!"#$%&'(#)%"
*+, -./012 3451,3 5., 6,7,.5/0258097 9: ;,<,36=,>3 3451,3 *+03 8+,9.? @53 4.9A
493,B 07 CDE>3 <? F G H0.7<5=I 57B G -./012 *+, I 507 0B,5 9: -./012 3451,
03 89 .,4/51, 8+, 49@,. :=718097 |t|p <? 57 5798+,. 197J,K 57B 071.,53076 :=71A
8097 -./012 3451,3 +5J, I 57? 544/01580973L
07 575/?303 97 I 570:9/B3M 07 NOP 57B
98+,. *+, I 507 07,Q=5/08? R8+,9.,I  S 9: 8+03 454,. +5J, 544/0158097 07 19I4/,K
6,9I,8.?M 3,, TUV
*+, 4=.493, 9: 8+03 798, 03 89 4.9J, 8+, :9//9@076 8+,9.,I

WXYZX[ U\U\ ]^_

^ a bcdeab_ d afgh cij ckg^f_^j `l > 0 a md cc_n ocipd ^
h ckd afj i^_ `^ >M0 q ` rn^f h ck aii f L ln L(M ) afj
^
f LExp1/ L(M ) s
nao^
Z

f g d K kf kL ln L(M) kgkLExp1/ L(M)

X
s g_n K = 2(1 + ) afj L ln L(M ) j^fc_^m _n^ t lu dpfj meab^ q
*+, v.38 45.8 1971,.7076 8+, w9=76 >3 07,Q=5/08? x7 8+, 3,197B 45.8 @, 078.9B=1,
8+, -./012 3451,3 57B 07 45.801=/5. 8+, F?6I=7B 1/533 x7 8+, /538 45.8 @, 60J, 8+,
4.99: 9: 8+,9.,I  
D y %'"z {| )"}~')#
*@9 :=7180973
57B Q : R R 5., 19I4/,I,785.? :=7180973 07 8+,
R+
+
3,73, 9: w9=76 0: P8+,?: R
35803:?
w9=76
>3 07,Q=5/08?
L

ab P (a) + Q(b)

@+,7,J,. a, b 0 G, 797 60J, 3= 10,78 197B080973 97 P 57B Q 89 <, 19I4/,A

I,785.? :=7180973
85.8 @08+ 8+, :5I9=3 w9=76 >3 07,Q=5/08?

WXYZX[ \U\ ]^_ ^ p : R R afj q : R R _ s c fcff^u a_go^ bcf_gfpcpm

1
+
1
+
h pfb_gcfm oafgmngf u a_` _n^
ckgu gf m_kgb_i
l gfbk^amgf u afj gfo^km^ _c ^abn c_n^k q rn^f
h ck aii a, b 0 s ^ nao^
ab P1 (a) + Q1 (b)
n^k^
s
P1 (x) :=

p1 (t) dt and Q1 (x) :=

*+, 4.99: 03 <53,B 97 8+, :9//9@076 /,II 5

0

q1 (t) dt
0


   
   
    

  
   

X[ [  \\ ]^_ f : R R a fcff^u a_go^ bcf_gfpcpm h pfb_gcf oafgmngf u a_ _n^

ckgu gf afj m_kgb_il d cfc_cf^+q rn^f h ck aii x 0 s ^ nao^
xf (x) =
 kcch

f (t) dt +

f (x)

f 1 (t) dt

q ;,8 8+, :=718097 g B,v7, :9. 5// x 0 <?

g(x) := x

*+,7 :9. 5// x 0@, 6,8

 ,71,

f (t) dt +

f (x)

f 1 (t) dt xf (x)

g 0 (x) = f (x) + f 1 (f (x))f 0 (x) f (x) xf 0 (x) = 0

:9. 5// x 0 @, +5J, g(x) = 0

 9@ @, 157 60J, 8+, 4.99: 9: 8+,9.,I D 
 kcch
q 9. 5// b 0 @, 19730B,. 8+, :=718097 B,v7, :9. 5// a 0 <?

