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* 1DEt\.lTIFI CATlON DIVl~ION-

Pf<Ot:rRA-t\1 - '!D . .f"~A-M plF·

DA:-,-A- DIV1 ~IO~ ·

\NORK.tNq - STDR-Atrt ~EOTON'

01 I>( pie. Cf(.2--).

01 Y pie qc:i..).

01 z_ Pfc Cl(..2-) V-A--LlJt ZFRE3)S.

J PRoCEDLJQ.l7" DfVl .s,o r-J.

tv10v'Ei- 30 TD x.
MOVb 90 -roy. t FiO -ro y.
I -A-DD X 1V y -t}/V)Nq Z ,

D1spLA'< z
I COtv1puTF z : )( + Y ..

O"' ~,z.E? 5RROR

.D1SpLA't' 'O"I SIZ~ FR.ROI<._ lS 1D8JnRED 81 PLE-Mr;:
C'.,HECK ""tHE= i°RONCATF{) VAWE'

Nor- ON ~IZE? -FRR.OR

'D1£pL-A-'{ '--A-DPl110N 0-F ' !X ·1 &; I y 1 U f Z.

D1~pL-A'( 1
0N SIZS t?RRoQ 15 Nor ID&JIT-ReD 1
ti-JD- CoMpcrn;:-.
r ·Ru1'!.
~p ! . 2o

ON $tZ-G" t1<RDR_ ts I.D8'JTJA8) -& fL~A~ t=- CJ-{e"Q( 111o=-11<VN

VltWJ~

)) Olp : Bo
-A-DDl""TTON Of::- 3o 8,; ~ ~ ~

ON .Stzs SRQOR_ .I5 "-far T.D~iTft.G=_t>.

'"'i(tJf>{ 'TF R._M1NAT0R_:

A 'icope -ie( n"'~nafor t?nd~ a. v'l!t b/ st atuoent-

'<er)rc.( ,.J., ,,)~th I~ I ~ol
.s,core tr.n))~·0 ~h),\ (c1n b,. tJ,('f'l;c;t -o-r rmplrcit

t ~pl i eo t ,'- • r· T~ "''',.I'\ ,,!v,:t ('I), i a verb i,vil/5"v.d:, ~~

1a Stl\hnC<_

n,~,, C<'n~ist c( l Nl") follow.?.q b,Q 21 ~pl,,eri CJ I~.,,_ name. of-~

"ct b ht fn~ kfM~()~cf. Such ru -ti--JD- T+:
-M r~\;crt- Scv~ -+etm~rrator- Ll> e1 pe,Joq (.) r',at end,, 15e,
Su:>pc. of all P""e.,;iow, .staJ--ernen--h not- yd: encftd.
 CONDITION-AL 5r-A-TFtv1t=NT.5 IN COE,OL:

ti mere. arq_ -+wo eondikon~I sf-~hrne,nh ~() CO&JL .

(D J'f -r ( lF, 1'/:'- El...$ 1 N~t--ed-1+=)

(%) £.Vctwat~ ~(-FV-ALLJATF ""l"RU-G, £Y-AWAft;" -AL~d)

. 1f- u:rrdftio-f'I ts tru~ -), fufu.s 1nm -the.. loop,

1f 0:rnJ; h"o-n f~ -+,l&e.. ~ ----hm,1() a t-e.. t15e- Loop.

8frnple.. T:F :

~f't-ax : 2F {Cbndit°O'f) ')

STi-
sr-2..

-t- 1 DFNn--Ac~oN DlVl~lo"1.

'PRoqQA-tvf _'.ID. I-F-PRO€rR-AM.

IDATA- Dl\J.tS/ON.
¢ WORKf NEf-~'<Aerf= SECTTON.

{ OI -A. PIC q('3_) VA-Uk 2.FRos

PROCF.DOl<E? -O(VIS 10 N.

-Acc.epr--A,.
'(p ,2Q
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TF -A> LO
D1SPLA-'( 1 A- 1
l5 "9 RE=ATtR_ tH A-N 1o 1
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PR_oqRA~-~. _n:as~.
DATA- D\/\SION.

WoR_ Kt "'1 Er- ~m RA-q-F SECTION.

f 0/ Ct p1e q(2.) VALVE- 10 ·

PROCEDURE=' i)tVISlON.

~ l-==-1 0
D I..S PLA y IV A-LV l7 IS -R?O-A-L \
a'.)
t=Lsc

t ..J.-i\~
l.l'fD-rF .
.DLS PL-A-Y ' V'~UE;= ts !'JOT ft0.JA--L 1

.STtaK: 1-F- ·(am~J,licrn)

sn
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S"f2

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PRo6d2.A-M-1-D• -ELSFLF.

DATA-- DrVl~JON.
WOJ<,KI N q-STIJR--AEJG=" SE cnof\l.

{) 01 T- pre qc.2..) v'AUJF w.

I P~OCFDOR~ D1Vl.SION.

-~ 1-=-1-
DIS PL-A~ 'VALVE~ Nor -EQD-A-C

~ <i-F.T=tO
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v-A-Lu&" xs -ftvuAL'
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srop Q.LJN .

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Ft£rs= :U:- (G,rdi11~~
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l'Ro(; f' \f\\ I''"' t--lt '- 't 1, I I

v\\'~"-11\I(\ ""W~' \<,t ~t r- Tll ir--L

1."' ' I\. \"'I C qt ,"\
,--, I ~ r1l· flc\ \
<-"'I C rk· l() >
rR0ct. t>L1RJ r,r\ 1<,o~
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-Accc-p, c
TF --A~e:, ,-AND ~>c
1
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-fI.sE 'LF B>A ~ND B)c
D1spLAv e. , ::rs ---GRFl\;-qz1
-f=t_~ E'

D~pL--A'{ c_ 1 '.ls ·~t-::;yrFR.'

~b-T/2

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I)
1'j
p- I IO
g
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oy 15
t5 ·f/R cAn: ~
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►
EVALUATE:
• fuluate. Ll, aho ~ --(or- eonJ:tional Ch&.;1)1 Olm;lar bo
,~ sW-ernef)t-
• dv..fQ~ (;) Cobo/ - fsl'r.
• fy,,J,.iale t,fftc}iv~ &I e.{P.·c;~ ,.,epl~ ·
sf't,.x: :
-fVAW-A1F VAR l ASL{;"
~H~ CoNDfTTDNI
~~

ltJHaJ CoN f) rn 01\\l-

~TMU

~uai Co No, no r-J ~4-

~TMU

~H&J 0~

~TMB
-fND---FvAW-AtF· L ~ v-
- - - tu-..;t--- -<.
m
• tyj~KJ urn we- CM) ~ 'V)? w b"" ~Jtun.c 1.U'f nf u,J.u,.J.i.
• WI--IFN 01HF'R V, ttr, J'liunal ,dnit, but-i't-~ h'f8hi 'lU.Cffi-
tner)cfable. -iv Code. u WJ./6N Dfffca._" ~FtJT
~
1~ al~ ~ -hue .sfal-mw,t:-
" Wl)ef) 'any ~ ~ Co-ndfhcrn ~ hue, ,~ am-t'toJ .::JII aulo-
N'lt1tica~ p"MS to 'le..-1:- .shWY>ellt- a/tu -&ID-Fv'AL~
 MovF sr-A-TFMt=Nr:
R(J..feh:
, ReciiJnf --f;.Jd ih .-y-e.fv..hed ,J~t{, spacv.. ur {;.UVS on d~h.~ X, A

w~I~ .S'f-aw , anol ci'.s w~~ <eros

, ])fault- jl.lb~-k:'l!lion z:rn X: ,-A 16 n'8hb. 1-e vak.w. rn ove.. ~ .
left to -t~ht.
, Defau.tt j L,l/,tit,'c<1 kOT) ran be_ ch~ gee! -to ~iqlw r5T) x, -A
• (Jo £J's I Tote~er r,rt- tak_e.1, rt'1,t t-- j w..-li.frc -afi"o-n l.2 de efm21 I f <Vt-
-ta ku left JuJtiffca~m.
• ;S('J)d~na -f;efol V, u.nchMqec,{,
Dffunnt-Typu. of- "0ovF :
i.. ·cSirnpk I .f=rernell~ Move...
2- • Qefafi~, R~fuence.. Modi~czrtfon Move_
~~ -q--roup MoV€-
'f• ---qn?"'f Mo= ,;:Jill, ~pO'f)d~
~- Qu~l;f;er move_
CD .Srrnple. / -Uementa7 Move ;

$Tb~ ; Mov,;: VALv~ -to V'-ARJ-Af,LF.

r)(ampk :
-¼ 1rD8-JTittGATION DtV(gtON. 1

PROE{--i:?Afvt-T[). &lrY)PL£MOVb-

4
DAT-A- D1 ~1 Ot\l.
Ol -A- plc
f OI
q(;..'),

B ptc. KC to),
PRoC£DURE' D lvtSION·
~ 1\1 OVl;T f'? TO ~.

f MOVF 'sovMy.A,sRJ' ,v B ,
 DtspL-A~ -A · l •

1
00
\)t..<;pL-A'I B
Srop Qvl\J .

,~
SOLJMYASRI

@ ReltJttve.- Move- ~
& rt:a~ t MOVF VA-RJA-81.£3 l· tO VAflAALS.2..

