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Introduction
As Vibrio cholerae can be found in
seawater, live seafood is therefore also a
medium for the transmission of cholera.
The quality of natural seawater is also
subject to changes of the climate and
water pollution, synthetic seawater
should preferably be used for keeping
live seafood if it cannot be guaranteed
that the source of seawater is absolutely
safe. Moreover, a properly installed
and well-maintained filtration and
disinfection system, along with an
effective management approach, is of
utmost importance for ensuring the
quality of sh tank water.
To safeguard food safety and public
health, the Food and Environmental
Hygiene Depar tment (FEHD) has
issued a set of licensing requirement and
condition, and a set of guidelines on the
filtration and disinfection facilities for
fish tank water for compliance by the
trade.
For clar ification about the content
of this pamphlet, please enquire at any
District Office (Environmental Hygiene)
of FEHD.
Licensing Requirement
Filtration and disinfection facilities
acceptable to the Director of Food
and Environmental Hygiene shall be
installed at the premises for filtering
and disinfecting water used for keeping
1

live marine sh or shellsh intended for

human consumption.
Licensing Condition
Water used for keeping live marine
fish or shellfish intended for human
consumpti on shal l be fi l tered and
disinfected by ltration and disinfection
facilities acceptable to the Director of
Food and Environmental Hygiene and
the facilities shall be maintained in good
working order at all times.
Best Practices to Enhance
Fish Tank Seawater Quality
for Food Business
The quality of sh tank seawater
can be enhanced by :
(I) Reliable source of seawater,
(II) Effective filtration and disinfection
system; and
(III) Proper maintenance and
management system.
Details are as follows:
(I) Reliable Source of
Seawater
Natural Seawater
1. Seawater from doubtful sources
should not be used for keeping live
seafood.
2. With effect from 1 August 2010, the
law forbids any person to extract,
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Between the high water level and the low water level of the shoreline,
and within 50 m seaward from the low water level of the shoreline
)[@[
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Prohibited Areas for
Extracting Seawater
}
Ting Kou
2222.031north
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Tyhpoon shelters forbidden for extraction of seawater
|]9
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Rambler Channel Typhoon Shelter
5
6
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8
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10
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13
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LEGEND
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suppl y, del iver or use seawater
from specified prohibited areas for
keeping live fish or shell fish for
human consumption in the course
of food business.
3. Prohibited areas for extracting
seawater include Victoria Harbour,
the shoreline of Hong Kong Island
( i ncl udi ng Ap Lei Chau) , t he
shoreline of New Territories West
(including Tsing Yi) and the 14
typhoon shelters specified in the
Merchant Shipping (Local Vessels)
(Typhoon Shelters) Regulation.
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4. Abstraction of seawater for keeping
live seafood should be avoided
during and after inclement weather.
5. Seawater should be sourced from
reliable supplier.
6. New batch of natural seawater
should preferably be stored in an
empty tank fitted with an effective
filtration and disinfection system.
The system should be run for at
least one to two hours before being
used for keeping live seafood.
Synthetic Seawater
7. Synthetic seawater is prepared from
marine salt and tap water.
8. The mar i ne sal t s used f or t he
preparation of synthetic seawater
should be sourced from reliable
suppliers.
9. Free residual chlorine level in tap
water decreases with time. Addition
of sal t and aerat i ng t he wat er
overnight effectively reduce residual
chlorine to a very low level.
10. The instructions for the use of
marine salts such as the proportion
of salt and water to be used are
usually printed on the marine salt
packages and should be followed.
5

(II) Effective Filtration and

Disinfection System
1. The filtration / disinfection system
should be a closed loop system
capable of providing continuous
filtration and disinfection action.
The system used should be operated
round the clock.
2. The filtration system should be
installed upstream of the disinfection
system and not vice versa such that
it can remove suspended solids or
particulate matters in the fish tank
water which may affect the efcacy
of the disinfection system.
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Filtration

Pump

Disinfection

Fish Tank

Filtration first,
then Disinfection
6

3. The pump s houl d be abl e t o

circulate water at least twice in an
hour.
4. The flow rate of pump should not
exceed the maximum flow rate of
ltration / disinfection system.
5. Shor t-ci rcui t of water cur rent
should be avoided so as to enhance
the effect of disinfection.
6. The fil tration and disinfection
facilities for fish tank water should
be properly installed and regularly
maintained by a company/supplier
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To enhance effect
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7

