714 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO.

2, APRIL 2013
A Fault Detection Technique for the
Series-Compensated Line During
Power Swing
Paresh Kumar Nayak, Ashok Kumar Pradhan, Senior Member, IEEE, and Prabodh Bajpai, Member, IEEE
AbstractA distance relaying scheme is susceptible to power
swing. To avoid unintended trip operation during such conditions,
a power swing blocking function is utilized in distance relays. How-
ever, if a fault occurs during power swing, the relay should detect
the fault and trip as soon as possible. The detection of fault in a
series-compensated line during the power swing is further com-
plicated due to complex transients produced by series capacitor
and the metaloxide varistor (MOV) protecting it. This paper pro-
poses a negative-sequence current-based technique for detecting
all types of faults during the power swing in a series-compensated
line. The technique is tested for different series-compensated sys-
tems including a 9-bus 3-machine power system. Different types of
faults: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and high resistance occurring
during the power swing are simulated through EMTDC/PSCAD
to test the algorithm. The method is compared with available tech-
niques and found to be accurate and fast.
Index TermsDigital relaying, distance protection, fault detec-
tion, power swing, series compensation.
I. INTRODUCTION
R
ECENT regulatory developments, increased electricity
demand, and restrictions on building new transmission
lines result in enhanced transmission-line loading and neces-
sitate optimized operation of transmission networks. To fulll
such requirements, the inclusion of a series capacitor in long
transmission lines is increasing day by day. However, a series
capacitor in a line introduces protection problems [1][5].
Power system at steady operation maintains a balance be-
tween the generation and load. System disturbances, such as
line switching following the fault, generator disconnection, and
switching ON/OFF large loads cause oscillations in rotor angles
among generators and can result in severe power-ow swings.
As a consequence, the apparent impedance seen by a distance
relay may fall within its operating zone. This may be misinter-
preted as a fault and the relay would trip the line unnecessarily.
To ensure stability, the power-swing blocking (PSB) function is
integrated with the distance relay to block it during the power
swing [6]. However, if a fault occurs during the power swing,
Manuscript received January 27, 2012; revised May 21, 2012 and October
05, 2012; accepted November 26, 2012. Date of publication January 03, 2013;
date of current version March 21, 2013. Paper no. TPWRD-00099-2012.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Insti-
tute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India (e-mail: pareshkumar.
nayak@gmail.com; akpradhan@ee.iitkgp.ernet.in; pbajpai@ee.iitkgp.ernet.in).
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2231886
the relay must detect the fault and operate quickly. The detec-
tion of faults in a series-compensated line during power swings
is more challenging due to the generation of different frequency
components in the fault signals which depend on the fault lo-
cation, fault type, the level of compensation, and functioning
of MOV [16]. This causes the apparent impedance seen by the
relay to oscillate which imposes difculty to distinguish faults
from the power swing. This paper proposes a technique for de-
tecting faults in a series-compensated line during the power
swing.
There are numerous techniques available to detect fault
during the power swing for transmission lines without series
compensation [7][13]. A technique based on the magnitude
of swing-center voltage (SCV) and its rate is proposed to
distinguish faults from the power swing [7]. A method based
on monitoring the voltage phase angle at the relay location is
available for detecting high-impedance ground faults during
the power swing [8]. A fault detector using superimposed
components of current is proposed in [9]. The rate of change of
resistance estimated at the relay location is used to distinguish
faults from the power swing [10]. In [11], a cross-blocking
scheme on the basis of the derivative of the three-phase active
and reactive power is proposed to detect symmetrical faults
during the power swing. A symmetrical fault detector is pro-
posed based on the relative presence of decaying dc in the
current waveforms during the power swing [12]. A method
based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is proposed
in [13]. This method needs a large number of training patterns
to be generated and has limited performance to distinguish
faults from fast power swing. The evaluation and perfor-
mance comparison of different power swing detectors for a
series-compensated line has been studied in [14]. In [15], a
fault detection technique for a series-compensated line during
the power swing is proposed using negative-sequence current
and is tested for an SMIB system.
