Chng 1.

Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
Chng 1: TP HP NH X - QUAN H - S PHC
Bi 1: Khi nim v tp hp, tp hp con, cc php ton trn tp hp
__________________________________________________________
1. Tp hp:
1.1Khi nim:
Tp hp l mt khi nim nguyn thy, khng c nh ngha, m c hiu mt cch trc
gic nh sau: Mt tp hp l mt s qun t cc i tng c cng thuc tnh no ; nhng
i tng ny c gi l cc phn t ca tp hp .
V d:
- Tp hp cc sinh vin ca mt trng i hc.
- Tp hp cc s nguyn t.
Ta thng k hiu tp hp bi ch ci vit hoa nh A, B, C,, X, Y, Z, v cc phn t ca
tp hp thng c k hiu bi mt ch ci vit thng a, b, x, y.
ch phn t a thuc tp hp A, ta vit a A v c l a thuc A. Nu b khng phi l
phn t ca A th ta k hiu b A v c l b khng thuc A.
V d:
- l tp hp cc s t nhin
- l tp hp cc s nguyn
- l tp hp cc s thc
-

l tp hp cc s hu t
-
{1; 2;3} S
l tp hp cc s nguyn dng nh hn 4.
- Tp rng l tp hp khng c phn t no.
K hiu: .
V d: tp hp cc s thc m bnh phng ca s bng 1 l tp rng.
1.2 Cch xc nh mt tp hp:
Mt tp hp c th c xc nh bng cc cch nh:
- Phng php lit k: Mt tp hp c th xc nh bng cch lit k ra ht cc phn t
thuc tp hp . Phng php ny ch dng i vi tp hp hu hn.
V d: A = {1; 3; 4; 5; 7}
- Phng php ch ra thuc tnh c trng : Mt tp hp c th nhn bit bng cch ch ra
thuc tnh ca i tng v da vo thuc tnh ny ta c th bit phn t no c thuc tp
hp ny hay khng.
V d:
{ | } B M OM r
l tp hp cc im nm trn mt cu tm O bn knh r.
{ | 3} C n n M
l tp hp cc s t nhin chia ht cho 3.
1.3 S bng nhau ca hai tp hp:
nh ngha: Hai tp hp A v B c gi l bng nhau khi v ch khi mi phn t ca A
u l phn t ca B v ngc li mi phn t ca B u l phn t ca A. Khi ta vit A = B.
T nh ngha mun chng minh A = B phi chng minh cc iu sau:
- Nu x A th x B
i s tuyn tnh 1 11
AA
A
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
- Nu x B th x A
2. Tp hp con:
2.1 nh ngha: Cho hai tp hp A v B. Nu mi phn t ca tp hp A u l phn
t ca tp hp B th khi ta ni tp A cha trong B, hay tp A l tp hp con ca tp hp B.
K hiu: A B
V d:
-

- Tp hp {1; 3} l tp hp con ca tp hp {1; 2; 3}
- Tp hp cc tam gic u l tp hp con ca tp hp cc tam gic.
2.2Tnh cht:
- Vi mi tp hp A th A A ;
- Vi mi tp hp A th A ;
- Nu A B v B C th A C (tnh cht bc cu);
- Nu A B v B A th A B .
2.3 Tp cc tp con ca mt tp hp
Cho A l mt tp hp, k hiu
( ) P A
l tp cc tp con ca tp A.
Nu A c n phn t th P(A) s c 2
n
phn t.
V d: A = {a} khi
( ) { , } P A a
A = {a, b, c} th
( ) { ,{ },{ },{ },{ , },{ , },{ , },{ , , }} P A a b c a b a c b c a b c
3. Cc php ton trn tp hp
3.1 Hp ca cc tp hp
3.1.1 nh ngha: Cho A v B l hai tp hp ty , ta gi tp hp C gm cc phn t thuc t
nht mt trong hai tp A, B l hp ca hai tp A, B.
K hiu: C A B hoc
{ | A B x x A
hoc
} x B
Biu Venn:
V d: Nu nh ngha A, B, C l cc tp nh sau:
{ | ( ) 0} A x f x
v
{ | ( ) 0} B x g x
th
{ | ( ). ( ) 0} C x f x g x
. Khi C A B
3.1.2 nh l: Vi A, B, C l cc tp no khi
i) Nu B A th A B A ;
ii) Vi mi tp hp A th A A v A A A ;
iii) A B B A ;
iv)
( ) ( ) A B C A B C
.
3.2 Giao ca cc tp hp
3.2.1 nh ngha: Cho hai tp A, B ty . Ta gi tp hp C gm cc phn t thuc c hai tp
hp A, B l giao ca hai tp hp A, B.
K hiu:
{ | } C A B x x A v x B
Biu Venn:
i s tuyn tnh 1 2
A
BB
A
A
BB
A
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
3.2.2 nh l: Vi A, B, C l cc tp hp ty th ta c cc khng nh sau:
i) Nu B A th A B B . Vi mi tp hp A th A v A A A ;
ii) A B B A ;
iii)
( ) ( ) A B C A B C
.
3.2.3 nh l: Cho A, B, C l cc tp ty khi :
i)
( ) A A B A
;
ii)
( ) A B B B
;
iii)
( ) ( ) ( ) A B C A B A C
;
iv)
( ) ( ) ( ) A B C A B A C
.
3.3 Hiu ca hai tp hp
3.3.1 nh ngha: Cho hai tp A, B ty . Ta gi tp hp C gm cc phn t thuc A v
khng thuc B l hiu ca tp A v tp B.
K hiu: C = A\B hoc
\ { | v } A B x x A x B
Biu Venn:
3.3.2 nh l: Vi A, B, C, D l cc tp no , khi :
1. \ A B khi v ch khi A B ;
2. Vi A, B bt k th \ A B A ;
3. Nu A B v D C th \ \ A C B D ;
4. Nu A B th vi tp C bt k ta c \ \ C B C A .
3.4 Phn b
Nu B A th A\B c gi l phn b ca B trong A, k hiu
( )
A
C B
hay
( ) { | }
A
C B x A x B
.
Thc cht phn b
( )
A
C B
l hiu A\B vi iu kin B A nn mi tnh cht lin quan n
phn b c suy ra t tnh cht ca php hiu A\B.
3.4.1 nh l: Vi cc tp A, B, C ty ta c
-
\ ( ) ( \ ) ( \ ) A B C A B A C
;
-
\ ( ) ( \ ) ( \ ) A B C A B A C
.
Cng thc i ngu De Morgan
i s tuyn tnh 1 3
A B
\ A B
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
-
( ) ( ( ))
A i A i
i i
C B C B
U I
;
-
( ) ( ( ))
A i A i
i i
C B C B
I U
.
Ta c th pht biu phn b ca hp bng giao cc phn b, phn b ca giao bng hp cc
phn b.
3.5 Hiu i xng ca A v B:
K hiu:
( \ ) ( \ ) A B A B B A