b (a) :=

G, +5J,

p1 (t) dt +

q1 (t) dt ab

0b (a) = p1 (a) b

;0 , p 03 38.018/? 071.,53076 M :9. 5// a < q (b) @, +5J, 0 (a) < 0 57B :9. 5// a > q (b)
b 07
@, +5J,
 9@ <? 18+,
9 8+, :=718097 1+5J, 5 I070I=7
0b (a) > 0
a = q1 (b)
b
/,II 5 D DM (q (b)) = 0 M 39 :9. 5// a, b > 0 @, 6,8 (a) 0

b 1
b
 ,K8 @,, 60J, 5 5798+,. 8+,9.,I

WXYZX[ \ \ ]^_ `^ p : R R afj q : R R _ s c fcff^u a_go^ bcf_gfpcpm

2
+
2
+
h ck aii
m_kgb_il gfbk^amgf u h pfb_gcfm
ig ^ _na_
^ nao^ t = p1 (t)q1 (t) afj
t 0 s
2
2
mpbn _na_ _n^ gf_^u kaim
Z

p2 (t)
dt and
t

bcfo^ku ^m q rn^f h ck aii a,0 b 0 s ^ nao^

q2 (t)
dt
t

ab P2 (a) + Q2 (b)

s n^k^
P2 (x) :=

 kcch

p2 (t)
dt and Q2 (x) :=
t

q2 (t)
dt
t

9. > 0 19730B,. 8+, :=718097 F 9: 8@9 J5.05</,3 B,v7, 97 8+, 4/575.

.,6097q  :={(t
@+,., T 03 > 0 M <?
, t ), 0 t T, 0 t T }
1

F (t1 , t2 ) := P2 (t1 ) + Q2 (t2 )

-7 8+, <9=7B5.? 9: 8+, B9I 507 @, +5J,

57B

t1 t2
1 + t1 t2

F (0, t2 ) = P2 (0) + Q2 (t2 ) > 0 F (t1 , 0) = P2 (t1 ) + Q2 (0) > 0


   
   
    

  
   

M F (t , T ) = P (t ) + Q (T ) T t1
1
2 1
2
1 + T t1
9:
9 :9. T 3= 10,78/? /5.6,M 08>3 1/,5. 8+58 F 03 7977,6580J, 97 8+, <9=7B5.?
x730B, 8+, .,6097 M 0: 8+, I070I=7 ,K0383 57B 911=.3 58 8+, 49078 ( , ) 8+, 6.5B0,78
1 2
9: F J5703+ 58 8+03 8+, 49078
F (T, t2 ) = P2 (T ) + Q2 (t2 )

T t2
1 + T t2

F
F
(1 , 2 ) =
(1 , 2 ) = 0
t1
t2
57B Q0 ( ) =
1
2
P20 (1 ) =
2 2
2
(1 + t1 t2 )
(1 + t1 t2 )2
1 P20 (1 ) = 2 Q02 (2 )

8+,7 3,8 8+, 19738578

:= P 0 ( ) = Q0 ( )

9 = p ( ) = q ( ) +,71, = 1p12 ()1 57B 2 2= q21 ()

2 1
2 2
1
2
2
2
 ,K8 9<3,.J,
1
1 2 = p1
2 ()q2 ()

=
=

=
=

1
t d ln p1
2 (t)q2 (t)

t d ln p1
2 (t) +

+,71,

s
ds
s

p2 (s)
ds +
s

t d ln p1
2 (t)
q2 (s)
ds
s

= P2 (1 ) + Q2 (2 )

F (1 , 2 ) = 1 2

1 2
>0
1 + 1 2

7B @, /,8  0 :9. 51+0,J, 8+, 4.99:


*+, /07  <,8@,,7 8+03 8@9 8+,9.,I 3 03 60J,7 <? 8+, 7,K8 4.949308097
ZY  Y    Y  \ \ rn^ _n^ck^dm  q afj  q ak^ ^
pgoai^f_ q
 kcch
0.38 533=I, 8+,9.,I D D 03 8.=, ;,8 p (t) := p (t) 57B q (t) := q (t) M 39 03
1
1
t
t
08 1/,5.q 8+58 :9. 5// a, b 0 @, +5J,

