WiMAX Coverage Planning and Capacity

Calculation
ZTE University
CDMA-BSS Team
Objective
After course training, you will:
Master link budget principle
Calculate BS coverage range
Know how to calculate capacity
Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS Coverage Range
Coverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
Three Basic Propagation Methods
Reflection
Radio waves encounter with a stumbling block whose
surface is much longer than the wave length.
Diffraction
Radio waves encounter with an acute angle or slim bar.
Scattering
Radio waves encounter with large quantities of grains
whose size is much shorter than the wave length.

Slow Fading and Quick Fading
Slow fading represents a slow change of receiver mean
value varying with propagation distance and
environments in a period of time.
Quick fading represents a quick fluctuation of received
signals in a short period of time.
Multipath Fading
Multipath Fading
When a receiver moves in a complex environment where reflection or
diffraction may occur, a level change of several tens of decibels and violent
phase swinging will take place in a range less than one wave length.
Radio Signals in Land Mobile Communication
The propagation path of radio signals sent by BS
depends on terrain and ground objects. The higher BS is
located, the farther signals are transmitted.
Multipath propagation such as reflection, diffraction and
scattering greatly affects propagation of radio waves, and
sometimes leads to serious signal fading.
Higher frequency of radio waves results in more
propagation path loss, lower diffraction capability and
shorter propagation distance.
Wave Propagation in Urban
Fewer radio waves can directly reach to MS. In most of cases,
signals received by MS are superimpositions of reflected waves,
diffracted waves and scattered waves.
MHZ Km fs
f d dB L
10
log 20 log 20 45 . 32 ) (
10

Free Space Propagation Path Loss:
The longer the propagation
distance, the greater the path
loss.
The higher the wave frequency, the
greater the path loss.
Free Space Propagation Path Loss
Propagation Model:
PL(dB)=Function(F, HA, HM, D, C)

PL: Path loss
F: Frequency (Unit: MHz)
D: Distance (Unit: km)
H: BS antenna/MS effective height (Unit: m)
C: Environment correction factor, including dense
urban, urban, suburb and rural
Path Loss
Fading margin (dB) Penetration loss (dB)
Receiver (dBm) Transmitter (dBm) Allowed path loss
- -
-
=
Input items
Frequency
Distance
Antenna effective
height
Terrain (urban, suburb,
rural)
RSSI,
dBm
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33
Distance from Cell Site, km
Field
Strength,
dBuV/m
+90
+80
+70
+60
+50
+40
+30
+20
Blue line: Drive
test result
Gray line: Hata
model expected
result
Hata Model
PL (dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log (F) - 13.82 log(H) + (44. 9 - 6.55 log(H) )*log (D) + C
Hata Model
PL: Path loss
F: Frequency (Unit: MHz) (150 - 1500
MHz)
D: Distance (Unit: km)
H: BS antenna effective height (Unit: m)
C: Environment correction factor.
Value range: Dense Urban: 0 dB
Urban: - 5 dB
Suburb: - 10 dB
Rural: - 17 dB
COST-231
PL (dB) = 46.3 + 33.9*logF - 13.82*logH + (44.9 - 6.55*logH)*log D + C
COST-231
PL: Path loss
F: Frequency (Unit: MHz) (1500 - 2000
MHz)
D: Distance (Unit: km)
H: BS antenna effective height (Unit: m)
C: Environment correction factor.
Value range: Dense Urban: -2 dB
Urban: -5 dB
Suburb: -8 dB
Rural: -10 dB
Champaign: -26 dB
Hate Model and COST-231 Model
Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS Coverage Range
Coverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
Receiver
Antenna
Antenna
Transmission line
Transmitter
Transmission line
Power output
Transmission
line loss
Gain
Path loss
Gain
Transmission
line loss
Sensitivity
Margin
Radio Link Components
Uplink
Downlink
MS
BS
Feeder
loss
Antenna
gain
Path loss
Antenna
gain
Feeder
loss
Margin
Link budget
Determines allowed
maximum path loss.
Determines the maximum
cell radius.
Downlink/uplink
Keeps balanced.
Building
Margin: Fading + Penetration Loss +...
Link Budget Model
Transmitter
Cable or body loss (dB)
Transmitter antenna gain (dBi)
Transmitter power (dBm) Transmitter EIRP (dBm)
-
+
=
Main mechanism:
Diffraction,
refraction
Calculation method:
Statistics
Building penetration
Car penetration
?
?
?
Typical building penetration loss values
Dense urban area
Urban
Suburb
Rural
25 dB
20 dB
15 dB
6 dB
Champaign 0 dB
Penetration Loss
90%
75%
Assume that MS can reliably receive -105dBm level
in at least 75% of cell edge area (90% of cell area)
and the standard deviation is 8dB.
As shown in the right figure, the probability
corresponding to 0.675is 0.75%.
0.675 x 8 = 5.4 dB
-105 + 5.4 = -99.6 dBm
The median level strength should be set to -99.6
dBm.
Cumulated normal probability distribution
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
75%
0.675
Area
-99.6dBm
8dB
Probability density
Rx
Normal distribution
0.6755.4 dB
- 105 dBm
Fading Margin
Body Loss
At present the body loss for link budget
is 3dB.
It is omitted for data service.
Link Budget Description (I)
Building Penetration Loss
Here gives experience values:
Dense Urban: 25dB
Urban: 20dB
Suburb: 15dB
Rural: 6dB
The actual penetration loss depends on the actual situation.
Interference Margin
Link Budget Description (VIII)
Loading -