Biu Venn:
3.6 Tch Descartes ca cc tp hp
Gi s a v b l hai i tng bt k, t hai i tng ny ta thnh lp i tng th ba
k hiu (a; b) v gi l cp (a; b). Hai cp (a; b) v (c; d) c gi l bng nhau khi v ch khi
a = c v b = d. Nu a b th cp (a; b) v (b; a) c coi l khc nhau.
3.6.1 nh ngha: Tch Descartes ca n tp hp
1 2
, ,...,
n
A A A
l tp hp gm tt c cc dy sp
th t
1 2
( ; ;...; )
n
a a a
trong
1 1 2 2
, ,...,
n n
a A a A a A
.
Ta k hiu tch Descartes trn l
1 2
...
n
A A A
. Nu
1 2
...
n
A A A
th tch Descartes ca
chng c k hiu l
n
A .
3.6.2 V d: Cho
1
{ ; } A a b
,
2 3
{ ; }, {1; 2} A c d A
. Khi :
1 2 3
{( ; ;1), ( ; ;1), ( ; ; 2), ( ; ; 2), ( ; ;1), ( ; ; 2), ( ; ;1), ( ; ; 2)} A A A a c a d a c a d b c b c b d b d
3.6.3 Nhn xt: A B khi v ch khi A hoc B .
Nu A B th ' ' A B A B khi v ch khi ' A A v ' B B .
Bi 2: Khi nim c bn v nh x - Cc nh x c bit
i s tuyn tnh 1 4
A B
\ A B
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
______________________________________________________
1. nh x:
1.1 Khi nim:
Cho hai tp hp X v Y. Mt quy tc tng ng f mi phn t x X vi mt v ch mt phn
t
y Y
c gi l nh x t tp X vo tp Y.
K hiu:
: f X Y
hoc
f
X Y .
Phn t
y Y
, tng ng vi phn t x X qua nh x f, khi , x c gi l to nh ca y
v y c gi l nh ca x qua nh x f.
Ngoi ra, X c gi l tp ngun (min xc nh), Y cn c gi l tp ch (min gi tr)
ca nh x f.
1.2 V d:
- Hm s y = x 1 l nh x t tp s thc vo
- Hm s
lg y x
l nh x t
+

vo
- Php tng ng mi s
x
+

vi mt s
y
sao cho
2
x y khng l nh x v vi mt
gi tr 0 x > ta s c hai gi tr ca y l: y x v y x u tng ng vi x.
- Php tng ng
: f
sao cho
1
( )
1
f x
x

+
khng phi l nh x v vi 1 x th
khng c
y
tng ng vi x cho.
1.3 nh ngha: B phn A ca tp X c gi l n nh i vi nh x f vi
: , ( ) f X Y a A f a A
.
1.4 nh x bng nhau:
nh ngha:
Cho f v g l hai nh x t X vo Y. nh x f c gi l bng nh x g nu f(x) = g(x) vi
mi x X .
Nu vi mi x X u c
( ) f x a
vi a l mt phn t xc nh ca Y, th ta ni f l mt
nh x khng i, hay nh x hng s.
Nu X = Y v
( ) , f x x
vi mi x X th f c gi l nh x ng nht ca X. K hiu
1
X
.
Nhn xt: Hai nh x f v g l bng nhau khi v ch khi chng c chung tp ngun v chung
tp ch v
, ( ) ( ) x X f x g x
.
2. nh v to nh:
2.1 nh ca mt tp hp:
a) nh ngha: Cho nh x
: f X Y
v A l mt tp con ca X. Tp con ca Y gm nh ca
tt c cc phn t ca A c gi l nh ca tp A qua nh x f.
K hiu: f(A). Hay,
( ) { ( ) | } f A f x x A
.
Khi ,
( ) , ( ) y f A x A y f x
.
b) nh l: Cho nh x
: f X Y
. Vi hai tp con ty A v B ca X ta c:

( ) ( ) ( ) f A B f A f B
v
( ) ( ) ( ) f A B f A f B
.
(Sinh vin t chng minh nh bi tp.)
2.2 To nh ca mt tp hp:
i s tuyn tnh 1 5
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
a) nh ngha: Cho nh x
: f X Y
v U l mt tp con ty ca Y. Tp con ca X gm
cc phn t x X sao cho
( ) f x U
c gi l to nh ton phn ca U qua nh x f .
K hiu:
1
( ) f U

. Khi ,
1
( ) { | ( ) } f U x X f x U

v
1
( ) ( ) x f U f x U

.
b) nh l: Cho nh x
: f X Y
. Vi hai tp con bt k A, B ca Y th
-
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) f A B f A f B

