You are on page 1of 19



  o      



 k
 fk 0c0 0
'C ;> .AtJm=&@cdf=![  PkL N>AO I =@C PF=&I PFV>IxAE3X RBC=@;>N>A CH* C;hTC'I APS PSV VjRFAacdhKAt `E&Io; P PFVjAh}Io;>=[xP P N>XA \ \*DPFI'[%A!X
0 \_vw;FEC`n!E3Pse@=&NsIEeE3RB=@N>CHC;>Agc|E@IoC_A!PC'XeQC';FE3CD[HE&I  PSIoA!XoCA!V  PC'=WC;>A  PFVjAah 
H \_vwUTP>;F=[ECWCn;FE@EP~CxCe@;>=&AN~XAtI'E;FeqEY@E3AtRBRB=@NjAACP{C';>P>AZ=QcfVjE&A!I cdC(AC A =@PPFC'XIHeJmXC=@;FG EC(C'[H;  E&I I  PF PFVjI'AAhZX'C'IoA!=(V J E@ PX)C' =C';>A  PFV>Aah  JDe&=@N
. \DTN>?>?B=&I'Ae&=@N~E@X'AQC=@c|VC';SEC(C';>A!X'A};SEY@A}RBAA!P~P>=rV>AcfAaC  =@PSIlJmX=@G C';  I  PSVjAah~I'=J E3XO\
vwIo?Fc;F C)E Cyn!E3Pqe@=&NqIEeE3RB=@N>C8C;>AQc|E@IoClAPC'Xez[x;>=IoA  PFIoA!XoC  =&P  PC'=sC';FA  PFV>Aahqn!E3NFI'A!VqE
N \DT;>=[C';>A  PFVjAhsEJ CAX  PFI'AX'C  P k E3P{APC'Xe}[  C';{;FE&Io;sYE3cfN>A y  \
3
64 16

Bucket A

21

Bucket B

3
000

001
010

011

10

Bucket C

100
101

110

15

51

Bucket D

111
3
DIRECTORY

12 20 36

Bucket A2

 ."2 )"%$&('*)  ,+.- )"1 

 
  %

Z0

 ]   

Y \DC'TX;>A=A&[ \ C';FA  PFVjAahQEJ CAX  PFI'AX'C  P k A!PC'X  AOI [  C';};FE&Io;QYE@cdN>AOI 0 = E3PFV ycZ  PC=gC';>AM=@X dkc PSE3c
y \DT M;>=I'I'[N>GWC';>AtA C' ;FPFE3VjCxAhsC';>E3AtJ C'JmANFXMcdbVjV>AAcfAacfAaC C  P =@k PCE@;>c Agk =@AXP CCX';>e}G [  IDC';NFIo;SAOE@VKI'\ ;Z YE3cfN>A H70U PC'=WC;>Ag=@X d kc PSE3cC'XAA&\
= \D:TI`;>=EW[GWC'A;>X Ak Al PFC'VjX dAk&hsk AE3XJ A!C'AVZXMRTVjeAcfCAa; C  I`P k VjA!Ccd;>AAgC  =@APP CqX'e}:J<[ P> =@C';C!iB;SAaE@hjI'?>;Zc|E Y PsE3cfN>[xA ;Te&0j\^D P`C'I=WIoNFCG(;>AgAl=@C'X ;Fd kcE3C` PSC'E3;FcAgC'XJmAN>A&cfc\
VjAcfAaC  =&PE3c k =@X  C';>G  IxNFI'A!VK\
 *y  ]_;>AlE3PFI'[HAXHC'=QAOE@n;{L&NFA!IoC  =@P  I kc Y&APsRSA!cd=[g\
0 \_:=3C J na PF=@I'NFAcfX'VC  RS=@ADPFI*E@PTE3egPFVy=@P>VjAHAcf=3AaJSC  C'=&;>PFADI.V>[ E3 CC'EM;(AEDP?FC'X E@ XoA!C I  n P(N>cfCE@;>XbA U&APFe8V>YAaE@hKcd\NFvqA@i3AxE3GWnE@=&P(P kE@cdC'[_;FEAejU@I A!h etPSYV(E@cdE8NFI'A!A!IbLI'N>;>A=PS[xnaP A
C'Pq;>AtC;>Jm=&A cdf=PF[ Vj AaP hk E@IoI8AOL&CNF;>AA}PFc|nE@A@Io C  PFI'AX'C  =@P.\Z>=@XgAh>E3GW?>cfA@in=@PFI  VjAXtC;>AV>E3CEsAPC'Xe 0jy E3PFV
0 Y HE0 0p^0jY YE0 NC0jH y%y[N HtNSYIyn0jy%YIy 5HtN
]=3_J;>VjA`A!c|cdE@AIoC C =@ PFPFI`I'AJmX'=@= C cf cf=@=P [  PI<k C';FC'AM.; V>I E3CPFEgI' AA!X'P&C C X'=@e P0pn!y E3NFE3PFI'AyV EQ CHGWE@cfA!I'X =yk Aln E@cdNFAOE@I'A!V I  P Elk I'C'?>=}c  COC\<;>A%N> PFCVjC'A;FhzAMI I'CA!X'LNFN>naAC'PSN>naXAA
Io;F=[xP  P fkC0I0 \ 0 \
H \xA]_P;>C'AtX  A!cfE&I I C P~ PFCIo;>A!AXoC RF =&NFPnU@naA=&CN>I c|V P>E3=@PFCHV ;SE Y@AM n! IE3NFy I'\A!VZ:JxECI';>?>Asc  CxcfE&RBI CyA!n!A!E3PNFC'I'XA`eqCn!;>E3AMNFC'I'=3A!CV~E3cKEPTIoN>?>Gc  RSCA!CXH;>=@A}JCV>=3E3CCE@E c
[%=&N>c|V;FEY&AtRSA!AP Y \
. \x]_;>ADc|E@IoC  PSIoA!XoC  =&P([x;  n;QnE@NFI'A!VWEgIo?Fc  C%nE@P>P>=@C RSA  PQR>NFnU&AaC \%NSnU@AaCI< E@PFV =&X

 k  
PTVj N>AGQE3GyPFE@RBVQPFAV>X(IH=3naEyJ`=&N>I'V>N>c|E3VWG CE;F=3EAJbY@PAxEC'C%X GQ cdAOAOE@I E@V>Io A`PC EgY C;>?BVFA!=&EI'ICAsI ElR>nA=@cfPADGC'R>X R  NFAO nPSI<U&EJmAa=&C CoXH=@uI'PSI'?>NFI c nC;}I naGQN =&EGyE3PFR AMV PFna=@E3C;>GC  A{=@R PFE3PFI!RF\*EI'C HAPF=&NFnP(nAU&RFAa=@NjCJ`CIVjC;>AcfADE3AaPFCC=3V=&CPFE@ I c
ny E@V>PE3JmC=@EQXG A!PC'EQX  ?SAOID=I'RBI Aa R>C [HcdAAR>APzNFnC'U&;>AaA!CoGWuI'I'?>Ac cfCY@AO IGQ\8E Tk =AyVjna=&=Gy R  E3PFPSEV C  =& P \MRSAOHnNjE@C`NFIoJmAy=&XDC';>C;>A!e{A(;FEY@E3AyPSVzE} C'=@CCE3=c*RB=3A J
IoVj?FAc?> CC';  GQ I E Hk A!iTI`C';FC'A;>PsAWC'I ;>CE3AgX'c|C E@ PIoC k kPFcdIo=&A!RFXoCE3 c^=&PsVjA!n!?jE3C'NF;qI  IoP ;>k =&N>EWc|VzI'?>;Fc  ECDY&[HAl=@RSN>A!c|AVZP RS0 A \t P :J C;>=@A(X Io CE@ Xo\ C  P kk cf=@RSE3c
N \DTAAl f kC0I0 \ H \
Y \DTAAl f kC0I0 \ . \
y \DTAAl f kC0I0 \ N \
= \xC']_X ;>dk&A`k VjA!X A!cdEtAC G( =@A!PQX k =@AxJBCRS;>AOA`nE@V>NFE3IoCAxEgRFA!NFPnC'U@XeAC 0p ^ [x I ; Eg n?F; X  GQI^C'E3;FXA`el=@?FPFE cdk e(ADV>E3EPFCV Eg AC P C'I XecfAaJ C%PQE&R>I NFEtnU&?>Aac|C E@na AxVj;F=T=@A!c|VjI'P.AXOp C \
R>NFf k n;U&AaC<C P>=[g\>i3vqV Al X'AOnn,E3C'Pb=&p X'C`etVjA!=QcdA!EG(JmA!N>PX'CC';>^ A!0pXD^ GWE3PFAXV k  A&C\I<Io?>c  C  GQE k A 0I0j^ E@cdXA!E&Vjet?S=  PC^C'=MC';>AxIE3GWA
TAAl f kC0I0 \ Y \


