Integrated Civil Engineering Design

Integrated Civil Engineering Design

Project
Project
(Foundation Structure Design)
(Foundation Structure Design)
CIVL 395
CIVL 395
HKUST
HKUST
By : Ir. K.S. Kwan
Date: 4/07

Foundation Structure Design

Foundation Structure Design

Foundation Control in Hong Kong
Foundation Control in Hong Kong

Foundation Design Code
Foundation Design Code

Ground Investigation
Ground Investigation

Common Pile used in Hong Kong
Common Pile used in Hong Kong

Pile Capacity
Pile Capacity

Piling Layout
Piling Layout

Pile Cap Design
Pile Cap Design

Horizontal Restraints to Piles and Pile Cap
Horizontal Restraints to Piles and Pile Cap

Other Consideration
Other Consideration
Ground floor
Soil
Pile Cap
Pile
Superstructure
Building
Development
Loading from
superstructure to
be shown on plan
of foundation and
loading schedule
Foundation Control
Foundation Control
in Hong Kong
in Hong Kong

Building Ordinance
Building Ordinance

Building Department, PNAP 66
Building Department, PNAP 66

Geotechnical Engineering Office
Geotechnical Engineering Office

Register Specialist Contractor
Register Specialist Contractor
(Foundation Works)
(Foundation Works)
PNAP 66
PNAP 66
Recognized types of pile foundation Recognized types of pile foundation
Piling plans submission Piling plans submission
Design of pile foundations Design of pile foundations
Pre Pre- -design ground investigation design ground investigation
Pre Pre- -drilling drilling
Post construction proof drilling Post construction proof drilling
Quality supervision for piles foundations Quality supervision for piles foundations
Ground Ground- -borne vibrations arising from pile driving and similar borne vibrations arising from pile driving and similar
operations operations
Pile foundations in the scheduled areas Pile foundations in the scheduled areas
Form BA14 Form BA14
Pile record plans and reports Pile record plans and reports
Further on site test Further on site test
Amendment to approved plans Amendment to approved plans
Foundation Design in Scheduled Areas
Foundation Design in Scheduled Areas
Some special requirements for pile foundations in the Scheduled Area
are given in PNAPs 77, 85, 161 and 279
In accordance with the Fifth Schedule of the Building Ordinance,
there are five Scheduled Areas specified in Hong Kong at present.
These areas are:
Mid-levels
North-west New Territories
Mass Transit Railway Protection Areas & Kowloon Canton
Railway Protection Areas
Ma On Shan
Sewage Tunnel Protection Areas
Foundation Design in Designed Areas
Foundation Design in Designed Areas
Designated areas, such as Northshore Lantau, refer to those
areas with complex geology, which may impose significant
constraints on the foundation design and construction. In some
cases, the foundations might prove to be so costly that
adjustment of the layout of the development or even site
abandonment is warranted. A very comprehensive ground
investigation is usually inevitable in order to identify all the
geological constraints, and it should be carried out before
planning the development. Reference should be made to the
relevant PNAP issued by the Building Authority for the
locations and other information for the designated area
Recognized Types of Pile Foundation
Recognized Types of Pile Foundation
A recognized type of pile foundation is regarded as the piling
system recognized by the Building Authority prior to the approval
of piling plans through the submission of relevant technical details
for assessment, normally by the registered structural engineer in
conjunction with the registered specialist contractor experienced in
such system.. Common types of piles used in Hong Kong
including :
Large Diameter Bored Pile
Drive Steel H-Pile/ Socket Steel H-Pile
Mini Pile
Barrette/ Shaft grouted Barrette
Foundation Plan Details
Foundation Plan Details
Plan of Foundation
To show the setting
out/size of all vertical
elements which transmit
all superstructure
loading
Loading Schedule
To show the loading of
all superstructure
including gravity and
wind loading
Foundation
Foundation
Design Code
Design Code

HK Code of
HK Code of
Practice for
Practice for
Foundation
Foundation

Design
Design

Construction
Construction

Testing
Testing

How to select suitable foundation for

How to select suitable foundation for
construction?
construction?

