Rocks

Rocks
Rocks

A rock is a naturally formed aggregate

A rock is a naturally formed aggregate
composed of one or more minerals
composed of one or more minerals

Rocks are aggregates of one or more

Rocks are aggregates of one or more
minerals
minerals
What is a rock?
What is a rock?
Which one is the best answer?
Which one is the best answer?
Rocks
Rocks
Example of a rock, an aggregate of more than one minerals
Example of a rock, an aggregate of more than one minerals
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks are classified on the basis of
Rocks are classified on the basis of
how they form
how they form

There are
There are
3 major classes
3 major classes
of rocks:
of rocks:

Igneous rocks
Igneous rocks

Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks

Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks

Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten

Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten
rock material
rock material

Molten rock material below Earth

Molten rock material below Earth

s surface is
s surface is
called
called
magma
magma

Molten rock material erupted above Earth

Molten rock material erupted above Earth

s
s
surface is called
surface is called
lava
lava

The name changes because the composition

The name changes because the composition
of the molten material changes as it is erupted
of the molten material changes as it is erupted
due to escape of volatile gases
due to escape of volatile gases
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic rocks are changed rocks

Metamorphic rocks are changed rocks

They are
They are
formed in the solid state
formed in the solid state
in
in
response to one or more of the
response to one or more of the
following
following
agents of metamorphism
agents of metamorphism
:
:

Change in
Change in
pressure
pressure

Change in
Change in
temperature
temperature

Change in
Change in
pressure
pressure
and
and
temperature
temperature

Exposure to
Exposure to
chemically active fluids
chemically active fluids
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks

The
The
protolith
protolith
(the
(the
parent rock
parent rock
) is the
) is the
preexisting rock from which the
preexisting rock from which the
metamorphic rock was formed
metamorphic rock was formed

Metamorphism may cause a change in a

Metamorphism may cause a change in a
rock
rock

s:
s:

Composition
Composition

Mineral assemblage
Mineral assemblage

Texture
Texture

All of the above

All of the above
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed from material derived

Rocks formed from material derived
from preexisting rocks by
from preexisting rocks by
surfacial
surfacial
processes followed by
processes followed by
diagenesis
diagenesis
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks

There are two main classes of sedimentary rocks

There are two main classes of sedimentary rocks

Clastic
Clastic
(detrital) sedimentary rocks
(detrital) sedimentary rocks

Chemical sedimentary rocks

Chemical sedimentary rocks

Clastic sedimentary rocks

Clastic sedimentary rocks
are formed from bits and
are formed from bits and
pieces of previously existing rocks, called clasts or
pieces of previously existing rocks, called clasts or
detritus
detritus

Chemical sedimentary rocks

Chemical sedimentary rocks
are formed in several ways
are formed in several ways

By precipitation from aqueous solution

By precipitation from aqueous solution

From plant material

From plant material

From animal material

From animal material
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Processes Leading to Formation of
Processes Leading to Formation of
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Weathering:
Weathering:
the processes that change rocks
the processes that change rocks

size and
size and
composition at or near Earth
composition at or near Earth

s surface
s surface

Erosion and Transportation:

Erosion and Transportation:
removal of rock particles
removal of rock particles
(clasts) from their source by water, wind, or glacial ice
(clasts) from their source by water, wind, or glacial ice

Deposition:
Deposition:
the settling of clasts on Earth
the settling of clasts on Earth

s surface as
s surface as
sediments, leads to formation of a sedimentary bed
sediments, leads to formation of a sedimentary bed

Compaction:
Compaction:
pressing together of clasts, squeezing out
pressing together of clasts, squeezing out
pore water, by pressure exerted by overlying beds
pore water, by pressure exerted by overlying beds

Lithification
Lithification
:
:
cementation of clasts together to form a
cementation of clasts together to form a
sedimentary rock
sedimentary rock

Diagenesis
Diagenesis
:
:
a process of conversion of unconsolidated
a process of conversion of unconsolidated
sediments to coherent sedimentary rocks
sediments to coherent sedimentary rocks
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism
Due to Increased T and or P
Rocks Cycle
Rocks Cycle
Rocks
Rocks

How can you identify rocks

How can you identify rocks
megas
megas

Colour
Colour

Mineral composition:
Mineral composition:
normally expressed in
normally expressed in
percentage
percentage

Texture:
Texture:
the relationship between the grains of
the relationship between the grains of
minerals forming a rock
minerals forming a rock

Structure:
Structure:
the relationship between different
the relationship between different
parts of a rock
parts of a rock
BATUAN
Adalah merupakan semua bahan penyusun kerak bumi,
dan merupakan suatu kumpulan / agregat mineral-
mineral yang telah mengeras
KLASIFIKASI (berdasarkan tekstur dan cara
terbentuknya), ada 3 yaitu :
a. Batuan beku : batuan yang berasal dari hasil pembekuan
magma, teksturnya hablur / kristalin
b. Batuan sedimen : batuan yang terbentuk dari hasil proses
pengendapan, baik organik ataupun hasil pengendapan bahan
rombakan serta kimiawi, teksturnya klastik / nonklastik
c. Batuan metamorf : batuan ubahan oleh proses metamorfisme,
dimana perubahannya tanpa melalui fase cair terlebih dahulu,
tekstur hablur / kristalin
TEKSTUR adalah hubungan yang erat antara bentuk, ukuran butir
dari mineral-mineral sebagai bagian dari batuan.