Techniques available to detect the fault during the power
swing in uncompensated lines nd limitations in the presence
of series compensation due to the nonlinear functioning of
the series capacitor combination. Though power swing is a
balanced phenomenon, a small value of negative-sequence
component of current is observed as the conventional phasor
estimation technique does not consider the signal modulation.
During unbalanced faults, the negative-sequence components
become signicant and due to transients in current signals in the
initial period, a negative sequence component is noticed even
for three-phase faults. To discriminate the faults during swing
0885-8977/$31.00 2013 IEEE
NAYAK et al.: FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE FOR SERIES-COMPENSATED LINE 715
Fig. 1. Single-line diagram of the 400-kV power system.
in a series-compensated line, a cumulative sum (CUSUM)
of change in the magnitude of the negative-sequence-cur-
rent-based approach is proposed in this paper. The CUSUM
test is being employed widely as a technique for detecting
abrupt changes in various elds [18]. The performance of the
algorithm is tested for numerous cases for an SMIB system and
a 9-bus system simulated with EMTDC/PSCAD and found to
be accurate and fast. The method is compared with available
fault detection techniques.
II. FAULT DETECTION CHALLENGES DURING THE POWER
SWING IN SERIES-COMPENSATED LINES
Series compensation imposes protection problems and are re-
lated to the level of compensation, location, and the operation
of its overvoltage protection devices like MOV and air gap. The
use of series capacitors in transmission lines results in various
special phenomena, such as voltage/current inversion, subhar-
monic oscillations, and transients caused by the MOV operation
during the fault period [1][5].
The detection of the fault during the power swing in an MOV-
protected series-compensated line is difcult. The pattern of the
fault current during such a period depends on the operation of
the MOV. This imposes difculty for the existing phasor esti-
mation techniques to distinguish faults from the power swing.
During the power swing when faults occur in a series-compen-
sated line at the far end of a line or at a power angle close to
180 or with high fault resistance, the magnitude of the fault cur-
rent produced may be less than or at par with the swing current.
Such a low fault current may prevent the capacitor bypassing.
The presence of the series capacitor in the fault circuit results in
subsynchronous oscillations which will cause variation in the
estimated impedance. This also creates difculty to distinguish
faults from the power swing.
In order to demonstrate the fault detection issues during
power swing in a series-compensated line, a test system [19]
shown in Fig. 1 is considered. Both Line-1 and Line-2 are
40% compensated and the capacitors are placed at the relay
end and the protection scheme of each series capacitor in-
cluding an MOV as shown. The system details are provided
in Appendix A. The system with the distributed line model
is simulated using EMTDC/PSCAD. The power angle here
refers to the angle between the voltages at buses M and N. The
distance relay R for breaker B1 is considered for the study.
A three-phase fault is created at the middle of Line-2 at 0.6
Fig. 2. (a) Current and (b) voltage waveforms of phase-a at the relay bus during
the power swing.
Fig. 3. Current waveforms at the relay bus for a three-phase fault during the
power swing at 2.542 s at locations of (a) 64 km and (b) 240 km.
s and cleared at 0.7 s by opening breakers B3 and B4. This
causes a power swing condition in Line-1 and is observed by
the relay R. During this condition, phase-a current and voltage
waveforms are shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b), respectively. From
the gure, it is clearly observed that during swing current and
voltage waveforms are modulated with the swing frequency.
As a result, the traditional fault detection techniques, such as
the sample-to-sample or cycle-to-cycle comparison of current
(or voltage) signals [20] cannot be reliable during the power
swing.
To study the variation in the current waveforms for faults
during the power swing, a three-phase fault is created at 2.542 s
for two different fault locations (64 and 240 km) from the relay
bus in line-1 following the removal of line-2. The corresponding
current waveforms are shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b), respectively.
It is clearly observed from Fig. 3(a) that in the case of the
fault being close to the relay, the current level as seen from the
plot is higher than the swing current which causes the MOV
to operate. As a result, in most portions of the fault, the series
capacitor is bypassed and no oscillation is observed in the fault
current. However, in case of a fault at the far end [Fig. 3(b)],
the level of fault current is lower than the swing current which
does not enable MOVconduction and results in subsynchronous
716 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO. 2, APRIL 2013
Fig. 4. (a) Three-phase current waveforms. (b) Current magnitude. (c) Nega-
tive- and positive-sequence current magnitude for an ag-fault during the power
swing.
oscillation in the current waveforms. These issues result in more
complexity to identify the fault.