Cost?
Cost?

Time?
Time?

Risk?
Risk?
2,000 ~ 3,000 2,000 ~ 3,000 Mini Mini- -pile pile
3,000 ~ 5,000 3,000 ~ 5,000 Socket Steel H Socket Steel H- -pile pile
1,000 ~ 2,500 1,000 ~ 2,500 Driven Steel H Driven Steel H- -pile pile
10,000 ~ 30,000 10,000 ~ 30,000 Large Diameter Bored Pile Large Diameter Bored Pile
Cost (HK$/m run) Cost (HK$/m run) Pile Type Pile Type
Selection of pile type
Selection of pile type
Common HK used piles:
Common HK used piles:
Steel H Steel H- -pile, pipe pile pile, pipe pile
Large diameter bored pile (LDBP) Large diameter bored pile (LDBP)
Mini Mini- -pile, Socket H pile, Socket H- -pile pile
Friction Barrette Friction Barrette
Factors to be considered
Factors to be considered

Cost
Cost ( size, number, length and installation) ( size, number, length and installation)

Construction difficulties
Construction difficulties (plant available in market, (plant available in market,
depth of pile, boulder location, programme depth of pile, boulder location, programme ) )
Ground
Ground
Investigation
Investigation
Ground Investigation
Ground Investigation
Bored hole information to Bored hole information to
identify identify: :

Pile Type
Pile Type

Pile Length
Pile Length

Construction Difficulties
Construction Difficulties

Soil Properties
Soil Properties

Water table
Water table
To note the
allowable bearing
pressure which is
under working load
i.e. without load factor
III
II
I
How to confirm the rock head level?
5m ?
5m
Rock
Head
Bored Hole Information
Bored Hole Information
SPT N=100
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=150
SPT N=100
SPT N=180
SPT N=200
SPT N=100
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=100
SPT N=200
CDG
Grade II/III Rock
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
SPT N=200
Simple for
H- pile rest on
stiff soil
Simple for
LDBP bearing
on bedrock
Pre- boring
for
corestone
layers
Pre- boring for
corestone layers or rest
on corestones
Mega Tower @
Kowloon Station
Foundation
240 nos. shaft grout
barrettes, 2.8m x 1.2m
& 2.8m x 1.0m, Length
= 88m

How many bored holes are required?
How many bored holes are required?

Large diameter bored piles
Large diameter bored piles
At least At least one for each pile one for each pile
In case of steep rock at base, more bore holes are required In case of steep rock at base, more bore holes are required
to determine the founding level to determine the founding level

Driven H
Driven H
-
-
pile
pile
10~20 for each blocks for normal ground condition 10~20 for each blocks for normal ground condition
Additional bored holes at locations with boulder layers Additional bored holes at locations with boulder layers

Socket steel H
Socket steel H
-
-
pile or Mini
pile or Mini
-
-
pile
pile
Pile tip of every such pile should be Pile tip of every such pile should be within 5 metres within 5 metres from a from a
pre pre- -drilled hole drilled hole
Common Pile Types
Common Pile Types
in Hong Kong
in Hong Kong
Large Diameter Bored Pile
Driven Steel H-Pile
Socket Steel H-Pile
Mini-Pile
Classification of Foundation
Classification of Foundation
Foundation can be classified Foundation can be classified
into a number of ways, such as: into a number of ways, such as:
Shallow Shallow
Pad/Strip Type/Raft Pad/Strip Type/Raft
Bearing on soil Bearing on soil
(50~300KPa)/ (50~300KPa)/rock rock (3000KPa) to be used (3000KPa) to be used
for high for high- -rise building rise building
Deep Foundation Deep Foundation
Piled Foundation Piled Foundation
End Bearing End Bearing
Friction Friction
Raft foundation is large combined thick Raft foundation is large combined thick
plate designed to seat and support the plate designed to seat and support the
whole or a large part of a structure. whole or a large part of a structure.