'f1 C.Opy~nf ~ bk ~ -m
C>r>e... v~na o15e7 vruiab'k...
~arnp1e;
~ 01 -A- plc. q (l--J ·
OI & flc__ X (LO},

0/ C p\C_ C\(.l).
01 D pic__ ~c,o).
tv1ovt=- l'5" TD I\; ,

Mov;::- kourriY-A~I<.' "TD B·

1
I
ov-tv1 I,' -A-'° c. .
MOVE= 8TDD·
D!spLA'( C.
) DtspLA'( J)

°Ip; ,~
SOOrY)'{Aff(\

R_efer«Ke. Moct k~-f1'T) rvfove__ :

-'-'A- move!, patfi-a_ I data irito ~"1nQ -kdof.-

- v,m,- pait-- of-- ~ ~~"r ,fi·clo( t/2 uriJ-iztl)r.
$'.f'lh x: : Mo\/f? ~ Ra::. ( l ; 2.o) -i-v 01.1r_ I< '='c ( ll 12.0) ,

-+tut.. --A'131:-- 2o d:iW3 of- Tri -iu ~ rn ove.ol -to

vhan crf- Ou±- re. c. f9
*
la&t-- 2..o
~o c9iru:s of ou± - 'Jre..e.. are_ LU) J rar,r .
 fun"p e ~

~ ID~,, fi CA-=n or,.J DV\~torJ.

fRo6R-AiV1 - 1D- RFFM~

DATA D vlS of'J .

< WOR( "16-SIDQA6f= SF010N.

....
~
C -A ptc. -x((FS).
0 1
B .pie XC r15).
PRcCEPURt= P lVlS or-J.

M ow 4 RAJA-SHE?KAR' ID A-

MovF- ' 5 OlJ('(}'{ As R. I ' TD B-

i
~ 1v1oVl7" -A Cr:4) ,v B(f ;6) . -M~ B(-=1-:q) iD-ACt=,:to).
< I)l .s PL-A-' i f> DtgpLA-~ -A .
S10p RON. 5mp Rt.Jr.J,

G/p: RAJ7\-__ 5RI. <9-tp: RttrASRI

~ -tfOu.p Mov2,~ '

S-f ~ou I/IZlflt- -to We. ~ move-, ~en k!e- have. 4v ~ck_
2. wndd,on~ : {') ~ nZfm~ ~hoJd be.. d~-freref)r.
(ii) Variabb. pmerit--- U') [fj:,: -£rr0up! shoult:/
have.. .SclN1e.- '\fcui~ ble__ h~rnes V Sarne.. pi"'c~

datJ.be..
~~fle :
T< OJ ~OD.p1
02... 4 f)1C ·xc,5) VA-WE f RAT'.
02- B PJc xC15) vAL tJE t sin 1
•

OL C f!c.- Y(1'5) \/.ALUt '0-f Ut<c..HI: 1•

OI tfRO\Jp2
OL ft pu, X(15"), tvfove=: t(ROvp l TO ~Otfl--
02... C p1c )((115). prspLA~ -E,Roup2- •
0.2- f, P1c. )((Iii).
 ~Rl C.MtJK~ I

t 014
~ Om-upcmo!~ri~ Move- :
"ti' : va. riable. d, c1 a ra I-on HIYle at. V) ahov, P"'Wa rl)
MOvt (OR_Q e~po N DI N Er ~oopl ·-ro -E;-Roup2. .
Dt~PLA'< -€rtzoup2. y~ ro.N'v o1o w ropp

RA-T CHUKCHI SRL , 91r (ta .ur. , .1 •r

a-.--) r.,ir 2 ,,., At.

4<- 1t- ~ ~eol +o rnove_ OTl<- ~'°"f +o OJ)otl,e.r rf

!!x'I} ft5o'1h It,.: .s~uJm., of- tl5,:_ -h.vo rfs are_ Dot- ~M>e
fr d. LU..ed +o rr~ce.. -the. nwnber of rnOvk.- .sb.t-em-e-r,t.
lb~ move); eJemeJ)t-wy i ~ v0C:(l:j- ScllY)e_ Name.. W")~

Ieam olf5er demen1b,

~+ci IC : Mow 1ClJR~R:fONDLI\I E'r/ CoRR} t"'-'f' ..J'-f-un 1 7tJ n--fhm

@ Quali-her Move.. :

]\:;- LA i,uec/ ~ --'Qrvu.p [t.,-fi-rou.p Co-v=pond,l')t move,.

v.Je. UV) '1l..i:!fr ~ e -tv "5e, f21fh"eu.lar V'anabk if) pru--!fwh.,,-
cru.p) 60 w.'fnG OF/TN-<pn-cf e~ 0ec) ~ 0
-

S'f'+a\(: MO\/& 10 '"TV VA-RIA-BLt'NAM& OP/IN -€{-12.otJp.1.

-t\CC5P, V-A-R.IA-SLb OP-/_J:N -€rR_oup2..
 -i. f?E~FoRt-.,1
2-.~1D

PEf<FOR"-1 :-

- 1s t.UecJ -to ex~ ~ ~rnu.p of- sbhmeJlh ·fveJ) ·rl) cl

par-~1r·"f ~
_ Parar-ph~ ~ U/2e.d to c:ode.. q'°'-'f -or- .s-l-a-hmefl13:
-A of VtJJ)ta_~u :--

• To act)ie,i,e_ Top ofrurn -app-macl,.

• To "'educe_ <Ye.olunta,-)t-- c.ode. -exe.w.teI. --fv.om d:ffurent-- foc211<i
of 1'5e, Same, Par-am. pl-ace '>.eclundw-i\- Coe.le. ,:;. , ~ ~r
21
and Pe.rfcmn.. 'i't- -fk.n rnu$p le.. loca-/i~ .
• ·7o acl-,f vt<. 1beq-1,07½ -7o exeuk ~ pa.r-1 m ultj,k.. -h rnu 0

Cm-iJll-iITT)!l ~ or f)u,nber of +, fYle& 4

wi ~ ; Ji•O>'l ~.
• To Loop l~ouf fn km a} +able. (:-A,rrays) .
• -P~rrn tA Ml ltu-21-h'O>) "7) CO&oL P"<>(f<am.
ct-ffueJ)t 9-Pes ·of-- p ~ :-
:i. c5,rnp1e.- P~-
2. p~ r, "Tim~ -

3. p~ U0+i/ -Ccrnoft-h~.
4. .p~ v~Y)r ·ConJi-h°a,,.
"T. ~er{orvn,- Parn -X lttu. tarn-Y
Thtb -P,+rM C::\f) be... -C-od~ a:<. 2 ~<>1:--
i . 10 l:0 e. 'Pe,forrrv
l-. ~ e, perfa,rrv
 • °9er)Q_~1' !~~ P""r "°ill be.. -l!J<uu.+=1. ~ ivp +v bo1~
19 le fl- ¾l ,.g~ ht.

