . . . a
. .
(nm) s
.
.
.19
11
1987
. (3.8)
Do a l v s, nn t (3.8) suy ra tn ti v s s chia ht cho 19
11
1987
m trong
biu din thp phn ca chng khng c cc s 0, 1, 2, 3.
V d 3.6 Chng minh rng trong 12 s nguyn t phn bit lun lun chn ra
c 6 s, gi l a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
sao cho
(a
1
a
2
)(a
3
a
4
)(a
5
+ a
6
)
.
.
.1800.
Li gii:
V ba s nguyn t u tin l 2, 3, 5, do trong 12 s nguyn t phn bit
cho lun c t nht 9 s ln hn 5. V l s nguyn t ln hn 5 nn:
1. Chn s trn khi chia cho 3 c d 1 hoc 2. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi tn
ti t nht 5 s ng d vi nhau theo mod 3. Nm s ny li khng chia
ht cho 5. V th trong nm s y li c t nht hai s m ta c th gi s l
a
1
, a
2
sao cho a
1
a
2
( mod 5). Ngoi ra d nhin ta c a
1
a
2
( mod 3). T
ta c a
1
a
2
.
.
.15.
Mt khc, a
1
, a
2
cng l nn a
1
a
2
.
.
.2. Do (2, 15) = 1 nn suy ra a
1
a
2
.
.
.30.
2. Xt 7 s cn li : Theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti bn s ng d vi nhau
theo mod 3. em 4 s ny chia cho 5 c hai kh nng xy ra:
(a) Nu c hai s chng hn ( gi l a
3
, a
4
) m a
3
a
4
(mod5). T suy
ra a
3
a
4
.
.
.5. R rng a
3
a
4
.
.
.3 v a
3
a
4
.
.
.2. V (5, 3, 2) = 1 nn ta c
a
3
a
4
.
.
.30. Ly hai s a
5
, a
6
bt k (ngoi a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
chn) th do
a
5
, a
6
l (do nguyn t), nn a
5
+ a
6
.
.
.2. T suy ra:
(a
1
a
2
)(a
3
a
4
)(a
5
+ a
6
)
.
.
.30.30.2 = 1800
(b) Nu 4 s ny khi chia cho 5 cc s d khc nhau l {1, 2, 3, 4}.
Gi s a
5
1(mod5), a
6
4(mod5) th ta c:
a
5
+ a
6
5(mod5), suy ra a
5
+ a
6
.
.
.5
Vi hai s cn li a
3
, a
4
th r rng a
3
a
4
.
.
.3 (theo cch chn 4 s trn).
Do a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
l nn a
5
+ a
6
.
.
.2,a
3
a
4
.
.
.2. T suy ra a
5
+ a
6
.
.
.10 v
a
3
a
4
.
.
.6.Vy:
(a
1
a
2
)(a
3
a
4
)(a
5
+a
6
)
.
.
.30.10.6 = 1800.
Tm li, lun tn ti a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
6
phn bit sao cho:
(a
1
a
2
)(a
3
a
4
)(a
5
+a
6
)
.
.
.1800.
V d 3.7 T mt s nguyn dng, ta tc ng hai php ton sau y:
1. Nhn n vi mt s nguyn dng tu .
2. Xo b cc ch s khng trong biu din thp phn ca n.
Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n , ta c th thc hin mt dy nhng
php ton nh trn bin n thnh mt s c mt ch s.
Li gii:
Ta c nhn xt sau:
"Vi mi s nguyn dng k, u c t nht mt bi s c dng: 111 . . . 100 . . . 0".
Nhn xt c chng minh nh sau:
Xt k + 1 s sau:
1, 11, 111, . . . , 11 . . . 11
. .
k+1
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet c t nht hai s trong chng khi chia cho k c cng
phn d. Hiu hai s ny s chia ht cho k v r rng hiu c dng:
111 . . . 100 . . . 0.
Nhn xt c chng minh.Tr li bi ton ta ang xt,ta c b sau:
B 3.1 Vi mi s nguyn n cho trc,bng mt s hu hn ln thc hin hai
php ton nh trn ta c th a n v s c dng: 111 . . . 1.
Chng minh:
V n l s nguyn dng, nn theo nhn xt trn tn ti s = 111 . . . 10 . . . 0
m
.
.
.n. t = k.n k nguyn dng. Ta tin hnh cc php ton nh sau:
1. Nhn s n vi s k, khi n bin thnh s = 111 . . . 10 . . . 0.
2. Xo b cc s 0, khi n bin thnh 111 . . . 1.
B c chng minh.
Nh vy cho trc s n,bng php ton trn ta a n v s c dng 111 . . . 1.
1. Ta nhn s 111 . . . 1 vi 82 v c s 911 . . . 102.
2. Thc hin php xo s 0 ta c s: 911 . . . 12.
3. Thc hin php nhn s ny vi 9 ta c s:820 . . . 008.
4. Thc hin php xo s 0 ta c s: 828.
5. Thc hin php nhn s ny vi 25 ta c s: 20700.
7. Thc hin php nhn s ny vi 4 ta c s: 108.
9. Thc hin php nhn s ny vi ta c s: 90.
V s 9 l s c mt ch s v php ton dng li y.
Nh vy vi mt s nguyn dng tu ta lun c th thc hin mt dy hu
hn nhng php ton cho bin n thnh s c mt ch s.
V d 3.8 Xt tp M gm 2003 s nguyn dng phn bit sao cho khng c s
no trong chng c c nguyn t ln hn 23. Chng minh rng M cha mt tp
hp con gm 4 phn t m tch ca 4 phn t ny l lu tha bc 4 ca mt s
nguyn.
Li gii:
V ch c 9 s nguyn t khng ln hn 23 l:
p
1
= 2, p
2
= 3, p
3
= 5, p
4
= 7, p
5
= 11, p
6
= 13, p
7
= 17, p
8
= 19, p
9
= 23.
V th trong mi phn t k ca tp hp M (t gi thit) u c dng:
k = p
k1
1
.p
k2
2
. . . . .p
k9
9
. (3.9)
y k
i
l cc s nguyn khng m vi mi i = 1, 9.Vi mi phn t k ca tp
hp M ta gn tng ng vi mt dy (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
9
), trong x
i
= 0 nu s m k
i
ca p
i
trong (3.9) l chn v x
i
= 1 nu k
i
l. Tp hp cc dy (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
9
) trong
x
i
= 1, i = 1, 9 gm 2
9
phn t.