Shallow raft used for high
Shallow raft used for high
-
-
rise building
rise building
It is normally founding on It is normally founding on
Grade III rock with allowable Grade III rock with allowable
bearing pressure 3000Kpa. bearing pressure 3000Kpa.
The building average loading is The building average loading is
20KPa per floor and thus, the 20KPa per floor and thus, the
shallow raft bearing on rock shallow raft bearing on rock
can accommodate a building can accommodate a building
up to 100 storey up to 100 storey
Loading Supporting to
Loading Supporting to
Pile
Pile

Load from a superstructure is transmitted to the
Load from a superstructure is transmitted to the
subsoil either by:
subsoil either by:

End Bearing
End Bearing

load is supported by resting onto a

load is supported by resting onto a
firm stratum such as bed
firm stratum such as bed
-
-
rock or stratum of subsoil
rock or stratum of subsoil
with the required bearing capacity.
with the required bearing capacity.

Skin friction
Skin friction

load is supported by the frictional

load is supported by the frictional
resistance so created between the contact surface of
resistance so created between the contact surface of
the pile and the embracing soil.
the pile and the embracing soil.
Bed Rock
Pile Cap
Tower
Bed Rock
Shallow Raft
End Bearing Pile :
Large diameter bored pile
Socket Steel H
Mini pile
Friction Pile:
Steel H
Friction Barrette
Bed Rock
Pile Capacity
Pile Capacity
LARGE DIAMETER BORED PILE (LDBP) LARGE DIAMETER BORED PILE (LDBP)
CAPACITY CAPACITY
Normal size of 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.75 and 3.0m Normal size of 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.75 and 3.0m
Bell Bell- -out with a gradient not exceeding 30 out with a gradient not exceeding 30
degree from vertical, and the size not degree from vertical, and the size not
exceeding 1.5 times the shaft diameter may exceeding 1.5 times the shaft diameter may
be permitted at the pile base to increase the be permitted at the pile base to increase the
end bearing capacity end bearing capacity
The concrete strength should be reduced by The concrete strength should be reduced by
20% where groundwater is likely to be 20% where groundwater is likely to be
encountered during concreting or where encountered during concreting or where
concrete is placed underwater concrete is placed underwater
For piles subject to axial forces only, where For piles subject to axial forces only, where
the concrete used is higher than grade 20D the concrete used is higher than grade 20D
Shaft
Base
Design capacity of LDBP Design capacity of LDBP
Capacity of base = Area of base x allowable bearing capacity of Capacity of base = Area of base x allowable bearing capacity of rock rock
(i.e. either 5000Kpa, 7500KPa or 10,000 (i.e. either 5000Kpa, 7500KPa or 10,000 KPa KPa) )
69029 69029 55223 55223 25 T32 25 T32 3750 3750 2500 2500
58426 58426 46741 46741 21 T 32 21 T 32 3450 3450 2300 2300
Allowable Allowable
bearing bearing
capacity capacity
pile pile
(D+L+W) (D+L+W)
(KN) (KN)
Allowable Allowable
bearing bearing
capacity capacity
pile (D+L) pile (D+L)
(KN) (KN)
Reinforce Reinforce
ment ment
Bell Bell- -out out
diameter diameter
(mm) (mm)
Effective Effective
shaft shaft
diameter diameter
(mm) (mm)
Bored Pile Design
Bored Pile Design
(Bearing at different rock level)
(Bearing at different rock level)
Where steep bedrock profile Where steep bedrock profile
is identified, the founding is identified, the founding
levels of adjacent piles should levels of adjacent piles should
not differ by more than the not differ by more than the
clear distance between the clear distance between the
pile bases unless the stability pile bases unless the stability
of rock under the piles are of rock under the piles are
checked by recognized checked by recognized
engineering principles, taking engineering principles, taking
into account existence of any into account existence of any
adverse joints. adverse joints.
Check bearing stress due to Check bearing stress due to
overlapping overlapping - - the shaft design the shaft design
and base stress cannot be and base stress cannot be
overstressed due to the overstressed due to the
additional load additional load
Bored Pile Design
Bored Pile Design
-
-
Pile layout
Pile layout
Bored Location
Walls from super-
structure
Pile Cap
layout