• '.:gf- we__ INlU')t- +o ~ lt5e -con"tvJ if) b/w I ive hzwc.. lo IY)~

l~e_ of ~Ql')e_ P~·

CD otrnp)e.. l'"'>~0 e_ &m pl e.. Oa#Jne
~~~a~: ~~rTY) ( Con~M) 8'-t't-Ot K : p~ Pairo-nrune_
stmt.1- <.5hv)\;-f .
~aro. -l)arY)e . Stop Ru-J.
~fmt-r; Smh.
En~-P~ cSl-mt-3.
0
~-p~fomv 9,c rnMo{~ ~ ~~e, f~-
0 tJo en~-r~ ~ 0-u;{tof)~ f ~ ·
1-0~ HCJ-\Tlot--..\ Dl~ l ON . 1D8'1Tl-f:I CNTl o N I)lvu; LO f\l .

PR o €rR-Ar-A-1ID. · -5, m pL6-:rN LU\l&. l'-RO~AM - LO, S Lmf lEOUTUl\l,F

~ ·-
~ ~M'VJR.ONMENT 'J)WlsLON.
<;: EN\/\ RoNtv1'8'J r D fVUWI'\.\.
;.I

i ll>A-1-A l)tVlSION • 1 DA=r-A- D1VU10N.

PRoCE.DvR.t= D1v1s to N. PRO C€-f) VR.F :1)1 Vl{ /ON,

Pt1Q.FoR~
c:!11 Dgpt.A'( I HT I Srop R,vf\J.
~

{ -t=ND- pA(PoRf\/l,
15rvp--R.u t--i . t
Ci\ ~A--1·
DUpLA-'( 'HI. I.

STDp RON·
 G) p ~ N -#'m« : Ir, tine:. ~..(le_

¥at<~ P ~ t-...f ·+i"M~ S~1' I ~ r~ ~

(5\mQ.
+{~ ..

D1&p LA-'( 1 HT.'

<Srop Ref\t .
--tr)cl-P~- ~ov-E 3 "10 N-
PG?..f'vR.M p ~ "1 TtrM3 fu,w~
6;-tYYrt(f- ~ ~ 11'\0 -~

PtNm I· U) P~l/
$1-Mt-1 p~
R~Atv1 -TO- 1"-l L I.N Ef\fTl til\B.
c.S\mt3. ltu t.w.f;-t_
~ DATA- D\V\~\ON . J/~t:fr
N.
'I f'Q.oCEDOQ.17 DtWlON,

.PEi2_..fu,e_l\4 ~ TfrY)'B
"l Dr~pt.AV , \-rri
~
i ~I.D -PSZ-R:>Q."'1.
l ~wp RUN.
9'f: ~,
~,
\-\ I
HI
~I
-+t1
+f I

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4fl
HI
® ~fo-m 0"\i\ : ln\~r,~
&rta'(: OJ'Jplc q(10'), '"t~: Pt°--Rfu12.M ~Ai UN11L 1.,s-:
·tll( , Pr·QftJRM v"'nL T>" ~rop R.u"'·
<.\l /)l)f) I ro f. ~, P.l>rRM·
~ Dl~pl../\'I 'Hr 1 f1 1)\S~A'1' '41.1.
I"'ID 1'~N1- --A-oo , '° :t.
qf; ~'.t
\-{f_
~1
Hf.

@ P4= Va.rf1 : ~Ur)e..

~:
~ ~ ~ f b ~ f~ VAA~
~t() l?_I'() VAR.1/U\\ €r ~ ½OM I I!, Y I U MTIL :t>-S-
'1. -F'a.offl 1 ~'( I VNrlL !.~
Q Ct"' Ct'OY)~o\:-')
-t 11 Swp RAJN.
t cle.u-em~ J f P4RM.
~upLA--'< \1r 1•
r (:!} pFRfoRM ~lfn~
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~RV:

1 Ir, ~el)

P~n:J IZ."'1 t>.<\RA2- 1H RV

Q/p~ .p-1,-Q.A ~, 4, ~/ 6, =1- , t

 Pf1efof<.t-A €1 -6o-ro
• Perform pGU.1 u eu,'ifivl ~ .!: arYJe d#si.r- Pa-m t., e,,f ~
G,-ntr,oJ +o "fe net<t- ...{fa!un ~ ll~+er p e ~.

.. qo -to ~0<.½t I c('IT)\--.,,.l VO Jame. olti,r fo-m &, ob.!o ~~

boi!k to t~~ Ctrf'\irvJ .

 CHAR~ -HAN DLIN6- RJNCTI0"1S j ofRlt\lq-:
o 'JF,ere_ a.,._ th=. d-,arc, chzr bMdL.°n~ -fw-,cJ,,m.J, Ji coe,oL I t\~-

i . \NS p~r ~ -+i'r)d il)e, (,aunt;-- of cu:.,ureru of &,zwad-er 'i'r, <1 .sh;'a'
Ji t : .Z.m(' ~ l/5Z f'ct::,,=.., dc;w.J,<-
a½ T : .(e 21~ ~f°' (£h , fr~lu-,/j" .$pc:w.,y

+<eplau,,--{ ~ ID ['\cu,.. One... p~ e,ulo.,v cl,a.v,_~ ..o? rt O ~

~o [: &rwcrL
-- ,.L.... ~
,r Je.-
U-0 D-l1/
I'
~ ~~ r)q,--
(j
If) bs' to~ ~ -

, 1 rA...J
2 - £TR1Nq : v ~ TV Con°' 1enm-e_ 2..
'- L _- L . 0Y fr)r:,,t ~t;;T')~
a t::;()+o ,eff")ale_
G
_.cfn~
l.\ I

3 . \J NSJR IN Cf: US~ -to :S-pta- § nt S Inn Oifllo rncJ:t'p!.,__, s)v; nr

-it;: ~~ ~ fje.: pichire J cuV,e. I l')d- l/Je.: o.Jiial. \T-
OJ ws-~ p,c X{1-0) V-1\-WF I N-€iNz_-Et.Jl .

'"'_g peer1' Tl\LL.'< 11\1-fr c".rn_ -RJg ·0-1 Ai<A-cr51(s .

'VS-S11<_
~ Count- of- Oce,,.nr,ce. of- c.h-arzu.h,- ff) a sfi>"'(.
Of Ws- ~ PJc_ XCJ...O) VA-Wt7 '"l-8,Vz.ef'J I .

INspFa- N..S-S-r-R_ ,--AL.Ly INfy UJT::L 4oR. 41.L F·

D~pLA-Y , E Re.petthc:/ f OJTi 1 +im(½. 1

~ To lWplay feaclf,-,'U -'P ?A ca, -+m;'~ 1 ~.

fNSf£er \.J~~ ~1'1(2.- °'"4 -Fa<._ LFA-DLNcr 5fACE"~·
<err)
tN.Spser ~S-STl(_ t-4-l.L'fl~ q- °'ITT '.fol<_ L5At>I NE( 1 1•

6
l"-1 fFC.- ~-srR, T ~ WE:r- CMT1 --foR_ tR.N L.t.Nq- ~ -
(Of)
1
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lr.o _..' ~lol a C~ 0 1) e _L
c,ir)ztvT
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o l~cr . ,

'ti.'
•~speer &TR\ t~t1)1 Ac1~16 A LI ·it:: I Pi'-'l J
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b4Jt>-~~4/
&JD-~fovn
~ Pl7D..A:J2JVL
 SEARCH ALL
h e have to maintain the Sorted cfer ller a4cnding
detcending we want lo use SEARCH ALL

e dont need to set bdex to 1 as he SEACH

binary search
tRample
OD DIISION.
PRoGR Am-TD. SEARCHALL
EMRONmENT DIVMSION
DATA DIVMStON
WORKING-STORAGE
of STD-DETALS
SECTiONN
2DREC ceURS 5TImESAstNDING KEY K SD INDETED BYT.
03 STD pIc a(s
03 SNAnmE pc xGO).

o SEARCH-TD pIC 5)
CAT PLC qO) VALUE O o r 2T2
o JPle a)
PROCEDURE DIVMSION.
PERFORM NARYING 2 FRom s BY1 ONTIL L 5
s9-ue 9 9 8
AccepT SID)
AcEpT SNAMECI VA
END-pERFORM.
ACEpT SEARCHID
SEARCHAlL STU-RE
0 AT END
DspLAY1
HEN SLD (T)=SEARCH-2D
9ET J To L

uspLAY
1 TO CNT
ApD
ND-S ERCH AL
F CNT =O
DspLAY 'NOT foUND
END-1A
STOD RON
p: id d

coga yu
ltrogoa-a
DYNAMIC OCcURS

ID DMSION
PRoGRAM-1D. DYMOCCURS
ENVIRONJ MEN DIVSION
DATA DIMSION,
WORKINe-STD RAeE SECTONI
ol STUDENT-DETAILS

02
STU-REC OCcURS o0 TimESDEpENDINE ON L.
3 STD pIC q5).
3 SNAmE PIC xC20).

ol pie 10)

PROCEDURE DIMSION.
AcEPT L
PERfORMING VARYINLG 2ROm16Y 1 UNTIL 1>L
ACcepT STD(
AcuEpT SNAMECL)
DUspLAY sTD (2)
DupLAY SNAME (1)
END-PERFORM.
STop RoN
 MEMORY SAVING TECHNOLOG|ES IN COBoL: )

Redefre
2.UsAGE Stm
3 Renames( level no. 66)
fCondithion name Condilion (leel no.
8) ye
REDEANES
-Redehnes alloo dilferent varíable to s e e Same Computer
Storage area memovy dpace.
Syotax: o1 WsA pic xes) vALDE
A623
ol Ws8
REDEfINES WSA pic q3)
CpwSA AB123 WB'AB1
Rules for Redefines-

Redefning and edefined vaviables should be nof

number same level
Redening vañable hould mmed aelt folloo be
Varfabe.
Tedekined
Pte clause of
,

edofning vañable and

aedefhed vañabe ned
not be same.
Note When we use
edetnes we Caut use Value clausge.
2. USAEE TEMS

here are wage tems Cobe Namel

Daplant Dejault d
Comp Binau Represertalien o Data
Comp-1 Singe preeislon loating toák
Comp-2 Doup preislom Foaling Poiut.
Comp-3- lexa Decimall Repes entatiorn o Oata
 Comp: Ot t a bioay aepresenbabim ofr dala2 y9o aM

Sqntar:
olWS-A PLC sq08) USAGE 1 COMp.
COR
ol usA PlC SqE) Comp.
Mernony Cal culahon t
Conp
oOner bourdai es Highar Bound asd es Memon Uud
Sqcol) sq (oy) 2B(hl
s OoT)
CqCos) Sq0a) 4 Byl (Wr)
6q(10) Sq CLR) eBa Cruble or)
In Comp Ite siqned bt l b e ctor b MLB (moct
cnidfcaut Bt

0 +Ve valuo, 1 ve Yauo 1 s vo hu

Gomp1 and Comp-2 bolsbseos eilol

wdmut
Cmp-1 and Comp-2 are uted for sturingr he deimal
ePoint
Ih Comp-1, we caw CoTe up to0-2- dceimal dehe
pouwl
tn omp2, we Caw sore up to 2- ofeeimal poali.
NoT; for Comp 1 auo omp- we should ot menion
u plc clause By default os l be allocag
2311 3p/0

byles o memom jo Comp-

auo
bys hor Comp-2
gwsid g
Sumtax
of 10s-A mp-1/ Comp-2 ol o

couatoe
 Comp-3
t padked derimal va desdool mpreneutato ohdale
al4
Syntax:
o Ws-A pIc
so) Comp
(o)
of Ws-A Plc sq(o) Oshe 1 (onp 3
Mernorny Calculalion hComp-3:
ndata ae) &obD (0+1) Byi
VN
Stgned bi n Coorp-3
Siqmed bE l l be dored in last ithle ( r i e - y biu)
C: Stqmed +ve

D Spned-ve
Unigne +
n e e , D-34
5 O 2

6
3

whicw ne besl her Comp or Comp-3 2

- depends on daBa sig
-h tz datn dog is at lower boundaries Comp-3 ú best.
