L e c..

+UYG '

.:i.

The- M +'he.. yY1o.+1 5'Ql

CA

6f Pro ~c. 0'( ~ ~

To
C1')

Ihetln~
-i'

1 J.n-h-ucivc-ht>",
d 0 j - WG w~
ek-

\IV
1

J d:;J -

ChQp~
We

CAll

VI o--hR>1I7

Co

w: 11

1;)-)

s k 'f . -

~qve
!Vl+ut+-1V-e

0-\ fYo k 0.10 ~ 1 ~

Le+}s s -e-e

Or)

'I

.:

p=?

S6

Vv h t

eli d we... J VlS+

fD <3 rr I ve 0. + +h 0+ Of
Co

O! SS'VI-'lAe.
S;Whr

Ano+her

However

pLA+
~b v- YYl a I

pro 60 1'1 +:J

m (J-t---h f' YI't

C+I C

uh/e,ss

L-ve

"Yi-l-o

d()LJV)

U'S',

V]

:J

+~~

CQV1

l:Jrec k

v-n

r I-f'~
of

y tA 1u

~~.~

p Yo h l~ s
'S

e-t-

--kt

t'\)V" ' )
"'iitww

E X O Yn p Jt0
LefS
,{/I

~ec hl:)w Z)IJIA

+h es~

+here

- whl

<1 ~

',s

eYl
0

o",J

Vlc.eJ

I (J. ~.e"v

V\ ()vJ

~t'lo--J.ReY re ~'b~ Y1

we.. v../)\1

t-+

W e..

t:

V-UVl

!Y\+a

ler-4-e~-

h av{:, \'vI-fH'll-rc. .-ets

col Cv. Ius e: 3- ,h VI VIC lei I rna+h.)

(/V"l

CUIYI

W'hc+ )s -+t--e
3e ++)Jfj ;) 7 h
h Ufldr~d +O~!'~J
~Oltl)

ea

bc

d-r

6+

<7<

10,)1 '---1
~
i n

-fury

Fre.Jl do>'l - Yl<)h~J~

Oll1 e

In

7)Y<:;,

-+-\I\j 0

WQ e k.s

60',)l

h~ W "

evej 'hQ ~

~ct ~~

~ 11.

'10m

k.e. ~

/ rtfrock. CJI.. -!--ie.

W hIe fz

)~~
o -f
l(

lA/o Y'

+rofl1 s >-hon

exp'- r' I

II

Lull I b e --1-0 h-rr

(JeflOn

oyf

IS::;U

Com <2

-tcx-!-?j

-}o nt u

process
f -./'0 U yZ

:J

pc.' .

w,e
~f .:-6

. .\

7/.,

I.A.JJj(jS'e... ,',

- fa !~,a-f/j

C I"'"or

"---.-J

47

:'~OYJ1El~s
_~-... __ ~ ....,,,._,,,,,,,,_~,,,.

. To

''''~;'~''''''''_'''{''''_~'''~'-''''';a"''"''''''''L'''''''-~'''

$' S" '11'1

:J

-f;;:n I- co jn

I 00 --f })-r'J tS

D e(; /1'11J~ 5 Co Y'd 5' ~-VVY1 ~~

S;J carel dcck: -" cz,,?ok-er ho"J,
Dec; lin:J /:3 Cor d.! -frow a. 52
c Ot-" ~@e Ie - a hIYj 0:5 e he!- J

,(

~efln'/--kan

The.-

........

. _

c+

'Se,T;

01v\+CoMr~
he

W. /1

or

(_<4

on

fI

ffCperr

I hd ~

Yhcn+

.--.........

Jr

::=-

blc

sa Yl'?pJe.
-

3 --fD SS'eJ'
C( h

}6

SSI

-! HH /~/ H HT

a-f

C-;:oJIY)

J-} T H)

L T I~J 1-1~ T HI ) f

-(H)

H T-S
T {' r J

A
0;/1

.sub set-

A 0+ .:1

_..----,.---~--"'~-';--.M\

l~' 11\ d
..,_..-.-.--,

We..
IN

co

It ~d

ever.i.

H-c> b 1~yv1

.,. . . .

'j

..

---.~-

. . . .----...,,,..,,-..