DRIVEN STEEL H
DRIVEN STEEL H
-
-
PILE
PILE
CAPACITY
CAPACITY
Common H Common H- -pile pile
H 305x305x180 Kg/m3 H 305x305x180 Kg/m3
H 305x305x223 Kg/m3 H 305x305x223 Kg/m3
Founding at level with 3 consecutive SPT Founding at level with 3 consecutive SPT N N value value 200 below 200 below
All steel H All steel H- -piles to be grade 55C complying with BS4360:1986 piles to be grade 55C complying with BS4360:1986
( (fy fy=415N/mm2) =415N/mm2)
For driven steel bearing piles with a design safety factor on For driven steel bearing piles with a design safety factor on
driving resistance of 2, the stress in the steel at working load driving resistance of 2, the stress in the steel at working load
should not exceed 30% of the yield stress. The design working should not exceed 30% of the yield stress. The design working
stress due to combined axial load and bending may, however be stress due to combined axial load and bending may, however be
increased to 50% of the yield stress increased to 50% of the yield stress
All allowable stresses are to be All allowable stresses are to be increased by 25% increased by 25% due to wind due to wind
effects effects
Group reduction factor of Group reduction factor of 0.85 for a group of 5 piles or more 0.85 for a group of 5 piles or more
The centre The centre- -to to- -centre centre spacings spacings are of are of more than 3 times more than 3 times the the
perimeter of the piles or the circumscribed rectangles in the ca perimeter of the piles or the circumscribed rectangles in the case se
of H of H- -piles piles

Some design capacity of steel H
Some design capacity of steel H
-
-
pile
pile
Pile Type : 305 x305 x 223 Kg/m (55C) Pile Type : 305 x305 x 223 Kg/m (55C)
Minimum centre to centre spacing of piles in 1408mm Minimum centre to centre spacing of piles in 1408mm
Design Steel Stress ( Design Steel Stress (f f
y y
) = 415 N/mm ) = 415 N/mm
2 2
B= 325.4 B= 325.4
H= 338 H= 338
Design pile cross Design pile cross- -sectional area (A) = 28500mm sectional area (A) = 28500mm
2 2

Capacity for 1 to 4 piles
Capacity for 1 to 4 piles
w/o wind = 0.3 x w/o wind = 0.3 x f f
y y
x A = 3548 KN x A = 3548 KN
w/wind = 1.25 x 0.3 x w/wind = 1.25 x 0.3 x f f
y y
x A = 4435 KN x A = 4435 KN