III. PROPOSED FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE
The power swing is a balanced phenomenon [12], but a small
percentage of negative-sequence components of current is
found due to signal modulation and the related phasor computa-
tion technique. For unbalanced faults during the power swing, a
signicant amount of negative-sequence current is observed. In
case of a three-phase fault during the power swing, negative-se-
quence current is observed at the initial period of the fault due
to transients in the current signals and in the subsequent period
due to the presence of modulated frequency components by the
power swing.
To observe the variation of during swing and fault, an
ag-fault with a fault resistance of 0.1 and a three-phase fault
are created at 3.51 s during the power
swing at a distance of 64 kmfromrelay Rtoward bus Nof Fig. 1,
and the corresponding results are provided in Figs. 4 and 5, re-
spectively. In case of the ag-fault, phase-a current only exceeds
the swing current as a result MOV of only phase-a operates.
For the three-phase fault, MOVs of all three phases conduct.
Figs. 4(c) and 5(c) clearly show the low value of that is
present during the power swing. From Fig. 4(c), it is evident
that during the ag-fault, becomes signicant and oscillates
due to modulating frequency components in the fault signals.
From Fig. 5(c), it is observed that during the three-phase fault,
Fig. 5. (a) Three-phase current waveforms. (b) Current magnitude. (c) Nega-
tive- and positive-sequence current magnitude for a three-phase fault during the
power swing.
varies rapidly at the inception of the fault due to the ini-
tial transient and following that, it has a low value due to signal
modulation by the swing.
It is evident from the previous discussion that negative-se-
quence current is available in the computation process during
the swing. But with a small amount of remaining during the
swing condition, a change in the magnitude of the negative-se-
quence current -based technique suits the purpose. With
a suitable threshold, the cumulative sum of the -based
technique is selected in this paper for the fault detection
during swing. CUSUM is a versatile technique used for abrupt
change detection in various elds [18]. It is to be noted that the
CUSUM-based approach is applied for transmission-line fault
detection using sampled values of the current signal [20] and
has limitations due to uneven variation in sample-to-sample
magnitude difference of current during power swing. In this
paper, CUSUM is applied to obtain a good index for fault
detection during the power swing where a change in nega-
tive-sequence current is being used as the input signal. The
computation steps for the method are provided
(1)
where is the negative-sequence current; and ;
and and are the phase currents.
A derived signal is obtained as
(2)
For , the proposed CUSUM test is expressed as
(3)
NAYAK et al.: FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE FOR SERIES-COMPENSATED LINE 717
where the index represents the test statistics and is the drift
parameter in it. A fault is registered if
(4)
where h is a constant and should be ideally zero. In (3), pro-
vides the low-pass ltering effect and inuences the perfor-
mance of the detector. When , the value increases
by a factor of the difference between and . With further cur-
rent samples available, the CUSUM process provides an easy
way to decide on the fault situation by applying (4). After each
fault detection index, is reset to zero. For only the swing sit-
uation, will be zero as . For the technique that is
based on the negative-sequence component for the single-pole
tripping condition, the method will also not be affected.
The selection of and h is important for determining the
performance of the algorithm. It is already demonstrated that
though the power swing is a balanced phenomenon, a small
amount of negative-sequence component of current is observed
in the phasor extraction process which increases slowly with
an increase of swing cycle slip frequency. In the proposed
CUSUM-based fault detection technique, the value of is set
to make 0 during swing (both stable and unstable) which
nally helps to maintain the fault detector index 0. In this
paper, the setting of 0.05 serves the purpose for a power
swing with a slip frequency of 10 Hz. The slip frequency for a
typical power system is within 7 Hz [19].