 



  

 

   

0000

64

16

BUCKET A

0001
0010

0011

21

BUCKET B

0100
0101

0110

10

BUCKET C

0111
1000

1001

15

51

BUCKET D

1010
1011

1100

20

36

68

BUCKET A2

1101
1110

1111

12

DIRECTORY

 
  

BUCKET A3

 ]   

000

64

16

BUCKET A

001
010

011

17

BUCKET B

100
101

110

10

BUCKET C

111
2
DIRECTORY

15

51

BUCKET D

3
4

12

20

21

69

36

BUCKET A2

3
5

 
  

BUCKET B2

 



  

 

   

000

64

16

BUCKET A

001
010

011

BUCKET B

100
101

110

10

BUCKET C

111
2
DIRECTORY

15

51

BUCKET D

3
4

12

20

36

BUCKET A2

64

16

BUCKET A

 
   
3

000
001
010

011

21

BUCKET B

100
101

2
BUCKET C

110
111
2
DIRECTORY

15

51

BUCKET D

3
4

12

 
  

20

36

BUCKET A2

 ]   
Level=0
h(1)

h(0)

000

00

PRIMARY

OVERFLOW

PAGES

PAGES

32

8 24

Next=1
001

01

010

10

14 18 10 30

011

11

31 35 7

100

00

44 36

 
  

25 41 17

11

."2 )"%$&('*)  ,+.- )"1 /

 
 Uk 
 dk 0c0 y
%C'[ ; A( . I Io?> PF@c VjCM!Aa[xhK ;>A!P>A Y&A Xt=@E3PFPI V>=Y@AX*A!X C' S;>=Ax[ ?FP>E AOk E3A X<`I8E&naIoX; A!EP CA!VKPF\8VjDAah(PFI'Io[H;>=AXD[xCP ;>APWJm =@cfcd=N>[ XA P k L\ N>\bAOMI C I' =&I'N>PFGWIMAHE@RSC';F=&NjE3CC
0 \_vw;FEC`n!E3Pse@=&NsIEeE3RB=@N>CHC;>Agc|E@IoC_A!PC'XeQC';FE3CD[HE&I  PSIoA!XoCA!V  PC'=WC;>A  PFVjAah 
H \_vwUTP>;F=[ECWCn;FE@EP~CxCe@;>=&AN~XAtI'E;FeqEY@E3AtRBRB=@NjAACP{C';>P>AZ=QcfVjE&A!I cdC(AC A =@PPFC'XIHeJmXC=@;FG EC(C'[H;  E&I I  PF PFVjI'AAhZX'C'IoA!=(V J E@ PX)C' =C';>A  PFV>Aah  JDe&=@N
. \DTN>?>?B=&I'ADe&=@NQUTP>=[ C';FE3C C';>A!X'A`;FEY@AxRBAA!P}P>=lVjA!cdAC  =@PFI JmX'=&GC;  I  PSVjAah}I'=tJ E3XO\vw;FE3C
nE@PZe&=@N{I'EeE@RS=&NjC_C';>Agc|E@IoCxAPC'Xe}[x;>=IoA  PFI'AX'C  =@P  PC'=WC;>A  PFVjAahsnE3NSIoAOVZEQI'?>c  C 
N \DT;>=[C';>A  PFVjAhsEJ CAX  PFI'AX'C  P k E3P{APC'Xe}[  C';{;FE&Io;sYE3cfN>A N \
Y \DT;>=[C';>A  PFVjAhsEJ CAX  PFI'AX'C  P k E3P{APC'Xe}[  C';{;FE&Io;sYE3cfN>A 0jYD PC=C;>Ag=@X fIk  PFE3cBC'XAA&\
y \D=@TX;>d=ck [  PSE3C'cB;>C'A XA A&PF\ VjA `h IEI'JN>CGWAX}AtVjC'A!;FcdE3ACxC  C'P ;>k AtC'Jm;FN>AcfcbAVjPA!C'cdXAC AO =@IWP{[ E3 Cc k;=&X;F E@C';>I'; G Y E@I_cdN>NFAOI'A!I V.. \ y E@PFV NcN6 PC'=qC;>A
= \x[  PFC;sVQCE8[%c =W IoC =Y@=3A!JX A SP=C[wX  A!?FI^E [xk A!;>I!=\*IoAM IoPFAlI'AE&X'IC Jm=@A![P  A!PPCC'=MX C AO;>IxADE@=&IHX f?SIk = PFI'IE3 c R> cdPFA8VjCA=}hE@[Hn=@n=@N>GWc|Vy?>cfcA! E&I';}VCC';=g EtI\<R>vwNFn;FU&E3AaCC
IoID?FcC' ;>CDAy=jGWnnaE3NFh XIH GCN>;FGECDPTXA!N>VjGNSRSnaA!A!IHX`C=@;>J^AgA!PcfAC'P X k AOC'I_;sC'=3;FJ*E3C8C'; n! E3IxP{=Y@RSA!A X S PS=Io[A!XonC;FA!EV  P  P& C=WC';  IMR>NFnU@ACDRSAJm=@XAyE
 *y DPFI'[%A!Xx=@G  CoC'AOVK\
 .@! DPFI'[%A!X_C';>AtJm=&cdf=[  P k LN>AOI C  =&PFIxE3RB=@N>C*<hTC'A!PFV  R>cdAgME@I';  P k

 



  

 

   

0 \ *<hj?>c|E  PZ[x;Te}cf=jnE@c.VjA?jC;zE3PFV k cf=@RSE3cKVjA?>C';zE3XA8P>AAOVjA!VK\


