Electricity is our most versatile form of

energy. The flow of electrons in a conductor

light-up our surroundings, move our
equipment, and run our appliances. Electricity
has made industries more productive and has
made our lives easier.

Failure to ensure a safe design, proper work
procedures, proper servicing and
maintenance of equipment often result in
bodily harm or death, property damage or
both.

Electricity is basically the
flow of electrons.
When electron flows to
electrical appliances, the
energy carried by
electrons are converted
to useful form of energy
Light
Mechanical Power
Heat
Pressure, and
Chemical Action

Current

- the movement of
electrical charge
(Amperes)

Voltage

a measure of
electrical force (Volts)

Resistance

opposition to
current flow
(Ohms)

Conductors

substances,
such as metals,
that have little
resistance to
electricity

Insulators

substances, such
as wood,
rubber, and
glass have high
resistance to
electricity

Grounding

a conductive
connection to the
earth which acts
as a protective
measure

Electricity is the flow of
energy from one place to
another
Requires a source of power:
usually a generating station
A flow of electrons (current)
travels through a conductor
Travels in a closed circuit

+
-
Current
Flows
Closed Circuit
Switch is ON
+
-
No Current
Flow
Open Circuit
Switch is OFF
) ( high very is Air of Resistance
+
-
Very Large
Current
Flow
Short Circuit
Very Small
Resistance
) 0 ( very small is conductor of Resistance
Contact with live conductors
Short circuiting
Arcs and sparks
Overloading
Inadequate grounding
Non-usage of standard
replacement
Wet environment
Electrocution
Electric Shock
Burns
Fire
Fall
Current and the Human Body

How does current enter the body?

Typical points of entry are the hands and feet as they come in
contact with electric current. Sometimes, through the head and
shoulders.
Current flows through the body from the entrance point,
until finally exiting where the body is closest to the
ground.
Most common shock-related injury
Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or equipment
that is improperly used or maintained
Typically occurs on hands
Very serious injury that needs immediate attention
Entrance Wound
Exit Wound
Involuntary Muscle Contraction
Received when current passes
through the body
Severity of the shock depends
on:
Path of current through the
body
Amount of current flowing
through the body
Length of time the body is in
the circuit
Currents greater than 75 mA*
can cause ventricular
fibrillation (rapid, ineffective
heartbeat)
Will cause death in a few
minutes unless a defibrillator
is used
75 mA is not much current
a small power drill uses 30
times as much
* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an
ampere
Defibrillator in use
8 - 15 m.a. - Pain
15 - 20 m.a. - Pain, loss of muscular control
20 - 100 m.a. - intense pain and paralysis of
breathing muscles;
- possible suffocation.
100 - 200 m.a. - Ventricular fibrillation which
will cause death.
Over 200 m.a. from 220V household voltage
Defibrillator in use
Electricity and Water
Dont Mix

The likelihood of being
shock is greatly multiplied
in damp locations
People are excellent
conductors
Never use electrical
equipment in damp or
wet areas
Do Not spray water
around any electrical
source

Workers attitude such as working without
appropriate PPEs.

Improper working method

Wearing of metal objects as watches,
necklaces & rings.

Working in wet and/or damp locations

Using 3 wire cord with a 2
wire plug.

Remove and replace wrong
fuse.

Not verifying power is off
when making repair.

UNSAFE EQUIPMENT
What equipment can cause electrical accidents:
Faults in facilities such as exposed
charged part of electrical machines and
equipment
Damaged insulation of electrical wirings
Short Circuit
Overloading
Improper grounding
HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT
Deteriorated cords, where the
exterior insulation has cracked,
exposing the wires inside.
Cords and/ or plugs produced
from substandard materials.
Use of cords which have no
appropriate current (amp) rating
for either the plug or the
equipment.

HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT
Use of extension
cords for
permanent
installations.
Equipment which
has been
incorrectly wired,
representing either
a shock or fire
hazard.

Loose electrical
connections
Cord with frayed
insulations
Plugs that do not match
their outlets, e.g., 3-
prong male plug to 2-plug
female outlet
Non-waterproof cords,
plugs and outlets used
outdoors

Tools that smell, smoke,
spark or shock
Wires running across the
floor
Electrical cords in contact
with hot appliances or
soaked in water
Extension cords instead of
permanent wiring
Octopus connections
Use grounding system
Isolation of electrical conductors
Vault & boxes
Warning signs
Safe Clearance
Elevation (at least 10 ft minimum) of electrical
cable specifically at construction site
Minimum approach distance

Insulation
Use double-insulated royal cord for tools
Provide good insulation for appliances
Insure insulation between feet and moist ground
Use appropriate PPE
Use Lock-Out and Tag-Out
Particulars regarding details of conductors
sizes & nature of grounds can be obtained
from the provision of the Philippine Electrical
Code governing them

GROUNDING ROD SPECIFICATION
Steel Rod - 5/8 dia. & 8 ft long
Copper Clad Steel Rod - 1/2 dia. & 8 ft long
Galvanized Pipe - 3/4 & 8 ft long
Resistance should not exceed 25 ohms
Proper foot protection
(not tennis shoes)
Rubber insulating
gloves, hoods, sleeves,
matting, and blankets
Hard hat (insulated -
nonconductive)
DO NOT GUESS
USE PROPER INSTRUMENTS
ALWAYS USE SAFETY
DEVICES
LOCKING & TAGGING
PROCEDURE
NEVER WORK ALONE
USE DANGER SIGNS
BUNDLED NON-CONDUITED
WIRES ON A STEEL TRUSS
Faulty or inadequate decorative lighting causes the majority of
Christmas tree fires. ( Do not used indoor Christmas lights for
outside or outdoor decorative lightings.)
Do not
attempt to
do hot works
when not
authorized








Source: Engr. Jason S. Wayet,
Safety Practitioner, CAR