Armnicas en Sistemas Elctricos

Estandar IEEE-519
Jess Baez Septiembre 2000
Referencia: Guide for Applying Harmonic Limits
on Power Systems
http://www.electrotek.com
P519A/D5
May 4, 1996
Distorsin de voltaje y distorsin de corriente
Carga No
Lineal
+
Vs(t)
-
i (t)
+
V
L
(t)
-
Voltaje de la Fuente
Voltaje de la Carga
(distorsionado)
Corriente de la carga
Proveedor
THDv mx
Usuario
THDI mx
Distorsin de Voltaje
Distorsiones < 5% son recomendables

Distorsiones de voltaje por arriba del 5% provocan efectos negativos en
motores, transformadores, relevadores, medidores, etc.
Distorsiones arriba del 10% son INACEPTABLES
El Estandar IEEE-519 recomienda que las compaas suministradoras
mantengan los niveles de distorsin de voltaje de acuerdo a la tabla
de la siguiente pgina y que losclientes mantengan la inyeccin de corriente
debajo de valoresque dependen de la rigidez del sistema.
Los lmites establecidos para la corriente son fijados de tal manera que si
todos los usuarios los respetan, la compaa suministradora puede mantener
la distorsin por debajo de los lmites marcados por el estndar
IEEE-519
3.1 Basic Responsibilities
Harmonics are created by nonlinear loads and devices on the power system. There are a wide variety of
devices that generate harmonics and they can be connected to the power system at any voltage level. The
one line diagram in Figure 3.1 provides a conceptual system illustrating the interconnection of different
harmonic-producing devices on the power system. The procedures outlined in IEEE 519-1992 are
designed to limit harmonic currents from individual customers and equipment so that harmonic voltage
levels on the overall power system will be acceptable. The approach involves a divided responsibility
between the customer and the utility.
1. The customer. For individual customers, the revised standard limits the level of harmonic
current injection at the point of common coupling between the customer and the utility.
Recommended limits are provided for individual harmonic components and for the Total Demand
Distortion (TDD). These limits are expressed as a percentage of the customer's demand current
level, rather than as a percentage of the fundamental, in order to provide a common basis for
evaluation over time.
2. The utility. The utility system is the transmission and/or distribution system that serves multiple
customers. The utility is responsible for the voltage distortion at the point of common coupling.
For most systems (below 69 kV), the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) should be less than 5%.
This means that the utility must make sure that system resonance conditions do not result in
unacceptable voltage distortion levels, even if all customers are within the recommended
guidelines for harmonic current generation.
Bus Voltage at PCC (V
n
)
Individual Harmonic
Voltage Distortion (%)
Total Voltage
Distortion - THD
Vn
(%)
V kV
n
69
3.0 5.0
69 161 kV V kV
n
<
1.5 2.5
V kV
n
> 161
1.0 1.5
THD
V
V
V
h
h
n
n
=
=

2
2
100%
where:
V
h
= magnitude of individual harmonic components (rms volts)
h = harmonic order
V
n
= nominal system rms voltage (rms volts)
Lmites en distorsin de voltaje
T a b l e 3 . 3 . 2
H a r m o n i c c u r r e n t d i s t o r t i o n l i m i t s ( I
h
) i n
% o f I
L
V kV
n
69
I I
sc L
/ h < 11 11 17 < h 17 23 < h 23 35 < h 35 h
TDD
<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20-50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50-100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100-1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
69 161 kV V kV
n
<
<20* 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5
20-50 3.5 1.75 1.25 0.5 0.25 4.0
50-100 5.0 2.25 2.0 1.25 0.35 6.0
100-1000 6.0 2.75 2.5 1.0 0.5 7.5
>1000 7.5 3.5 3.0 1.25 0.7 10.0
V kV
n
> 161
<50 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5
50
3.5 1.75 1.25 0.5 0.25 4.0
Lmites en distorsin de corriente

=
L
I
h
I
100 (%)
h
TDD

=
=
=
L
max
h h
2 h
I
2
I
100 (%) TDD
h
[ ]
LL
CC
kV
MVA
kA Icc
3
) ( =
Niveles de distorsin permitidos por el estndar IEEE-519
Distorsin en Corriente (Responsabilidad del usuario)
I
L
representa el valor de corriente correspondiente al valor promedio
de la demanda mxima que se ha presentado en los ltimos doce meses
Estndar IEEE-519 (Eleccin del punto de acoplamiento comn)
Utility System
Customer Under Study
Other Utility
Customers
PCC
I
L
Utility System
Customer Under Study
Other Utility
Customers
PCC
I
L
THD Bi ns ( %)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9
0. 00%
10. 00%
20. 00%
30. 00%
40. 00%
50. 00%
60. 00%
70. 00%
80. 00%
90. 00%
100. 00%
Si t e 1092 THD Hi st ogr am
June 19 - June 26, 1992
Count = 305
Mi ni mum = 0. 739
Maxi mum = 1. 949
Range = 1. 211
Mean = 1. 406
Medi an = 1. 489
St andar d Devi at i on = 0. 318
St andar d Er r or = 0. 0182
Var i ance = 0. 101
Skewness = - 0. 521
Kur t osi s = - 0. 777
IEEE 519-1992 states that the steady state harmonic limits can be exceeded by 50% for short periods of
time (up to one hour per day). One hour per day is approximately 4% of the time. Therefore, this limitation
is consistent with using the design limits as the 95% probability of not being exceeded. The higher limit (1.5
x the design limits) can be compared with the measured harmonic level that is not exceeded 99% of the
time (the 99% probability point).
Tolerancias en niveles de distorsin
Case A
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (minutes)
T
o
t
a
l