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet mi tp hp con cha khng t hn 2
9
+1 phn t ca
M cha t nht hai s nguyn phn bit (ta gi chng l a
1
, b
1
), trong a
1
, b
1
cng
ng vi mt dy x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
9
no , tc l:
a
1
= p
k1
1
.p
k2
2
. . . p
k9
9
,
b
1
= p
k1
,
1
.p
k2
,
2
. . . p
k9
,
9
.
Do a
1
, b
1
cng ng vi mt dy chung x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
9
no nn k
i
, k
,
i
c cng tnh
chn l i = 1, 9. T ta c:
a
1
b
1
= p
k1+k1
,
1
p
k2+k2
,
2
. . . p
k9+k9
,
9
= c
2
.
Ni cch khc i ta ly i mt cp nh th t tp M, th cn li 20032 > 2
9
+1
s.
p dng ln na nguyn l Dirichlet v tip tc ly i nhng cp nh th cho
n khi cn li 2
9
+ 1 s trong M.
rng 2003 > 3(2
9
+ 1), v 3(269 + 1) = 1539, nn ta c th ly i 269 + 1
cp (a, b), lc s cn li ca M vn l :
2003 2(2
9
+ 1) = 977 > 513 = 2
9
+ 1.
Xt 2
9
+1 cp ly i (ng vi mi cp a
i
, b
i
) ta c a
i
b
i
= c
2
i
. Ta c: c
i
=
a
i
b
i
. S
c
i
khng th cha cc tha s nguyn t khc p
1
, p
2
, . . . , p
9
(do cc a
i
, b
i
cng nh
vy). V vy li theo nguyn l Dirichlet th tn ti t nht mt cp (c
i
, c
j
) sao cho
c
i
.c
j
= d
2
, vi d l cc s nguyn, suy ra:
d
4
= c
2
i
.c
2
j
= a
i
.b
i
.a
j
.b
j
.
V d 3.9 Cho trc 20 s t nhin a
1
< a
2
< a
3
< < a
20
khng vt qu 70.
Chng minh rng gia cc hiu a
j
a
k
(j > k) lun tm c t nht 4 hiu bng
nhau.
Li gii:
Gi s kt lun ca bi ton khng ng, khi ni ring trong 19 hiu sau:
a
20
a
19
, a
19
a
18
, . . . , a
3
a
2
, a
2
a
1
khng c bn s no bng nhau. Do li ni ring trong 19 dy s , mi s
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c mt khng qu 3 ln.
T trong 19 s y phi ln hn 6 (tht vy, nu mi s u nh hn hoc
bng 6, th theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi c t nht 4 s bng nhau). Mt cch hon
ton tng t, ta thy ngay c 3 trong 18 s cn li phi ln hn 5, 3 trong s 15
s cn li phi ln hn 4, . . . . V th:
(a
20
a
19
) + (a
19
a
18
) + + (a
2
a
1
) 7 + 3(6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) = 70
Suy ra: a
20
a
1
> 70. Mt khc:
1 a
i
70i = 1, 20.
nn:
a
20
a
1
70 1 = 69.
Ta nhn c mu thun. Vy gi thit phn chng l sai.
V d 3.10 Tp hp cc s 1, 2, 3, , . . . , 100 c chia thnh 7 tp hp con. Chng
minh rng t nht mt trong cc tp con y tm c 4 s a, b, c, d sao cho
a +b = c +d hoc ba s e, f, g sao cho e +f = 2g.
Li gii:
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet suy ra c t nht mt tp hp con cha khng t hn
15 phn t (v nu tri li tt c cc tp con cha khng nhiu hn 7.14 = 98 phn
t. Do 98 < 100 nn s dn n mu thun). Xt mt cp s (a, b) trong a > b
ca tp hp ny.
ng vi mi cp (a, b) ny ta xt hiu a b (r rng a b > 0). V tp ny c
khng t hn 15 phn t, nn ta nhn c khng t hn C
2
15
hiu, (tc l khng t
hn 105 hiu).
Do cc s ca tp con u thuc tp hp {1, 2, . . . , 100} nn cc hiu ni trn
thuc tp hp {1, 2, . . . , 99}. V th li theo nguyn l Dirichlet suy ra cc hiu
trn phi c t nht hai hiu bng nhau. Gi s hai hiu tng ng vi hai cp
(a, b), (c, d), (a = c, (b = d)), sao cho b a = d c. T ta c: a + d = b + c . Nu
a = d (hoc b = c; ch nhng s bng nhau khc khng th xy ra do a = c, b = d),
th b +c = 2a hoc d + a = 2b.
V d 3.11 Chng minh rng t 52 s nguyn bt k lun c th chn ra c hai
s m tng hoc hiu ca chng chia ht cho 100.
Li gii: Tt c cc s d trong php chia cho 100, c chia thnh tng nhm
nh sau:
{0} , {1, 99} , {2, 98} , . . . , {49, 51} , {50} .
V c tt c 51 nhm, m li c 52 s, nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet gia chng
phi c hai s m cc s d trong php chia cho 100 ri vo mt nhm. Hai s ny
l hai s cn tm v nu s d ca chng bng nhau th hiu ca chng chia ht cho
100, cn nu s d ca chng khc nhau th tng ca chng chia ht cho 100.
V d 3.12 Chng minh rng t tp hp tu gm n s t nhin lun tch ra
c mt tp hp con (khc rng) cha cc s m tng ca chng chia ht cho n.
Li gii:
Gi s vi mt tp hp no cha cc s a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
m khng tho mn
khng nh ca bi ton.Khi khng c s no trong cc s :
S
1
= a
1
, S
2
= a
1
+a
2
, . . . , S
n
= a
1
+ +a
n
chia ht cho n. V s cc s d khc khng trong php chia cho n l n1, nn theo
nguyn l Dirichlet ta tm c hai s S
i
v S
j
(1 i j n) c cng s d. Suy
ra hiu S
i
S
j
= a
i1
+ +a
j
chia ht cho n. iu ny mu thun vi gi s ni
trn v khng nh ca bi ton c chng minh.
V d 3.13 Cho a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
l nhng s nguyn khc nhau trong khong [100, 200],
m chng tho mn:
a