H \xAaxh>J E@CAnaXC'cfE@erP =& P>PFAIoA!V XoC X =&A!Pln,CC=@;FXeECA!n!P&E3CNFX'eqI'A!I?BC'= ;F P&A_C V P  Xk A!naC'C'==@XCeg;>AI G AH C=t:J`V>E3=@PN>R>AcfPA@Ci@X';>e =[~ IlGQC';>E3A!PTPegVjR>A!NFcdnAU&C'AaA!CVI^Jm;FX'E=&Y@G A
=@R>P>X  A(A F=3e@J\ C';>AOIoA(R>NFnU&AaCI!i[x;FECt;FE@?>?SA!PFIMC'=ZC';>AWV  X'AOn,C=@Xe{I  A  * hj?>cfE  Pre@=&N>XME@PFIo[HAXI
. \x`=TAOI * hTC'APSV  RFcdAQ`E&Io;  P kZk NFE@XE@PC'AA(ECtGW=&IoC8=&P>A(V  I'UzE@n!naA!II`C'=sX'AC'X  A!Y@AEZXA!na=&XV
[  C;E kc Y&APsU@A!e}YE3cfN>A 
N \_:Y@JKA!C'X';>e(AMIoU&;FAE@[HI';WA!V JmN> PFPFna=@C Pj =@uN>PP V  Jm =@IoXC'GX  RF Nj[HC'AOEIe&i@V>[xE3C;FEgE3C%A!P&nCE@X PQ A!e@I =&=NWY@AIX EeWC';>E3A8RBIo=@?FNjE&C naCAx;>=@AMJ.I R> NFADnU@=@AJBCC;>PTAMN>GyV  RBXA!AnaXIC'=@ XPe E
vw?FE ;Fk A!EIC( nE3Pe&=@NI'EeE@RS=&NjCgC';FAIo?SE@naAQN>C  c  !E3C  =@P  PV>E3CE{?FE k AOI  \ A&\di*P>=@P>uV  XA!n,C=@Xe
Y \xA!`L=TNFAOE@IcVjC'==&N>k R>cf=@c  RSP E3k cKC'Vj;>AAZ?>C'V ;  XA!naC'=&X'erX'AOL&N  XA}NFIlC'=zAhjE@G  P>AZE3cfcR>NFnU&AaCIl[  C';~cf=jnE3cHVjA?>C';
y \_vw;Te  I;FE3PSVjc  P k VjN>?>c  nECAU&AetYE3cfN>A!I  P <* hTC'A!PFV  R>cfAHME@I';  P k ;FE@XVjA!X.C;FE3P  P:oj` 
 *y]_;>AlE3PFI'[HAXHC'=QAOE@n;{L&NFA!IoC  =@P  I kc Y&APsRSA!cd=[g\
0 \ ?S<* A!hTPFC'VA!PF P V k  R>=&cfAQPQ;FC';FE@A`I'; PT N>P Gyk RBE3AcfcdX_=[DE3PSI8VQC;>YE3A}X I A C AQe=@=@JJ% CPF;>I'A}AX'V CIHX'AOE3n,PFCV=@XVjeAcfC'Aa= CA! I!PF\na-MXA!PSE&naIoAxAWCE3;>PSAMVqV V> XA!A!nan,XCA!=@E&XIoe(AQI Vj AA u
nC';>;FA!E3X'P Alk A!I';>I!i&=&C'N>;>cfVZA8;FRBE@AlI'Io;Q=&JmG(N>PSA n, CPj Jm=@=@PsXGQE3?>E?FC  c =& A!P VW PsC=lC'C;>;>A A8 PFI'A!VjE@AXhsn;QE@IHU&ACeW=QY[xE3; cfN> nAM;ZI';F;>E&=&IoN>;scfVJmN>E3PSc|Ion,=(C  n=@;FP E3P I_k C'A@=W\<TRB=A
E3?>?Fc  A!VK\ ]_;  I  PjJm=&X'GQEC  =&P  I_?>X=Y  VjAOVRTeQC;>A+ EVC T<MKE P ;"!:=@?T\
   

A![DE&P nC;s;zPFPFCn;>AX'A[AOE@=&VI'cfA V X'AOV P~n, C'X=&CA!;>X'naeZAsC'=&AVX'PesXC'A!XAe@naPC'\xC'=@X `X A!ecdI!b\MI C';>vwAAs;>P>VjA!A=TP>[A!AI'Y&P.V Ap XtCWX'AOE}n!n,E3CR>=@NFNSXI'e}nA}U@AAaCP;>C8C'A[xX  na;A!XID A!nEA; h>C na=&I`AP?>RBC`A=3 J`=@P P>kPFAlAIo[ I';F;FE@E@R>X'X'NSAOAgV{nU@R>RTAaNSeZCnIlU@C AaJm[H=&C= XI
=@]_X(; GWIt=@G(XAZAOE3V PF I8X'AOJmn,=&CXg=@XA!erE&nA!;P&CR>X NF A!nI U&Aa CgIy[HC=rA(RBPFA{AA!IoV?>c C' ={CCUT;>P>As=[ V  X[xA!;FnaC'Aa=@C';FXeAX I  CAs ItP>RBAAOA V~ P kP>=@IoC;SE3RBXAsA!VzV>=@RTN>eR>CcfA![HV.= \
=@R>X8NFnGWU&Aa=@C!X\^Ay]_V ;> X'A`AOn,IC'E3=&GWX'esA APjPJmC=@X X GQA!I!E\8C ]_ =&;PW In!E3 PWP>JmRB=@XADGW=@E3RjC C E =@ P P>A! V(IMRT?>eX'=EyY  I'Vjn!A!E3V{P(RT=3esJC'C';>;FAMA>V EVC X9<A!MKnaE C'=&P X';"e&:! i3=@?R>Nj=3C J<CC; ;> AI
 I`na=&IoC'c  AXO\
H \ <*E{h>VjE@=@naN>C'RFcfelc  PC [Hk =l=3VJ CX';>AOn,A}C'=&V X' X'eAOAn,CP=@C'XX e{ A!I<I  ;FEA@Y&\WA_]_=@; P> cfI e =&ItP>RBADA!V n!E3X'NFAOI'n,A(C=@[xXey;>AAPqPCC'X';FeAW?SV=  PXA!C na P C'=@k XCe =t C'I8;>V>A!=@G N>R>EcfJ A!C'A!V.X i
=C'@;>P>AOAWIoAt=@J C [HC';>=WAQP>RFANF[nU@R>ANFCnI8U&GyAaCNFI!\IoCg;FEY@AWI'?>c  ClnE@NFI  P k EZV  XA!naC'=@XeAPCX'e{C=s?B=  PCtC'={A!E&n;=3J
:VjJAE3?BPAPSAV>PItC'X=@e P IC;>C'AQ;>A!VjPZAcfVjAaA!C cd A=&C'PrAOVWE@c Jmk X'=@=&XG  C;>=@G{P>AM\8=3:J.JHC[%;>AyA!I'C'A`Xe{R>NSC'n=sU@AaGWCIAiTX kElAlGWC A![HX =sk A`R>GQNFnEU@eAC=jIMn!na=@N>P>XOcfei&RF[xNj;>C%A!CPr;  E I
R>EJNFCnAU&X^AaC'Cl;FADRBA!VjnaA=&cfGWAaC A!=&IgPyA!CG(;F?>EC C e@[_i*E@C'I^;>A!naP=&PF I C  Vj IlA!X'PFAOV=3Cl P(P>AOC';>naA!AxILIE3N>XA!eIoC C' =@;FPbE3Cl\*`C';F=A[%A!V Y@ X'AAOXOn,i C' =&JSX'[HerA%I C X'elA}C'Vj=tAOGWnaXAA!XE&k IoAA

 ]   

CC'[%;>Al=yV>R>ANFcfnAaU@C A=@CPbI<\ [x;FAP>A!Y@AX  C  I?S=I'I  RFcdAxC=yVj=yI'=gC;>APQC;>A`V  XA!n,C=@XeI  !A`VjAOnaXA!E@I'A!IEJ C'A!X


. \xD= *@G  P  GyNFG V  I'UqE&nnaAOI'I!* k NFE@XE@PC'AA  Il?>X=Y  V>A!VqRTeAahTCAPFV  R>cfA;FE&Io;  P k \Z:J_C;>A
 