".,0+

[e as+-

:3 ThS' .r.f' S

OYe. 'I

we A

oak lr'l ~
'!

s;:

0-

heo.
f Ci-. fa /Ir eo, ""

0/1'1
0

-{:v
SeA

0Sc.:-t

IV)

'"~ ~ { I-fHH.) HHT~ 1-1 TH--.J 14

I

l~ l~?) -rTIi]

/-1 H) TH- ( J

W~

w ~ r 1

II -t-J,1L~

~dV(')Y" +-e....

/( 0 u f

Sfa ~~

'\\

~1M

11 (J\lJ

1 1

so
Cl

mpk

n .

L<2-+ ~ be () se-t C +h -e so pLe-

A pvc> b ah; 11~

SfCt c~po~ j2 is o'Yu/~ (+uY\G+z.-o",") u./h;e-h

v-('cl hi.Jn.1 r v-- P(A)
() S S 13Y1S'
Yn

yY1f' e Svv-.

,fo

OY1~

(Ie +0

+t-c
I

S V.

b s-e+

C:P'\j

-fell oV n j
j

F;r
We-

on

'vi O\f~

A 0+ ~

err-
such +hc+
CAx '~r11 s

ove

SC---{-

A C ~

J
'PrA) ./ 0

eve,,-4-

!f,f/ J
f

'3 - I+ fL

Az )

I /11-{' r;

of

PQ1Y1A/IJ'f..

e?\clu 5 j vc)

5 U'YY1

l-1-e

01"1

C-o

)
+ 1j
lAO:

~('

1V1 .fII'1-r1-e

1..1'\<1

rOI~Y"'"
',','

S-e..Y1

e~

S'VJ'V\.

AI () A'J = cb'
,~ jJ
w)~ "'i-*,
v

ex: C /(j.S J ve ,,,

O;l~

I \-e c,fu V~i

ho+ JVS+Ot-c!lV?ClYc:)

(Yn Vl~O II)

di.5J OIVl+-

eVf4l+S:-

of

~~

) AhrJ-:J

! !.

(f Of' '\

<

T Wo

---hA c.l1 ~ -exc I'\A s, V-e...

A I 0" J t:'+2

YYl v..

~v(?vrtS

(S<3 A,

fl

peA, u A2)
; )

<

yY)

=:

ep)

P(Al)

+- fir A~)

v+u Cl.ll~ - e xc IU 51 Ve

A, Az) ..
J

A:L -:=.

<

eve-n-T::s

A YJ

P(A1u Az. V<"UAVl)

:: P(A,) +-r({{~)+~,+ P(An)

I
"

'C I,a ~5

C>~

Exoyn 1al ~ s

" " " _ ._ y _ , y _ ._ _'"

._"_. ._

(3

-~--

- ,

Le -b ~l

be.

Lt--t A

n c:.l-eYh-eVl+s-.

be

c:c- w>J~

'5

:# CA)

l~( A) ~

;2

D.-r~Yle..

O'Y1j 'Subse-t.
....

-UM~

CA)
I

#(Z)

Th~ P a+- ~ -0 +h e.
s

e:J

10 J 2 _

f-tev~

+h

V\ u

lh~ S ~"5

# (A~
vv\

CG

01?V

0"

eo 1'\-1

1-1"V1e~
'fYl

J. 3

n~J ~ ""

J1

1!.'

e q~ G

A
j

Il

To ke..3 aWl pk

-favo y'/ k

<::JU r

space:

tiJ

~ ~{~J-1H ~] 1}IJ H ~HJ H

I rt +T j T l--i \ ~ --r I 1-1--> TTl

L~+

6f
(WI e

A 0~

-+h s~~Jt+ (f"'~)

\Ai- CAl'fIle~ W J~ a-&

h eo- d . oV'd. O'tle -/-a\ )

A] 1 ~
e 1v 11
j

0 til

)'1 b ~

~ ~1

-+ c...o T"-e..s

11

-1:S

(kJ:

0 r--

,1-0 If')

eo

a v .)

e.

S""

---------<I

,A.[ C;V1~Y1'lJCtA'~ S

--!

C0
I'll

Yi

5'\

'

",

j~ r +~

Eva

__

lX(ll+

YVJ

<;;

+In c. P)

CH1 c

(0) J7 '"

4>
"'.

"

(111

LQ+ A c2
De-r,ne.