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special ising in water treatment
for live seafood. At present, UV
radi ati on i s the most common
method used for disinfection of sh
tank water. Other methods used are
ozone, copper-silver ionization and
photocatalytic oxidation technology
with the use of UV radiation and
titanium dioxide.
7. FEHD reviews the disinfection
methods from time to time. An
updated list of the accepted methods
and guidance note are kept at the
district ofces of FEHD and FEHD
webpage (http://www.fehd.gov.
hk) for public reference. A copy of
the guidance note specic for each
of the methods can be obtained at
these offices upon request. If an
|[)}|4)$|4|%
Health inspectors collect fish tank water samples for examinations regularly
8

operator intends to use a method

other than those on the list, he/she
should apply to FEHD with full
particulars of the proposed system.
Before it is accepted, the proposed
system should not be installed for
disinfection of the water of the sh
tanks used for keeping live seafood
intended for human consumption.
8. The oper a t or s s houl d a s s i gn
dedicated staff to take care of the
cleansing and maintenance of the
whole system.
9. The f i l ter mater i al s shoul d be
cleansed at least once a week and
replenished at least once a month.
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10. If spongy lter is used, more regular
cleansing and replenishment of the
lter materials should be carried out.
In addition, more regular cleansing
and replenishment of lter materials
should be conducted if the water
quality is poor and/or fish stock
density is high.
11. If sand lters are used, they must be
cleansed periodically by backwash.
Backwash should be carried out
until the effluent is clear. After a
long running time, the sand should
be replenished.
12. If activated carbon filter is used, it
should be regularly maintained.
13. If circumstances per mit, use of
layered multi-sand lter comprising
both coarse sand and fine sand as
lter materials tted with automatic
backwash self-cleansing device is
desirable.
14. In general, there are four types of
disinfection system as follows:
1) UV radiation disinfection
system;
2) Ozone system;
3) Copper-silver ionization
disinfection system; and
4) Disinfection system employing
phot oc a t a l y t i c oxi da t i on
technology with the use of UV
radiation and titanium dioxide.
10

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The guidance notes are as
follows:
1) Guidance Note for
UV Radiation
Disinfection System
i) The UV l amp used shoul d be
operating at the wavelength of UVC
range (i.e. 280-100 nanometer) with
peak effect at 254 nanometer. The
use of a double barrel UV lamp
tube and higher lamp intensity is
preferred.
ii) The UV lamp should be sealed
c ompl e t e l y t o avoi d huma n
exposure to the UV radiation.
iii) The s hel f l i f e of UV l amp i s
normally less than 12 months. As
the output of UV lamp declines
over time, the UV lamp should be
replaced preferably at 6 to 9 months
interval before burns out naturally .
iv) The quartz sleeve of the UV lamp
should be cleansed at least monthly
by trained personnel of the operator
or the system supplier.
v) The system should be regularly
maintained by trained personnel
of the operator or the UV lamp
supplier preferably at least once
every 6 months.
vi) Since the efcacy of the disinfection
system is also affected by water
circulation time, the water in the
11

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12

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s ys t em s houl d recycl e at l eas t
two ti mes per hour, i . e. water
passes through the filtration and
disinfection system once every 30
minutes, in order to effectively
reduce the bacterial load in sh tank.
(For example, for a 600-litre fish
tank, the water flow rate through
the ltration and disinfection system
should be 20 litres/min in order to
achieve an overall cycling time of 30
minutes for the whole system.)
vii) The operator should work with
the supplier to ensure the system in
place meet the design specications
with a view to achieving optimal
disinfection efcacy.
2) Guidance Note for Ozone
System
i) For optimal disinfection efficacy,
tailor-made systems by contractors
are necessary. The system should
be pilot-tested and calibrated prior
to installation to ensure that they
are able to produce optimal ozone
concentration for disinfection.
ii) Regular maintenance of the system
equipment should be carried out
by trained personnel or the system
supplier preferably at quarterly
intervals. The ozone source must be
switched off during the cleansing
and maintenance operations.
13

iii) Ambi ent ozone l evel s s houl d

be moni t ored and equi pment
shutdown and alarm device should
be incorporated into the system
and operating automatically when
levels exceed 0.1 ppm. If there are
practical difficulties for installation
of t he of f -gas des t r uct or, t he
ozone generator and the contact
tank should be installed in a well
ventilated area fitted with ozone
leakage detector with automatic
alar m and equipment shutdown
device. Users should take note of
the potential hazard of improperly
operated ozone system.
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The Ozone System

14

iv) If UV radiation is used to generate

ozone, the UV lamp should be
regularly replaced preferably at 6 to
9 months interval, but well before it
burns out naturally.
v) For optimal disinfection efficacy,
human safety and health of the
fish, the system should be installed
with an ozone contact tank where
ozonation is done inside the tank
with sufficient contact time. The
ozone contact tank should be well
covered. Continuous introduction of
ozone directly to the sh tank is not
recommended as the direct contact
of ozone can be harmful to sh and
the release of ozone off-gas can be
hazardous to humans in the vicinity.
Direct introduction of ozone into
the tank containing the filtration
facilities should also be avoided as it
would adversely affect the ltration
and disinfection efcacy.
vi) The operators should require the
supplier to ensure that the system in
place meet the design specification
with a view to achieving optimal
disinfection efcacy.
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3) Guidance Note for
Copper-silver Ionization
Disinfection System
i) The operators should require the
suppliers to ensure that the system in
place meets the design specications
with a view to achieving optimal
disinfection efficacy. Measurement
of residual ions levels in the fish
tank water should be carried out
preferably at bi-weekly interval.
ii) The operators should consult the
supplier of the system on the dosage
of copper / silver ions to be used
to ensure its effectiveness while
not producing any undesirable side
effects to the live seafood.
Effluent
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in the fish tank water
16