 
XC''V ;>AOX'LA`AON X'n, AOC'X=&L&A`X'N GWe  X=&A!I<X'VA`PFR>=3C'NFC%;FnE@E@U&P}cdAaXC<A!=@E&P>;FVjAtE@e I<V C' PQIo=tUQGWRSE&A`A!nG(R>naAOX'=&=&I'X'I%N e kVj;ACC?BPFA AP&PSA!CV VF=t I^P C'kC';>=gAxN>RBGW?BAx=@A!PJmG(AaCC'=&n;>X';>Ate&A!\*IV`!JmAMXcfI'=@=F=@GJKi C'C'J.;>;>E3AtA`cdC'V V A! X'X'I'PSAOUyEn,C'C[x=& Y@; X'AOe&nI \*;WH ]_GQE3;FPFAEPVe
k
  


?S. =E@I'X'I A` R>Jmcd=@ecfcd=X'AO[HL&A!N VQ XJmA!=@VXxJmI =@CX_=@X JmAP Cn; C' ;FP Atk VFC'E;FCAlEE@An,PCCNFX E3A!c.I VFEPZCE(C';FXAA!n=@PFXVjVKA\ h}C';>A!PZE@P>=3C;>AXxV IoU}E&nnA!II I
N \ U@ A!=@ePFIY E3VjcfAN>X_A!I_C;>=@A J^C'PS;>VjAtAaJmh =&X' GP{ H d +k [x0I;>0A!\X'0 A \* b% AaCDKNF\%IDHneZ=@PFE@I P{ VjE@A?>Xx?>E(X=@c  ?>IoCDX  =3EJ<C'AtV>nE;>CE=  nA!AgPC'=3X J AOI_i>[ [H CAl;{nE3I'A!P E@Xk nAa; C
E3V cf c X'AOCn,;>C'A!=&I'X'AeA![xcdA!; G( nA!;PC?BIl= GQ P&CtE@?>C?S= AO- V NFI  CP&C =z C;>. A V   /B* A! X'A!,PCt lRF\rNFn]_U@A; C I!I(\Wna`XA!cfE3I'=FC'AOibI [%H AQ P>A!=@cdC'A!A(G(C'A!;FPACXI AW PE@X'CA ;>A
R> NFn0U& AaC\ I V>E3CEy?FE k A!I iR>NjC - NSI C_=@P>A`R>NFnU@AC  INSIoAOVK\ T=gC';FA`NjC  c  OEC  =&P}=3JbV>E3CEy?FE k A!I
Y \xRSDA =S P\k Io ?>PScna AsCDP>[%AAsAOV>E3I_XARSAgNFI A h>P E3k G Aa hTPFCA!AVKPF\ V  R>cfAZ;SE@I';  P k i =&P>cdeqC;>AZcf=jnE@c_V>A?jC;=3J`C';>AsR>NFnU&AaC
y \ *<IoNFhT?>C'?SA!PF=IoV AO R>VcfAZC=q;FE&RBIoA{; VjP A!@k E@c CQI[ PF=3C'CQ; IoNFN>I?F ?SP =k IoAOX'AOVV C' I =qCX ;F R>ENjY&CA =&=PY@A!E3X PF SV=[ I'?>?Sc E Cok C AO P I k =\Y@A!vwX F;>=A[ P ?FC';>E kA!X'AOAIE@E@X'X'AA
GQRSAE3PTX'AOeV Vj I NFC?>X  c R> nNjE3CC'A!AxV A!P& CC;>X A A!eI [ P( cfC'c;FE3A cf[_ PSEVjeTAaIDhKGWi@=E@Y&?{AX C' F==C'[~;>A(?FE I'k E@AOG(I^AyGWR>ENFenRSU@AAMC na X\xA!vwECA!;>VyAP>C'A!;FY@E3A!C%XMnEE@PW*&IoP>?>Ac Y& !CA* X
=jnaXnA!naE3NFC'XA!IWVQ=&I P PFnaEqA`R>E@NScdBnU@=3AaJC}C;>nAM=@PVjCNFE ?> Pc  nP E3k C'AO=@I PFXcdAe GQVjE N> P ?>c P}n!EC'C;>AA8AI'PE@C'G(X A`AOIR>iHNFE3nU@PAC!A\<GW]_?j;>C eAD=R>Y&NFAnX U& FAa=CQ[ [ n;ScfcDE  RBPFAI
[  cfc.P>A!Y@A!XxRSAlI'?>c  COi>[x;  n;ZGQE3U&A!I  PFI'AX'CIxE3PSVZI'A!E@Xn;>AOIHG(=&X'Agn=&IoC'cfe@\
 .@! DPFI'[%A!X_C';>AtJm=&cdf=[  P k LN>AOI C  =&PFIxE3RB=@N>C`  P>A!E@X_ME@I';  P k
0 \xC'D;F=E@[P{V>=@=P>AOAgI<V  Io P>UZA!:E@(X<-`i E@Ik I' ; Y@ A!P Pk C?>;FX'E=CDY =VjY&A%AXE@ FP(=E[wY&AR>XNFE nk U&AaAauCnIxE@I'E3A XA8I'A!?SE3E3XnX';yC_=@n=&J Io C*CID=@JSVFE=@CPFEWcdelIoC'I'Xc fNFk n,;CCN>cdegXA GW =@XA
H \x`E =TIk AO Y@I`APs P>U@AOA!E3e}X`YME3cfE@N>I'A ;   P kQk NFE@XE@P&CAAtEC`GW=I CD=&P>AyV  IoUsE@n!naA!II_C=QX'AC'X  A!Y@AlEWXA!na=&XVZ[  C';
. \_:JSE`  PFA!E3X*`E&Io;  P Qk  PFV>AahgNFI  P k DcdC'A!X'PFE3C  Y@A 0 Jm=@X*V>ECEDA!P&CX  A!I*na=&PCE  PFI X'AOna=&XV>I!i

k
k k   ^

C'[RS;>AtAMCC; [%;>Al=&XE@IoX'naCoAOC'unaNFn=&E&E@XIoc.V>AxIoI%AOn?B=&E3AXIoC nXx;ZJm?F=@nE XH=&E3IoAtC)P}E3AOPFL&VsNSE3E3Psc  C Ee(Y@IoAAOXE3E XnA`; IosC'=@DXPFE VjA`A!XNj[xC ;Fc E3!ECHC n=&=@PZPFV =@ JC  =@PSI ?B[HAX=@naN>A!c|P&V(COijC'; [x ;FIHEnaC =&IoCI
N \_:EgJ<Y@C'A!;>X'AeW;FI'E@U@I'A;{[HA!JmN>V PF naP>C =@ =@PjPuN>V P   IoJmC'=@X X G RFNj C'[_AOI`Ee@V>i&E3[xCEQ;FEA!C%P&Cn!X E3 PQA!I`e&==@Y@N}A!XxIEC'e;>AE3RBIo=@?FN>E&CnaAlC';F=@AMJ<I'R>?FNFE@nnU@ADAC`NjC PT N>c  GyOERBC A=@XP I  PP
V>ECE(?FE k A!I)
 *y DPFI'[%A!Xx=@G  CoC'AOVK\


 



  

 

   

A! E@ .n;s=3@J!C';>AtJm=&cd f=[  P Y&k A E3 P~Y&AAh>XE3IoNFGWI_?>8cfA}p>=3?FJDE  [xXI!;> A!P~e@=&N[%=&N>c|VNFI'A}A!E&n;~AcfAGWAPC =&X Jm=&X