- 9h dala ae ú dishore boundañes Comp best
Where caw Sec yaluuos sor omp Crmp-3 data
you fa temk
tems2
le-oo tool.
 8. RENAMES C66 NUmBER)
LEVEL

Renames ued frqroup oh difrent varabluz sto

Single vafable
Suntax
66 Mls-VAR Renames <shartug var naney l a kewdug Var havey

7 6 6 s-VARI Renames Ns-AR Thsu s-VAR-3

roveM
Renames nsed gneiall for badk up purpese D renam
We
don' se
any Pic clause
We should not mnames 66,4, 83 level oumbers

pCorndthon name Condtion Cee level nunber)

When e. hare mulËple Ondfns hat need to be gtver lo
a
rgle variable we
go or ondihen nanme Condihon
No We caw onoiate 44 evel number Combmyalin
wf 88 level number.

dtJd s

d ohbud

d 6ruod awad ab lob

Jouo 6 s
 CopY booK
fimes
When we aul lo Tepent voup o stmtr multple.
menber
t & bether to place hat shatermenli h
cop uB
aud all ta. member by holloding Gartax

SoBax:
CopY CopY BookNAME
Copybooks can b d elker ala AsTon procedure
diviion
Copy books are expanded during Compilalicn time
Ne caw wite Copybook os ó a apybock

Adeaatage o Copybook:
1. Reusabiily
2. Reduces lke memont po
3. Reduees l manual h o

Vanable names prcta clause should be ke ame

Cobd Pqm

INITIALIZE VERB:
Dsed to eet ha Values to defaull values batud
on lha oata yp
Numeric i tialise to o.
Apuanumeríc italise to spau
alphab dbue

Comman areas
Kaugout wd b he 4tle sedtion
Hasyout u d b he orliug slraq Seauoo Cobogs sdion.

Forr a Commun coding in he Procadure uii cin

 CALLS Gr) SUBROUTNES
Sub programs
When a
Speske tunctionaliy nec to be porfornein
mae han e praram then tt á betler to keep thu

functionabya sb-progran eCall 1t fom drfferent

man programs wi6 a cAL Stmt. Sub-progrmm

exeeutable
due
he hich recéns Ik Conol
prearam caled Subprogram.
CALL Sntax
CALL SUBPROGNAME USING WORKING-STORAGE
VARIA BLES
ta: CALL SUBpenm1 USING
ws-A, ws-B, W-c BY REFERENCE
CONTEIT
NOPE:CALL BY REf a
default optien cofpet
Wite pre condition to
Decare Ihe acual param eters th
wok on
Suby
Subprog
WokiugStorage Seckon
Declare the fommal parameters n a mkage - Setion
o
Sub-program.
he no. varfables b Woeg-Storage sechion
should be
equal to no.
of varfable o liukage Sechion
.The
The variable
Variable names
be dferentow

15e vañable data type data Sige should be Same

actual paramerers vaYablus todeo io main
proqramd
formal parameters Varable Coded sub
Main prqm-calln proamnoggdu to dondo
Sub Pgm-callee proram
 AD
Different wRys of paning Vaiables(
here are 2 wau: nggd
)BYCoONTEAIT
Onlay value & paued to the Sub-prgm
Value modijed Sub prqm hot eecded to k
main proqAM

2) 8Y REF ERENCE
Addres pased to he sub-pgm
alue mooiied bhe sub-pram rleed to he
main prgam

Diferent wap (alling Sub Pam:

r are 2 ay: 2 u Ehpge

Dunamic call
aStattc call
UA
*Proo
am-1d main1. a Program-D. main1.
Call sub1 wng s-yar1- ol 40S-ub picxex) Valua
WS-Var2 subi'.
(NODYAIAmStat
fooruCall ws-sub sina
PARM
oocomeq omodl aN-va2
PARM- DYN AmShatic Jomamic
PARM-(NoYNAM/ DYNAm)

*Sub-prqm expands nlo mau Sub-pram don expan

PRmv into mah Pam

No neea to Suppur sub-pym Supply qub -prgmm balib

Loadib i un-lime in t un fime

*Ohen alde
Ohen sub-prarm h
Sub-pram Changed,
N
en
eomple main-Prgm to { e e thn no Ded o ple
eum

change of uub-prmgram. main progam

d
 Keu faclons used lo oeide Static| dunamie call

Merme don memort urinn

SpeedihSpeed
Maintenance doo maintenance

Static Omanic
) Hi memeTy
utlsation ) dno mema rns
Sub pam ex pawds nlo main
Pgm 2) Relatively too tpeed
)Relativeluybgh ped 9) oo maintenan ce
Noneed toloadbhe un ime
)igh Maintenane
when sub-Pam s updabed, reicm-
pile all man pramt to pick-up

changes o Sub-Pgm
osoon
When a
sub-program called dunamic, Supply- sub pm
Load ub
When a sub-program Called stafc no oeed to suppt subp

Program Loadub

Advantoqes: fa Adantags slow

Kealuced Gode oth r-usabiiy. Lncre nscd Readabii
y lwitiall stla Redu ced teug
ze o
loa@moaule tauy to mauton
exibd talz
Small
S we make any chaugs in alwap
uihal Shalz
Subpogram ker We wed to eumptk
botte Sub-poqam Reuempla Sb pypm
maun-popram
 Cominue
Crhinue pasnes Conrol to tbe next latuneut aftar
explicit Scope teumina
Next Sentance
tpases Conl lo be next
Statuoen aftr mpvit Scope
ferminatoT
Call by Reference wn d
Call by Content
l3
CALL SUBL OSNr 8Y
REFERENCE NCV9RI .CALL COBI' USING BY
CoNTENT Ws-R
y Gortedt bearöored

2. At & weded
defautlt s CoBoL. By relerena, 2Corheut, ku w
& not neded s
mandan to pasa a)
dad wouk bolles elemeul value
3-Addexo oh VAR- paed 3. Value ohvarpaied
4.Subprgam modzlramt e 4 Sub proqram modi
Pasted elemeu are ViSbe H Cauons un pasned
ta mai domeuts aie loal
prog ra)
to ttiat suh-pogam
ananot isble
main-progra
CopyBooK
Copbook 1s a member of a PDs oh ich contaîns a Comnon
code and is used în one or more prarams wib Copy stmb

Syt ax: CopY Member-name

Copybooks are expanded be Compilaion Kme tron b
SYSLIB parameter of TeYCRCTL Proidin L18 opton
Compilakin parameter
/STEP1 EXEC peM= LGYCRCTL, PARM =C'B)
I SYSLIB DD DSN TSO. Copy LIB/ DIsp SHR=

Advantages of Copybock:
. Reduces Coding Efect
2. Reduces maintenance ohn a ned feld á added to a

copybook of a -He
3 Eires Common naming for he laHouk used b
diherent prgram
Comm on -Areas t a t
CoybooRs useds
Kayout used the dile sechon
Kayout used 6 tta
Wokiq-shorage Sedtion or

ünkage-Seelion
TOT a
Ccommun Coding bthe Proceduure diition
 DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN SUB-PRoGRAm CopYBooK
so do h Sabpegran vi
Copyboo
expanded in Comple
hese are expanded i inb
are
These edittume s
inne
h un time Supply hese a mun time
No need to supply
when duyoaically called
Sorurce stord h Sowre
- these are called stored opy is slorc
ag bbrau laod
vhra lloað lbrars1 9
Sending and receiing felds Sendiug neceiingelds are
are notpOsible
d poccble bus dlu
 oodcHLE HANDLING 3WT8 235439 I

Gener allg, any projeet okals oi Colleckion of OaBa.

he data can be pemanent cormcd 6 l r file ordataba
Rles ar used o sore e proceinq daka
-Spoel i a temporay dataset wlteh dors pb alrmatron tr
max 48 bous

2
bapes ot datset:
Partzen Data St (pD)
Ph cal Sequeulral Oatasetf ¢p9 /AAT ALE
PDS
Pudher diided hto members based on Ikz Dreerblocb
f o r pDs, te Direetory Hodes shorwd be mandaGr qrabr
han 0'.

membes can be a Cobol proam, TL, Capybooks,/ Cor

Carcs
Ps e -
P s Ale a coledtteD of Reeord
Records are a colledtuon oh ttelds
foR ps 4fles, be diedort blo cks should be mandaloy ke
D%orent Cperations bat can be operattd cn adleir
- Oper
-Wnle
-Read
Upontz
Appeud
Clese
 Dferent Mades oh fle
Modes le Operaio) oll
Output
Rezd. start, Read Next
Trput
Input-Otput Upana, Reaa Reushla, Oclelz, stat
Appeuo Read Nest
trteno

Srps to be followed to wok on -kle praranmn:

NGG
DDehireta fle n as3of J
e dle
)Declae
2) Declare Iz o oljou oudy (e
Opow lka la
Process I dle l k e Ja shiulon
Clese Ia Fle

De4e Sqmtax
ENMIRONmENT DIMslON.
