EE 324: Communication Systems

EE 384: Communication Engineering

Dr. Himal A. Suraweera

Multiplexing
The communication channel is shared by diffrent
source-destination pairs
Allows beter use of the channel
used in many signal transmission applications
(radio, television, telephone lines etc.)

Simplest operation
N inputs connect through a link
Link able to carry N seperate data channels
N outputs

Figure 1: Multiplexing

There are three basic multiplexing techniques
1. Frequency division multiplexing
2. Time-division multiplexing
3. Code-division multiplexing

Multiplexing techniques allow users to share the
channel leading to multiple access techniques such as
FDMA (Frequency division multiple access)
TDMA (time division multiple access)
CDMA (code division multiple access)

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
FDM assigns a slot in the frequency domain for each of
the individual messages in the modulated form



Figure 2: FDM system with guard bands

FDM Generation
Each source generates a signal
Signals are low pass filtered and modulated onto
different carrier signals
They are combined into a single composite
signal


Figure 3: FDM generation

FDM degeneration
Bandpass filters (BPF) are used to decompose the
composite signal
Individual signals are passed through demodulators
to seperate the signals





Figure 4: FDM degeneration
Example:
Three channels, each with a 100 KHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed
together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a
guard band of 5 KHz between the channels to prevent interference?
Answer: 3*(100)+2*5 = 310 kHz




Exponential Continuous Wave Modulation
(Constant amplitude modulation)
Consider a sinusoid carrier given by

where is the constant amplitude, is the (constant)
frequency and is the initial phase.
We can also write

where

If we relax the condition that is a constant and make it
a function of the message signal, , we will have
amplitude modulation.
Now let us look at the case where is a constant but
is a function of .
This leads to an angle modulated signal. Two important
cases of angle modulated signals are:
Phase modulation (PM)
Frequency modulation (FM)

Important features:
FM and PM is that they can provide much better
protection against the channel noise as compared to AM
signals
The price paid to achieve this is an increased bandwidth.
The bandwidth of AM signals are much larger than 2W,
where W highest frequency component in the message
signal, m(t).

Phase Modulation (PM)
Consider a signal given by


In PM, the instantaneous phase deviation,
varies in proportion to the message signal, m(t)

Therefore, For PM, is given by



represents the maximum phase deviation
produced by m(t).
is called the phase modulation index (or phase
sensitivity) and is measured in radians per volt

Further, to prevent phase ambiguities, we have

The PM signal can be written as



The instantaneous frequency of the angle
modulated signal, c(t) is defined as



Therefore, for PM, the instantaneous frequency can
be written as




Frequency Modulation
Now if we consider, the case where the
instantaneous frequency is a linear function of m(t):
That is

or



where is the frequency sensitivity of the
modulator (unit: Hz / volt).

The time domain FM signal can be described as






Figure 1: Example of a frequency modulated signal

Characteristics:
Unlike AM signals, zero crossings of PM and FM
signals are not uniform (time instants at which the
wave crosses from + to - and vice versa)
Unlike AM, PM and FM waveforms have constant
amplitudes.
Maximum instantaneous frequency occurs when
m(t) has the positive peak value. Similarly, the
minimum instantaneous frequency occurs when
m(t) has the negative peak

Example: An angle modulated signal is given by

Find (1) the maximum phase deviation (2) the
frequency deviation?
Solution: We can express the term,
as
.
Therefore we can write
.
(1) Hence, the maximum phase deviation is .

(2) Let , hence



The maximum frequency deviation = 750 Hz (since
maximum (cos(x)) = 1
References
[1] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4
th
Edition
[2] A. Bruce Carlson, Communication Systems, 4
th
Edition