0 \x ;FE@I';>AOV  PFVjAhZNFI  P k `c CAXPFEC  Y&A 0 Y&AXIoNSI%;FA!E3? h cfAt=@X k E@P  OEC  =&P.\
H \ *<hTC'A!PFV  R>cfAl`E@I';  P k Y@A!XI'NFI_  P>A!E@XD`E&Io;  P k \
. \DCE3C  ng`E&Io;  P k Y@A!XI'NFI_  P>AOE3XD`E&Io;  P k \
N \DCE3C  ng`E&Io;  P k Y@A!XI'NFIH:ojM\
Y \x  P>A!E@XD`E&Io;  P k Y@A!XI'NFI_ CX'A!A!I!\
 *y ]_;>AlE3PFI'[HAXHC'=QAOE@n;{L&NFA!IoC  =@P  I kc Y&APsRSA!cd=[g\
0 \ RF E@ .I'FA!V *=@P C;>A{ IoAO=@E3PFXI n ;~V>AU@X^A!E`e I h CANFc|EVKC \ =&P:C( Py?SE[xeT; Iy nC';l=qGWR>N=&Ioc|C*V=@J>ErC';F;FAHE@I'L;>N>A!A!V X  A!PFI*V>E3AaXh~A A!=@LPNFE@C';c  C I eghLAN>c|AV X  AO P I
[x=@X ; k  E@nP;Z InEE&C Io AM=&P}[%A8GQnEE@e}P XkA!ALC%N CX';>AgAMEXA!JmN>LcfN cb XI'A!n!VQE3PsXA!=3nJ*=@C'X;>V A  PZh cd=@A8P>C'AM=}=@E&X%nCn[%A!I=(IHV E( I'?FUQE@XoE@C n! nanA!N>Ic|I'E3A!XxI!\*XA!na=&;>XV.A!E@\ ? h cfA
 h 

RS V A .IoCoUsFCA E@X n* nJ A!IC IoAOI^IH=@RS X AOk =&nE@PFE3P INS I'IoVjA!A8A!VX%C';FE@E AgI<Et=TcdA8n!;>naAO=@N>E3P}?S? E3[xhPF; cfnA@e}n\^;}=3J=&P>C';F;>cfE@eWAgI';>I'?FA!A!E LV k N>AOA!PFI_PVjGWC AhE3EceR>I'N P>n! E3=3cdC PFCxI%=@RBP E3A X AM0pC ^IVjGQ^ =&EP>elA@\ \^XA!:LC_N GW XEA%eGWJ =@E3XXAA
H \ V  .I CFX  R>Nj*C  =&P =3 Jg=&;FPFE&I Io ;VjA!U&XAEDe I'AaYC*E@=3cdNFJ>A!V>I!E\ CEx:APwPCC'X ;  A!IZIb[nE@ CI';yA@ixIoAOAE3hTXC'nA;gPSV U@A!RFeTcdI.Ar[x;F; E@ I'n; ;y P cdAOk E@V8nE@C'NF=MI'E`A!I}I'U@I'A?>[Hc A!CV I
=3R>J8NFnR>U&NFAanCU@I ACP IWEECWX=@C;>N>A{PFVjP>uA!Xn=@A!R I I'PqE@X'J eE@I';R>NF=@nP~U&Aa[xCQ; [x n;>; A!X' AOIyE@NFII'cA cfP>A!A!IE@I!XW\;FDE@A!I'X'; AZ P AakhTC'k A!=TPFA!V I( R>E3cdRBAZ=@;FNjE@C}I'; I'?> P c k C'C ;F P E&k I
E}IoAOE3RBXAanC'; C'AXtID=jnn;>nAON>E3?F?BE@APFXHnaJme=@XxE3APShVzCAIoPF;FV =@X'R>C'cfAAgXM;F=E&Y@IoA!; X F P =k [ \ n;FE  PFIDC';FE@Pc  PFA!E3X8;FE&Io;  P k \8T=ZA!LNFE3c  C e

k h   
k
?F IoA!E .cdkAOFA!n,CI!\=&*PF:I_P [xC;;>AI XA =@n!PSE@ I'I A VjI_AAaC'hTX<;>CEMAgAPFY@PTA!V N>X' GR>egcfRSc|AE3A!X Xx;FE&=3A IoJ^; V cfPAH Xk [xA!na;X'C'AO=&nLX';N e} X'X?SAOA!EL&I kN AOXIA! \^I^ E80  P>V V AO XE3IoA!XxUna;FC'E&=&E&nX'Ionael; AO I'I'P I'?Fk%A!E3IlPF IxPJm=@nXP ;>A!A!E@LI'?SANFY&A!E3AX!c X\ C E3e c
. \  .F *  =&PFI  VjA!XlEI  C'NSEC  =@P  P[x;  n;qC;>A}PTN>GyRBA Xy=3J_X'AOna=@XV>I  PC';>A h cfA  I
nza=&E3PFPFI CVQE3PElC!Jm\<A[wbAaYCDE3E3cfN>cfcBAOC'I ;>=3AlJ I'KA!\*E@X]_n;>;}A`U&C'AXeQE@V YE3C cf N>=@AOPSI%E3cFRB;SAgE@=3I'Jb;WC'Jm;>N>A8PFJmn,=@C X =&G PFI%H NFIo AOV Q Jm4P =@XxEH587:YE3;<MFX R=&?-NFMYI%A,Y?&E@58cd7 NF+`A!I_c  U@=3A J
CU@E@A!Ue( PYkE@cdN>C;>AOAyI\<c|E@]_Io; C  I% ZcdRAOE@ CV>IMI =3C'J<=(C'cd;F=&AP k I'A!=E3Y@XA!nX;{ S=U@[A!encf;FA!E E@ VPSIC'\^=E}IoI'CU@E3A!C [% nDAOV;FE&V Io; I CP X kDR>NjPSC Vj =&AaPh}=3nE@J<P}C';FNFAyI'AD;FE&C;>Io; A
;FE@I';ZJmN>PFn,C  =&PzVjA h P>A!VsE@I
H     
=@P>cfJ eE@G E( JmcfeA![=3J YE3;FcfE&N>IoA!;I!\<JmN>:PsPFnaC'C ;  =@ IDPFI8n!E@nI'E@A8P.Iop CtCE3RBC AntR>;FN E@ I'cdC8;  RSP E@k%I'A! I_VRB=&AaPzC'C'C'A;XO\ I8;FE&Io;JmNFPFn,C  =&PrE@I {CE3U&A!I
EW .cd=@FC` E3PF*VZ C;>Ag;FE@=&I'PF;{I  U@VjA!A!e}X<EgYE3I cf N>C'NFA!IxE3C ;S =@EPY@Ag PWEW[xN>;P  nJm=@;(XC'G ;>AxV PT IoN>C'GX  R>RSN>A!CX  =@=3P.JBX'\AO`na=&AXXV>AgI c  P>P(AOC'E3;>XxA ;Fh E&cdIoAx; Y PE3kX  A! II
nanacf=&A!PFE@I X' cfVje{A!XRSE@AR>CocdC'e A!Xt PFC'n;FX'E@AOPrE@I Io CP E3k C  C'ny;FAl;FE&naIo=&; IoCxP =3k J^[xA!L; NF nE@;c  C G efkI'A!;E3C8XncfA!;.E&\ VC=Zcf=@P k =Y@A!X F=[n;FE  PSI`C;TNFI

 

 ]   