1
1
Interference margin
Antenna Height
The antenna should stand low in dense urban with
centralized capacity distribution to reduce pilot pollution
and interference on other areas.
The antenna should stand high in champaign with
decentralized capacity distribution to provide large
coverage.
Antenna height:
Dense urban: 30 m
Urban: 40 m
Suburb and rural: 50 m

Link Budget Description (IX)
Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS Coverage Range
Coverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
WiMAX Link Budget DL Traffic UL Traffic DL MAP
Item Unit Value Value Value
Application Scenario - Mobility Mobility Mobility
Coverage Level - indoor indoor indoor
Frequency MHz 2500 2500 2500
Max. Data Rate at Coverage Edge
kbp
s
984 64.00 -
FFT Size - 1024 1024 1024
Permutation - PUSC Total PUSC Total PUSC Total
TDD Channel Bandwidth MHz 10 10 10
Frequency Reuse - 2*6*3 2*6*3 2*6*3
Modulation Mode at Coverage Edge - QPSK QPSK QPSK
Coding Mode at Coverage Edge CTC 1/2 CTC 1/2 CTC 1/8
System Configuration - 2*4MIMO - 2*4MIMO
Num. of Transmitting Symbol - 28 12 2
Repetition Time - 1.00 1.00 -
Num. of Subchannel to Meet Data
Rate
- - 2.00 -
HARQ Time - 4.00 1.00 -
Dense Urban Link Budget
Dense Urban
Link Budget
Table

0.43 0.27 0.57 km Radius of RF Coverage
ZTE General for 2.5GHz ZTE General for 2.5GHz ZTE General for 2.5GHz - Propagation Model
1.50 1.50 1.50 m SS Antenna Height
30 30 30 m BS Antenna Height
Coverage Distance Cal.
127.78 120.20 132.77 dB Link Budget
18 18 18 dB Penetration Margin
2.00 3.00 2.00 dB Interference Margin
7.39 7.39 7.39 dB Shadow Margin for 90% Area Rate
System Margin
- - - dB 4*4BF Gain for DL Traffic
0.00 6.02 dB HARQ Gain
- 0.00 0.00 dB Repetition Gain
- 12.43 - dB Subchannel Gain
System Gain
-101.29 -113.16 -96.62
dB
m
Rx Sensitivity
0.00 17.50 0.00 dBi Rx Antenna Gain
-3.31 1.70 0.74 dB Required SINR at Antenna Port
0.00 3.00 0.00 dB Rx Filter Loss + Cable Loss
7 4 7 dB Rx Noise Figure
2 4 2 - Num. of Rx Antenna
Receiver Side
53.88 23.00 57.51
dB
m
Tx EIRP
3.00 0.00 3.00 dB RF Filter + Cable Loss
17.50 0.00 17.50 dBi Tx Antenna Gain
0.0 0.0 3.0 dB Multiple Antenna Combining Gain
40 23 40
dB
m
Tx Power per Antenna
1 1 2 - Num. of Tx Antenna
Transmiter Side
Value Value Value Unit Item
DL MAP UL Traffic DL Traffic WiMAX Link Budget
0.43 0.27 0.57 km Radius of RF Coverage
ZTE General for 2.5GHz ZTE General for 2.5GHz ZTE General for 2.5GHz - Propagation Model
1.50 1.50 1.50 m SS Antenna Height
30 30 30 m BS Antenna Height
Coverage Distance Cal.
127.78 120.20 132.77 dB Link Budget
18 18 18 dB Penetration Margin
2.00 3.00 2.00 dB Interference Margin
7.39 7.39 7.39 dB Shadow Margin for 90% Area Rate
System Margin
- - - dB 4*4BF Gain for DL Traffic
0.00 6.02 dB HARQ Gain
- 0.00 0.00 dB Repetition Gain
- 12.43 - dB Subchannel Gain
System Gain
-101.29 -113.16 -96.62
dB
m
Rx Sensitivity
0.00 17.50 0.00 dBi Rx Antenna Gain
-3.31 1.70 0.74 dB Required SINR at Antenna Port
0.00 3.00 0.00 dB Rx Filter Loss + Cable Loss
7 4 7 dB Rx Noise Figure
2 4 2 - Num. of Rx Antenna
Receiver Side
53.88 23.00 57.51
dB
m
Tx EIRP
3.00 0.00 3.00 dB RF Filter + Cable Loss
17.50 0.00 17.50 dBi Tx Antenna Gain
0.0 0.0 3.0 dB Multiple Antenna Combining Gain
40 23 40
dB
m
Tx Power per Antenna
1 1 2 - Num. of Tx Antenna
Transmiter Side
Value Value Value Unit Item
DL MAP UL Traffic DL Traffic WiMAX Link Budget
In WiMAX networks, the coverage of every BS
varies with antenna height, antenna type (gain,
horizontal beamwidth and vertical beamwidth),
downtilt and transmit power. To accurately
estimate coverage of a BS, the propagation
forecasting model should fully consider these
parameters.
Link Budget Description
Link Budget Description
The link budget uses the propagation model ZTE General
for 2.5GHz and is applicable for 2.5GHz signal
propagation.
Coverage Planning
Investigate and classify large coverage into, for example, urban,
suburb, or rural, and understand terrain and building distribution of the
area.
Make link budget.
Know the edge coverage rate of the area and choose a proper log normal
fading variance according to the terrain and a proper building penetration
loss according to the building distribution. Make link budget by using a
proper propagation model to obtain the maximum coverage radius.
Estimate the number of carrier sectors that can meet the coverage
requirement.
Estimate the number of required BSs according to sector coverage and
area dimension.
(The planning considers coverage area only
regardless of capacity.)
Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS Coverage Range
Coverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
Coverage Influence Factor I
Improper BS position
Improper antenna height
Improper BS model
Improper azimuth planning