The value of h is set such that the algorithm can maintain the
balance between dependability versus security and speed versus
accuracy requirements of the relaying scheme. In this paper, the
value of h is set at 0.5, considering all extreme fault situations
during the power swing, for example, high resistance faults oc-
curring at the far end of the line when is close to 180 (the
change in magnitude of fault current is low; dependability issue)
as well as nonfault situations such as load change and capac-
itor switching (security issue) such that the proposed technique
can distinguish faults from other events correctly. The proposed
method is based on the CUSUM approach and, therefore, a dis-
tinctly much higher index value is obtained during the fault.
IV. RESULTS
The algorithm for fault detection is tested for different condi-
tions including balanced and unbalanced faults, high resistance
faults, close-in faults, and single pole-open condition during the
power swing. Using EMTDC/PSCAD with distributed param-
eter line model data was generated. The inputs to the relay are
fed from the secondary of a current transformer with a turns
ratio of 1000:5. The nonlinear CT model is considered in the
simulations. A least-square technique with decaying dc compo-
nent also in the model is used to estimate the fundamental com-
ponent. For each phasor computation, a window of one-cycle
data samples was considered. The data-sampling rate was main-
tained at 1 kHz for the 50-Hz power system. Sequence com-
ponents were estimated considering phase-a as reference. The
convention used in this paper is such that the output of the algo-
rithm should be 1 for fault and 0 for the no-fault situation.
Fig. 6. Performance during the line-to-ground fault.
During the power swing when is close to 180 , the currents
and voltages reach their maximum and minimum, respectively.
If a fault occurs at that instant, the change in current and voltage
signals will be insignicant. As a result, the detection of faults
during close to 180 is a much difcult issue. In order to test
the algorithm at critical conditions, all faults are created at a
fault inception time of 2.542 s which corresponds to
and a slip frequency of 4 Hz. As mentioned in Section II, faults
occurring far away from the series capacitor produce current
magnitude less than the swing current when MOV does not op-
erate. At this condition, the presence of series capacitor in the
circuit during the fault period results in subsynchronous oscil-
lations which complicate the fault detection process. In order
to test the proposed technique for far-end faults, all faults are
created at 240 km from the capacitor toward bus which cor-
responds to 75% of the line length.
A. Line-to-Ground Fault in the Series-Compensated Line
The algorithm is tested for a line-to-ground fault of ag-type
with a fault resistance of 0.1 initiated at 2.542 s 175
at a distance of 240 km from the relay location, and the results
are shown in Fig. 6. With the fault being unbalanced, the
observed during the fault is signicant and oscillating in nature
due to signal modulation. The index , which decides the output
of the algorithm, is zero before the inception of the fault and
after that its value grows. The output 1 clearly shows that the
fault is detected after 5 ms of fault initiation.
B. Line-to-Ground Fault With High Fault Resistance
The detection of high-resistance ground faults during the
power swing with a large value of prefault current (i.e., near
is a difcult issue as the change in current is not
signicant. To test the technique, a line-to-ground fault of
an ag-type with fault resistance 100 is initiated at 2.542 s
during the power swing at a distance of 240 km
from the relay location, and the results are shown in Fig. 7. It is
clearly observed that the presence of high fault path resistance
reduces compared to case-A during the fault, but the
pattern of current is unaltered. The index grows but with a
little less of a rate than case-A. Since the proposed method is
a CUSUM-based approach, the output 1 shows correct fault
detection after 8 ms of fault initiation.
718 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO. 2, APRIL 2013
Fig. 7. Performance during the line-to-ground fault with fault resistance 100
.
Fig. 8. Performance during the three-phase fault.
C. Three-Phase Fault in the Series-Compensated Line
The power swing and three-phase faults are balanced in na-
ture. It is difcult to distinguish three-phase faults during the
power swing. A three-phase fault created at 2.542 s
during the power swing at a distance of 240 km from the relay
location in line-1 is used to test the algorithm. The index and
the output are shown in Fig. 8. For such fault situations, the
magnitude of fault current is less than that of the swing current
and it is oscillatory in nature which causes difculty in distin-
guishing three-phase faults from the power swing. In the initial
period of a three-phase fault due to the transient in the current
signals, computed will not be zero. The index as the cumu-
lative sum of , remains high following the transient also.