;
-
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) f A B f A f B

.
(Sinh vin t chng minh nh bi tp nh).
3. Cc loi nh x c bit
3.1 n nh:
3.1.1 nh ngha: nh x
: f X Y
c gi l mt n nh nu vi hai phn t khc nhau
1
x
v
2
x
bt k ca X th
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x
. Ni cch khc, f l mt n nh nu mi phn t ca tp
ch ch c ti a mt to nh trong tp ngun.
T nh ngha trn, chng minh f l mt n nh ta chng minh:
1 2 1 2
, , x x X x x
th
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x
.
Hoc
1 2 1 2
, , ( ) ( ) x x X f x f x
th
1 2
x x
.
3.1.2 V d:
nh x
: f
xc nh bi
2
( ) f x x khng l n nh v f(1) = f(-1) = 1.
nh x
: f
xc nh bi
1
( ) f n
n

l mt n nh v vi hai s t nhin khc nhau m,

n th
1 1
n m

.
Nu A E , nh x nhng chnh tc
:

A
i A E
x x

a
l mt n nh c gi l n nh chnh tc
t A vo E.
3.2 Ton nh:
3.2.1 nh ngha: nh x
: f X Y
c gi l mt ton nh nu f(X) = Y. Ni cch khc
: f X Y
l ton nh nu vi mi
y Y
u tn ti x X sao cho f(x) = y.
Ton nh
: f X Y
cn c gi l nh x ton nh t X ln Y.
T nh ngha trn, chng minh f l mt ton nh th ta cn chng minh
, y Y x X
sao
cho f(x) = y.
Nhn xt:
Ni cch khc mt nh x
: f X Y
l ton nh khi v ch khi mi phn t ca Y c t nht
mt to nh trong X.
3.2.2 V d:
nh x
: f
xc nh bi cng thc
( ) cos f x x
khng l ton nh v tn ti s 2
m khng c x cos 2 x . Tuy nhin nu xt nh x g t tp s thc vo on [-1, 1] th
g l ton nh.
3.3 Song nh
i s tuyn tnh 1 6
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
3.3.1 nh ngha: nh x
: f X Y
c gi l song nh nu n va l n nh va l ton
nh.
chng minh mt nh x f l song nh th ta phi chng minh f l n nh v f l ton nh,
hoc chng minh rng
y Y
tn ti duy nht x X sao cho
( ) f x y
.
3.3.2 V d:
nh x ng nht
1 :
X
X X
l mt song nh.
nh x
2
:

f
x x

a
khng l song nh v n khng phi l ton nh (cng khng l n nh).
Nhn xt: Mt nh x bt k t E vo E gi l mt hon v ca E.
V d:
Cho
:
2
f
x x

a

v

:
2

1
2
g
y
y
y

'

a
Khi f l n nh khng l ton nh. g l ton nh khng l n nh.
(Sinh vin t kim tra.)
3.4 Tch cc nh x:
3.4.1 nh ngha: Cho hai nh x
: f X Y
v
: g Y Z
. nh x
:
( ( ))
h X Z
x g f x

a
c gi
l nh x tch ca hai nh x f v g. K hiu
h g f o
hay h = gf.
Nhn xt: Theo nh ngha ta ch xc nh c tch gf khi tp ch ca f cha trong tp
ngun ca g.
Nu
: f X X
v
: g X X
th ta c th xc nh c tch fg v tch gf, tuy nhin gf c th
khc vi fg, hay tch ca hai nh x khng giao hon.
V d:
Nu f v g l hai v d cho trn th
N
g f Id o
nhng
:

1
f g
x
x
x

'

o
a
3.4.2 nh l: Cho
: f X Y
,
: g Y T
v : h T U th h(gf)=(hg)f.
3.4.3 nh l: Gi s
: f X Y
v
: g Y T
l hai nh x v
: h gf X T
. Khi :
a) Nu f, g l cc n nh th h l n nh;
b) Nu h l n nh th f l n nh;
c) Nu h l n nh v f l ton nh th g l n nh;
d) Nu f, g l ton nh th h l ton nh;
e) Nu h l ton nh th g l ton nh;
i s tuyn tnh 1 7
Nu y chn
Nu y l
Nu y chn
Nu y l
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
f) Nu h l ton nh v g l n nh th f l ton nh.
3.4.4 H qu: Gi s
: f X Y
v
: g Y T
l cc song nh th gf cng l song nh.
3.5 nh x ngc
3.5.1 nh ngha: Gi s
: f X Y
v
: g Y X
l hai nh x tha:
1
X
gf
v
1
Y
fg
th khi
g c gi l nh x ngc ca nh x f.
V d: nh x
3
:

f
x x

a
c nh x ngc
1
3
:
y
f
y

a
Trong trng hp cc hm, khi nim nh x ngc chnh l khi nim hm s ngc.
3.5.2 nh l: nh x
: f X Y
c nh x ngc khi v ch khi f l song nh. Nu f l song
nh th
1
f

cng l song nh.
3.5.3 nh l: Inh x ngc ca mt nh x l duy nht.
3.5.4 nh l: Nu
: f E F
v
: g F G
l nhng song nh, th
: g f E G o
l song nh
v ( )
1
1 1
g f f g

o o
3.6 Thu hp v thc trin (hoc m rng) nh x:
3.6.1 Thu hp nh x:
Cho X v Y l hai tp hp v
: f X Y
l mt nh x, gi A l mt tp con ca X. Khi
thu hp ca f vo A l nh x k hiu l
|
A
f
xc nh bi:
| :
( )
A
f A Y
x f x

a
3.6.2 Thc trin (m rng) nh x:
Cho X v Y l hai tp hp v
: f X Y
l mt nh x, X l tp hp sao cho ' X X . Khi ,
m rng ca f trn X l nh x
: ' g X Y
sao cho
, ( ) ( ) x X g x f x
.
V du:
*
:
sin

f
x
x
x

a
Khi , nh x g l mt m rng ca f c xc nh bi:
:
sin
0

1 0
g
x
x
x
x
x

'

a
Nhn xt: g l m rng duy nht ca f v lin tc ti 0.
Bi 3: Php th
i s tuyn tnh 1 8
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
_____________
1. Khi nim: Php th trn mt tp hp X l mt song nh t X ln chnh n. Khi X l tp
c n phn t th php th trn X gi l php th bc n. Khng mt tnh tng qut ta ly tp n
phn t l X = {1, 2, , n} Tp hp cc php th ca tp {1,2, , n} c k hiu l
n
S
.
Thng thng ta k hiu mt php th nh sau:
1 2 ...
(1) (2) ... ( )
n
n