Capacity for 5 piles or more
Capacity for 5 piles or more
w/o wind = 3548 x 0.85 = w/o wind = 3548 x 0.85 = 3016 3016 KN KN
w/wind = 4435 x 0.85 = w/wind = 4435 x 0.85 = 3770 3770 KN KN
SOCKET STEEL H SOCKET STEEL H- -
PILE CAPACITY PILE CAPACITY
It is installed by inserting It is installed by inserting
steel H steel H- -piles into pre piles into pre- -
bored holes sunk into bored holes sunk into
bedrock, and subsequently bedrock, and subsequently
grouting the holes with grouting the holes with
cementitious cementitious materials materials
The allowable axial The allowable axial
working stress or the working stress or the
combined axial and combined axial and
flexural stresses should flexural stresses should
not greater than 50% of not greater than 50% of
the yield stress of the steel the yield stress of the steel
H H- -pile pile
No group effect reduction No group effect reduction
factor factor
Design Parameter Design Parameter
H section 305 x305x 180Kg/m UPB Grade 55C, Internal diameter of H section 305 x305x 180Kg/m UPB Grade 55C, Internal diameter of casing = casing =
550mm 550mm
Cross section area As = 0.0229 m2 Cross section area As = 0.0229 m2
Perimeter of pile = 1882.6 mm Perimeter of pile = 1882.6 mm
Zx Zx =0.002508 m3, =0.002508 m3, Zy Zy = 0.000847 m3 = 0.000847 m3
Yield strength Yield strength fy fy = 430 = 430 Mpa Mpa
Design bond strength between the grout and steel H Design bond strength between the grout and steel H- -pile pile
Grout above water = 0.6 Grout above water = 0.6 MPa MPa
Grout under water = 0.48 Grout under water = 0.48 MPa MPa
Design bond strength between the grout and rock Design bond strength between the grout and rock
Under compression or transient tension = 0.7 Under compression or transient tension = 0.7 MPa MPa
Under Permanent tension = 0.35 Under Permanent tension = 0.35 MPa MPa
Design Socket Length = 4000mm Design Socket Length = 4000mm
Capacity W/o wind in compression = 3600 KN Capacity W/o wind in compression = 3600 KN
Capacity W/wind in compression = 4500 KN Capacity W/wind in compression = 4500 KN
Pile capacity Pile capacity
Axial capacity Axial capacity
Due to steel strength = 0.5 Due to steel strength = 0.5 fy fy As = 4923.5 > 3600 As = 4923.5 > 3600
Due to bond strength between H Due to bond strength between H- -pile & grout = 0.48 x 1882.6 x 4000/1000 = 3615 KN pile & grout = 0.48 x 1882.6 x 4000/1000 = 3615 KN
Due to bond between grout & rock = 0.7x550x3.14x4000/1000 = 4838 Due to bond between grout & rock = 0.7x550x3.14x4000/1000 = 4838 KN KN
Mini pile Mini pile
A mini A mini- -pile usually consists of one or pile usually consists of one or
more steel bars encased by grout inside more steel bars encased by grout inside
a drill hole not exceeding 400mm in a drill hole not exceeding 400mm in
diameter. It is mainly used to resist diameter. It is mainly used to resist
compression or tension loads on sites compression or tension loads on sites
with difficult access. with difficult access.
The structural capacity of a mini The structural capacity of a mini- -pile pile
should be derived solely from the steel should be derived solely from the steel
bars. Contributions from the grout and bars. Contributions from the grout and
steel casing should be ignored steel casing should be ignored
The allowable capacity should be The allowable capacity should be
derived from the bond strength derived from the bond strength
between the grout and rock between the grout and rock
Mini Pile Design Mini Pile Design
Number of steel bar in mini pile : 4 no. 50mm Number of steel bar in mini pile : 4 no. 50mm dia dia. .
Permissible compressive stress = 175 Permissible compressive stress = 175 KPa KPa
(Permissible tensile stress = 230 (Permissible tensile stress = 230 KPa KPa) )
Socket internal diameter = 190mm Socket internal diameter = 190mm
Design bond strength between rock & grout (Ref. Design bond strength between rock & grout (Ref. CoP CoP
Fdn Fdn 2004 Table 2.2) 2004 Table 2.2)
Under compression or transient tension = 700 Under compression or transient tension = 700 KPa KPa
(Under permanent tension = 350 (Under permanent tension = 350 KPa KPa) )
Design Socket Length Design Socket Length
Design capacity (W/o wind) in compression = Design capacity (W/o wind) in compression = 1370 1370 KN KN