INpUT-OUTPUT CON TRO
ALE-CoONTROL
SELECT ALENAME ASSIEN TO DDNAME
ORGANIZATION IS
SEQUENTMAL/ INDExED /RELATIVE
AcCESS MoDE S SEQUENTIAL/ RANDOM DYNAMIC
Deelare Sotax:
DATA DIVSION
fALE SECToN
FD ALENAME
RECORD moDE S RxED/ VARIABLE
BLock coONTAINS 32 cHARACTERS
LABEL RECORDED ARE STAND
Ol CUT ReC
ARD OmTED

he Reecrds be ntenalle sdod i blocks halpe us loo

 the Speec or acee)

Rler8
ller & wsed ohen a data name not mequid for
amemoy locakon. 4ller is used h 3 dierent siuaions

Page headers detl heades

2)When a spaiug quived i ale blw a dddy
t ncrases neactabill
3) When 4utuse expansion s expeeted a le.
Wher a neuo freld is to be added to 1he l e hen
incude 5at neuo l d h e enal by mrdudivg he
4ller leng.

olsvi Tam/sivl
OSTMO3 TuTUo-T
OSTAo3-3

230oM 20
A Y d ModaAaATLB
 VSAM
ebual Storaqe -ActesMehod Claleal aned most advanced

. tt maket efficieaut use of virtual dtorng Cpernfivg &ptum.

, VSAM cah be use n CoBoL Progams he plupiral Seayuew.les-

VSAMae ke datasei qor steriug nCLoTl j

, Plet can be a Secueuially 0 andoml ih VsAm. d 3

, ts an ioprovd a y o sloriug data wkich oercemes lka

iitationw o Crveuliemal le spleme ike Seajueätial 4w
,twsed as a database ih 0% manframe spehana
Advantages
.VSAM proteos data dgainst un aulb oiagd acon b ukng pMwerd
One mathed that cupprla all
.
Lrpes of data etieal, &queitial
Randem, Dyamic.
The ecrde in VsAm data ola ae
puysically deleted
dataue are device bdepeudeut
VSAM
fast acces, shucturd.
Supports tved and vañable Reconde
Embedded space s avai lable olb fre space
oplicn
Disadvant ages
l oalod eay
nseitiuon oh eeords ún futuure ee space
Should be ht i dataset tus leads to memvy wntaga
.for KsDs,
Piman Cant be changed
Ouu nesi des on
DuK, Cat be crente onTape a
 VSAM Clster: MA
logical dataseli tor slering LOTds knouwn as duber
Custer apoci atioo o the index, Scauence e t d a t a poteok

Colleetion d para eter

4Tapes o VSAM Ales
O EsDS tnty equeuce Dataset
KSD-Keer Sequence Datrase
RRDS-Relatre Record Ortaiet
LD inear Dataset
Cluster Contan 2 Comomeus. -opdvb
O Data Coonpon eut ecCrds pres eut to W Gompoeut
Index ompomeut Comtai pointer to b ords prsent
i data mponent

Ps eiles, e reeorde staed Blocks. CBloces car) comtain

Tds). sgso
n VGAm, the reeoTds tord
Oit oh Reeord slorzge allad
a Cosrol lukervad (C
Colleekon of recordy.ledlioug

Coooponents- O Oata VConiho

helps in inaeiling le necrds 4- free Sprce

midd
It&o 3
byte long, nsed Reeord duscHpto ereed RDE)
to
oonelhe te ne cord u Corol nfo. Deacipto Rld Cob
4ked Leug5 or varfable leugt
-Ora o move RDFL 4byta long. Ocupies t ladt 4 bya oj
nho aboub Ihe eecpate ouailabl
 Collecion
of Cewtrol toterval
Area
Crbrol
minmunm of tuo Coirol Yntervals
Lhould contzh
a r a is 1 Track
Min Size of lorho
Max. Sioe of Coi area u 1 Cynder

O-1

shob lsy s)

Conabd) sslves2 tsjd ossA- 1stausi) i batenpsdnl

 +le landlng 5 CaLes?
OAle Orqanisah;
Sequential ps,esDs
Indexed-KsDS
i RelativeRRDbs
) LinearLDs

Sle -Acem mode:

SequentTal
Ci) Random
CiyDynamic (ombinahioD of Seaquenbal o Ranom)

le Opey mode
dy Toput- Read
( Output -
wile
ci) T-o (Input -Cutpt) - Read, l e , reuh E, extevd, elelela

)Erted-Add mort no of Records

le close mode
Close Ale-name

fleFaus Code :
Oo-q9 (90)

ntergrated Data Cluster -Acen Melbvds Service (IDCAm:)

JCL Wses IDCAME uti ldy to create a cluster
melhod Mcev
ceve
ocAM a
uilly, duped by 1Bm,for ncceo

used to pimaiu dehne veM dataseli.

 ESDS CENTRY StqUENcep DATA Str) # )
Records can be nceed Sequentirllf oY5 RBA Valuue
RBA- Relatve Byle -Acce
by neuerds 1st Red:0
.Contaîns ony Onfa Component d Reud:eo
gTd Recad; l6o
Using RBA We can aCce) Rnow) zus
4 5 Reird: 0uo
Addre ed acceM
.RecoTds are to be held ba Sequence. Ne recodls ae
in serted at he end.

Delehim o Recards are not pocefble b tsp datasek d

.lo index
Any leftover space at end of eadh CT brcomes fee Pace.
But,Thi free space is not wsable
subsequentinserhona ba
all ecords are added at t end of the dt aset

rdsd

dolsey o d l Aoi b d e
 KSDs (KEY SEQUENlCED DATAXET)
31AJ)2083

More Complex ha Ess &RRDs butù More wehul

and verahle.
clause bcide he DefNE CLUSTR
Must code nlexed
o A
Contan 2 Component
addruo oh KiDs
O lndex-Tpsents be psical veLcd
relates key elalv locan of e zeh vrcerd
Data.
ben reeerdú deletrd updated/ added,
Contain This ndex á updated aceerctirgly
actial data
ncuding KEy values
.Piman Keey should be ) untque bo
(19Same. poätton in every recerd
) Ls not split (has lo be centiguou

tree
ReecTd can be hcested midelle
k mbedded
space C-9.

Recer ds Can be deleted pluysicalluy

Prinan Rey Can't be changd
Allows aternate Shdex
KSDS can be of fxed lengh or vañable lengl5
 RRDS CRelative Reecrd Data set)
.Reccrd can be accee eilher - Sequentiallu
dirneloy b ung RRN
RRN CRelalve Reccrd Wumber) we must Code numbered

e PEfANlE CLOSTER.
Command ndde

RRDS
Consisa oh a data Cmponent ony
Corntaio fie- leugb vecmds onlt.

tach C b lled T6 ixed- lengh slot olich contain-

acie vecord or
an

a dummy ecOTd

Slot ohich are Coilain dummy eLrds - are avaizble tor use

in lke 2cdt) of DeLO secerds to Prle

Can be londed cequeataly cr eetep

free Space Ibal exisk at la end of Fach conol oteaval

Cau't be -used(rused)
pextoms a delehion by Converhng Ihe slot nlo dummy
 delining clustert
Common Parametes ed o
a

1.Tob card: to ideuuty Ihe job nmme & job elatd parameter
pame
1e step name program
2 Exec: deutfy
Ths exec Card bvokes aces mehod erv ced dem IDCAme

3.Sysprint": to pint be enor mexnages

h Spoo
4.Sysin: to ndicale te nput streum data n0 o soog (

foy deiihg cluster

St releyant tbrt we should define every parmetur
and Commands b sysb cnr

DEANE CLUSTER: is used to create name a Am cluster

NAME: wsed lo specty he Tame o he cluster

Syntax: DEfINE CLDsTER(NAME(NEW. ESD:)

33AqB339
CYLINDERS OR TRACKS: wed b proide space hor lha Dataset.
In real fine, ve ue Cytn deru

Sntax: CMLIAIDERS (07, 0)

T
TRACKs(o4,03)
Quautb Quauiuly
voLUmES : ques vplume señal number, Ohere he memor
allocated dor lie cluster
Spotax: VoLUMES (
SASYS1)
CASZ Conrol Interval e: Speeies sieCC, be
multiple o 5
Suptax: CISZ (N*2) 5 N= I o l6
Record Sfze: prekentt Avq &Max eecnd leugb of Dataiek
Syetaa; RECoRDSZE (ANgleugb, Maxleug 5)
 ReceT stge can be ked block Vaiabe block, fpPoned non
Spanoed
0) ixed Block: Jh avg wmax luglhs
bolb arc same. de
tREcORDSIZE(80 8Uo) g ds9
y Varñable Block: leuglb oh ag max- are dievent

ta: REcORDSIZE Cro,teo) oinp

di) Spanned or nom-panned: Reecsciz laraer ban the
e. Size (Spanped) o
free space le{ by Spanned ecod b Cl Ct be
wsed by anolber ecoTo
hwe dent peeiy spanned parameker duuina dluter
Crealion By dehaull it d| b
non-panned
fREESPACE Only for KsDs. 23DART 90 2930
voN
wed lo add lhe reecrds to CA/ CT b Fulure
otax FREESpACE ( CiZ, CAT) aqin)
tfREEtPACE (O 10)
By dehaul>@)