1
+a
2
+ + a
n
11100
Chng minh rng gia cc s ny c t nht mt s, m vit n dng thp
phn c t nht hai ch s ging nhau.
Li gii:
Chng ta lp danh sch cc s trong khong [100, 200],m chng vit h thp
phn t nht c hai ch s trng nhau:
100, 101, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191, 199, 200.
Tng ca tt c cc s ni trn l 4050. Mt khc tng ca tt c cc s nguyn
trong khong [100, 200] l: 15150.Nu trong nhng s cho l: a
1
, . . . , a
n
khng c
s no trong danh sch trn, th a
1
+ a
2
+ . . . a
n
< 15150 4050 = 11100, iu ny
v l. Ngha l trong cc s a
1
, . . . , a
n
c t nht mt s vit c s 10 c t nht
hai ch s trng nhau.
V d 3.14 Cho M l tp hp bt k gm 10 s t nhin, mi s khng ln hn
100. Chng minh rng tn ti hai tp hp con ca M m tng ca cc phn t
trong chng bng nhau.
Li gii:
C th chng minh nu tn ti tho mn kt lun ca bi ton, th ta c th
chn c hai tp con cng tnh cht y nhng khng giao nhau. Tht vy, cho
X, Y l hai tp con ca M c tng cc phn t bng nhau. Chng ta k hiu X
1
gm cc phn t ca X m khng thuc Y . Tng t nh vy Y
1
gm cc phn t
ca Y m khng thuc X. R rng X
1
v Y
1
c tng cc phn t bng nhau m
khng giao nhau. Gi A l tp hp mi tp hp con khc rng ca M. S lng
phn t ca A l: 2
10
1 = 1023. Chng ta xt tng S cc phn t ca mt tp
hp con nh vy, r rng :
S 91 + 92 + + 100 < 10.100 = 1000.
Nh vy tn ti khng qu 1000 tng khc nhau. K hiu B l tp hp tt c
cc tng nh vy. Do s lng phn t ca B nh hn 1000 v nh hn s lng
phn t ca A. t tng ng mi phn t ca A vi tng cc phn t ca n. Ta
thy rng c th p dng nguyn l Dirichlet y. Suy ra tn ti t nht hai tp
con khc nhau c cng mt tng cc phn t.
V d 3.15 Chng minh rng tn ti nhng s nguyn a, b v c khng ng thi
bng khng v gi tr tuyt i ca mi s khng vt qu 1000000, tho mn
a + b
2 +c
< 10
11
.
Li gii:
t S l tp hp ca 10
18
s thc r + s
2 +
3 , r, s, t
_
0, 1, 2, . . . , 10
6
1
_
v t d = (1 +
2 + d
3).10
6
.
Khi mi x S th 0 x < d.Chia on ny thnh 10
8
1 phn bng nhau,
mi on nh c di e =
d
10
8
1
. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti hai s trong
10
8
s ca S nm trong cng mt on nh. Hiu ca hai s ny l a +b
2 +c
3
chnh l cc s a, b v c v e <
10
7
10
18
= 10
11
.
V d 3.16 Chng minh rng vi mt s t nhin bt k ,tn ti mt s c dng
111 . . . 000
. .
n
m chia ht cho n.
Li gii:
Chng ta xt nhng s
1, 11, 111 . . . , 111 . . . 111
. .
n s
v nhng s d khi chia dy s trn cho n. V dy s cho gm n phn t, nn s
d dng khc nhau khi chia chng cho n c n 1 phn t. C th gi thit khng
c mt s no trong dy trn chia ht cho n v nu ngc li th bi ton c
gii. Khi s c hai s trong chng, v d:
111 . . . 111
. .
k s
v 111 . . . 111
. .
l s
, (l > k)
m khi chia chng cho n s cho cng mt s d. Do :
l k = 111 . . . 1
. .
lk s
000 . . . 0
. .
k s
s chia ht cho n.
V d 3.17 Cho p l s nguyn t ln hn 5. Chng minh rng tn ti mt s c
dng 111 . . . 11 m chia ht cho p.
Li gii:
Ta xt dy s :
1, 11, 111, . . . , 111 . . . 1
. .
p s
.
Nu trong dy trn khng c s no chia ht cho p, th ta cho tng ng mi s
vi s d ca php chia. Tp hp cc s d ch c 1, 2, 3, . . . , p 1 gm p 1 phn
t (v 0 khng th c trong tp ny).
Nhng v chng ta c p s dng trn, nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti hai
s c cng s d. Gi s cc s l:
111 . . . 1
. .
m s
v 111 . . . 1
. .
n s
, (m > n).
Khi : 1 n < m p. Vy:
111 . . . 1
. .
m s
111 . . . 1
. .
n s
= 111 . . . 1
. .
mn s
000 . . . 0
. .
n s
= 111 . . . 1
. .
mn s
.10
n
.
tch ny chia ht cho p v (p, 10) = 1, suy ra 111 . . . 1
. .
mn s
chi ht cho p v n cng nm
trong dy trn. M 1 mn p mu thun vi gi thit khng c s no trong
dy chia ht cho p.
V d 3.18 T tp M chn mt cch bt k 2
n
+ 1 s .Chng minh rng tn ti
hai s trong tp va chn m tch ca chng l mt s chnh phng.
Li gii:
Nhn xt rng mi s t nhin
x = p
1
1
p
2
2
. . . p
n
n
l s chnh phng khi v ch khi tt c cc s m u chn.Chng ta biu din
mi s chn vi dng trn v cho tng ng vi b n -s:
(
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
).
y
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
l cc s d ca cc s m tng ng
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
khi chia cho 2.
R rng
i
= 0 hoc
i
= 1, 1 = 1, 2, . . . , n..
Vy
(
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
)
l b sp th t gm n s 0 v 1.
Theo l thuyt t hp ,tt c n -b nh vy c s lng l 2
n
, cn cc s ta ang
xt c s lng l: 2
n
+1. Nh vy t nht c hai s trong chng c cng b sp xp
gm s 0 v 1 ging nhau. Gi s cc s l: x = p
1
1
p
2
2
. . . p
n
n
v y = p
1
1
p
2
2