Design capacity (W/ wind) in compression = 1710 KN Design capacity (W/ wind) in compression = 1710 KN
Pile Capacity Pile Capacity
Due to reinforcement strength Due to reinforcement strength
Compressive capacity = 1963 x 175 x 4/1000 = 1374 Compressive capacity = 1963 x 175 x 4/1000 = 1374
KN > KN > 1370 1370
Due to bond strength Due to bond strength
Capacity = 700 x 190 x 3.14 x 3300 /1000 Capacity = 700 x 190 x 3.14 x 3300 /1000
2 2
= 1378 KN = 1378 KN
Bond between grout & steel bar Bond between grout & steel bar
ultimate anchorage bond stresses for concrete grade 30 ultimate anchorage bond stresses for concrete grade 30
and deformed bars Type 2 in compression is 3.5 and deformed bars Type 2 in compression is 3.5
N/mm2 N/mm2
Bond strength in compression = 3.5 x ( 50 x 3.14) x Bond strength in compression = 3.5 x ( 50 x 3.14) x
3300 x 0.4 x 4/1000 = 2901 > 3300 x 0.4 x 4/1000 = 2901 > 1370 1370
Soil
Rock
Negative Skin Friction
Negative Skin Friction
NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
(NSF) (NSF)
Where pile foundations are installed Where pile foundations are installed
through strata which are likely to undergo through strata which are likely to undergo
consolidation after foundations are in place, consolidation after foundations are in place,
the frictional resistance of the strata and the the frictional resistance of the strata and the
overlying soils shall not be taken into overlying soils shall not be taken into
account in the determination of the load account in the determination of the load
carrying of the foundations. The downward carrying of the foundations. The downward
frictional force exerted from the strata and frictional force exerted from the strata and
the overlying soils is named as the overlying soils is named as NSF NSF. .
Possible additional load up to 20% of pile Possible additional load up to 20% of pile
capacity capacity
Possible attributed by the clayey soil Possible attributed by the clayey soil
settlement with time or de settlement with time or de- -watering from watering from
construction activities construction activities
Pile Layout
Pile Layout
Minimum pile spacing Minimum pile spacing
For driven piles For driven piles and other piles which derive their capacity mainly from and other piles which derive their capacity mainly from
frictional resistance, the minimum pile spacing shall be not les frictional resistance, the minimum pile spacing shall be not less than the s than the
length of the perimeter of the pile or 1m, whichever is the grea length of the perimeter of the pile or 1m, whichever is the greater, and the ter, and the
piles shall be placed at not less than half the length of the pe piles shall be placed at not less than half the length of the perimeter of the rimeter of the
pile or 500mm, whichever is the greater, from the site boundary. pile or 500mm, whichever is the greater, from the site boundary.
For mini For mini- -piles piles, which derive their capacities mainly from bond strength , which derive their capacities mainly from bond strength
between grout and rock, the minimum pile spacing should be 750mm between grout and rock, the minimum pile spacing should be 750mm or 2 or 2
times the outer diameter, whichever is the greater times the outer diameter, whichever is the greater
For bored piles For bored piles and the like which derive their capacities mainly from end and the like which derive their capacities mainly from end
bearing, the minimum clear spacing between the surfaces of adjac bearing, the minimum clear spacing between the surfaces of adjacent piles ent piles
should be based on practical considerations of positional and ve should be based on practical considerations of positional and verticality rticality
tolerances of piles. It is recommended to provide a nominal mini tolerances of piles. It is recommended to provide a nominal minimum clear mum clear
horizontal spacing of 500mm between shaft surfaces or edge of be horizontal spacing of 500mm between shaft surfaces or edge of bell ll- -outs, outs,
as appropriate as appropriate
Pile Layout of
Driven H pile
Pile Layout of Bore
Pile
Pile Cap Design
Pile Cap Design
Pile layout related to the pile cap assumption
Pile layout related to the pile cap assumption