N \ na=& .PFFI C E3P*CM E@PF V=@ PF=&cde{PFI A! LVjNFA!XlE@c E C e{I  IoC'A!NScdEAOC n, C =@ P=@PS I`PE3[xXAl; ?BnA;qX'JmC=@;>XA}GWPTA!N>VKGy\tRBCAE3XyC =3 nlJ_;FX'AOE&naIo=@; X PV>kI XPA!LC'N ;> A XA!h IDcfA=&P> AI
=@VjXMA?BC A[%PS=sV V P  kIoU=@PZE@n!C'na;>AOAgI'I';>A!IDA d C'k = ;CDk Aa=3CMJbCC';>=ZAgC';>:ojAWMV> E3CE}CX'A!A!PA@C'\ Xe@\t:oj` GQEesXA!LN  XAlGW=@XAlC';SE3P=&P>A
nE@ .PFRS A*NFIo AOV{ C'=Z R>=@NPSI cf VVjAE}X8naE}cfNFI Io CC'NFAXEA!C V  =&P PFVj PzAhz[xE3; PF nV;{GWC;>=AI C`I'A!=@E@J<XC'n;>;{A(U@LA!N>eZAXY E@AOcdIDN>AOE3IDXAl=@J<XE3VFP Ek CAlE}LAN>PAC'XX  AOAOII
=@PZC';  I h A!cfV.\]_;>APs:ojM V>A h P  C'A!cdes[  PFI_=Y@A!X_IoCE3C  n8;FE@I';  P k \
Y \ ?S A!. XoFJm=& X'GW*AOV=& PZC;>A k E  PF PVjAanahK=&\ PF I   VjP>A!AOXZE3X_E;FIE& IoC; NF EP C k% =& P IxRS PwACoC[xA;Xx Cn;F;wE3P{=&P> cfe AOC'L&XNSAE3A c  CPseC';IoA! IxcdAOnn,E&C Io=&A&PF\ IE@X'A
IoAO .E3XFn ;>A!*I!ij  vwPFVj;>AaA!hjPZAOIxE3P E3X A8PFVjRBAAah}C'C'[xA!X!; \  n;  IHnacfNFIoC'AXA!VE3PFVQGW=I CH=3JC';>AtLN>AX  A!IE@X'A`XE@P k A
. @!* )  Y&A8Ah>E3GW?>cfA!I_=3J*C';FAtJm=@cfcd=[  P k
0 \xA PC' X  A!P>I!A!i>E@IoXWNFMn;ZE@I'C';;SEP Cxk C';F PFAlVj Ah P>A!E3E@PFXDV `E3E@P I'; <*  P hTk%C'A! PFPSV Vj AaR>hscdA;FE@MI_E@GWI'; =@ PXA8k?F PFE kVjA!AI!h~\ [  C;C;>AI'E@G(A{V>E3CE
H \xA PC' X  A!P>I!A!i>E@IoXWNFMn;ZE@I'C';;SEP Cxk C';F PFA Vj<* AhhTC'E3A!PFPFVV  R>E3cdP AlM<* hTE@I'C';A!PF P V k% R> cdPFAV>MAahZE@I';S; E@ I_P kGW=@ PFXVjAMA?Sh~E k [ AO IC\;C;>AI'E@G(A{V>E3CE
 *y * )DPFI'[%A!Xx=@G  CoC'AOVK\


  k 0  
A! PFE@. V>n;gAahj?SA!@E I!!kiA%E3=3PSJjVC0;>C'/ ;FAAZX AX=@c|A!EPFnC I =@=&V>XPgV>AIXt;>=@E Pc|V>XIA c|0pE^ CE3XX=&AA!PrnX=@E3XPFV> V>MYI=@X\GW TDX
cde I9QX =@=&XXP kVj E@A!naPX'=@AO PVKA!C\VtE `E&P IbIP IoEDNF;FG(A!AZE3G ? C';Sh cfc EcdA%=@C}Pq[ EC'X'CC'AO;yX na =&N>R>XPSN>V>naC'I!AcfNFiI[x C;>A XIWAA!XVEA
nJm=@E3cfPScd=V [  VF PEC'k AL&U&NFAAeX  AOJm=&IiX}PFgE@G(i [ A C'C';F;wAWYE@E3?>cfN>?>AOXIW=&E&cdne ; P C'k';FE3 P Cg[%C;>=&AN>cfXVE@P GWk =&A IoC8^ c C' U&= AcfZceZIZX'AOi ZcLZIN Z  X\Al>C;>=&A(XQJmA!AE&[Hn;A!IoCg=@JM: (C-8;>AI
Jm=@Xx?>X=jnaA!II  P k C';FAlL&NFAXe@\ ]_;>AgE3?F?>X'=E@n;>AOI%C'=Qna=&PFI  VjA!X_Jm=@cfcd=[g
jnE@P>P  P k C';>X=@N k ;ZC';>Ag[x;>=&cdAt;>AOE3? h cfA8Jm=@X`g\
`I  P k E(  C'XAA  PSVjAahs=@P{ECoCX  R>NjCAlg\ S\
`I  P k E;SE@I';  PFVjAhZ=@P{EC'C'X  RFNjC'Alg\ B\
]_;>AlLN>AX  AOIxE3XA@
0 \x  PFV{E@cdbC'NF?>cdAOI\
H \x  PFV{E@cdbC'NF?>cdAOIDI'NFn;sC';FE3C  3 YI^ \
. \x  PFV{E@cdbC'NF?>cdAOIDI'NFn;sC';FE3C  YI^ \
N \x  PFV{E@cdbC'NF?>cdAOIDI'NFn;sC';FE3C  % YI^ E3PFV  3 0p^c^ \

 



  

 

   

PNF*GyRByAXy=@JDV>0E/CE.AAaCPC'X  A!RBIgA?BCA;>XAZ?F;FE Ak fA k ; C(=@JD% C';F0pA{^ \ .AaCCX'A!NFA Iy E&NFI'IoI'NSN>E3GWcfcde AWC'H ;FE3=@C(X E3. J C' AX(E3PFE@V n!naA!II  RBP kACC;>;>AA
VJ >E@En,CCEx=@XAP C'P{Xe ;FE@ CbI';CE3 U&PFA!VjIKA=&h P> P A k GW\ =@XAV  IoUtE@n!naAOI'IC= k AC.C';FAE@naC'NFE@c@XA!na=&XV.\..AaC ^RSAC';>A=Tn!naN>?SE3PFne
=@PFI  V>AX_C';FAtCE3RFcdAgI';>=[xPZRBAcf=[ V  IoUsE@nnA!IIoAOI

+X'=&R>cdA!G
`

!
A
@
E
s
?

d
c
A

 ]XAA `E& Io;s:PFVjAh



0j0j^^        0pY[^^   0p ^I^ 0p^
H0 \ \\ Dcf3 cKC'YIYIN>^^ ?FcdAOI


j
0
^
.
N \  % YI^ E3PFV  3 0p^c^ 0j^       0 NcZ Z H 
0 \xC'>;>XAt=@G JmA![%C;>AOAI C`h V XIo I'C_UX'=E@[wn!naAO=@I'JbI'C'A!;FI AM\ CE3R>cfA@iT[HA8I'AAMC';SECx;>A!E@? h cfAt=@X k E@P  OEC  =&P  I%C';FA8RBA!IoC ;FE&I
H \x;F>XE@=@IHG C;>C'At;>JmAA[HIoAOA!naIo=@C`PSV VZ IoXUZ=[E@n=@nA!J^IC'Io;>AOAgI\ CE3R>cfA@iS[  C;C eT?  nE3cbYE@cdNFA!I_Jm=&X E@PFV i>C;>Ay  ]XAA
. \x>X=@G C;>AtC';  XVsX'=[=@JC;>AtCE@R>cfA@i>;FE&Io;  PFVjAah  P k% IxC';>AgRBA!IoC!\
N \x>X=@G C;>AtJm=@NFXoC;sX=[=&X_C';>AtCE3R>cfA@iFE k E  PZ[%AgI'AA8C';FE3C` ]X'A!A  I_C;>AgRSAOI CO\
 0I0 k  