KEVS qwes be leugl5 ch 15e Ksps Keus eih oet(stai

posihion ) fm Beginnngr of Reecrd

Syntax: REYS ( KEMLENIGTH Oe<ET) sdel n )
DATASET YPE PARAMETER: Speies @helber datase

KsDs CIJDEVED),
al tsDs (NONINDEE D)se-Ss
lbo NumBEREO CPRDS-
l LINLEAR (LDS)
Oe ault: INDEXED
 REUSE PARAMUTER:

SHARE Opmonls: Spezihes how aVSAm dalaret can be dard

across the
"megionA acrocc he sytem).
Syntax: SHAREOPTONIS ( Crou-rrgin, CroLL-yin)
Dehault: (1)
PALSOORD PROTECTON): prvteeted at level
READPpW mad onl
(10UpDATEpw Can be ead, updated, added r deletd.
0) CONTROLPW 2acteso Capabil
lies: READPN & OpDATEPW
) MACTERPW: above all operafions + aulboity ta
delela
INDEx CompoNENT: Cont ains Re valus, wlich nternaly point lo
adual data.

DATA COMpONENT: Contains actal data bcludhg key value

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 DB2 CDalaBase 2)
.DB2 s a database product fom BM. Iags
t a elalinal database mngmnt ayetem
DB desigoed to slore, analuse and refrieve e data efide

Coleckion of nter elated data á caled Oatabase

Database á a Cenal pool of data that can be acceued by many
sers.

DBMS: A Database Mugmnt stem , i a

sofhoae packngs det
g0ed to slone and manage dafabases and ako a

Cermputerigd eiond- keepfng sqstem.

ypes o Databases t or Madel:

Orerarchtal Model eo
Neluwork Model
Relaticnal Mode

Herarch1al Model ot sli slgnh

Relsten blo enhites edd ung pavrut chrtd rebtioodhip
Inverted tme Ctructure d
Data dord Ihz formw of eanent. ex Ima.
Aleluyok Model
Any eht a be
anodated h any other enily
dnked chucture Model ex: IDM
Relaticnal Model -
Data stered tbe formy of tables Consiets of mulple vows
haples)& aolumns CAtrbula) e: DB2, Oracle, ybase, hgres ek.
iso
 DB viAM e d ) se
dvantaga o over

VSAm su D&
feature
ardware hde Oy mainframe r p to maïnframe

Pencdence s
Higw deqees o ceeu
Seeui Oul lerel d d s a tabl aud vieus

Cn Curnou A poi bl Multiple prvqram fwseg

@nline bul not n Caw upoala atabla both
batth in enlne and batth
.Referential, l o such a facilty It Set Null Resmct, asac
Conshaint
derelopert sesponsibsll poisble Cau serta
foveignket hat hau
lohoM 0 eherence b arent
Dndependenc Kecompile all he proqram
h e 4ller & not tbere for
Ohen a NeuO colum)
2dded to a able, no
the neud feld change n lu prqm
soben be vius avc d
Restart In The bing comupted flu to Proqsam can be
abend ime orgnal shle Pt delldefmesioted om he
load fom backup- then las Gmmiterd
restatom the top
Backup No ncemetal bacbup
Ancremental: bacbup
Dowstme needed.
Parallbackup
Daster- Pant o DASD
Recover reeove Js Spported by bDB2
.Data vehieral Cne eeaTd ad a-me dres Cao be scd
onrle a a ime
A (da Ohe fasler oduM
Colemn wal
lo sueh tacilbly
¬youp one Selee citeña on di,table
&on di Coumn
OCC on
Ocun caw be. used OCcun cait be
epeated ielods ano eouces Iha
deelard
Coc
Narable leugth
are Ceate whew leug5 elds-avi ol
but reeoTds
miords. dblaspoui ate doe ave nof
C7 whew occun depeudiug availabl.
claue us used,

D1layous Posstble to store dillerent not posibe to slore

layout h a single tabl aah erent lasjoubs
n a single tabu

Maintenane
Cost
Cheapev Cose
Can se age velme o data
data zcesn is eas
Data Reeovnt
Data ntagi
Data pleibiluly ASb m
Data Secui d sp boe Lollerhe u
Data Reduncloue ( dugicabs) dd
We Co mantaiu relationslipuo des,
A

ssn-lTalqa

d
 Struchwe o DB2
tlemernts of De2 are diided no 2 broad categoñes;-

1 Data shrucuues
2)System shruclures

Data ghudus3
Contan, user data o accexed under ueet die chion
Cists- Datab ases
uoo
dt slh -Dba slo2ge qrouPS
-Table spaces,
-Tabs,
- udex Spaces

-udexes
- fus,

Smonms
-AGases
Sstem shucures
an
Cono lled and aceen by D82
Consisi-D» Calog
Dba drteloy ss f a
Actave&Arclive logs,
Buller pooe
Strudwe: Soiuge Eroup
Oatabae Smp Table-cpeLee
Table Space SeqmeuTablacpau
ponuuon TabhspaL
Tables alias.
Snnms
Rons Columns
 Database : (Not phe*fcal object)
Colleekom o a number oh tabe spaces alomg oi5 a set of
o e x s pa c e s .

DB2 deeides the database fom Base Tablo name.

reCan be a max o 244 databases a DB Cyutm,
table & all is asociates ndexes mutt be a
A stomd
Sugle database.

Stornge gp:
-Coleekion o direet acces voumes, al of Same pe, D82
cbfret ave allocated b Stomge qoup A sorage qup cam
have maimum l33 volumes. phelsh

Table Space Cpupical Spae)

S'mple lable Space: More baw one table ó stordke
table space ngle page ca Contain o om
all the tables: (muce Contumene sts
214
Sgmented Table Spate Seqment s ogicallt Conhguaus
set o pages wher o defined by SEeszE
parameter oTablespate Dfiuition d
ables are slored b one dr more Segment.
Mas delete Sequehal access are ster 6is tablo
cpae
dock table Commaua lbcks buut tt tabla
Dot tablh spae
orutuned Table Space: Ohe tabh can be slared.
64 Pa
Wons are posible n able space. Nupat-> deeides De
Par-tons. tnovdual pailion can be ndependeryy neoV
ered Teeor ganised.
Pasttions can be stred diloups
 Tables
is a struclur Conisu of nurber o CoumM and
roos
-Di crated uoug the DDL Ce ate tabe
Rel ationa) database dors data h e dom eables
Tade Conictz of No. o Records. mod
Reccrd Cormtains Coumnd, moues, kap etcldat
Vieuss
-are virtaal tables ohich are olerived om mase han oe tabe
there ae
4pe o satemerts
80 soL s hsl
DDL Data Dehunion
DML kangunge.hosllis se
Data Maripel afor
dangung uneo
bLData Conho kangunge
TL Tantachoo Corrv)
DDL
kangunge.
DmL
DCL
CREAE TCL
CWe can create SELECT GRANT
INSERT Comm
Table Space) REvOKE
DB ROLL BACK
UpDATt Can gve
Tableett) DELETE PermiiPn
Save op n

VALTER ae badk we Ca rol) baek la

s odata, before
DROP the permmuoms.
Cmm
CTode ne lka d. eo ceromit, rolk.
Shuetire e onwoak
table).
Ja ssol Guomnes) ldnf dok

sldst boodde
sh 2shash -tom
-Vosse sbonghco et nububolAt

quo h Lrsh sd no unddeq

CREATE used to Create Database obeet, A

Syntax: CREATE TABLETABLENAME

C CoLI DATATYPE coNSTRAINT
cOL
DATATYDE CoN STRAINJT
COL3 DATATYPE coNSTRAINT
PRIMARY KEY CCoLI,cOD,lf1
foREEN KEY (COLI, coL))tr 3
IN
C DATABASE TABLEspPACEGh db
Note: To cieafe table, Ne should knoo lhe datalppe a andrainks

CoLDM NAMIG RULES sd s 2 e

A characdert
Column Dame can be maimum up to 3o
We can uue alphabek and oumbers 340 n
CON STRANT3
Constraint s a mechanism to conrol the Hoo drfa.
We bave a Conshraint o r o o on boitJA
Jryrissh o n
2. Not NULL
3. Not NoLL Ol5
lya.3eo4dAY
dehault
AULL Nou
22te HI- means unkno h the value ú not supplied durig
an
nserfion oh ouo, heo null wllbe sertrd inhohu
r0srtip
Counn NOL wi1 be dernifed as . .
lor NULL: We needbmanoatonli pas values fr he Columns
dehined wits not null conshraint. We peci all he pina
Reys Wilk Not NULL
Not NOLL
w5 Default: h value ú not applied duing an ner
tion, based on column, delault values oil be moed o he
4able
 DEFAULT VALVES d sh
Datalype A Defaule Value

char Spaues
Yarchar
Date Time 8
Emestamp Curent Dde, Tme&mesanp
Iht,Smalli Decmal Xerou