7,K8 9<3,.J, 8+58

ab P1 (a) + Q1 (b)

1
t = p1
2 (t)q2 (t)


   
   
    

  
   

t
p1
2 (t)

q21 (t) =

q21 (p2 (t)) =

p2 (t) = q2

57B <? B,v708097 9: q 57B p @, +5J,

1

p2 (t)
t

p2 (t)
t

q1 (p1 (t)) =

q2

p2 (t)
t

p2 (t)

=t

x7 8+, 35I, @5? @, +5J, 5/39 8+, ,Q=5/08?

p1 (q1 (t)) = t

+,71, p1 = q
1
1
533=I,
8+,9.,I D  03 8.=, *+,7 3,8 p (t) := p (t)t 57B q (t) := q (t)t M
x7J,.3,/?M
2
1
2
1
39 03 08 1/,5. 8+58 :9. 5// a, b 0 @, +5J,
ab P2 (a) + Q2 (b)

79@ @,
=38 I=38 J,.0:? 8+, ,Q=5/08? t = p1 (t)q1 (t)

2
2
53
p2

q2 (t)
t

= p2 (q1 (t))

= p1 (q1 (t))q1 (t)

= tq1 (t)
= q2 (t)

+,71,
p2

8+=3

t
q21 (t)

= q2 (q21 (t))

=t
t
q21 (t)

p1
2 (t)

G, 79@ 60J, 57 544/0158097 9: w9=76>3 07,Q=5/08? 07 8+, 3,88076 9: -./012 3451,3


   
   
    

  
   

$)(  | (}|
;,8 T , ) 5 I,53=., 3451,
cpf u h pfb_gcf 03 5 :=718097 P : R R
197J,K (X,
57B 071.,53076 G, 798, <? LP (X) 8+,  kigb meab^ 53391058,B 89+P B,v7,+
<? L

@+,., kf k

LP



LP (X) := f RX , kf kLP < +

B,798,3 8+, ]p  ^d `cpku 79.I L

kf kLP := inf

> 0,

|f (x)|

dx 1

X
@, +5J, R3,, T VS
 [ 
X  \U\ x: P (t) = |t|p M LP (X) 03 ,Q=5/ 89 8+, =3=5/ ;,<,36=, 3451, Lp (X)
G, 157 v7B 8+, <53013 4.94,.8? >3 9: -./012 3451, 07 T V\ *+, v.38 0I49.8578
4.94,.8? 03 8+, /07,5. 38.=18=., 9: LP (X)
ZY  Y    Y   \\ LP (X), k.k gm a  afabn meab^ q
L
,45.5<0/08? 57B .,  ,K0J08? 9: 8+, 3451, LP (X) B,4,7B 9: 8+, w9=76 >3 :=718097
03 B9=</076 0: 8+58 ,K0383 5 19738578 K
,15// 8+58 5 :=718097
P
P : R+ R+
2
3=1+ 8+58 :9. 5// t 0 @, 6,8
P (2t) K2 P (t)
ZY  Y    Y   \ \  mmpd ^ _n^ d ^ampk^ meab^ (X, T , ) nao^ a d ^_kgb m_kpb_pk^
mpbn _na_ X gm m^eaka ` i^ q h _n^ cpf u m h pfb_gcf P gm jcp ` igf u afj o^kgh l P (t) =
_n^f LP (X) gm aimc m^eaka ` i^ q
0t=0
x: <98+ P 573 +03 19I4/,I,785.? :=718097 5., B9=</076M 8+,7 LP (X) 03 .,  ,K0J,
 X     Y   \ \ x:
SM @, 798, <? L ln L(X) 8+, -./012 3451,
(t) t= tdpfj
ln (e meab^
+t
53391058,BM @, 15// 08P8+,
lu
q
@, +5J, 5/39 8+, B,v708097
 X     Y   \  \
450. 9. -./012 :=7180973
5., 15//,B 5   ij^k bcf p u a_^
Q)
bcpe i^  0: @, +5J,   /B,.>3 07,Q=5/08? L C > (P,
3=1+
8+58 :9. 5// (f, g) LP (X)
0,
P