D
e
m
a
n
d

D
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
Tmaximum = 50 minutes
Ttotal = 50 minutes
Case B
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (minutes)
T
o
t
a
l

D
e
m
a
n
d

D
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
Tmaximum=10 minutes
Ttotal = 50 minutes
4.2.2 Magnitude/Duration Limits for Short Duration Harmonic
Levels
The probability distributions do not distinguish between many short bursts of harmonics and one longer
burst of harmonics that may exceed a specified threshold. Figure 4.2.2 provides an exaggerated
comparison of two time trends of harmonic levels illustrating the difference. Both of the cases have the
same total duration where the harmonics exceed a threshold (e.g. 8%) but they may have significantly
different impacts on motor or transformer heating.
Tolerancias en niveles de distorsin
The r e a r e t w o indic e s t ha t c a n be c a lc ula t e d t o c ha r a c t e r ize t he t ime v a r y ing nat ur e of the ha r monics and
t a ke int o account bot h of t hes e cas es :
1. The t ot al dur at ion of har monic bur st s ( T
t ot al
) is t he s umma t ion of all t he t ime int e r va ls in wh ich t he
me a s ur e d le v e l e xc e e ds a pa r t ic ula r le v e l dur ing a s pe c ifie d me a s ur e me nt pe r iod.
2. The ma ximum dur a t ion of a single bur s t (T
ma x i mu m
) is the longest t ime int e r va l in w hich t he
me a s ur e d dist or t ion le v e l cont inuously e xc e e de d a pa r t ic ula r le v e l dur ing t he s pecifie d
me a s u r e me n t p e r iod.
Bot h T
t ot al
and T
ma x i mu m
a r e f unct ions of t he t hr eshold s ele c t e d. Sp e c ific limit s c a n be de ve loped for r a nge s
of t hese indices and t hen t he limit s can be plot t ed on a magnit ude dur at ion plot ( s ee example in Se c t ion 5)
for c o mp a r ison w it h t he me a s ur e me nt r e s ult s. Ta ble 4.2.1 pr ovide s e xa mple ma g n it ude/ dur at ion limit s t hat
can be us ed t o inc lude t he t ime v a r y ing nat ur e of ha r mo n ic s in t he e va luat ion [ 6] . They use t he st eady st at e
limit s from I E E E 519- 1992 as a bas is (r e fe r r e d t o a s de s ign limit s in t he t able ). N ot e t hat har monic bur s t s
w it h dur at ions les s t han 5 s econds ar e ignor ed. W hile t hes e s hor t dur at ion bur s t s of har monic s c ould be
ve r y impor t ant , it is diffic ult t o apply s t eady s t at e limit s t o cont r ol t he m. W hile r e fe r e n c e [6] uses 5 s econds
a s t he de fining pe r iod f or t hese shor t bur st s, it ma y be de s ir a ble t o us e 3 s econds s ince t hat is t he s ampling
p e r iod us ed in I EC 1000-4-7.
T a b l e 4 . 2 . 1 .
S h o r t d u r a t i o n h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n l i m i t s
b a s e d o n a 2 4 h o u r m e a s u r e m e n t p e r i o d .
A c c e pt able har monic d ist ort ion
le v e l (indiv i dual or TD D )
M a x imum dur at ion of a s ing le
har monic burst
( T
ma x i mu m
)
Tot al durati on of al l harmo nic
burst s
( T
to t al
)
3.0 x ( design limits) 1 s e c < T
ma x i mu m
< 5 s e c 15 s e c < T
t ot al
< 60 s e c
2.0 x ( design limits) 5 s e c < T
ma xi mu m
< 10 min 60 s e c < T
t ot al
< 40 min
1.5 x ( design limits) 10 min < T
ma x i mu m
< 30 min 40 min < T
t ot al
< 120 min
1.0 x ( design limits) 30 min < T
ma x i mu m
120 min < T
t ot al
Tolerancias en niveles de distorsin
Choose PCC
Calculate Short Circuit
Capacity (I
SC
)
Stage 1:
Is Detailed Evaluation
Necessary?
Estimate Weighted Disturbing
Power (S
DW
) or % Nonlinear
Load
Is Power Factor
Correction Existing or
Planned?
No
Calculate Short Circuit Ratio
(SCR=I
SC
/I
L
)
Yes
Characterize Harmonic Levels
(Measurements, Analysis)
Stage 2:
Does facility
meet harmonic
limits?
Calculate Average Maximum
Demand Load Current (I
L
)
Yes
No
Design Power Factor
Correction and/or Harmonic
Control Equipment (include
resonance and interaction
concerns)
Verification Measurements
and Calculations
(if necessary)
Yes
No
UTILITY CUSTOMER
Procedimiento para la evaluacin de lmites de armnicas