D8.2 dataliypu 149) r9 ibst
Data ype depends be oalure
on
oh he data tsel
pes oh CHARACTER coumn s ss 6sel
CHAR- al enties are he same
leuglb bAMs a
VARCHAR-AN enies the
vanmg lengb
are
omu5
pes o NumERIC Coumns
dsdekas bu es
NTEGER-4 bytes (a brt)- (-2 +o Raige)
SmALLINT-2 btes (16 bit)- (-ato
DECIMAL-xed ot decimal places ala Rauge
no
d. poit dig
AOATundetemined o decnal poik ces allar ta
no

dporm
Tpes o DATE/ TIME coumn:
DATEDates ave aomd uule tol
TimE-Tpes are sord
Y.MMDDmat 4Bylz)Sb
m a 2u-hour elock in
TMESTAMp- Covtain bob date time HHMMSSfomoat
o Bzs) he me value aceufate
opmatiom. Olh
to the mIsecond.

DECImAL (PO) P holdbe lesha

nit s NT () pie sq Jun

(p-9)vg)Jn
bresNIT(,+1)
oe ponuh sip fo
PRIMARY KEY
&wed to idenhity the roos uiauelt b be tableO
-cant Centais Null values.
- PrimasReys to qet lbz oo value, tom he table
Can bave one coumo or
Combinalicn e Coums
Poman Res scolumns should havre unieue uoex.
-Unicue bdex doexd alloo duglicate values.

srtax
PRimARY KEY (COI CoL);
Orieue tndex antax
CREATE UNIQUE 1NDEX INDtx-NME ON TABE-NAME
CoLUMN-NAME AS/DESC.
FOREIGN KEY
h we dee an columm a
pimant key one table
we Can
deie hat codumn
onlt as
onlt tor ke
ang dher table. T can ContaiD duplicate b null vauies.
Deining a i g Ro esablihes eferetial ConhanlF a

betwen the doneao CChild tobe) phny Parent

table) .

max
TORELEN KEY( CoUMet I,
CoL2) reeren ces PARENIT 4BLF(Co
9ane) on delete CAsCADE/ RESTRIC]
SETNUL
REFERENTIAL INTEGRY: T9R

teneign Rex valuws d dependeudt -able should have matthig

Priman key values ih a pareot table á called ererhal

integit"
 DELETE RULES
On Oelbt Caucade; we ddete the roo b a pavert table
oiao ko values the related o s n dupen di
t
stables will eetu-netty, BTEkted oulomaticall
On Delete Set Null: 4 we delete the rds
oparent table, t
the dorcia by values o
he elatrd oos dpndst
able ol cet tonullu.
mpv)
On Deleta Resmd:
Ne delete root o parent tabe whith are
having mathiuwg derdgo kay values n deperd ert tabla,
then
we Wilget SqL e r - F32
In osder o overome this eror deleo Be ows
we can
d rom dpndt table dist and then deleta the mo fem
parent table.

h we oont mnion
ant oh tse by dehaulb
ONDELETE RESTRICT be Substituted.
ALTER
JALTER TABLE TABLENAM s
Jo ADD COLDMN NAME
DAATYPE CONSTRANT;d
-ALTER wed to modily the faba atibu
DRoP Syotax
DRop TABLE-NAME b teD3yta/o
DROp &sed to crop erire 4able dlb o ( e f
SERT Sntax s
AsERTIND TBN Ame (colob,1) vALDe (vali, valo,. )
u s e d la hert mas n e tabie. o jeneit
 SELECT Syntax-
SELECT * fROM TABLE-N)AME

tAHERE CONDITION
ORDER BY COLwmN NAME Asq DELC

EROUp BY COLUMN NAME

H AVINEG CONIDITION 3 b as
t 6 sed o eree roes fom the able l re

UpDATE yntax as e
UPDATE TABLE-NAME SET COLNAMt =
NEW YALUE KOHERE COND
.& wsed to update all onos b he table or seleetrve mowas.

DELETE Sqntax
DELETEFRom TABLT-NAME WHERE CONDTIOn
eis wed to delete selestie o s
omable.
GRANT Syntax
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DEETE ON 1B-NAME ROM RACAD
D wsed to give pívileges otable b
31A39
RErOKE Syntax d anAu)o d
KErokE (AISERT DLETE ON
TABLE-NAME Rom RACFD
Wle can exeuule al the DB2 stmts usng DB2
sal byY g
boLsSpuA/ gmfoR uing applicatn programmi
DB2 SPL
soboswud

Appicahon Prograumming
CoBoLt DB2 Spuf SmE
Sql procesugr (uent
ugng l e npuE) Mngmtacttl)
 Part1: Uing SQL (qe proceng nu
onfs uesMwgmt fail.
Procecure lo enter into SpuA
Create one
pels as p leanu
Yp -
0s sequeutial pastron data set
Creale one scqueudial ds as op {l.tps)nu
Selek I or spuA.
from p e pimayoptio meau- seleet D ( Desz)i
Ener
311 p ds name bb TJmA-Ju8T JT
op ds name
boa
Ole Sq que
Run e que by
giíng '111 r (mos7ti
CEdit, exeeulc,
aulo-commt
alos Commanope t3
Sal Code -o-means queut exeuted Cuwessh

CREATE: 3nAL T S 3717d T9 7 T 2 ToAs

CREATE s used to cre ate an
obect ib he Database,
CREATE TABLE TB-NAME
( COLN AmE DATATYpE
DATATVDE)uy at
sns/9 rmo
3roAlt
18AT N A M E

NDEX
A

-Index i a
set op pointen to the onws
of a Hable 1E &
wsed o accen the mecords qúcklu.
DB se hdex to enaure
uniquenen &to improve perfomma-
br prodng ebsieient acce
path to data for queriey

degoba ugor
 cOFAE UNIQVE NDEK IDK ON
EMPMASTEmpID Asc/DESC
.When table ceated, Contains Primar Ked, Unique Index
udt be Created on pmary Re DB maks be table dekinto

inComplete
unil ndex ú Ceated o
primary k.

INSERT
hISERT is sed lo iset lbe values iso table.

NSERT tNTO TBNAME CCoLNAmE, COLN AME,) VALVEs

VALUE2, . - )
(VALVE,
Erve Date in lhe fomaE;
YYYY--MM-DD.

SELE wed to memere be values fom he Hable based

given quen
Seleet all reeords in atable :
AMm3 MosT 'rqdgoe)1DLAd
SELECT*FROM tBNAME;
DspLAN 2 Coloumns SELECTy
To emeve
sele eive Columns fom be Table
SELECT EmpID,
ENAME FRoA 7BN AME33 8 )
RETRlEVAL WITH OHGRE-SEL6a
WHERE s wed to cheok he
To selet paicalar oo based Condtion.
on the

SELECT+ ROM Condikon.

TBAJAME WHERE
ORDER BY EMptD '1ovo1 u =

wecd toriere he
order &tma b iBer vauies o
seleelr colimnSort
/desc By default-take asc. orqer
 RETRIEVAL TH ORDER BY dt d 1 p
SELECT fRoM tBNAME ORDER mpsAL;
RETRIEVAL OmH ORDER BY AsCSELECT
SELECT+
fRo)TBNAME ORDER BY EmpsAL -ASC5
RETRIEVAL OITH ORPER BY DESC-SELET:
SELECT *
fRoM TBNAME ORDER BY EMpID DESC
0 RETRIEVAL TH AND <SELECT:
To metieve te
ange o values for seledtive coumn
usng
anilmalc operalr M-YYYY:eot
SPLECT*TBNAME WHERE EmPSAL >5000 -ND
SELECT DUTINCT: day s voel o
EmpsAL<IFDco;
hoa o3
Dütinct wed to
eliminale the values % dupicale
SELFCT DLTNCT (EmpDEpT) FROM
EmpMAST
BETWNEEN: 3ronM8 MOsY u32
lo
specity * a range ch values be
s e exprenion BETWEEN
operator to be implementrcd >vihs2

dr
SELECT- BETWETN 11 -AND <= malA atgr oaase
lo eiriee he ange
vadues for elestve column utig
logical operatou W
s dosds ot bu
SELECT fROM TBNAME OHERE tmpsAL BEWEEN
To00&1700
oR)
tqre 33RY 3malAST ANDt
SELECTtFROM TENAME HERE tmpsALto0 8
tmpsAL= Ho00
NOT BEWEEN:

swsed lo rrieve he vaues 8 ohich not he given

range values
 SELECT-NOT BETWEEN

SaLECT 4 ROM TBNAMEOHERE EmpsAL

SELECT Nor -AnND
BETWEEN ooo Ito
IN:
To exhack data by Comparing more ban one value l tkbe

seleeted Cdumn oh a table ís poLi ble wilb 'iN' Cqenth

oper ater proides facili of giing muliple poribsluke fo k

Comparson of one resul value wilb the Cohumo.

SELECT- IN
SFEECTEmpiD, feom TBNAME WHERE EMDEPT INC ).
Neue-O/TOte 3TA330
OR
SELET feom TBNAME OHERE FMpDEPT OR ST=
NOT IN
Th operatoY revenes the result of he expresian tom ue cf
fake vice vesa.
Ahonoiu 3TA 39
8) SELECT-NOT N:
SELECT fROM TBNAME OHERE EmpDEPT NOT IN C
OR
ELEC *fROM TBNAME OHERE EmPDEPT NOT OR TMPDEP NOT

LUKE
eeack data from tbe tabe wer can compare characfes
of be Courmn a4 sngle one muttple ones. Sngle characfer

Compañson 015(rdescore) and multe cha/auen

pauñson wi
percenktle) b
e
 RETRIEVAL OITH
-To etrieve the Values
LIKE-SELECTr NTIHTol4-riI