. . . p
n
n
vi chng c:
(
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
) = (
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
).
ng thc sau cng c ngha l :
i
=
i
, i = 1, n.
Do cc s m
i
v
i
c cng tnh chn l nh nhau vi bt k i = 1, n. Khi
:
1
+
1
,
2
+
2
, . . . ,
n
+
n
l cc s chn v theo nhn xt ban u tch:
x.y = (p
1
1
p
2
2
. . . p
n
n
)(p
1
1
p
2
2
. . . p
n
n
) = p
1
+
1
1
p
2
+
2
2
. . . p
n+n
n
ng l s chnh phng.
V d 3.19 Chng minh rng gia n + 1 s trong tp hp M c th chn c
mt vi s m tch ca chng l mt s chnh phng.
Cho x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
l nhng s bt k ca M. Vi mi tp con khc rng {i
1
, i
2
, . . . i
k
}
ca tp hp {1, 2, . . . , n + 1}, chng ta xt cc x
i1
, x
i2
, . . . , x
ik
, tt nhin s ny cng
thuc M.
Biu din cc s ny theo dng chun v mi tp con {i
1
, i
2
, . . . i
k
} cho tng
ng vi n -b
(
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
).
y
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
l s d ca cc s m tng ng
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
khi chia cho 2.
Nhng s lng nhng tp con khc rng ca {1, 2, . . . , n + 1} l 2
n+1
1, cn
s lng cc n -b sp gm nhng s 0, 1 v 2
n
.
Suy ra tn ti nhng tp con khc rng khc nhau {i
1
, i
2
, . . . i
k
} v {j
1
, j
2
, . . . j
k
}
ca {1, 2, . . . , n + 1}, m chng tng ng vi cng mt n -b sp ca nhng s d.
iu ny c ngha l nu :
x
i1
x
i2
. . . x
ik
= p
1
1
p
2
2
. . . p
n
n
v
x
j1
x
j2
. . . x
jk
= p
1
1
p
2
2
. . . p
n
n
th s m
i
v
i
c cng tnh chn l vi i = 1, k.
iu ny c ngha l tch ca nhng s x
i1
x
i2
. . . x
ik
vx
j1
x
j2
. . . x
jk
l chnh
phng. Nu {i
1
, i
2
, . . . i
k
} v {j
1
, j
2
, . . . j
k
} khng c phn t chung, th bi ton
c gii.
Trng hp ngc li, trong P = x
i1
, x
i2
, . . . , x
ik
v x
j1
, x
j2
, . . . , x
jk
lp li ng
nhng s x
s
m s thuc {i
1
, i
2
, . . . i
k
} v {j
1
, j
2
, . . . j
k
}. Chng ta loi tr trong P tt
c nhng x
s
nh vy v nhn c tch ca vi s trong s x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n+1
m n
ng l s chnh phng.
V d 3.20 Cho k 1 v n 1 l nhng s t nhin v A l tp hp gm
(k 1)n +1 s nguyn dng, mi s ny u nh hn hoc bng kn. Chng minh
rng t nht c mt phn t ca A c th biu din nh tng ca k phn t trong
A.
Li gii:
Vi k = 1 bi ton hin nhin ng, chng ta gi thit k 2. K hiu m l s
nh nht thuc A. D thy rng m n v tn ti ng nm s thuc A m chng
ln hn m nhng khng vt qu kn.
chng minh bi ton chng ta tm hai s x v y thuc A sao chox = y +(k
1)m, ngha l biu din mt s no thuc A thnh tng k s hng thuc A trong
k 1 s hng bng m. Ch cn tm s x thuc A m x > (k 1)m v x(k 1)m
thuc A.
Tht vy, trong khong = ((k 1)m, kn) c kn (k 1)m = k(n m) +m s
nguyn. V k 2, nn(k 1)m m, theo nhn xt ban u suy ra c nhiu nht
n-m s trong khng thuc A. iu ny ngha l A cha t nht s = k(n m) +
m (n m) = (k 1)(n m) + m s. Nhng s n ,v (k 2)(n m) 0. Gi
a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
s
thuc A, vi
(k 1)m < a
i
kn, i = 1, s.
Khi nhng hiu
a
1
(k 1)m, a
2
(k 1)m, . . . , a
s
(k 1)m
l nhng s nguyn khc nhau trong khong [1, kn]. Nu mt s no trong chng
khng thuc A, th theo nguyn l Dirichlet chng ta nhn c s n1 , v ngoi
A cn ng n 1 s trong khong ny. Nh vy tri vi bt ng thc chng
minh s n. Suy ra tn ti mt hiu a
i
(k 1)m thuc A.
V d 3.21 Cho x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, . . . , x
n
l nhng s thc v x
2
1
+x
2
2
+ +x
2
n
= 1. Chng
minh rng vi mi s nguyn k, k 2, tn ti nhng s nguyn a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
khng
ng thi bng khng sao cho |a
i
| k 1, i = 1, n v tho mn bt phng trnh
sau:
|a
1
x
1
+a
2
x
2
+ + a
n
x
n
|
(k 1)
n
k
n
1
.
Li gii:
Chng ta s dng bt ng thc Cosi-Buniakovski-Svars:
|
1
1
+
2
2
+ +
n
n
|
_
2
1
+ +
2
n
_
2
1
+ +
2
n
ng vi mi s thc
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
,
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
, du bng xy ra khi v ch khi tn
ti mt s sao cho
1
=
1
,
2
=
2
, . . . ,
n
=
n
.
By gi chng ta xt cc s :
y
0
=
k 1
2
, y
1
=
k 1
2
+ 1, . . . , y
k1
=
k 1
2
+ (k 1) =
k 1
2
S lng ca chng l k v hiu tng cp trong chng l cc s nguyn, m
gi tr tuyt i ca n khng vt qu k 1. Mi b sp xp n -thnh phn:
= (b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
), y b
i
l mt s no trong y
1
, y
2
, . . . , y
n
, (i = 1, n), chng ta
t tng ng vi mi s S
= b
1
x
1
+b
2
x
2
+ +b
n
x
n
.
T bt ng thc Cosi:
S
= b
1
x
1
+ b
2
x
2
+ +b
n
x
n