P(A)~ Ar~G-> 0+ A
1ht-vL P s +, S fi e s -t-C--e.
(AXI 0
2~ 0.11 '3.
OJ

(VIS

(-)

Pl:':.

cr

V(

r .r..

q If'-

:::>

.:b

o~

?o 1

V1~I" +f-c J'~ V-01(~

I,

hk0 ~ JAnlj~V\GJ ~

\;vhcA

lJ

f(A) ?

t(\

QUick

0-'2 0v~_~~_
~

_cSe-\- - Th o v

17

<!~ 4Q-S"0J

L~t ~ be.. 0. S~-e

o\r\d

A o.V\ d B be. su 10 s~-{s. Ite....

A LJ ts (un i
1
An B ('/h +er-.sc<-+\~,,",) o~J A

We-

h ave..

(C(JW)

0>"' ") .::;

'fle Y'YIe,,+-).

Ve roY'

d'-I a3'q- y"'f\~

- cOYY1plevY1ell\t

- -

-<1'-'~"'--"--'-'1

//-'lij~ I

(/

~ .; ?

/II
A

)2

11/

.:?: I

l~y!:)
\

'\.A'

/8

A
-~----..

_-

..

~-

.,-~"--,-_ _ .~,~_.

...

r~~

7- ...

,.f

1
j

f\nB

...

',J he. -to'r'rY1ulos

I

U.2 n

o~d

!/Ylk-''13

(9

/
I

~ help 'jalA., 'reh/e.Yh~t'r -+-Itt

-fc,r l7f \Al a .$ *0..+ -hl]"vv vre...
~e:..

o.Ylo.

1\);3 ~

..

-20

(A:uB]u C

Au(Bvc)

2:

ay?Q

t~j \;t~

(An13)nC ~ . A n(f3nC) (0.. b)<>c =Cl~( bc)

)

Now

+lJO

oV-C

haft. la"Vs -Ht-c+ rc lo.k

\MOV
cA' . U) nc-..,J '.

We..

] he..- d(s+r~ btA +lve... lows

.

. .

A(l(!3ve) =(A<l\3}u (AflC)

. f

V\; ~ d

+\.
t
,
OV\c~3lJt.. v
A,

[avJ ~aj.

Ii-

11

0,

10 0

1...Il.sv e...

HQ
((J.{(b+ ):(o01)- oc)

ull +k-

no

Q..,C'I~"lAe

(~I\j dl:>+YI~~-f..,v'e
S- YI .

~u (BnC'J ~0UIT){)(Avc)

fo
Irb klr1P\

Qf'l c

...,

ft1fil!..

( SO Co Wlpte m

eVl+

o~c1'

C-

Ot1e WO~ +0
fo 'f, Ia. A
.

So

+, rst
A Oll'd n()+ B

--fe?'fAk o{ -th-

f1'1lA

n<JT p'\ .

r-evevs e

'0'

or O . . -

h ()tWI

111

lhe-

bC5+

1+ -, '5 hj

wa.) +0
0-

Ve

Y) y'I

22

S'ee..

J tow .,.-0

V""1

-,----------..,
~~~~'-:;

. /~~~~,..~~
.....".."

..../

"~..... , /
.~

.#'

.....

----~--

-ffrS<' <:t~'" of b(J--{ --/b vA

-(t./o s: 1u rf'J

{ 1'1

We..

w',l{ prove.

WVliGl--J

+0

V\/,ll be

+wo

PVbP0-5I+(~V\S

e~~s~L

~Ol).

fJ--OP05',+t_oVl Sb- (C oYnplemeV\t Law)

PC AI) =- l - P(A)
Roof
A u /4. JS SO
PC AU /211)~ Fr.2) := 1 ( 6l)(' 0'" ;0 &)
1::-

8 u+ ,A n A

z=

cP-

s~

hj

~ :J spec Ie;] case .

P(It u,A I) := '(A) +? (AI)

Q,4

Q )(tom

Pu +-h ~ ~ Crt)
I

Qt #) +0 ~ e3~

tlj

~p(AJ+r(A')

~k.d.