,
Ta c th xem
( (1), (2),..., ( )) n
nh l mt cch sp xp th t ca tp {1, 2, , n} nn ta
c th vit gn php th

di dng
( (1), (2),..., ( )) n
.
V

l mt song nh nn cc phn t
(1), (2),..., ( ) n
dng di u khc nhau do
chng l mt hon v ca n phn t 1, 2, , n. Vy, mi mt hon v xc nh mt php th bc
n nn s cc php th bc n bng s cc hon v ca tp c n phn t v bng n!.
Nu php th

ch i ch hai phn t i < j cho nhau v gi nguyn cc phn t cc v tr

cn li th php th

c gi l chuyn v.
K hiu: (i, j).
2. V d:
Nhm cc php th
3
S
gm cc php th sau:
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
; ; ; ; ;
1 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 1
_ _ _ _ _ _

, , , , , ,
Trong :
1 2 3
(1 2)
2 1 3
_

,
l mt chuyn v.
Cho
1 2
, ,...,
k
a a a
l cc phn t khc nhau ca {1, 2, , n}. Php th

gi nguyn cc phn
t khc
1 2
, ,...,
k
a a a
v tha mn
1 2 2 3 1 1
( ) , ( ) ,..., ( ) , ( )
k k k
a a a a a a a a

c gi l mt
vng xch di k.
K hiu:
1 2
( , ,..., )
k
a a a
.
Khi ta c
1 2 1 2 1 1
( , ,..., ) ( , ,..., ) ( , )
k k k k
a a a a a a a a

o
.
Vng xch di 1 chnh l php th ng nht. Vng xch di 2 gi l php chuyn v
hoc (chuyn tr).
V d: Cho php th ( )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 7 2 6 3 5 4
7 6 5 1 4 3 2 8

_


,
l vng xch
di 7.
Hai vng xch
1
( ... )
m
f i i
v
1
( ... )
k
g j j
gi l c lp nu
1 2 1 2
{ , ,..., } { , ,... }
m k
i i i j j j
.
V d: Vng xch ( ) 1 2 3 4 f
v ( ) 5 6 7 g
l hai vng xch c lp.
Nu f, g l cc php th bc n th tch
, f g g f o o
(l tch ca hai nh x), nh x ngc
1
f

v
nh x ng nht
1
X
cng l php th bc n.
Nhn xt: Php nhn cc vng xch c lp c tnh cht giao hon.
V d: Cho cc php th bc 4 f v g nh sau:
1 2 3 4
2 4 3 1
f
_

,
v
1 2 3 4
4 3 2 1
g
_

,
khi :
i s tuyn tnh 1 9
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
1 2 3 4
.
1 3 4 2
f g
_

,
;
1 2 3 4
.
3 1 2 4
g f
_

,
v
1
1 2 3 4
4 1 3 2
f

_

,
3. nh l: Mi php th bc n khc php th ng nht u phn tch c duy nht (khng
k th t) thnh tch cc vng xch c lp di ln hn hoc bng 2.
4. H qu: Mi php th u phn tch c thnh tch cc chuyn v.
V d: ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 8 2 4 3 5 9 6 7
8 4 1 3 9 7 5 2 6
f
_


,
5. Du ca php th
5.1 nh ngha: Ta gi cp
( ) {1, 2,..., } i j n
l mt nghch th ca php th

nu i j tri
du vi
( ) ( ) i j
(hoc i < j v
( ) ( ) i j >
).
Php th vi s nghch th chn (l) c gi l php th chn (l). Du ca

nhn gi tr
bng 1 nu

l php th chn v bng 1 nu

l php th l. Ta k hiu du ca php th

l
( ) sign
.
V d: Xt php th
1 2 3
3 2 1
_

,
th cp (1 3) l mt nghch th v 1 < 3 nhng
(1) 3 (3) 1 >
. y l mt php th l.
Xt php th
1 2 3 4
4 3 2 1
_

,
c cc cp nghch th l (1 4) v (2 3) nn y l mt php th
chn.
5.2 Tnh cht:
- S php th chn bc n bng s cc php th l bc n v bng
!
2
n
.
- Tch ca hai php th c cng tnh chn, l l php th chn. Tch ca hai php th khc
tnh chn l l php th l.
- Khi phn tch mt php th thnh tch ca cc chuyn v th s cc chuyn v tham gia trong
tch l s chn hay l ty theo php th l chn hay l.
5.3 nh l: Vi mi php th
n
S
ta c
1
( ) ( )
( )
i j n
i j
sign
i j