_
b
2
1
+b
2
2
+ + b
2
n
_
x
2
1
+x
2
2
+ + x
2
n
=
_
b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ +b
2
n
Nhng
b
i

k 1
2
, i = 1, n sao cho:
_
b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ +b
2
n

k 1
2
n
hoc l:
k 1
2
.
n S

k 1
2
.
n.
Theo phng php ny n-b = (b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
), y b
i
l mt trong cc s
y
0
, y
1
, . . . , y
k1
, i = 1, n
c t tng ng vi b s
S
= b
1
x
1
+b
2
x
2
+ +b
n
x
n
trong on
=
_
k 1
2
n,
k 1
2
n
_
.
S lng n - b c sp xp l k
n
. Chia ra k
n
1 on nh vi di
k 1
k
n
1
n
T nguyn l Dirichlet suy ra tn ti hai n - b
= (b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
)
v
= (c
1
, c
2
, . . . , c
n
),
m nhng s:
S
= b
1
x
1
+b
2
x
2
+ +b
n
x
n
v
S
= c
1
x
1
+c
2
x
2
+ +c
n
x
n
tng ng vi chng nm trong cng mt on nh. t a
1
= b
1
c
1
, a
2
=
b
2
c
2
, . . . , a
n
= b
n
c
n
. D kim tra c a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
tho mn iu kin cho.
Tht vy, vi mi i = 1, n s a
i
= b
i
c
i
l hiu ca hai s no trong y
0
, y
1
, . . . , y
k1
nh ni trn v l s nguyn khng vt qu k 1 .V hai n - b trn khc
nhau hon ton th t nht mt trong cc s a
i
= b
i
c
i
khc khng .
Ngoi ra:
|b
1
x
1
+ b
2
x
2
+ + b
n
x
n
| =
x
1
(b
1
c
1
) +x
2
(b
2
c
2
) + +x
n
(b
n
c
n
))
k 1
k
n
1
.
n.
Chng 4
ng dng nguyn l Dirichlet
vo cc bi ton khc
chng II v chng III chung ta thy iu th v ca vic p dng
nguyn l Dirichlet gii cc bi ton hnh hc t hp v s hc. Chng ta cn s
thy iu th v qua mt s bi ton khc sau y, thy c ng dng to
ln ca nguyn l Dirichlet.
V d 4.1 Gi s trong tp hp hu hn X chn ra 50 tp hp con A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
50
sao cho mi tp con cha hn mt na phn t ca tp X.Chng minh rng c th
tm c tp con B X khng cha nhiu hn 5 phn t v c t nht mt phn
chung cho cc tp hp A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
50
.
Li gii:
Gi s s cc phn trong tp X bng n. Mi tp hp con c chn A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
50
cha khng t hn
n
2
phn t, c ngha l tng s cc phn t ca tt c cc tp
ny vt qu 50.
n
2
= 25.n. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet th tn ti mt phn t ca X
thuc khng t hn 26 tp con chn.
Tng t ta chng minh vi gi tr bt k k < 50 gia cc tp A
i1
, A
i2
, . . . , A
ik
c th chn ra khng t hn
_
k
2
_
+1 tp hp cha cng mt phn t. Ta ly phn
t ca tp hp X m n thuc khng t hn 26 tp (phn t ny s l mt trong
5 phn t ca tp hp B). Ta loi ra 26 tp m cha phn t ang xt. Khi
tm c mt phn t thuc t nht 13 t 24 tp cn li. Ta loi 13 tp ny ra,
khi gia 11 tp cn li tm c mt phn t thuc khng t hn 5 trong s cc
tp hp. i vi 5 tp cn li tm c mt phn t thuc khng t hn 3 trong s
42
chng . V cui cng tn ti mt phn t thuc hai tp cui cng. Nh vy ta tm
c khng nhiu hn 5 phn t ca tp X (c th t hn v mt vi phn t s
trng nhau), chng s to thnh tp B. Ngoi ra mt tp bt k t A
1
, A
2
, . . . , A
50
cha t nht 1 trong cc phn t .
V d 4.2 i vi mi gi tr n N , hy tm s k ln nht k N tho mn tnh
cht sau: Trong tp hp gm n phn t c th chn ra k tp hp con khc nhau,
sao cho hai tp con bt k u c giao khc .
Li gii:
C nh phn t a
i
ca tp X = {a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
} v ch xt cc tp con cha phn
t a
1
. S cc tp hp nh vy bng s cc tp con ca tp X = {a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
},
ngha l bng 2
n1
.
Suy ra k 2
n1
. Mt khc gi s chn c hn 2
n1
tp con ca X Ta chia
tt c cc tp con ca X thnh 2
n1
cp c to bi t mt tp con ca X v
phn b ca n. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet c t nht 2 tp con chn to thnh
1 cp, suy ra chng khng giao nhau. Vy k = 2
n1
.
V d 4.3 Cc hm s
f, g, h : N N
tho mn ba iu kin sau:
1. Hm h(n) khng nhn gi tr no ti nhiu hn mt im n N.
2. Tp hp gi tr hm s g(n) l N.
3. f(n) g(n) h(n) + 1, n N.
Chng minh rng ng nht thc f(n) 1, n N l ng.
Li gii:
Ta chng minh ng nht thc g(n) h(n), n N.T v iu kin (2) s dn
n:
f(n) g(n) h(n) + 1 1, n N.
Vi bt k n N ta c:
h(n) = g(n) + 1 f(n) g(n); vf(n) 1
Gi s rng, vi gi tr no n N ng thc g(n) = h(n) khng ng, khi
h(n) < g(n) = k.
Theo iu kin (2) ta tm cc s n
1
, n
2
, . . . , n
k1
N, sao cho g(n
i
) = i, i =
1, k 1. Bi vy mi s trong k s h(n
1
), h(n
2
), . . . , h(n
k1
), h(n) thuc vo tp hp
{1, 2, . . . , k 1}, do theo nguyn l Dirichlet hm s h(n) nhn gi tr no
nhiu hn mt ln, iu ny tri vi iu kin (1). Khng nh c chng minh.
V d 4.4 Cho dy s nguyn u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
,vi n 2. Chng minh rng tn ti