~~~~jJ

It'

'RX />

(1t:#)
f

W-t':j+

...
0

P(~) == 0

~obf
-

. == 2J'
s-o
r( eP) =- -

pC-56} ~ 1-1 =

ReyY1a.~~5

ep

LS h

--f+e. Gve e k { t +-+t r ph (:

I:)-J-

.~Noy:we3iaV"\ I tA-kr ...

The. 'S:j 1'1'\ ~~ 1. wo s (., ~.s ~ h'j
And r~ We'l L

1+

-l-S;

P( Ii) ~ I .

Proof
w

peA1:=
b(lCCiUSC.

E.9jjy~

1- 'P (A

1
)

~ I

r(A\)~o#

Cl; -feya 1/1 )

1,11 e..
~'lJ;~P"'li1'

...

;~ilIn

Yi""A.EJ!iB'.QIIki .. Nl'iM.

I 0 ~?(A)

__

-=====

.. """......

--~

I .

To; lilA sf-ta+e. .-+4

_of Pn:, PC'S'I-h{).., ~

'J'-.

,,.r'

U Je..

lQ

)B+t1S B'O

boc k ~. ~~P(A+1'0 .

Pc of Icos;+

~SS'es)

SQ

O"e-

heed . "

--+P re eo

. :

P(A)~ 1- PCTTT) = l-:-~ ~

J7

F?eca..ll -t-ha+ +11110

a"Y\d '8"
\-t
f'\

Q tre.,

Sa j S

l
n"lIA"'f'1.A.
CL iflJ -e x c I
VI s, \.I e... .

B -

/'\I

;--' f

\V1--l-t1 is

p(f-:l v B)

1h e -hI I

oW

'II'?

o.6s c 1",-kS

evcV'l-fs

~'j--'
Q

1
"Ci

' .

x"",

t)W"')

~
~

C_e- S c::
=:.

PrA) + P(fS) ~#-)

~ ?fU r'" $', -h ~'7

C ("'/+IC'ol

'\ S.

~,c..ol'nl'v,+et+co<'l.S

R-~?Ds'AcC>tI :;l ( A dct',+', ve. LQ\AJ)

PtA LJ Bj := Pr

.')+

P(S)- p(l-~nB)

ND+e. +}tr6t +hls 'IS ~>'l Sl.s:-k>~+ w;~

(tt-) Q bave- bccov$-e. It A n IT ~ ep -J~

 28
hor'c}.

1+ de pellJ,S OlA-k~
-

~\ h>~', f'l ~

RnB

I.

VeYli'l dtGjV"(1F".
.

A u B ',s -tk Lin

Df
-Hh V""e e rn fA -h.. ~! 'J
k.r:. ~.(. sc+s

We

,S e~ -+-ho+ .

10,;')

<:::

A uS ~ LA n 13') (} (A () IT! u
,

,I.

(BflA') )

rJ(r-t uRJ :;: PI An') + prAorr)

+ P(BpA)
0#)1

An~---I-----C

_ _ _ _ _ _._..-1

,_)0
J

1,; fIJ

")G' IOllo\.

'Paf):=;

'3

..

PfA ()}$) + P(AnlS')

I

wk~~

"

"''Ie

P( An~' ) .::: (A )-

S \yYIlloyl~

!.

(1

(f)

",,"\

?(B~ft)==P(~-IP(AnB)

(3)
I

30
?

r'"rl1,

~6 p0s.'t+wt\ 3

p( A uS ue)=- P(A) + P(15)t~,t)

e. . ' ,'

,J'!""")"'\, __

"\

.
n( #\t

r ~~ "'wli

-+ P(AnEoc.)
Th-/$

Pr in
I.

'/5

(lr

J \<1.

.....

(YK-~v-e 01"'" ltl:'~) 11+f.-~

<::. t
e ~ c. iN S tto '"
do IIA C
.

(3"

l A J

2 . ' e r~" ~ 6
""v:"'..
.' ".,

'."

',..

.#;\.,

,,,,,tfl:',,,~
',.,(rcl"'Q,

\AI(

St, Y\

T3.}J'

S j ~'. t'; {(,"I"~ ~~

..J

Jl"" 0

-~-,

~ h'

~..I p~
"

f'

"""...,J!

.1\." 0.. ." ',l" '1 iI~

rl
fI I fiJ'
1"'1 '" ';":)
~

A fi.., nC,.

\',

,.,

h:" r~
\..~

f ,

'