U@ A .e}Jm=@@XD!yD= [D[H=@=[NFcfV[H=@C';>N>A!c|VleZe&n=@;FN>E@X*P E3k PFA I' [%J*A![HXAgIbC'E@=IIo*<NFhjG(AA8Xn C;FI'A ECDX\A!= n=@n;FXV>E3IP  P{A J  E3XIbAtPFI'=3=@C<X'C'EMAOVn!E3=&PFP V  V> E3C'A
 *y DPFI'[%A!Xx=@G  CoC'AOVK\
0I0 .\ 0jH\*@M!I'I'N>GW AtC';S E=@C`PFE(I  V>R>ANFXtnU&C';FAaCDAIoIo?FPSc E3 CD?F=jI';>n=3naNFCgX=@I_JH[xC;>;>A!A}P> AY& P>AAOXxE3E3XyP{M=E@Y&I'A; X  FP =k[w PF?FV>E Aak hqA I'ID;>=nX'[xAOP EC'AOPVK\ fk N>XA
0 \_vwRSAO;FI CHEC?S= I'I(I C'R>;FcdA AMV LN IoMUC'c0X 58 L_R>NjGC L  =@PPTN>=3GyJKU@RBA!AeTXQI =@J8RBAaV>JmE3=&CX'EqADe&A=@PNWC'X ;F A!EI(Y&AxC';SC'E=yC}I'?>nE@c  P C_EtRBAR>NF nPSU&IoAaA!C)XoCA!* V hj ?>kIcf E Y@ A!PQPY&CA;>XeA
R>X  A Fe@\
H \DT;>=[C';>A h cfAgEJ CAX  PFIoA!XoC  P k >E AQ587 + EV;_XA!n=@XV}[x;>=IoA  PFI'AX'C  =@P{nE3NSIoAOIHE(R>NSnU@AaCDI'?>c  CO\
 


. \ E vw;SEC  IDC;>B
E@cdJm=&N>XxR>NFnA U&AaL_CI587-58L_* hjG?>LcfE PT PsN>GY@A!RSX'A!eQX`RF=3X J< AX FA!ne&=@\ XV PFI'AX'C =@PFIDC';FE3C`[ cd^nE@NFIoAlEIo?>c CM=3J
R vw;SEC  IHC';>AgYE3cfN>Ag=@J ; c0=.EJ CAXxGQE3U  P k C';>AOIoA  PFI'AX'C  =@PFI)
n vwE3J C';SA!EX_C(C'; n!E3IDPI'Ae&X =@ NAOI_I'=3EJeXA!E3nRB=@=@XN>V Cl PFC';>I'AAZX'CPT N>=@GyPFI)RB AX=3JD?FE k A!I  PC;>A}Jm=&N>X'C';R>NFnU&AaCI';>=[xP














 ]   



Level=0, N=4
h1

PRIMARY

h0

PAGES

Next=0
000

00

64

44

001

01

25

010

10

10

011

11

31

15

 
  



."  )"$& '2)+ ,+.- )"1

 * y ]_;>AlE3PFI'[HAXHC'=QAOE@n;{L&NFA!IoC  =@P  I kc Y&APsRSA!cd=[g\


0 \xRS]_AO;>nA8E@NFGWIoE3Ayh C' ;>GA!N>X'AG  I8PTN>I'Gy?FE&RBnaAAlX_Jm=3=&JX8AE}PC'C'X =@ CAOE3I c^C=@;FJ ECDy n!XE3A!P}n=@RBXAV>I  PF I'PrAX'E@C'cdAOVQC';>[ A( C'?F;>E =&k NjA!CDI!\tnE3 NSI I' P?>kc  C E( I'IM?>n!c E3C NF I'I A!Vy
[x;>APFAY@A!XDE3PsAPC'Xe  I  PFIoA!XoCA!V  PC=WEJmN>cfcb?SE k A&\
H \DTAAl fkC0I0 \ 0 .
. \ E =&PFI  VjA!X<C';FADc  IoC%=3J  PFI'AX'C  =@PFI y .  N 0  = .  0 . = Jm=@cfcf=[%AOVRTe N GW=@XAxAPC'X  A!I [x;  n;
k =  PC'=t C;>ADI'E@y GWA%R>NSnU@AaCOi&IEh e 0   . N  ycy  0 . ^ [x;  n;  k =  PC=MC ;>A . XVN R>0 NF n= U@AC!\*]_;>A
Cn!PF;>E3I'A{NFAI'X'IoA!C AOIDna=@C'=@Pz; PS =@VXJVzR>R>NF. NFnU&nnE3U&AaC(NSAaC'IoI'uAO?>I'ID?>c  cCCW ;>COAcf\8A!EHY XC8IoP CMC'k ; R> NSEzI8n?SJmU@NF= AacdCMxPC'CgI'=sA!EnaRSC8=&AWPFcdAOVI'E@?>IoR>cC NSC!N n\tU@GW:AaPFCO=&I'\X'AAX':C PFA=@PIoA!PC'XoX C =3AO JP IMkFE@X'0 A. = X'. AOLnP&E@N CNF= XI'A!A! V CI
CN =(I'I'?>?>c  c C C_I\ C;>A8Jm=@N>X'C';sR>NFnU&AaC!\<G  P  GN>G =@J  A!PC'X  AOIHE@X'A8XA!LN  X'AOVQC'=WnE@NFI'A`C;>A
R E@ PZ PFA!nPFAgV{E3cfE3cPFJm=@VN>C'Xx;FR>AgNSP>nAaU@hTAaCDCI_X=@[%N>=&PFN>VZc|VRB;FA kIEY&PFAMI!RB\ATA!= PIo?>c  C!ijC;F^ ECxE ?Fk EE@XoP.C  \ nN>cfE@X_X'=&N>PFVsna=@GWAOIHC'=
n ]_E3J ;FC'A!AXgXA}C';>nAOE3IoPA RB PFAQI'AAX'C'C ;> =@A!PSXyI=&\{P>:A}J_V>C';>ECA E{N ?FGWE k =@AWXAQ=@XtAcfC A[HGW=zAPV>CEI CE{ PS?FIoA!E Xok CA!A!I V  P P&CC'={;>AQC';>Jm=&A N>H X'C'; R>R>NFNFnnU&U&AaAaCC
E3J C'A!X .  R>NFNnU&AaCouI'?>c  CoC  P k iTC';FAP N  R>NSn U@AaCx;FE&I 0 N V>ECE(?FE k A@\ I
:I'JM?>c C' C;> A{P k P>A!E@[ PFVZE@cdG(=@=&JbX'AsC';FAAcfGAGW;FA!EP&Y&CIA ^ PS0IIo0 A!XoE&CI A!V  CI_PcfE&C'=rI CHC'C';>;>A XAA8R  RFCI!NFijnC'U@;FAACQP E3N J C' A!X R>. NFnU&AaR>C_NS;FnE@U@IAaC'H u
VRFFNFECnE(U@A?FC_E ;Sk E@AOII\ 0 -`V>C'E;FCAE(X[ ?FE I'k A@A@i \  J*P>=@C`E3cfcK;FEY@A ^ 0I0 E@I  CI_c|E@IoCxC';>XAAtR  CI!ijC';FAPsC';>A N 




0I0 .\ Z\@!4 =&PFI  VjA!XtC';>A}V>E3CE{A!P&CX  A!I  PC';FA}  P>A!E@Xy`E&Io;  P kC PFVjAahrJm=@X* hjAXn  IoA

 



  

 

   

Level = 1 , N = 4
h1

h0

000

00

64
Next = 1

001

01

010

10

10

011

11

31

100

00

44

25

15

 
   

63



 ]   

0 \DT;>=[E3P *<hTC'A!PFV  R>cfAtME@I';  P k% PFV>AahZ[  C';sC;>AlI'E@GWAtVFECE(A!P&CX  A!I!\