dy con u
k1
, u
k2
, . . . , u
km
trong
1 k
1
< k
2
< < k
m
n
sao cho:
u
2
k1
+ u
2
k2
+ +u
2
km
.
Li gii:
Xt n+1 s:
0, u
2
1
, u
2
1
+ u
2
2
, u
2
1
+ u
2
2
+ u
2
3
, . . . , u
2
1
+ +u
2
n
chia cc s ny cho n, th chng c nhiu nht n s d. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet
tn ti hai s c cng s d, gi s l :
u
2
1
+ + u
2
j
v u
2
1
+ +u
2
k
, 0 j < k n
c ngha l s:
(u
2
1
+ +u
2
j
) (u
2
1
+ +u
2
k
)
chia ht cho n hoc:
u
j+1
+u
j+2
+ + u
k
chia ht cho n.
Dy con phi tm l u
j+1
, u
j+2
, . . . , u
k
.
V d 4.5 Cho x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, . . . l dy v hn cc s nguyn v k l mt s t nhin
bt k. Chng minh rng tn ti dy s gm nhng phn t lin tip ca dy, m
tng ca chng chia ht cho k.
Li gii:
Chng ta c th gii hn li, gia mi b k phn t lin tip ca dy c th
chn c mt s phn t c tnh cht mong mun. n gin ta xem xt k phn
t u tin: x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
. Chng ta xt tng:
S
1
= x
1
, S
2
= x
1
+x
2
, S
3
= x
1
+x
2
+x
3
, . . . , S
k
= x
1
+x
2
+ + x
k
.
Nu mt tng no trong s trn chia ht cho k, th bi ton c gii. Ngc
li, cc s S
1
, S
2
, . . . , S
k
, (c s lng k) khi chia cho k c cc s d: 1, 2, 3, . . . , k1.
T nguyn l Dirichlet suy ra c mt cp ch s i v j, 1 i < j k, m cc
tng S
i
v S
j
cho cng mt s d khi chia cho k. Khi tng cc phn t lin tip:
x
i+1
, x
n+2
, . . . , x
j
ca dy chia ht cho k, v x
i+1
+x
n+2
+ +x
j
= S
j
S
i
.
V d 4.6 Cho dy v hn cc ch s. Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n,
nguyn t cng nhau vi 10, trong dy v hn trn tn ti mt nhm ch s lin
tip, m s to bi cc ch s trong nhm (vit theo th t ch s ln ng trc)
chia ht cho n.
Li gii:
Cho dy cc ch s a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
, . . . . Chng ta xt cc s
A
1
= a
1
, A
2
= a
2
a
1
, . . . , A
n
= a
n
a
n1
. . . a
1
, A
n+1
= a
n+1
. . . a
1
V s lng nhng s ny l n + 1, cn s lng kh nng ca s d khi chia
chng cho n l n, nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti t nht hai s cho cng s d
ta k hiu chng l A
i
v A
j
, (i < j).
Khi hiu Aj A
i
chia ht cho n. Hay ni cch khc:
A
j
A
i
= a
j
. . . a
1
a
i
. . . a
1
= a
j
. . . a
i1
.10
ji+1
.
V (n, 10) = 1 nn a
j
. . . a
i1
chia ht cho n.
V d 4.7 Mt hi ton hc bao gm cc thnh vin 6 nc. Danh sch cc hi
vin gm 1978 ngi c nh s bo danh t 1 n 1978. Chng minh rng tn
ti t nht mt hi vin c s bo danh gp i s bo danh ca mt hi vin khc
cng nc, hoc bng tng hai s bo danh ca hai hi vin cng mt nc vi
mnh.
Li gii:
T 329.6 < 1978 suy ra mt trong cc nc (k hiu l A) c khng t hn 330
i biu trong hi v chng ta c th vit s bo danh a
1
< a
2
< < a
330
< . . . .
Chng ta xt nhng hiu:
x
i
a
330
a
i
, i = 1, 329.
Nu c mt s x
i
no trng vi a
j
(s bo danh ca mt i biu ca A) th
chng ta c a
330
= a
i
+ a
j
. Bi ton chng minh xong.
Nu x
i
= a
j
th vi mi i, j, th s x
i
l s bo danh ca mt i biu thuc 5
nc cn li. By gi, v 65.5 < 329, th t nht c mt trong 5 nc ny (k hiu
l B) s c khng t hn 66 thnh vin, m s bo danh ca h l mt trong cc
s:x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
329
.
Cho cc s l b
1
< b
2
< < b
66
< . . . vi b
i
= x
n
, i = 1, 66. Chng ta li xt
hiu
y
i
= b
66
b
i
, i = 1, 65.
Nu trong mt hiu no trng vi s bo danh b
i
ca mt i biu nc B
th b
66
= b
i
+b
j
. Nu vi hai s i v k no chng ta c y
i
= a
k
, th
a
k
= b
66
b
i
= x
n
66
x
ni
= a
330
a
n
66
(a
330
a
ni
) = a
ni
a
n
66
hoc l a
ni
= a
66
+ a
k
.
Nu hai trng hp trn khng xy ra, th nhng s bo danh ny s l s bo
danh ca i biu 4 nc cn li v suy ra t nht mt trong cc nc ny c s
hi vin t nht l 17 vi s bo danh y
i
. Tip tc qu trnh nh vy v lp li l
lun trn chng ta c kt lun ca bi ton.
V d 4.8 Gi s a v x l hai s t nhin thc s ln hn 1 v (x, a1) = 1. Dy
s v hn u
n
c xc nh nh sau:
u
n
= ax
n
a + 1, n = 1, 2, . . . .
Chng minh rng trong dy s ni trn cha v hn s i mt nguyn t cng
nhau.
Li gii:
Gi thit phn chng trong dy s ch c hu hn s u
i
1
, u
i
2
, . . . , u
i
k
nguyn t
cng nhau.
t q = u
i
1
u
i
2
. . . u
i
k
. Xt q + 1 s sau: a, ax, ax
2
, . . . , ax
q
.
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti hai s nguyn r v s sao cho 0 r < s q v
ax
r
ax
s
(modq) ax
r
ax
s
0(modq)
hay:
ax
r
(1 x
sr
) 0(modq). (4.1)
Theo gi thit ta c (x, a 1) = 1 nn suy ra
(ax
r
, u
ij
) = 1, j = 1, k. (4.2)
T (4.2) suy ra:
(ax
r
, q) = 1. (4.3)
T (4.1) v (4.3) ta c:
x
sr
1(modq) x
sr
= lq + 1, l N.
Xt s:
u
i
k+j
= ax
sr
a + 1.
Vy:
u
i
k+j
= a(lq + 1 a + 1). (4.4)