qor ename ohicb start hA
A uvg9
LuKE Operaloy

SELECT fROM TBNAME OHEREtRAME LiKE LAz';

(L8) RETRIEVAL OH LIKESELECT:
SFLECT fRoM TBNAME WHERE tNAME UKE
R
Rz:
AGGREGATE UNCTION:
OUM: qives lhe sum oh all he
coumn values.
-AGGREGATE FoNCTION-sUM:
SELET
SUM(tmpsAL)-fROm TBAmE o9 T
A¥G: gives he
average dh all the column values.
Ave unchon wil give arn inComee
avg Cae there ae null
values tn he coumn. 9

20 AGGREGATE
fONCION-AVG :
A TOA-TD332
SELETANGCEMpSAL) fROM TBNAME;
AGGREGATEfuNCnON- MIN
-1gives be min. value fom a set celumns
o sELECT MNCEMpSAL)
valueu
fRoM TBNAME;
-AGEREGATE fncnON -Mxx:
gins, he max. value fema at d clumnu valu
SELECT MAx(EmpsAL) FRom
TBN AME
23-4GGREEATE FUNCnO CoONT
-D gives 6 Coust of column valea, exclude Dull valuev
SFLECT CooNT() f2Om TBNAME OHERE tmpDEPT=
 24) RETRIEVAL WTH IKE ( STARTS TA 'PORENDs O H 'R);

StLECT+ ROM TBNAME WHERE ENAME LIKE K ENAMEF

LIKE R '
I t ll displaa Conesponding tield stanfing, ib & eudiug oh e

8, h t eld Contains max S giveo at le ime h cratug

Iw order to get Tesult qor R deelare tnAME O VARCHAR
instead oh CHAR

25) RETRIEVAL WITH CoMpUTATOA: o ot

SELECT NAME, ENpsAL+5D0 fROM TBN AME Emp DEPT= 'tooo2,
6 RETRIWAL WITH
COMpUTATION:
SELECT ENAME,
EmpsAL¥7UOo fRom TBN AME RHERE EDEPT UKE M>,
GROUP BY CLAUS:
It&wed lo group he elated vaues based on
Condthon.
Whenever we wse
-GROOP B clause we mut use one
agrrqae
urchion.
ROp BY &SOM: da d
SELFCT EMPDEPT, SUMEMPSAL) fROM TBN
AME-GROp BY EMpDEPT
HAVING CLAUSE:
1t should contain one aggregal qunckon ( mut be used dib
EROUP BY claue
HUAVING lause cpemlz on aggrqatrd qrps that are alveady-
0ected om GRap BY clauseer u b b a a f
HAMNG cause shouwd cortain one Cond which ncludes 09qe-
galz-
gRoP 6Y claue should not Contain vohere claue 1t may hae
omu HAING clau
 BY OmH HAVINe SUM: T SAV3190
28 GROup
SELECT EmpDEpT SUm(EmpsAD As EmpsAL FROm tBNAME C
BY EMPDEPT HAMNG SUM CEmpsAL 7 oooo3

(29 DELETF CAKCADE

(30 UNION:
Union & uued to nemeve he oio fom a
da tablesu
no.
o colunns that are beiug seleced fom bolh tableu should
be Same must contain Same leuglh dalalyP 39
Redundaut duplicalza are
eliminatud
ST (0osh oue-rAaqt09 30m T
UNION ALL
rehhevu all be rowsom bolb tabla alonga h
dupcatis, d l Ldsle

t ued to Combine Columns fom mOT han onetable

quer sed onemeve the data from mor has one tablë
J o was
cdaied iulo 3 tpe; iu9 oa)
) Stmple TDu 320A13 4IVA
Uy Inner Jo
) Ouker Jou
uols ya quoa
d8umpLE JN
SELET CoL1, CoL FRom mp, DEpT WHERE EMD MERNO)

Tab ToR
EnP Dept.
 i tNNER TON
t retrieves ony he matched mords omJoin tables
RO
StLEC CoLI, COLI fm TBNl INNER JUN DEPI ON EMpNMEN
Table Tall
1 Co 2 co1
Talbla Table

) OUTER JOIN Ca) KieHT OUTER JoIN

Cb) LEFT oUTER JDuN
c) fUuL oUTER
JD

(a) RleHT OUTER TDIN

It ovetreve lhe mathed and unmatehed oues om igut
table auo onmatehinTos om lelt res set to null
ayrEA w i o
SELEC CoLl, CoLI FROM 1BNI RHE OTR
JDI TBD ON DNO=
MNo
Col 1 Colt Tabla( u
Tablei Tabla

Snatend ob CoLt Co , we caw uke

*, dinlah all roe able
LEFT oUTER JUIN
IErelieve he matthed unmatched mouos Bom leht-tble
aud onlus matthivg Tous fom oftemst set lo nul
2.0A
SELECT CoLI, CoL,. fROmTBNI EFT OVTER JOIN TBN2 ON DND-MNO
) fouL JON
tmeknere alll matehe unmatchd rouok fom2 tabes
naut- table alunn valuet set
nul
i15 5e Comu pon ding leße o
oeLEC CoLI,COLl, , . . Rom TBNI £DL OUTER JDIN TBND ON DNOs MNa
 Dúplhapb desoption oh Tble
SLET FROM SYS(BM. SYscOLOMNS WHERE TBNAME 'Sml.
Cor)
SHLECTAmE CoLTYPE, LENGIH, SCALE FROM SIBm. SS COL Um
SISCOLUmNS
OHERE TBNAME STD';

Scale to eprseut deeimals

hdt 93ruo 13 () AOT 93100
DESCRIBE TABLE STDS 3rus T11
RENAmE
ALTER TABLE o t IU0 T431
TBNAME RENAME CoLUMN fEt
TO
cbdoon SFEE
To add one addihonal column to exishg lable
ALTER TABLE TBNAME
ADD CoLNEW
DATTYPE ;
To insert the
valueu; you bave lo upaat
aate he
he value b
plaee o nuls U bae to we values
OPDATE TBNAME ST CoLNEW=
OHERE CoL1= jt
Twe dant mention where clause
bere, hen t l ) upoale
all rouss oh That
parfcular Ned coumn.
5To add addifional Ceumnsto
mare
eishing Table:
wAUER TACLE
TBNAMEADD (COLNEW DTYPE CoLNEN
DTYPE)
fyo want change he
dtalype oh pavticular
a
coumn:
ALER TBLE TBNAmE ALTER
CoLI SeT
DATATYDE VARCHAR (20)
lueBud, we cant reduce be
leuglh o Oatalupe
nisOd we can ouy inceag he
leugb atalipe
 T o drp ponkeular column:
ALTER TABLE TBNAME DROP CoLUMN COL1

To dhrop
enire Table
DROp TABLE TBNAME; delsta Iz +ba (wtt, h t
dutis
4you want to delete one o m, S
DELETE FROM TBNAME OHERE SID= o003; d
wwd ro o
ro yo
4Delete Table :

DELETE FROM TRBLENAME dl v 6

4you at to emove duplicates
SELECT DLSTNCT (SDD) FROm sD
you want earch the name ohich beg 1k-4:
SELECT fROm STD wHERE SMAmE
LKE LA nuli la
choins
i n g e damo

How to insert naL

value
INSFRT IND SD VALUES =( 16oo, NULL)
Tohieve null dield ouos
SELECT * fRoM STD OHERE SJAmE s NOLL

Tdieve e al rousk Ihont nul eld vous

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Carert me, date, mestamp

SELET CURRENT TNE fRom Sts16m sYsDOmmu
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SELECT
ea CuRRENT TImESTAMp fRom SYSIBm SYSDUmmY1
 Truncate Delete:
Truncate: We can delele Delekes We can dilule
paka
erou au all mwt
of tabl
alt de ofable onur-%
able chueure lo ckoulure of tabl
We can't oll badk We Caw mll bask
Cenrch the table : se slslsh ft fony s

using
Seleet fom sysibm systables here n ame R
-
stslg 6
Pre-delined ades
d Syibm. cuselumnt- dosoipte).
úy
Lyibm. tysdummyi Cument date, ime,imeshmp
o) Lyibm. ystables Seach.

esoshb pot fre

 Consrains : -

To Contol hlouo oh the data at the fime of dedarahion) of

variables.

O NOT NULL

PRimARY KEY
foRElGN KEY
ONIOUE
CHEK
6NOT NULL- WTH DEFAULT
ou can use
Cunique not null ant no. oh hmes natable
But 20u can use
prmart Rep onut ne
unique- constrainb> will en ore uni aue keus- on a
ua
deld o r ombinabion o multiple qields
Cheekconshraiuk w eorte the list ch values or rauge
oh values qor he giwen coumn or Columnu
ViEWS
i an altenatve way of lookiug dat in
ne mare es.
And hese arn 2 ypes O Updatable vieuss
Read-onu Veuw
Opd atable Vieu
A vieu set to be updatable ohen 1 satis ties all blog c
.No vieus Ceatad on a cingle aba
2.
do aggmgalz tunchon arilbmatic tunction
3. No Haing Group Bt, Outnc daues Oe ed
p No cub
eueny s wsed
Dasbasc tuble column oher han víus estumn ave
Oulabla
Syotax:
Creahe vi vieuwT ame a ho
SAee que
Non-Updatable vieus: s
AViw s et to be
nm updatable ohen dount sat
any me
o alll hz updabl Meus Condtht
ntax:
Cre ate Vfeue vieusn amMe as

aeleot puek
-Aliases Smonm i
Bol5 are altenalive war oookiug data h e tables
MonMs
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-whew tabtabl bas ù

doopped, amoddad aqnnum
be deleted
we dont mquure aystm admin alulhon an to Creale
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