Coverage Influence Factor II
Engineering Installation Problems
Too long feeder leads to great feeder loss.
Unqualified feeder connector leads to great insertion loss.
Watered antenna or feeder leads to great loss.
The antenna installation does not meet the height, azimuth
or downtilt requirement.
Standing wave ratio alarm.
Coverage Influence Factor III
Inaccurate engineering parameters
Contents
Radio Propagation Characteristics
Link Budget Principle and Meaning
How to Calculate BS Coverage Range
Coverage Influence Factors
Capacity Calculation Method
Capacity (Throughput) Calculation
Concept of Slot
For any uplink or downlink subframe, the corresponding slot contains 48
data tones. This indicates every slot can carry 48 modulation and coding
symbols.
Take 10MHz systems as an example:
The frame length is 5 ms. Assume that the downlink subframe is allocated
with 31 symbols and the uplink subframe with 15 symbols.
In the downlink subframe, the overhead is assigned with 3 symbols among
which one is for the preamble and the other two for FCH and DLMAP
respectively.
In the uplink subframe, the overhead is assigned with 3 symbols for
ranging.
The number of slots in the downlink subframe: 30*(31-3)/2=420.
The number of slots in the uplink subframe: 35*(15-3)/3=140
The downlink subframe should bear UL MAP. Assume that UL MAP
occupies 30 slots (30 subchannels, 2 symbols).
The DCD/UCD transmission period is 400*5ms=2s. The number of slots
occupied by the DCD/UCD overhead per frame is 90/400 and can be
omitted.
Downlink Subframe PHY Traffic Calculation
QPSK 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200=3.744Mbps
QPSK 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3/2=5.616Mbps
16QAM 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*2=7.488Mbps
16QAM 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3=11.232Mbps
64QAM 1/2: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*3=11.232Mbps
64QAM 2/3: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*4=14.976Mbps
64QAM 3/4: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*4.5=16.848Mbps
64QAM 5/6: DL Throughput= (420-30)*48*200*5=18.72Mbps

In 22MIMO (SM) mode, these traffics are doubled.
Uplink Subframe PHY Traffic Calculation
QPSK 1/2: UL Throughput=140*48*200= 1.344Mbps
QPSK 3/4: : UL Throughput=140*48*200*3/2= 2.016Mbps
16QAM 1/2: UL Throughput=140*48*200*2= 2.688Mbps
16QAM 3/4: UL Throughput=140*48*200*3= 4.032Mbps

In 22MIMO (SM) mode, these traffics are doubled.
Summary
Which factors are related with radio
propagation air loss?
Which factors affect BS coverage?
How to calculate throughput?
Summary