For rigid cap, arrange the pile
For rigid cap, arrange the pile
C.G. to coincide the loading C.G.
C.G. to coincide the loading C.G.
Arrange the piles to the edge of
Arrange the piles to the edge of
the cap to obtain larger stiffness.
the cap to obtain larger stiffness.
(Less pile but more reinforcement
(Less pile but more reinforcement
at cap)
at cap)
Rigid Cap
Flexible Cap

For flexible cap approach,
For flexible cap approach,
arrange pile near the
arrange pile near the
column/wall. (More pile but
column/wall. (More pile but
less reinforcement at cap)
less reinforcement at cap)
Deformed
shape of
Rigid Cap
Deformed
shape of
Flexible Cap
Thickness of a Rigid Cap
Thickness of a Rigid Cap
(Dr. J.S. Kuang HKUST) (Dr. J.S. Kuang HKUST)
A proposed design formula for estimating the
A proposed design formula for estimating the
thickness of a
thickness of a

rigid
rigid

cap:
cap:
t = 40 (N+ 20) (mm)
where t Cap thickness
N Number of storey
( For 40 stories,
t=2.4m)
As the Rigid Cap Analysis
Method is based on the
assumption that the Pile Cap is
infinitely rigid.
The usual practice by designers
in the Rigid Cap Analysisis to
treat the cap as a beam with the
applied load and solved pile
reactions, calculate the shear and
moments in the beam. The
Cap is thus having a uniform
bending moment or shear along
the entire section of the
simulated beam
T
f
For Flexible Cap
Analysis, the bending
moment along the mid-
strip and side-strip are of
different signs as shown.
So the Flexible Cap
analysis is more realistic
design for pile cap in
catering for local effects

Pilecap
Pilecap
can be sized
can be sized
as one single cap or
as one single cap or
isolated caps to suit
isolated caps to suit
the sign
the sign
Computer Software for Foundation Design
Computer Software for Foundation Design
The software used for foundation design mainly to find out the p The software used for foundation design mainly to find out the piling iling
load and load and pilecap pilecap design design
CAPBS CAPBS
LIFORM LIFORM
SAFE SAFE
VDISP VDISP
CAPBS (or LIFORM) CAPBS (or LIFORM)- -Rigid Cap Approach Rigid Cap Approach
Consider X and Y directions separately as a rigid beam Consider X and Y directions separately as a rigid beam
Local stress cannot be found Local stress cannot be found
Torsional effect consideration is calculated by equilibrium (LI Torsional effect consideration is calculated by equilibrium (LIFORM) FORM)
Simple data input Simple data input
SAFE (Rigid or flexible approach) SAFE (Rigid or flexible approach)
Consider X and Y directions simultaneously Consider X and Y directions simultaneously
Local stress can be found (e.g. torsional effect) Local stress can be found (e.g. torsional effect)
Horizontal Restraints
Horizontal Restraints
to
to
Piles and Pile Cap
Piles and Pile Cap
Horizontal Restraints to Piles and Pile Cap
Horizontal Restraints to Piles and Pile Cap
Piles and pile caps shall have Piles and pile caps shall have
adequate lateral stability and adequate lateral stability and
be able to cope with any be able to cope with any
allowed construction allowed construction
tolerance. tolerance.
For driven piles and small For driven piles and small
diameter piles, adequate diameter piles, adequate
horizontal restraints in at horizontal restraints in at
least 2 directions shall be least 2 directions shall be
provided to individual piles provided to individual piles
or pile caps or pile caps
The allowable horizontal The allowable horizontal
movement is about 25mm movement is about 25mm
Soil passive load
Wind shear force from super-structure