T (4) ta c:
(u
i
k+j
, u
ij
) = 1, j = 1, k. (4.5)
H thc (4.5) chng t rng lun c th b sung thm vo b s:
q = u
i
1
u
i
2
. . . u
i
k
cc s mi, m b ny vn tho mn iu kin: Bt k hai s no cng nguyn t
cng nhau. iu ny c ngha l trong dy u
n
cho c v hn s i mt nguyn
t cng nhau.
V d 4.9 Cho {u
n
} l dy cc s t nhin tng dn:
u
1
< u
2
< u
3
< . . .
v tho mn iu kin:
u
1
= 1, u
n+1
2n, n N.
Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n tn ti cc s hng u
p
v u
q
ca dy
sao cho u
p
u
q
= n.
Li gii:
Gi s n N l s t nhin cho trc. T gi thit suy ra mi s hng:
u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, . . . , u
n+1
khng vt qu 2n.
Xt tp hp 2n s t nhin sau {1, 2, . . . , 2n}. Chng chia tp hp ny thnh n
cp:
(1, n + 1), (2, n + 2), . . . , (n, 2n).
Do tp hp trn cha khng t hn n + 1 phn t ca dy u
n
cho (v ni
ring u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n+1
thuc tp hp y), vy theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti hai
s hng khc nhau u
p
v u
q
ca dy thuc vo mt cp (gi s u
p
> u
q
).
Nhng hiu s ca mi cp u bng n nn chng ta c :
u
p
u
q
= n.
V d 4.10 Cho u
k
, k = 1, n l dy s t nhin sao cho:
1 u
1
u
2
u
n
v
u
1
+u
2
+ + u
n
= 2n.
Chng minh rng nu n chn v u
n
= n +1 , th t dy trn lun chn ra c
mt dy con m tng cc s hng ca dy con bng n.
Li gii:
t
S
k
= u
1
+u
2
+ + u
n
, k = 1, n.
Xt n + 2 s {0, u
1
u
n
, S
1
, S
2
, . . . , S
n
}. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet th t nht hai
s khi chia chia cho n cng phn d.Vy ch c 4 kh nng sau y:
1. (u
1
u
n
) chia ht cho n.
Do:
u
1
+u
2
+ +u
n
nu
1
2n nu
1
u
1
2.
(a) Nu u
1
= 2 th t
1 u
1
u
2
u
n
v
u
1
+u
2
+ + u
n
= 2n
suy ra:
u
1
= u
2
= = u
n
= 2.
Do n chn nn n = 2m .Vy:
u
1
= u
2
= = u
n
= 2m = n
(b) Nu u
1
< 2 th t u
1
u
n
chia ht cho n, suy ra u
n
= 1 hoc l u
n
=
1 +n(do u
1
nguyn nn u
1
= 1 v 1 u
n
2n suy ra c kt lun trn
).
Nhng u
n
= n + 1 suy ra u
1
= 1. Mt khc:
1 u
1
u
2
u
n
Vy th
u
2
= u
3
= = u
n1
= 1.
Suy ra :u
1
+u
2
+ +u
n
= n, v l.
Nh vy trong trng hp ny ta ch ra tn ti dy con u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
sao cho u
1
+ u
2
+ +u
m
vi m =
n
2
.
2. S
j
S
i
, j > i chia ht cho n
Ta c
S
j
S
i
= u
i+1
+u
i+2
+ +u
j
R rng v phi ca ng thc trn c t nht mt s hng m u
k
1, k =
1, n, suy ra
S
j
S
i
1.
Mt khc cng hiu trn nu khng cc phn t ca dy th bao gi ta
cng c:
S
j
S
i
< u
1
+ u
2
+ +u
n
2n 1.
Do cui cng ta c:
1 S
j
S
i
< u
1
+u
2
+ + u
n
2n 1
m S
j
S
i
chia ht cho n. iu ny ch xy ra khi
S
j
S
i
= n
hoc
u
i+1
+ u
i+2
+ +u
j
= n.
3. S
i
chia ht cho n.
Ta c
1 S
i
S
n1
= 2n u
n
< S
i
m S
i
chia ht cho n,suy ra S
i
= n hoc l u
1
+u
2
+ +u
i
chia ht cho n.
4. S
k
v u
1
u
n
cho cng phn d khi chia cho n, vi k no , 1 k n 1.
Suy ra
S
k
(u
1
u
n
)|n (u
1
+u
2
+ + u
k
+u
n
)|n.
M
u
2
+u
3
+ + u
k
+u
n
2n u
1
< 2n.
Suy ra:
u
2
+u
3
+ +u
k
+u
n
= n.
Tm li lun lun chn c dy con m tng ca chng bng n.
V d 4.11 Cho tp hp gm 10 s c 2 ch s. Chng minh rng tp hp c
t nht hai tp con khng giao nhau, m tng nhng phn t trong chng bng
nhau.
Li gii:
Nu c hai tp con giao nhau m m tng trong chng bng nhau th chng ta
c th b nhng phn t chung i. Khi cn li hai tp khng giao nhau v tng
cc phn t trong chng vn bng nhau.
Chng ta tnh c bao nhiu tp con khng rng ca mt tp hp c 10 phn t.
S lng nhng tp con ch cha mt phn t c C
1
10
.
S lng nhng tp con cha 2 phn t c C
2
10
.
3
10
,. . .
10
10
.
Suy ra tng s lng cc tp hp con l:
C
1
10
+C
2
10
+C
3
10
+ +C
10
10
= 2
10
= 1024.
iu kin bi ra l 10 s gm hai ch s suy ra cc s nh hn hoc bng 99.
Vy tng ca cc s trong mi tp hp con khng vt qu 99.10 = 990. Nh vy
s lng nhng tng khc nhau nhiu nht l 990. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet trong
s 1024 tp con ca tp hp gm 10 s s c t nht hai tp m tng cc phn t
trong chng phi bng nhau.
V d 4.12 Tng di mt s vc t trong mt phng l 4. Chng minh rng
t nhng vc t ny c th chn ra mt s vc t m di ca chng ln hn 1.
Li gii:
Ta a vo h trc to v xt vc t i din nhng vc t cho ti im
gc, ta chiu nhng vc t ny xung trc to Ox v Oy. V mi vc t c
di nh hn tng ca cc di hnh chiu ca n xung hai trc nn tng di
ca tt c cc hnh chiu ca cc vc t ln hn 4. Khi trn t nht mt trong
4 na trc ca h to tng di ca hnh chiu s ln hn 1, iu c ngha
l tng di ca nhng vc t tng ng s ln hn 1 ( di hnh chiu ln hn
th tt nhin di vc t cng ln hn).
V d 4.13 Cho 7 s thc bt k. Chng minh rng gia chng c th chn c
hai s, chng hn x v y , sao cho:
0
x y
1 + xy

