SEMINAR ON AC DC

CONVERTERS
BY:
ANKUR MAHAJAN
M.E. I&C REGULAR -2011
ROLL NO. 112505
GOAL OF THE SEMINAR
SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE & FULL WAVE
CONVERTERS.

SEMICONDUCTOR
DEVICES THE
HEART OF
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS
MY OWN QUOTES :
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVERY NATION DEPEND UPON
ITS POWER SOURCES, & POWER ELECTRONICS IS A
MAGIC WAND WHICH GENERATE POWER SOURCES
POWER ELECTRONICS IS A LIFE BLOOD FOR MODERN
COMPUTERS, COMMUNICATION & ELECTRONIC
SYSTEMS , THUS WITHOUT IT OUR LIFE COMES TO
HALT

WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT REASON FOR RAPID
DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF POWER
ELECTRONIC DEVICES ?
PIE CHART OF WORLS ENERGY
PRODUCTION LEVEL
FOSSIL FUELS
NUCLEAR
RENEWABLES
IN INDIA 70% OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY COMES FROM COAL
ACCORDING TO IEEE JOURNAL ON
POWER DELIVERY: WE HAVE NO
FOSSIL & NUCLEAR FUEL BY THE
END OF 22
ND
CENTURY.
87
%
6
%
7%
(A)USE EE
EFFICIENTLY.
(B) IMPROVE
CONVERSION
EFFICIENCY.
(C) USE
RENEWABLES
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS RECTIFICATION ?
RECTIFICATION REFERS TO PROCESS OF
CONVERTING AN A.C. VOLTAGE OR CURRENT
TO D.C. VOLTAGE OR CURRENT.
RECTIFIERS RECTIFIER REFER TO POWER
ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS WHERE THE
ELECTRIC POWER FLOWS FROM A.C. SIDE TO
THE D.C. SIDE.
NOTE: IN MANY SITUATIONS THE SAME
CONVERTER CARRIES ELECTRICAL POWER
FROM D.C. SIDE TO A.C. SIDE - INVERTERS
RECTIFIERS CLASSIFICATION
BECAUSE ON & OFF
STATE OF DIODE IS
DETERMINED BY THE
STATE OF THE
CIRCUIT.

BECAUSE THYRISTOR CAN BE TURNED
ON BY CONTROL TERMINAL. i.e. GATE
ASSUMPTIONS :
ALL THE DEVICES & CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
ARE IDEAL i.e. Ton =Toff =zero
INPUT IS PURE SINE WAVE

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL SWITCH
TERMINOLOGIES
LET f BE THE INSTANTANEOUS VALUE OF ANY
VOLTAGE OR CURRENT ASSOCIATED WITH
RECTIFIER CIRCUIT, THEN

TERMINOLOGIES (CONT.)

|
o
o
|
Angle at
Which SCR starts conducting
Angle at which SCR stops conducting
SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED H/W
RECTIFIER
FOR PURELY RESISTIVE LOAD
CURRENT FLOWS FROM TO THROUGH
LOAD BECAUSE SCR IS IN FPRWARD
CONDUCTION MODE.
o
-
CALCULATIONS






Average value of output voltage


On solving
}
=
t
o
e e
t
t td v v
i av
sin 2
2
1
) cos 1 (
2
o + =
i
av
v
v
CALCULATION OF RMS VALUE OF
VOLTAGE
t d v v
o rms
e
t
t
o
}
=
2
2
1
t d t v v
i rms
e e
t
t
o
}
=
2 2
sin 2
2
1
t d t
v
v
i
rms
e e
t
t
o
}
= ) 2 cos 1 (
2
2
2
1
] )
2
2 sin
(
1
[
2
t
o
e
e
t
t
t
v
v
i
rms
=
) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
2
t t Sin e e =
CALCULATION OF RMS VALUE OF
VOLTAGE (CONT.)
On solving