<

.
Nhn xt:
1
(1 ) 1, ( ) ( )
X
Sign Sign f Sign f

vi mi
n
f S
.
5.4 nh l: Vi mi
,
n
S
ta c
( ) ( ). ( ) sign sign sign
.
Bi 4: Quan h hai ngi
_______________________
i s tuyn tnh 1 10
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
1. nh ngha: Cho X l mt tp hp, ta ni S l mt quan h hai ngi trn X nu S l mt
tp con ca tch Descartes
2
X .
Nu hai phn t a, b tha
( ; ) a b S
th ta ni a c quan h S vi b. Khi , thay v vit
( ; ) a b S
ta c th vit l aSb.
2.V d:
- Quan h chia ht trong tp hp s t nhin.
- Quan h bng nhau.
- Quan h ln hn.
3. Mt s quan h thng gp:
3.1 Quan h tng ng:
3.1.1 nh ngha: Mt quan h hai ngi trn tp X c gi l quan h tng ng nu n
tha cc tnh cht sau:
i) Phn x: xSx, vi mi x X ,
ii) i xng: Nu xSy th ySx, vi mi
, x y X
.
iii) Bc cu: Nu xSy v ySz th xSz vi mi
, , x y z X
.
Khi trn tp X xc nh mt quan h tng ng, khi thay v vit xSy ta thng k
hiu
x y :
.
3.1.2 V d:
- Quan h bng nhau cc tp hp s
; ; ; ...
l mt quan h tng ng v tha cc
tnh cht phn x; i xng; bc cu.
- Xt trong quan h S xc nh bi
2 2
xSy x y x y l mt quan h tng ng.
- Gi X l tp cc ng thng trong mt phng, quan h cng phng ca hai ng
thng bt k trong mt phng l quan h tng ng. (Ch : Hai ng thng c gi l
cng phng l hai ng thng song song hoc trng nhau.)
- Quan h vung gc gia cc ng thng trong mt phng khng phi l quan h tng
ng v khng tha tnh phn x.
- Quan h chia ht cho trong tp hp s t nhin khng phi l quan h tng ng v
khng c tnh cht i xng.
- Quan h nguyn t cng nhau trn tp hp s t nhin khng l quan h tng
ng v khng c tnh cht bt cu. V d (2, 3) = 1; (4, 3) = 1 nhng
(4, 2) 1
.
Cho S l mt quan h tng ng trn tp X v x X . Ta gi tp hp
( ) { | } S x y X y x :

l lp tng ng ca x theo quan h tng ng S. Khi ta c:
-
( ) S x
v
( ) x S x
.
-
( )
x X
S x X

U
.
-
, x y X
th hoc S(x) = S(y) hoc
( ) ( ) S x S y
.
T tnh cht trn ta nhn c mt phn hoch ca X qua cc lp tng ng S(x). Tp hp
tt c cc lp tng ng ny c k hiu l X/S v gi l tp thng ca X qua quan h
tng ng S.
3.2 Quan h th t:
i s tuyn tnh 1 11
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
3.2.1 nh ngha: Mt quan h hai ngi S trn tp X c gi l quan h th t nu quan h
c cc tnh cht: phn x, bc cu v phn i xng (tc l nu xSy v ySx th suy ra x = y vi
mi
, x y X
).
Nu tp X c mt quan h th t b phn S th ta ni X l mt tp c sp th t bi S.
Ta thng dng k hiu ch mt quan h th t b phn.
Vi hai phn t
, x y X
, nu x c quan h vi y ta vit
x y
(c l x b hn hay bng y)
hoc vit
y x
(c l y ln hn hay bng x).
Khi
x y
th thay cho
x y
(hay
y x
) ta vit x < y (hay y > x) v c l x b hn y (hay
y ln hn x).
Quan h th t trong X c gi l quan h th t ton phn (hay tuyn tnh) nu vi mi
, x y X
ta u c
x y
hoc
y x
.
Mt quan h th t khng ton phn gi l quan h th t b phn (hay tng phn).
3.2.2 Cc phn t c bit. Quan h th t tt.
Cho X l tp c sp th t bi v A l mt tp con ca X.
Phn t a A c gi l phn t b nht (ln nht) ca A nu vi mi x A th
a x
(
x a
).
Phn t a A c gi l phn t ti tiu (ti i) ca A nu vi mi
, , ( ) x A x a x a a x a x
.
Phn t
0
x X
c gi l cn di (cn trn) ca A nu vi mi
0 0
: ( ). a A x a a x
Quan h th t trong X c gi l mt quan h th t tt nu mi tp con khc rng ca
X u c phn t b nht. Khi , X gi l c sp tt bi .
V d:
a) Cho X l mt tp hp, trn P(X) ta xt quan h bao hm

. Ta chng minh c y l
mt quan h th t b phn trn P(X).
Ngoi ra, nu X cha t nht hai phn t
x y
th quan h th t trn khng phi tuyn tnh
(hay quan h th t ton phn) v {x} khng so snh c vi {y}.
b) Quan h th t thng thng trn tp hp cc s nguyn l mt quan h th t tuyn
tnh, nhng khng phi quan h th t tt v khng phi mi tp con khc rng ca u c
phn t b nht.
V d: Tp {..., - 2, -1, 0} khng c phn t ti tiu.
c) Quan h chia ht trn tp hp s t nhin l mt quan h th t b phn, nhng khng
phi l quan h tuyn tnh.
d) Quan h th t thng thng trn tp hp s t nhin l mt quan h th t tuyn tnh,
hn na y cn l mt quan h th t tt. Vi phn t b nht l phn t 0, nhng khng c
phn t ln nht.
e) Trong tp cc s t nhin ln hn 1, sp th t theo quan h chia ht cc phn t ti tiu l
cc s nguyn t.
3.3 Cc nguyn l tng ng:
3.3.1 Tin chn: Vi mi h khng rng
( )
I
X

cc tp hp khc rng
, X I

u c
mt nh x
:
I
f I X

U
sao cho
( ) f X

vi mi I .
3.3.2 Nguyn l sp tt: Mi tp hp khng rng u c th c sp tt (tc l tn ti mt
quan h th t tt trn tp ).
i s tuyn tnh 1 12
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
3.3.3 B Zorn: Cho X l mt tp khng rng c sp th t bi . Nu mi tp con A
ca X c sp ton phn bi , u c cn trn th X c phn t ti i.
Bi 5: S phc
______________
i s tuyn tnh 1 13
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
S phc c s dng gii phng trnh bc hai
2
0 ax bx c + + khi
2
4 0 b ac < .
Ta xt tp hp sau:
{ | , } a bi a b +
, trong i c gi l n v o tha mn
2
1 i .
Trong tp hp ny, ta xc nh hai php ton nh sau:
Php cng +: Vi mi
, a bi c di + +
th
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . a bi c di a c b d i + + + + + +
Php nhn .: Vi mi
, a bi c di + +
th
( )( ) ( ) ( ) a bi c di ac bd ad bc i + + + +
Nhn xt:
Nu z a bi + v ' ' ' z a b i + th
' ( ') ( ') z z a a b b i +
v
2 2 2 2
'
z ac bd bc ad
i
z c d c d
+
_ _
+