3
3
.
Li gii:
Cc s cho k hiu l x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
7
. Mc ch ca chng ta l biu din mi
s di dng x
i
= tan
i
, y
i
l mt s trong khong (
2
;

2
), i = 1, 7. Chng
ta chia on ny thnh ra 6 on con c di bng nhau, ngha l bng

6
. Theo
nguyn l Dirichlet ta c t nht hai s trong
1
,
2
, . . . ,
7
cng nm trong mt
on con . Nu chng ta k hiu cc s l
i
v
j
;
i

j
, th t suy ra:
0
i
j

6
.
V hm s tan tng trong khong (
2
;

2
).Suy ra:
0 tan(
i
j
) =
tan
i
tan
j
1 + tan
i
tan
j
=
x
i
x
j
1 +x
i
x
j
tan

6
=
3
3
.
Ch : Bng cch gii ca bi ton trn ta c bi ton sau vi li gii tng t,
cch gii khc kh m thc hin c.
V d 4.14 Cho 4 s dng bt k. Chng minh rng c hai trong bn s ,
chng hn x v y, tho mn bt phng trnh sau:
0 <
x y
1 +x +y + 2xy

3.
Li gii:
Gi cc s cho l x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
. t y
i
= 1 +
1
x
i
, i = 1, 2, 3, 4. t y
i
=
tan
i
,
i
(
2
,

2
) ra lm ba on, mi on bng

3
.
Suy ra tn ti hai s
i
,
j
thuc cng mt on (theo nguyn l Dirichlet).
0 <
i
j

3
0 < tan(
i
j
) tan

3
=
3
0 <
tan
i
tan
j
1 + tan
i
tan
j
3
0 <
y
i
y
j
1 +y
i
y
j
3
0 <
1 +
1
x
i
1
1
x
j
1 + (1 +
1
x
i
)(1 +
1
x
j
)
3
0 <
x
j
x
i
x
i
x
j
+ (1 + x
i
)(1 +x
j
)

3
0 <
x
j
x
i
1 +x
i
+x
j
+ 2x
i
x
j
3.
V d 4.15 Chng minh rng mi b s 11 s thc khc nhau trong khong
[1, 1000] c th chn c hai s x v y m chng tho mn bt ng thc sau:
0 < x y < 1 + 3
3
xy.
Li gii:
Ta xt cn bc ba ca cc s trong b s cho x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
11
. T iu kin
x
i
[1, 1000] cho suy ra 1
3
x
i
10, (i = 1, . . . , 11).
Ta chia khong [1, 1000] ra 10 phn bng nhau. C tt c 11 s
3
x
1
,
3
x
2
, . . . ,
3
x
11
.
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet suy ra c t nht 2 trong s 11 s nm trong cng mt
on nh. Gi s hai s l
3
x
i
,
3
x
j
, (i = j) v x
i
> x
j
.
0 <
3
x
i
x
j

9
10
< 1
0 < (
3
x
i
x
j
)
3
< 1
3
0 < x
i
x
j
3.
3
_
x
2
i
x
j
+ 3
3
_
x
i
x
2
j
< 1
3
0 < x
i
x
j
< 1 + 3
3
_
x
2
i
x
j
3
3
_
x
i
x
2
j
0 < x
i
x
j
< 1 + 3
3
x
i
x
j
(
3
x
i
x
j
), v 0 <
3
x
i
x
j
< 1
0 < x
i
x
j
< 1 + 3
3
x
i
x
j
.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Hu in, Phng php DIRICHLET v ng dng, NXB Khoa hc
v k thut H ni, 1999.
[2] Phan Huy Khi, Cc bi ton hnh hc t hp, NXB Gio dc, 2007.
[3] Phan Huy Khi, Cc bi ton c bn ca s hc, NXB Gio dc, 2009.
[4] Phan Huy Khi, S hc v dy s, NXB Gio dc, 2009.
[5] Nguyn V Thanh, S hc, NXB Gio dc, 2006.
[6] Phm Minh Phng, Cc chuyn s hc, NXB Gio dc, 2006.
[7] Nguyn Vn Vnh, 23 chuyn gii 1001 bi ton s cp, NXB Gio dc,
2005.
[8] Tp san Ton hc tui tr cc nm.
53

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I HC THI NGUYN

= 3GC. Khi , nu gi M, N, P tng ng l

= 2CP. Do tam gic A

c cng mu xanh, khi tam gic A

mu . Khng gim tng

. Khi tam gic A

3. V th hnh cu ngoi tip

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