LQ (X)
Z



 f g C kf k P kgk Q .
L
L


X

$%%  %  #  } #  }%$}   
9. 57? 1 /,8 P (x) := x. ln (x + e) 57B Q (x) := ex


WXYZX[  \U\ ck aii x, y 0 s ^ nao^



xy P (x) + Q (C y)

s g_n C = (1 + ) .
G, <,607 @08+
X[ [   \\ ck aii 1 afj y 0 s ^ nao^
1

y ey


   
   
    

  
   
 kcch
38=B? 9: 8+, :=718097
3+9@ 8+58 8+03 :=718097 +5J, 5
q 07
y 7 y ln(y)
I070I=7
57B
8+,
J5/=,
9:
8+03
I070I=7
03
,Q=5/ 89 > 0
y=1


7B @, 6,8 8+, 4.99: 9: 8+, 8+,9.,I  
1

 kcch

:=7180973 p(t) := ln (t + 1) 57B q(t)

q ,898+,
<?
8+, 8+,9.,I D  @, 6,8 :9. 5// x, y 0
p1 = q
xy

p(t) dt +

:= et 1

-<3,.J, 8+58

q(t) dt
0

xp(x) + yq(y)

 1
y
x ln (x + 1) + y e 1

<? 8+, /,II 5  D @, 6,8 :9. 5// x, y 0

x ln (x + 1) + e(+1)y ey
1

*+,7 3,8 C

x ln (x + 1) + e(+1)y 1
:= (1 + )

57B @, 9<8507 :9. 5// x, y 0

1

xy x ln (x + e) + e(C y) 1
= P (x) + Q (C y)


 9@

@, +5J,

WXYZX[  \ \ rn^ h pfb_gcfm P afj Q ak^   ij^k bcf p u a_^ bcfm_af_ ^

pai _c

2C = 2(1 + ) q
 kcch G, +5J, <? 8+,9.,I  D
q
|f g| P (|f |) + Q (C |g|)

+,71, :9. 5// (f, g) LP (X) LQ (X) 57B :9. 5// (, ) R

0: @, 1+993,
Z


 


Z 
Z
Z
f g 
f
C g

 d
P
Q
d +
d



X
X
X
57B = C kgk @, 6,8
= kf kLP

L Q

|f g| d kf kLP C kgkLQ

Z

|f |
kf kLP

d +

|g|
kgkLQ


d

2C kf kLP kgkLQ .

*+,7 8+, 8+,9.,I   :9//9@3


   
   
    

  
   

}  }$}"(}|
          
     
    
     
    
   !" #$ % & '
    (    )  *     +   ,
 
- .
 /

 
. 0  1 23 !4
 56 78 5 #9 :  3 ; 3 < ! = 6 > 
      ?     - .  @A B     C !7 ; 4  = = :#74  5 6 7 8 5#9>  71 5D 3 3 E > 
' '
F   G        @A B H     
            6 7>#>  I $ J >EI : J
G ; #$7 !>#5I F

K LMN MO P Q R S LT O

70J,.308 V W .,79</, A X 
x73808=8 9=.0,.
U B, Y 58+ V I 580Q=,3

U Y ZZ[D
HN \
[  ED 5078 Y 5.807 B> ] .,3
I 50/L /5</,, ^ =
:A6.,79</, :.
+884 L_ _ @@@A:9=.0,. =
:A6.,79</, :. _ `/5</,, _
U

a OPNT b Rc de

70J,.308 V W .,79</, A X 
x73808=8 9=.0,.
U B, Y 58+ V I 580Q=,3

U Y ZZ[D
HN \
[  ED 5078 Y 5.807 B> ] .,3
I 50/L 45
98 ^ =
:A6.,79</, :.
+884 L_ _ @@@A:9=.0,. =
:A6.,79</, :. _ `45
98 _
U