+ +
, ,
1. nh ngha: Tp hp vi hai php ton nh trn c gi l trng s phc.
K hiu: . Mt s dng a + bi, vi
2
1 i c gi l s phc.
Nhn xt:
Ta gi biu thc dng c = a + bi l dng i s ca s phc c trong a l phn thc, k
hiu l
Re( ) c
v b c gi l phn o ca s phc c, k hiu
Im( ) c
. Khi , c a bi c gi
l s phc lin hp ca s phc c.
Im( ) 0 c c
. Nu 0 c v
Re( ) 0 c
th ta ni c l s thun o.
S
2 2
. c c a b +
c gi l modul ca s phc c (hay cn gi l chun ca s phc c).
K hiu: |c|.
Hai s phc a bi + v
c di +
c gi l bng nhau nu a = c v b = d.
V d: 2 3 z i + th 2 3 z i v | | 4 9 13 z +
1. Mt s tnh cht ca s phc:
Vi mi s phc

th:
a) t t v . b)

c) . d) | | | | .
e)
| | | || |
. f) Nu
0
th
1 1

g)
| | | | | | + +
(bt ng thc tam gic)
3. Biu din hnh hc ca s phc:
Ta xt mt nh x t tp s phc vo mt phng ta Oxy sao cho mt s phc a + bi
ng vi mt im c ta (a; b). Khi , ta ni im (a; b) l nh ca s phc a + bi cn s
phc a + bi l to nh ca im (a; b). nh ca mt s thc a nm trn trc honh Ox, mt s
thun o bi c nh nm trn trc tung Oy. Do , ta gi Ox l trc thc v trc Oy l trc o cn
mt phng Oxy l mt phng phc.
V mt hnh hc s phc lin hp c a bi chnh l nh ca s phc c = a + bi qua php i
xng qua trc thc.
i s tuyn tnh 1 14
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
Hnh: Biu din dng i s ca s phc trn mt phng phc
4. Dng lng gic ca s phc:
Cho s phc a bi + , khi
| |
l khong cch t im (a; b) n gc ta O.
Hnh: Dng lng gic ca s phc
Vi
2 2
| | 0 a b r + > th cos a r v sin b r suy ra
2 2
cos
a
a b

+
v
2 2
sin
b
a b

+
trong l gc nh hng to thnh gia tia Ox v tia i t gc ta O n
im (a; b). Khi ,

c vit di dng:
(cos sin ) r i +
vi
0 | | r <
. y gi l dng lng gic ca s phc

.
Ta thy rng, v tr im (a; b) trong mt phng hon ton xc nh bi modul
| | r
v gc
nh hng . Gc nh hng c gi l bin ca s phc

v k hiu l
arg( )
. Gi tr
arg( )
c th nhn bt k gi tr no khc 0, vi quy nh hng dng ca gc nh hng l
hng ngc chiu kim ng h. Do , nu hai gc hn km nhau
2 , k k
th chng cng
xc nh mt s phc.
V d: Tm dng lng gic ca s phc 1 i +
Gii: Ta c
2 2
1 1 2 r a b + +
, suy ra
1 1
cos , sin
2 2

Nn ta chn c
4

. Vy
2(cos sin )
4 4
i

+
.
Ngoi ra s phc a bi + cn c th biu din tng ng vi mt s phc khc l
(cos sin )
a
e e b i b

+ .
Suy ra, nu

l mt s thc th cos sin

i
e i

+ .
V vy, nu s phc

c vit di dng lng gic

(cos sin ) r i +
th

c th c
biu din di dng khc l
i
re

, trong r l modul v l bin ca

.
Cng thc Euler: cos
2
i i
e e

+
, sin ,
2
i i
e e
i

.
5. Ly tha - Cng thc Moivre:
i s tuyn tnh 1 15
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
Da vo dng lng gic ca s phc ta c th thc hin mt cch d dng php tnh nng
ln ly tha ca mt s phc da vo cc cng thc sau:
Vi hai s phc
1 1 1 1
(cos sin ) r i +
v
2 2 2 2
(cos sin ) r i +
, khi :
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
. (cos( ) sin( )) r r i + + +
. T cng thc ny ta c th suy ra trng hp
1 2

th
2 2
(cos 2 sin 2 ) r i + .
Bng quy np ta c cng thc tng qut, gi l cng thc Moivre tnh ly tha ca mt s
phc
(cos sin )
n n
r n i n + hoc nu

c vit di dng
i
re

th
n n in
r e

.
V d: Cho 1 3 z i + . Khi , dng lng gic ca z l:
2 cos sin
3 3
z i

_
+

,
suy ra
2 cos sin
3 3
n n
n n
z i

_
+

,
hoc c th vit
3
2
i
z e

v
3
2
n n in
z e

6. Khai cn - Cn bc n ca n v:
6.1 Khai cn bc n:
6.1.1 nh ngha: Cn bc n
( 1) n
ca s phc

l tp hp tt c cc s phc tha mn
phng trnh
n
x . Vic tm tp hp y c gi l vic khai cn bc n ca s phc

.
Gi s cn khai cn bc n ca s phc
(cos sin ) r i +
th ta cn tm s phc
(cos sin ) p i +
sao cho
n
. p dng cng thc Moivre ta tm c
n
p r v
2 k
n

.T suy ra:
2 2
cos sin , 0, 1
n
k k
r i k n
n n

+ +
_
+

,
V d: Khai cn bc 3 ca s phc sau:
3 3
3 cos sin
4 4
i

_
+

,
Gii:
Ta c
3 3
3 3
2 2
4 4
3 cos sin
3 3
k k
i



_
+ +

+


,
Vi k = 0 th
3
0
2(cos sin )
4 4
i

+
Vi k = 1 th
3
1
11 11
2 cos sin
12 12
i

_
+

,
Vi k = 2 th
3
2
19 19
2 cos sin
12 12
i

_
+

,
6.1.2 Cn bc n ca n v:
i s tuyn tnh 1 16
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
Ta c 1 cos 0 sin0 i + nn
2 2
1 cos sin , : 0, 1
n
k k
i k n
n n