Form factor
2
1
)
2
2 sin
1 (
2
t
o
t
o
+ =
i
rms
v
v
) cos 1 (
2
o + =
i
av
v
v
o
t
o
t
o
t
cos 1
)
2
2 sin
1 (
2
1
+
+
= =
av
rms
v
v
formfactor
RESISTIVE INDUCTIVE LOAD















to to
RESISTIVE INDUCTIVE LOAD
Since thyristor does not conduct over the
entire input so it is called DISCONTINUOUS
CONDUCTION MODE
CALCULATIONS
| e o s s t
t v t v v v
i m i o
e e sin 2 sin = = =
otherwise v , 0
0
=
}
=
|
o
e e
t
t td v v
i av
sin 2
2
1
) cos (cos
2
, | o
t
=
i
av
v
v onsolving
RMS VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE
2
1
2 2
) sin 2
2
1
( t td v v
i rms
e e
t
|
o
}
=
( )
2
1
) 2 cos 1 (
1
2
t d t
v
v
i
rms
e e
t
|
o
}
=
( )
2
1
2
2 sin
2
2 sin
(
1
2
| o
o |
t
+ =
i
rms
v
v
( )
2
1
2
2 sin 2 sin
(
2
t
| o
t
o |
+

=
i
rms
v
v
) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
2
t t Sin e e =
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
Assume, load is highly inductive
Because 90% of loads are inductive
CASE I
T1
T4
D3
D2


L
O
A
D

A
B
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE

At t =, D3 starts conducting and
-ve voltage appear across T1 & it starts
blocking voltage.
THIS PROCESS IS CALLED LINE COMMUTATION











T1
D2
A
B
to
SINCE LOAD IS HIGHLY INDUCTIVE
FREEWHEELING CURRENT FLOWS
THROUGH D2-D3
FROM t = To +
D3



D2
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
At t = , T4 is in forward blocking mode at t = +
T4 is triggered & +ve voltage appears across D2 and it
stops conducting.






At t = 2, D2 starts conducting and T4 is OFF, this is
called LINE COMMUTATION

D3


T4
A





B
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE

2+,

+
2
Since thyristor does not conduct over the
entire input so it is called
DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE
Avg. current rating of thyristor is < that of
diode, which is not desirable
CALCULATIONS
) ( o
t
cos 1+ =
m
av
v
V
Vav is +ve and Iav is also +ve so source is supplying power to the
load or we can say that load is PASSIVE.


Vav

------
1


0.5




/2

Vo







Io
Operation in 1
st

Quadrant
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CASE II: CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE


T1 T3




D4 D2
LOAD
DURING to
OPRATION OS SAME AS
THAT OF CASE I.


FROM to + D4
STARTS CONDUCTING & T3
IS IN FORWARD BLOKING
MODE. THUS NO
CONDUCTION.
T1 & D4 CONDUCTS.



A
B

-
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
FROM to + FROM + to 2


T1



D4
At t = +, T3 IS
TRIGGERED & T1
COMMUTATES ( LINE
COMMUTATION)
T3

A
B

D4
FROM 2, D2 STARTS
CONDUCTING & T1 IS IN FORWARD
BLOKING MODE.
THUS NO CONDUCTION.
T3 & D2 CONDUCTS.

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
2+,




2




+
Since thyristor conducts over the entire
input so it is called CONTINUOUS
CONDUCTION MODE
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONTINUOUS
CONDUCTION MODE
DISCONTINUOUS
CONDUCTION MODE
FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE
ASSUMPTIONS:
a) LOAD CURRENT IS
CONSTT. & RIPPLE FREE.
b) Io IS CONTINUOUS.

IN THE +VE HALF, T1 T2
ARE FORWARD BIASED.

IN THE NEGATIVE HALF
T3 T4 ARE FORWARD
BIASED.

TI & T2 CONTINUE TO
CONDUCT TILL T3 & T4
ARE TRIGGERED.
FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE
SINCE THERE
ARE TWO PULSES
PER CYCLE SO IT IS
CALLED :
TWO PULSE CONVERTER
AVERAGE VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE
t td v V
m av
e e
t
o t
o
sin
1
}
+
=
o
t
cos
2
m
av
v
V =
onsolving
Thus, Vav is +ve from o /2
Vav is ve from /2

Vo





Io



-Vo
REFERENCES
M.H.RASHID,POWER ELECTRONICS: CIRCUITS,
DEVICES & APPLICATIONS, PENTICE HALL OF
INDIA,(III
RD
Ed.),2004
CYRIL LANDER, POWER ELECTRONICS,
MCGRAW HILLS CO. ,(III
RD
Ed.), 1993
B.K. BOSE, MODERN POWER ELECTRONICS &
A.C. DRIVES, PEARSON EDUCATION INC.,2002