ii) ;(m/@]
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iii) The operators should monitor the
pH value of the fish tank water
preferably on daily basis to ensure
that the pH is within the range of 7.2
to 7.8 for optimal disinfection.
iv) The electrodes of the ionizer should
preferably be replaced at yearly
interval.
v) Regular maintenance of the system
should be carried out by trained
personnel or the system supplier
preferably at quarterly interval.
4) Guidance Note for
Disinfection System
employing Photocatalytic
Oxidation Technology with
the use of UV Radiation
and Titanium Dioxide
i) The UV l amp used shoul d be
operating at the wavelength that is
effective to trigger the photocatalytic
oxidation reaction.
ii) The UV lamp should be sealed
c ompl e t e l y t o avoi d huma n
exposure to the UV radiation.
iii) As the output of UV lamp declines
over time, the UV lamp should be
replaced preferably at 6 to 9 months
interval, before it burns out naturally.
iv) The quartz sleeve of the UV lamp
should be cleansed at least monthly
by trained personnel of the operator
or the system supplier.
17

v) The phot ocat al ys t s houl d be

regenerated or replaced by the
system supplier preferably at least
once yearly.
vi) The system should be maintained
by trained personnel of the operator
or the system supplier preferably at
quarterly intervals.
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18

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vii) The operator should require the
supplier to ensure the system in
place meet the design specications
with a view to achieving optimal
disinfection efcacy.
(III) Proper Maintenance
and Management
System
1) The flow diagram of the filtration
/ disinfection system should be
maintained. Technical information
of the system such as model and
flow rate of pump and filtration /
disinfection system should be record.
Information of any modification
of the system should be updated
to facilitate staff in follow up and
maintenance of the system.
2) A cleansing programme should be
designed and dedicated staff should
be assigned to fol l ow the time
schedule in carrying out cleansing
and maintenance of the whol e
system.
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Live fish and shellfish should be kept separately in different fish tanks
19

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3) Live fish and shellfish should be
kept separately in different tanks
and at a stock density not causing
overcrowding. It is preferable to
use separate sets of filtration and
disinfection systems for tanks used
for keeping live fish, crustaceans
and shellsh. Live bivalve mollusks
should be washed free of mud with
clean water before being kept in the
storage tank.
4) All the inter nal surf aces of the
fish tanks should be scrubbed and
t horoughl y cl eansed regul arl y,
preferably at least once a week.
Sand, stones and other objects laid
inside the fish tanks for decoration
purposes should also be cleansed in
the like manner. After scrubbing
and cleansing, all water in the fish
tanks should be drained off. The
fish tanks including the sand and
stones inside should be rinsed clean
before refilling of the wholesome
seawater.
5) All pipes for the supply of water
and air to fish tanks should be
thoroughly cleansed and r insed
with clean water during cleansing
of sh tanks each time. Proper and
thorough cleansing of the whole set-
up at regular intervals are important
in upkeeping the quality of tank
water.
20

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6) The sh tank area should be clean,
well ventilated and free from any
building defect.
7) Fish net and other articles in contact
with the fish tank water should
always be kept clean. If not in
use, the fish net should be stored
in a clean bucket specially for the
pur pose. After business hours,
fish net and the buckets should be
cleansed thoroughly and rinsed with
clean water.
8) When handling fish tanks, clean
rubber gloves should be worn.
9) Fish tanks and other connected
articles left unused for a period of
time should be cleansed thoroughly
before they are used again.
10) Periodic changing of tank water
is an effective means to remove
harmful substances produced by the
stock after a period of time. Periodic
changing of water will also prevent
turbid water from decreasing the
efcacy of disinfection systems.
11) Seawat er s uppl i er or s eaf ood
whol esal er can take sampl e of
seawater to recognized laboratory
for analysis and keep the test reports
so as to monitor the quality of
seawater.
21

12) The quantity of natural seawater or

synthetic seawater prepared from
marine salt and tap water should be
recorded. Purchase invoices should
be kept f or purchase pl an and
monitoring purpose.
13) Al l r e c or ds us i ng t he f or m
Maintenance Record on Filtration
and Di si nf ecti on Faci l i ti es f or
Water for Keeping Live marine Fish
and/or Shellfish to register the
maintenance details, including the
checking and cleansing work carried
out to the systems, replacement
and addition of the filter medium,
replacement of the UV-light bulbs/
tubes, etc. should be completed and
certified by the dedicated staff/
contractor. The records should be
kept on the premises for at least one
year. They should be readily available
for inspection and for reproduction
should the Health Inspector demand
for them at all times. The form
Maintenance Record on Filtration
and Disinfection Facilities for Water
for Keeping Live marine Fish and/
or Shellfish can be downloaded
from the website of FEHD: http://
www.fehd.gov.hk.
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22

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Published by the Environmental Hygiene Branch,
Food and Environmental Hygiene Department
Printed by the Government Logistics Department
(11/10)