+
. K hiu
0 1 2 1
, , ,...,
n


l cc
cn bc n ca n v. V | | 1, : 0, 1
k
k n nn trong mt phng phc cc s
k

nm trn a gic
u n cnh ni tip trong ng trn n v.
V d: Cc cn bc 6 ca 1 l
0
1
2
3
4
5
cos 0 sin 0 1
1 3
cos sin
3 3 2 2
2 2 1 3
cos sin
3 3 2 2
cos sin 1
4 4 1 3
cos sin
3 3 2 2
5 5 1 3
cos sin
3 3 2 2
i
i i
i i
i
i i
i i

+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
Sinh vin hy biu din cc cn bc 6 ca 1 ln ng trn n v.
7. nh l c bn ca i s: Mi a thc bc ln hn hoc bng 1 vi h s phc u c
nghim phc. Hay Trng cc s phc l trng ng i s.
Tm tt chng:
Chng ny gii thiu mt s kin thc nn tng ca Ton hc bao gm: Khi nim tp hp,
nh x, quan h, mt s ni dung v php th v s phc. Sinh vin cn tham kho thm ph lc
1, gii thiu mt s ni dung c bn ca logic ton nhm bc u lm quen vi cu trc cc
mnh ton hc v mt s phng php chng minh mt mnh ton hc. y l nhng ni
dung c bn hc tt cc mng kin thc sau ny.
Khi hc xong chng ny, sinh vin phi tr li c cc cu hi sau:
1. Tp hp l g? C nhng cch no xc nh mt tp hp? Chng minh tp con v
chng minh hai tp bng nhau nh th no?
2. nh x l g? Cch chng minh mt php tng ng l nh x? Mun chng minh mt
nh x l n nh, ton nh, song nh nh th no?
3. Quan h hai ngi l g? C nhng loi quan h hai ngi c bit no thng gp trong
Ton hc? Cc khi nim v tnh cht lin quan n loi quan h ny?
4. Php th, cc php ton trn cc vng xch v cch phn tch biu din php th thnh tch
cc chu trnh c lp?
4. Biu din lng gic ca s phc nh th no? Cch tnh ly tha, khai cn ca mt s
phc?
Bi tp:
i s tuyn tnh 1 17
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
A. V tp hp
1. Chng minh vi mi tp A, B, C ta lun c:
a)
\ ( \ ) A A B A B
;
b)
( \ ) ( ) \ ( ) A B C A B A C
;
c)
( \ ) ( \ ) \ ( ) A B A C A B C
;
d)
( \ ) ( \ ) ( ) \ ( ); A B B A A B A B
e)
( \ ) A B A
f)
\ \ ( ) ( ) \ A B A A B A B B
2. Cc ng thc sau, ng thc no ng?
a) \ A A ;
b)
( \ ) \ \ ( \ ); A B C A B C
c)
( \ ) ( ) \ ( ) A B C A B A C
.
3. Chng minh rng:
a)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) A B C D A C B D
;
b)
( ) ( ) ( ) A B C A B A C
c)
( ) ( ) ( ) A B C A B A C
d)
( \ ) ( ) \ ( ) A B C A B A C
e)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) A C B D A B C D
4. Tch Descartes c tnh cht kt hp khng? V sao?
5. Gi s X l tp c n phn t v r l s t nhin khc khng b hn bng n. Tnh
a) S cc tp con ca X gm r phn t;
b) S cc phn t ca P(X).
B. V php th
1. Tm tt c cc php th ca mi tp sau v xc nh du ca mi php th:
a)
3
{1, 2, 3} X
b)
4
{1, 2, 3, 4} X
2. Cho cc php th sau:
i)
1 2 3 4 5 6
6 5 4 3 2 1

,
ii)
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 1 3 6 5 2

,
iii)
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 1 2 6 5

,
a) Vi mi php th trn hy xc nh du ca n, tm php th nghch o v du ca
php th nghch o .
b) Tnh

3. Chng minh rng:

a) Mi php th bc n (n>1) u c th phn tch thnh tch cc chuyn tr dng (k, k+1)
trong 1 k n < .
b) Mi php th bc n (n>1) u c th phn tch thnh tch cc chuyn tr dng (1, k)
trong 1 k n < .
i s tuyn tnh 1 18
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
4. Chng minh rng mi php th chn u c th phn tch thnh tch cc vng xch di
3.
5. Xc nh du ca cc php th sau:
a)
1 2 3
2 3 1
_

,
b)
1 2 3 4
3 2 4 1
_

,
c)
1 2 3 4 5
2 1 5 3 4
_

,
d)
1 2 3 4 5
4 3 2 5 1
_

,
6. Tnh
2 2 1
, , , ,

trong cc trng hp sau:

a)
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
,
2 1 5 3 4 3 5 2 4 1

_ _


, ,
b)
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
,
3 4 2 1 4 1 2 3

_ _


, ,
7. Tm s nghch th ca php th sau, t suy ra u l php th chn, u l php th l:
a)
1 2 3 4 5
5 3 2 4 1
_

,
b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 9 6 3 2 5 4 7 8
_

,
c)
1 2 ...
1 ... 1
n
n n
_

,
8. Cho

l mt php th thuc
n
S
, chng minh rng
1
( ) s ( ) sign ign

C. V quan h
1. Cho X l tp cc im trong khng gian v O l mt im c nh ca X. Trong X ta xc
nh quan h R nh sau:
PRP khi v ch khi O, P, P thng hng.
a/ R c phi l quan h tng ng trong X hay khng?
b/ R c phi l quan h tng ng trong X\{O} hay khng?
2. Trong tp cc s nguyn xc nh cc quan h R v T nh sau:
a R b khi v ch khi a + b l
a T b khi v ch khi a + b chn.
Hy xt xem cc quan h trn c nhng tnh cht g?
3. Cho tp 0 X . Trn tp
( ) P X
cc tp con ca X xc nh cc quan h P, Q, R, S nh sau:
P B
Q B A\B = A
A R B A B
A S B A B=
A A B A
A

