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Ballistic Design of Solid Propellant Rocket Motor: Aarms
Ballistic Design of Solid Propellant Rocket Motor: Aarms
= ;
s
i
F
dt
dm
= ,
where is the angle between the radius vector and the polar axis, r is the radius vector
from the Earth centre to the rockets centre of gravity, is the angle of longitudinal
inclination, v is the rocket velocity. The function H
I
Tmax
). Let us assume certain number of values from each range. Then for each pair of
values I
Ti
and m
0j
the main task of external ballistics for the rocket range X
i,j
determination should be calculated.
As an example, the following values will be chosen: the rocket calibre D=0.3 m,
initial angle of longitudinal inclination
0
=47, shape coefficient for air resistance law
1958 i =1.0 and specific impulse is =2150 Nskg
1
. These values are considered
constant in the solution. Further on, the range of RM total impulse (4.10
5
5.10
5
) Ns and
the initial weight within the range (300450) kg is chosen. For the values introduced,
the matrix of rocket ranges X
i,j
is determined. Graphical illustration for presupposed
input parameters is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Influence of the initial rocket mass and the rocket motor total impulse on the rockets range of fire
P. KONECNY: Solid propellant rocket motor
504 AARMS 3(4) (2004)
It is evident from Figure 1 that for each chosen value of the RM total impulse the
maximum rocket range can be found. Then certain initial rocket weight corresponds to
this value. The mentioned result is very important for the rocket design, because it adds
to maximum rocket range (for given conditions) the value of required initial rocket
weight, as well as the required value of RM total impulse.
Final rocket weight is composed from rocket warhead weight and weight of rocket
carrier construction. Therefore, the smaller will be the rocket carrier weight, the bigger
can be the weight of rocket warhead. This can be secured when using the construction
materials with smaller density, e.g., composites.
It is also evident from Figure 1 that making combination of minimum initial rocket
weights and maximum values of RM total impulse starts the decrease of rocket ranges,
which can stop the further computation. In this case it is necessary to increase minimum
value of the initial weight and restart computation.
From the results obtained, very important relations can further be obtained. Fur such
purpose it is necessary to find for each value of total impulse the respective value of
maximum rocket firing range and the corresponding value of initial rocket weight. In
such manner, the matrix from three values of M [I
Ci
, m
0i
, X
max i
] will be obtained. The
line across the diagram on Figure 1 illustrates common relation between values of total
impulses and initial rocket weights valid for maximum rocket firing ranges.
For the case introduced the most important is the dependence of the final rocket
weight on the maximum range of fire, which is illustrated on Figure 2.
Figure 2. Relation between the final rocket weight and the range of fire
P. KONECNY: Solid propellant rocket motor
AARMS 3(4) (2004) 505
It is evident from Figure 2 that the final rocket weight is practically independent on
maximum range of fire and stays constant. However, from practical point of view, the
final rocket weight increases with respect to needed total impulse increasing. Therefore,
in ballistic design of rocket motors, the initial rocket weight will be higher to the one
corresponding to the maximum range of fire. It means that the correct ballistic design
will correspond to results presented graphically on Figure 1 to the right of the line of
maximal range of fire.
The principle of the ballistic design of rocket motor
The results of introduced rocket range of fire solution are then used according to a
general scheme of the ballistic design presented in Figure 3. It is evident from the
figure, that parameters I
T
, m
0
, i
s
, D influence the calculation of combustion chamber
filling coefficient through the functions A and B, which are specific for each solid
propellant charge shape.
Figure 3. General scheme for ballistic design
The principle of rocket motor ballistic design solution starts from the chosen ranges
of total RM impulse and initial rocket weight. For the values introduced, the matrix of
rocket ranges X
i,j
is determined as described above. For given range of fire the initial
rocket weight is determined corresponding to related individual total impulse.
P. KONECNY: Solid propellant rocket motor
506 AARMS 3(4) (2004)
On the basis of the determined values, the further rocket parameters can also be
determined. SP charge weight can be determined from definition of the RM total
impulse and SP specific impulse, i.e.:
2
.
i
I
m
S
T
P
= (9)
From the structure point of view, the SP charge weight is:
4
3
L CC P
D K K a m = , (10)
where
CCe
SP
CC
A
A
K = is the combustion chamber filling coefficient and
D
L
K
SP
L
= is
the so called slenderness ratio of SP charge,
P
2
= . (14)
and also
,
bK C
K aK
m
m
L N
CC L
F
P
+
= (15)
where slenderness ratio can be generally given as follows:
( )
CC
2
L
K 1
D
C
Z
4
K
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
. (16)
Regarding the research works the generally used solution is based on the maximum
attainable velocity, which can be found from the extremum of the function:
0
m
m
1 ln i
dK
d
dK
dv
F
P
S
CC CC
F
=
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = .
After the necessary mathematical procedures the basic relation for the so called
relative invariable mass can be obtained
5
( )
( ) 1 2K
K 1
K b
D
m
C
CC
2
CC
S
N
N
= = . (17)
Eq. (15) can then be transformed to:
4
( ) 1 2K
b
a
m
m
CC
F
P
= , (18)
where from the needed combustion chamber filling coefficient will be:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1
m
m
a
b
0.5 K
F
P
CC
. (19)
The rocket calibre D is expressed from Eq. (17) as follows:
5
P. KONECNY: Solid propellant rocket motor
508 AARMS 3(4) (2004)
( )
( )
.
K 1 bK
1 2K m
D
3
1
2
CC S
CC N
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
= (20)
Eq. (4) for the ballistic coefficient at the end of rocket motor operation can be
transformed to the form:
5
( )
( )
( )
.
K 1 K
1 2K
K b m
10 i
m
10 D i
c
3
1
CC CC
3
2
CC
3
2
S
3
1
N
3
F
3 2
b
= = (21)
The clamping factor (Z/C) from Eq. (19) is as follows:
5
( )
( )
.
K 1 K c m
i10
K b c
1 2K i10
D
4
C
Z
CC CC b N
3
CC b
CC
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
(22)
The rocket calibre finally is:
5
( )
( )
.
K 1
C
Z
b
1 2K 4m
D
3
1
2
CC
2
CC N
(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
(23)
The basic set of equations solving the RM ballistic design are Eqs (15), (19), (22)
and (23). The SP charge dimensions are solved afterwards in terms of K
CC
. The initial
burning surface of SP charge generally is:
5
( ) ( )
CC
2
0
K 1
C
Z
D
4
S |
.
|
\
|
= . (24)
The other dimensions of the SP charge also depend on combustion filling coefficient
and, therefore, they can be determined by similar manner. They differ according to the
SP charge shape.
P. KONECNY: Solid propellant rocket motor
AARMS 3(4) (2004) 509
Conclusion
The method introduced for the estimation of the most convenient basic rocket and RM
parameters can be considered as very useful when designing the rocket and its RM. The
main advantage of the presented method is its greater accuracy due to using at start
point of project results of external ballistics calculation of trajectory based on the really
existing conditions.
It is evident from the above mentioned that rocket motor ballistic design depends
upon a great number of variables. Some of them are independent X, m
W
, m
N
, D (the
main engaged parameters of ballistic design),
m
,
is
,
P
, i
S
, c* (influence of
constructional materials and characteristics of SP used), , (strength factors), ,
other are dependent variables K
CC
, K
L
, (Z/C), D, m
P
, m
F
, S
0
and corresponding
dimensions of SP charge.
The rocket motor ballistic design is considered preliminary design. Therefore, the
rocket and rocket motor design can be gradually improved in the consequential steps of
the rocket project. Nevertheless, the more precisely the rocket and rocket motor will be
designed in the preliminary phase of design, the task of solution of further rocket parts
will start with better conditions.
References
1. SHAPIRO, J. M., MAZING, G. J., PRUDNIKOV, N. E., Bases of Solid Propellant Rockets Design. Military
Press. Moscow, 1968.
2. DAVENAS, A., Solid rocket motor design. In: JENSEN, G. E., NETZER, D. W. Tactical Missile Propulsion.
Reston, (Virg.): American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996, pp. 57113.
3. KONECNY, P., Rockets. Solved Examples Collection. Textbook. Brno (Czech Republic), Military
Academy in Brno, 2002.
4. LUDVIK, F., Ballistic and mass design of unguided rocket. In: 1st Conference on Barrel Weapon Systems.
Brno (Czech Republic). Military Academy in Brno. 1996.
5. KONECNY, P., LUDVIK, F., Internal Ballistics of Solid Propellant Rocket Motors. Textbook. Brno (Czech
Republic). Military Academy in Brno. 1999.