H \xDPFI'[HAX_C';FAlL&NFA!IoC  =@PFI  P *<hjAXn  IoA 0I0 \ Z [  C';{X'AOIo?BA!naCxC'=(C';  I  PFVjAhK\
 *y 4`PFIo[HAXx=&G  C'C'A!V.\
E3c . k =@X  @C';>!G I_NFI'A! VK\ :P~MI'E@I'PFN>IoGW[HAAtX C' P;SkECxC'GW;>AAX JmkI=@cfPcd=k%[   IxP kVj=&LP>N>AgA![xIoC ;> =@A!PSP{Ii^E(E@R>INSIoNFnU@G(AaCxA}RBC';FA!nE3=@ClGWC';>A!I_AA!JmG(N>cf?>cHC Vje@A!\ cdAC  =@P
0 \ Vj A ?>Y&C'A;.E3\ PAh>E3GW?>cfA}=3J * hCAPFV  R>cfAME@I';  P k [x;>AXAVjA!cdAC  P k E@PAPC'XerXA!V>NFnaAOI k cf=@RSE3c
H \ R> Nj Y&CDAQcfA!E3EPqY&A!AaI h> E3GW;(K?>;DcfEjAN>=@PSJHn;F E3 PP>kAOA!E3VKXl\ MTE@;FI'=; [ P kC';F A Ph [xcdAg; RB nAa;Jm=&VjX'A!AgcdAE@C PF PVZk E3JE3C'PqA!XxAC'P;>C'AlXezV>AVjcfA!AanC X' =@A!GWPb\ APCI ; c0=
. \  Y&AyE3P{AhjE@GW?>cdAg=@J  P>A!E@X``E&Io;  P k  P[x;  n;{V>AcfAaC  P k E@PAPC'XeZV>A!naXAGWA!P&CI ;0K( ;DE \
T;>=[C';>A h cfAgRBAaJm=@XAgE3PFV{E3J C'AX_C;>AlVjA!cdAC  =@P.\
N \  PSIoY&A!A(XoC E@ P Pzk AaC'h>;>E@A8G(A?FPcdC'AX  =3A!JI * P}h=&CAXPFVjA!V X  R>cfcfA!AE@VFMI<E@C'I'=y;  C'P ;>k XAE@A8PFIoV?Fc E CI%c  I E3CtPF=3V}J%V>AAPcfC'AaXC  AOP I k C' ;>i A!G  i PQC;>IoA`NSnX;AY&C'A;FXE3IoAC
=@XVjAX_e  Ac|V>I_C';FAg=@X d kc PFE@c  PFV>AahK\<:J^I'NFn;{E3PsAah>E3GW?>cfAlVj=TA!I_PF=3CxAah  I COi>Aahj?>c|E  P.\
Y \ C' ;F E3Y&C A} E3PFPI'AAaX'Ch> E@P G(k ?FC'cd;>AQAQ=@A!J_PEC'X  AOI P>AO PqE3Xl=@XMVjE@AI'X8; cd AOP E@kV>IM PFCV>=ZAahqC;>E@XPFAAWVIoE{?>c c  CIoIgCyE3=3PSJ_VrAPVjC'A!X cd AA!C I  P k  i C';> A!iG  PI'NFC;>n; A
X'A!Y@A!XI'Ax=@XVjAX%e  A!cfV>I C';>AM=@X dkc PSE3c  PFVjAhK\*:JbI'NFn;}E@P}Aah>E3GW?>cfA`Vj=TAOIP>=@CAah  I COiTAahj?>c|E  P.\
 *y  ]_;>AlE@PFI'[%A!XI_E3XAtE@IHJm=@cfcf=[DI\
0 \DTAAl f kC0I0 \ 0py
H \DTAAl f kC0I0 \ 0 =
. \DTAAl f kC0I0 \ 0 
N \xN.iACY NFE3IPSV CE@=U@\AQ*C;>E@AZn;rC'X=@E3P>PFA(I  =3C J%=&C'P~;>AOIo;FIoA =[x PFP IoA! XoP C  =& PFf kFItn0cE@0 NF\ 0pIoZAOIt\EZDI'A!?>X'A}c  Cg[H[ A  C' PF;rI'AC';>X'CyA C ;>P As C  VFE@Ec CIoEz?Fc A ClPC'E3X c| IoAO= I
nAahE@NF I I C   P P k k EV>EV CEQX'AOAn,PCC=@X X eA!I I'?>Pc C' CO=\C';>%AN>P>C(AP>[=&P>RFANFn=@U@JDACC'I!;F\MA!I'TA =} PF[xI';>AA!X'PzC  =@[HPFAIVjX'A!AOcdV A C'I AlCX C ;>R>A!NjI'CAA}VFC';FECAsE}E@AcdPXA!C'E&X VjAOe I
E3P(c k C=&;>X A_ C'X';>A!G Y@AX[%I'A A%k=&AXVjCxA!RFX E@ nE@UQnaC'CNF;>E@Agcdf=@egX fC'kI;F AxPFE3=@c XVj PFAVjX<AaVjhK=T\ A!I'P.p C<GWE3CoCAX E@PFVJm=@cfcd=[~C';>A_JmN>cfcFVjA!cdAC  =@P
Y \xC']_;>; A( I}?>XAaAh>Y E@ G(=@NF?FIMcdA E3PF II'[%I'A!;>X`=[xAhjP nA ?jPCM C';Ff kE3C`0IC0 ;>\ HIA^ RF\NFn`U@AAXCMA{RBC'A ;> PA k  VjI'AO?>E c  C  IZ I`I C' G;FAy c|E3=@X}PFA C'= P&CC;F=E[xC; NS nIo;AOV C;> P A
=3PSJ IoVjA!XoA!C cdA =&C P =@PFRBIMA  IoP ;>k =&GQN>c|E@V{VjRSA&\^AljA=gh>E@R>n,NFCncdesU@AXC AY@H A!;FXE@I'A!I*VZC=gRBA!RSnADE@I'NF?>I'c A  C P{E@PFCV(;>AyP>=3VjC A!cdR>ANSC n=@U@PzAaC E@. c k \*=@`X  cfCI';>=tG C';>`AxAa=&hTXCV>A XI
VjA!nX'A!GWAPC'AOV=&P>cde  J*C';FAgcfE&I CxR>NFnU&AaCxRBA!na=&GWA!I_AGW?jC e&\


 



  

 

   

64

000

2
00

44

2
64

44

01

001
010

011

25

10

11

25

100
101

110

10

2
C

10

111
3
DIRECTORY

2
11

27

19

Delete 63
3
63

D2

 
  

11

27

19

 ]   



Level = 1 ,
h1

h0

000

00

N=4

64
Next = 1

001

01

010

10

10

011

11

31

100

00

44

25

15

63

Delete 44

Level = 1 ,
h1

N=4

h0
Next = 0

000

00

64

001

01

010

10

10

011

11

31

25

15



  
  

63

 



  

 

   

Level = 2 ,
h2

N=4

Level = 1 , N = 2

h1
Next = 0

000

00

64

16

h1

h0

00

64

16

25

19

Next = 1
001

01

010

10

10

011

11

31

25

19

01

10

10

Delete 31

  
   

 ]   



3
2
00

000

2
64 32

16

01
10

11

25

41

73

2
10

3
64

32

16

25

41

73

19

35

001
010

011

100
101

110

10

111
3

2
11

DIRECTORY
19

35

11

D
3
4

Insert 4 , 5, 7.

3
5

3
7

  
  2

 



  

h
1

h
0

000

00

001

01

 

   

Next = 0
64 32

25

41

16

73

h
1

h
0

000

00

64

32

16

001

01

25

41

73

10

10

18

34

66

010
010

10

10

18

34

66

C
Next = 3

011

11

11

19

011

11

11

100

00

101

01

110

10

Insert 4, 5, 6

  
  

19

You might also like