Hy xt xem nhng quan h trn c nhng tnh cht g?
4. Trn tp s thc cho quan h T nh sau: aTb nu
2 2
a b
Chng minh T l mt quan h tng ng.
E. V nh x
1. Trong cc nh x t X vo Y sau, nh x no l n nh, ton nh, song nh. Trong trng
hp song nh, hy tm nh x ngc.
a.
, (0, ), ( ) cot X Y f x arc x
b. X = [1; 2], Y = [1, 7],
2
( ) 3 3 f x x x +
c.
, ( ) 3 4 | |; X Y f x x x
i s tuyn tnh 1 19
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
d.
2
2 4
, [0;5], ( ) ;
1
x
X Y f x
x x

+ +

e. X = (-1; 0)
1
, ( ) ln .
1
x
Y f x
x
+
_

2. a ra v d v nh x f, g sao cho
a. gf tn ti nhng fg khng tn ti
b. gf v fg u tn ti nhng khc nhau.
3. Cho
: f X Y
l nh x, A v B l cc tp con ca X, C v D l cc tp con ca Y. Chng
minh:
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
a. ( ) ( ) ( );
b. ( ) ( ) ( );
c. ( ) ( ) ( );
d. ( ) ( ) ( );
e. ( \ ) ( ) \ ( );
f. ( \ ) \ ( ).
f A B f A f B
f A B f A f B
f C D f C f D
f C D f C f D
f X A f X f A
f Y C X f C

4. Cho nh x
: f A B
. Chng minh:
a) f l n nh khi v ch khi vi mi tp hp X v vi mi cp nh x
: , ' : g X A g X A
th
fg = fgsuy ra g = g.
b) f l ton nh khi v ch khi vi mi tp hp Y v vi mi cp nh x
: ; ' : h B Y h B Y
th
' hf h f
suy ra h = h.
5. Gi s
: f X Y
l nh x v
; A X B Y
. Chng minh:
a)
1
( ( )) f f A A

v
1
( ( )) f f B B

;
b)
1
( ( )) f f A A

, vi mi A X khi v ch khi f l n nh.

c)
1
( ( )) f f B B

, vi mi B Y khi v ch khi f l ton nh.

6. Cho nh x
2
:

f
x x

a
. Hy tm:
a) nh ca cc on [-1, 1]; (-2; 1]
b) To nh ca cc on [-1, 1], [1,

)
7. Cho nh x
: f
bi
3
( ) 24 2 f x x x +
a) Xc nh
( ) f
;
b) Cho A = [-1; 1], xc nh
1
( ) f A

.
8. Cho hai nh x
: f A C
v
: g B D
. Gi h l nh x tha:
:
( ; ) ( ( ); ( )), ( , )
h A B C D
h a b f a g b a b A B


Chng minh rng:
a. Nu f,g l n nh th h l n nh;
b. Nu f, g l ton nh th h l ton nh;
c. Cc mnh o ca hai mnh trn c ng khng?
i s tuyn tnh 1 20
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
9. Gi s X

l tp hp cc tam gic,
0
X l tp hp cc ng trn trong mt phng.
a) Quy tc cho tng ng mi tam gic vi ng trn ngoi tip tam gic c phi l
nh x t X

n
0
X khng? Ti sao?
b) Quy tc cho tng ng mi ng trn vi tam gic ni tip trong n c phi l nh x
t
0
X n X

khng? Ti sao?
F. S phc
1. Tnh cc biu thc sau:
3 3
5
3
a. (2 )(3 ) (3 2 )(4 );
(5 )(7 6 )
b. ;
3
c. (2 ) (2 ) ;
(1 )
d.
(1 )
e. , .
n
i i i i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i n
+ + + +
+
+
+ +
+

2. Tm cc s thc x, y tha mn phng trnh sau:

a.
(2 ) (1 2 ) 1 4 ; i x i y i + + +
b.
(3 2 ) (1 3 ) 4 9 . i x i y i + + +
3. Tm dng lng gic ca s phc sau:
a. 5;
b. 2;
c. -3i;
d. 1 + i;
e. 1 i;
( )
f. 3 ;
g. 1 2 3 .
i
i

+

4. Bin i v dng lng gic tnh cc biu thc sau:
1000
150
30
24
a) (1 ) ;
b) (1 3) ;
c) ( 3 ) ;
3
d) 1
2 2
i
i
i
i
+
+
+
_
+ +


,
e)
12
1 3
1
i
i
_

+
,
5. Tnh cc gi tr sau theo
cos
v sin
a) cos5
b) sin 7
c)
cos n
v sin n
i s tuyn tnh 1 21
Chng 1. Tp hp nh x - Quan h - S phc
6. Hy gii cc phng trnh sau trn
2
2
2
2
2
a. ;
b. 3 4 ;
c. 12 ;
d. 5 4 10 0;
e. (2 7) 13 0.
x i
x i
x i
x x i
x i x i

+ +
+ + +
7. Vit di dng lng gic nhng phn t ca tp hp sau:
6
8
3
4
. ;
. 8 2(1 );
. 1;
. 4;
a i
b i
c
d

e.
3
1 ; i +
f.
3
2 2i
g.
3
8 24
3
i
i
+

h.
4
72(1 3) i
8. Biu din trn mt phng phc cc tp hp sau:
a. { | | 3};
b. { | 1 | 2};
z z
z z i

+
{ }
3
c. 1 | | 2, arg(z)
4
d. | 1| 1,| 1 | 1
z z
z z z i


<
' ;

<
i s tuyn tnh 1 22