Drag Wall/ Wing Wall to resist lateral load
Drag Wall/ Wing Wall to resist lateral load
Pile Cap on Plan
Drag Wall
Wing Wall
Pile foundation near Pile foundation near
slope slope
Where the Where the
foundation has foundation has
imposed additional imposed additional
loads on slopes or loads on slopes or
retaining walls, or the retaining walls, or the
groundwater regime groundwater regime
has been affected, the has been affected, the
stability of the stability of the
affected slopes or affected slopes or
retaining walls should retaining walls should
be checked as part of be checked as part of
the foundation design the foundation design
Flexible material to
avoid any lateral
pressure on slope
Slope
Other Consideration
Other Consideration
Where piles are required to provide anchorage Where piles are required to provide anchorage
resistance against uplift, overturning and/or resistance against uplift, overturning and/or
buoyancy, it should be demonstrated that the buoyancy, it should be demonstrated that the
piles and the supporting ground have adequate piles and the supporting ground have adequate
anchorage capacities to satisfy the anchorage capacities to satisfy the
requirements requirements
The above requirements may be deemed to be The above requirements may be deemed to be
satisfied by demonstrating that each pile in a satisfied by demonstrating that each pile in a
pile foundation satisfies the following pile foundation satisfies the following
condition individually condition individually
Dmin Dmin + 0.9 + 0.9 Ru Ru 2.0 2.0 Ia Ia - -1.5U 1.5U 1.5W 1.5W 0 0
Dmin Dmin = Minimum dead load = Minimum dead load
Ru Ru = Ultimate anchoring resistance of the pile = Ultimate anchoring resistance of the pile
Ia Ia = Adverse imposed load including live and soil = Adverse imposed load including live and soil
loads loads
U= Uplift due to highest anticipated groundwater U= Uplift due to highest anticipated groundwater
table table
W= Wind load W= Wind load
Piles Providing Resistance Against Uplift,
Piles Providing Resistance Against Uplift,
Overturning and Buoyancy
Overturning and Buoyancy
Pile in
tension
Anchor come from the friction
between rock and grout of pile
Rock

The average settlement is
The average settlement is
limited at 20mm and
limited at 20mm and
differential is controlled by
differential is controlled by
1/1000
1/1000

Pile bearing on rock
Pile bearing on rock
Differential settlement come Differential settlement come
from elastic shortening of pile from elastic shortening of pile

Pile by friction on soil
Pile by friction on soil
The average settlement can The average settlement can
be estimated by Tomlinson be estimated by Tomlinson s s
Equivalent Raft approach or Equivalent Raft approach or
computer modeling ( computer modeling (e.g e.g
PIGLET, VDISP) PIGLET, VDISP)
Settlement of Foundation
Settlement of Foundation
Foundation near Foundation near MTR MTR s s Structure Structure
PNAP 77 PNAP 77
The protection boundary is about 30m
outside the outer surface of the MTR
structure but it encompasses the whole of
any lot where any part lies within the 30m
distance.
No pile, foundation, borehole, well, soil nail,
horizontal drain or other geotechnical
installation should be driven or constructed
within a distance of 3m from any point of
the underground railway structures
The vertical or horizontal pressure change
on any underground structure due to the
above works, including filling. Dewatering
etc. and due to additional loads transmitted
from foundations shall not exceed 20 KPa
MTR

Foundation on ground
Foundation on ground
with abandoned pile
with abandoned pile
Re Re- -access the capacity of access the capacity of
existing pile for re existing pile for re- -use use
Select space for new pile Select space for new pile
location in particular the H location in particular the H- -
pile pile

Raking Pile
Raking Pile
Where raking mini piles are
used to resist lateral forces,
care should be taken to
ensure equilibrium of forces
and moments are
maintained, taking into
consideration the lack of
bending stiffness of the
piles and the effectively
hinged conditions at the
pile heads and bases
Besides providing additional space
below ground level for a building,
loads from the superstructure are
also transferred through the
structure of a basement to the
foundation
Such arrangement provides
considerable rigidity to tall
buildings base on the principle of
buoyancy, that is, the basement
box will displace the soil
embedding it and balance the
combined weight of the entire
structure

Foundation with basement
Foundation with basement
Q
Q
&
&
A
A
If you have any questions about the structural design, please
forward email (with your Name and Student ID no.)
to : akskwan@gmail.com