As observed from the plot, the index computed is high after
the inception of the fault and is zero before it. The output 1 in
the plot clearly shows that the fault can be detected after 6 ms
of fault inception.
D. Performance During the Close-In Fault
Three-phase close-in faults apparently bypass the capacitor
due to the MOV operation. This may lead to voltage collapse
at the relay bus. Due to the subsidence transients in the cou-
pling capacitor voltage transformer (CCVT), the fault detectors
based on voltage phasors, for example, the rate of change of
impedance or the rate of change of swing-center voltage will be
affected. In the proposed technique as the current signal is used
to detect fault during the power swing, such a close-in fault is
Fig. 9. Performance during the close-in fault.
not an issue. To test the algorithm, a three-phase fault is created
at 2.542 s at a distance of 1 km behind the series
capacitor, and the results are provided in Fig. 9. The observa-
tion on in the present fault case is similar to that of case-C.
The observation on index clearly shows that during the power
swing, its value is zero and it grows quickly to a high value after
the inception of the fault. The output of 1 is consistent, and
fault detection is possible within 2 ms.
E. Fault Detection During Single-Pole Tripping
During the single-pole tripping condition, power swing may
occur depending on the system condition. If the impedance
locus enters into one of the operating zones of distance elements
at that time, the relay must be blocked from tripping. However,
if a fault occurs during such a period in another phase(s), it
should be identied and be unblocked. To test the proposed
technique, initially phase-a of Line-1 is out of service following
an ag-fault occurring during normal operation. The removal
of phase-a introduced swing into the system. A line-to-ground
fault of bg-type with a fault resistance 100 is created at 2.4 s
at a distance of 160 km from the relay location toward bus N
during swing. It is noticed in Fig. 10 that remains constant
during the power swing caused by the opening of phase-a. As a
result, the index showing zero during the power swing caused
by single-pole tripping on phase-a, grows after the inception of
a bg-fault during the swing period. The output 1 is correct
for this case, and the fault detection is possible after 7-ms fault
inception.
F. Application to the Multimachine 9-Bus System
To test the ability of the proposed method for a multimachine
power system with series compensation WSCC 3-machine, a
9-bus conguration [21], shown in Fig. 11, is considered for the
study where a modication has been incorporated by providing
40% compensation at the beginning of line 78. The protection
scheme of the series capacitor simulated in this case consists
of an MOV. The system details are given in Appendix B. The
distance relay R1 for breaker B1 is considered for the study.
A three-phase fault is created in line 57 at 0.6 s. The fault is
cleared at 0.9 s by opening breaker B3 and B4. The removal
of the line causes a swing condition for relay R1. The phase-a
current and voltage waveforms at relay R1 during the power
swing are shown in Fig. 12(a) and (b), respectively. Different
NAYAK et al.: FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE FOR SERIES-COMPENSATED LINE 719
Fig. 10. Performance during single-pole tripping.
Fig. 11. Single-line diagram of the modied WSCC 9-bus system.
Fig. 12. (a) Current and (b) voltage waveforms of phase-a at the relay bus
during the power swing.
faults are simulated on line 78 to test the algorithm. The results
of only two representative test cases are included below.
1) Case-1: Line-to-Ground Fault: An ag-fault with a fault
resistance of 0.1 is created during the power swing on line
78 at a distance of 160 km from the relay location at 2.3 s.
From the result in Fig. 13, the growth of in the present fault
case is similar to that of case-A of the SMIB system. The index
increases to a higher value at the inception of the fault and
Fig. 13. Performance during the line-to-ground fault.
Fig. 14. Performance during the double-line-to-ground fault.
the technique is able to detect the fault within half-a-cycle of its
inception.
2) Case-2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault: The performance
of the algorithm for a double-line-to-ground fault of abg-type
with a ground fault resistance of 0.1 is created at 2.3 s on line
78 during the power swing at a distance of 160 km from the
relay location as shown in Fig. 14. It is observed from Fig. 14
that the growth of is slightly faster than that of the ag-fault
explained in Case-I which causes the index to grow quickly
after faul inception. The output 1 shows that such a fault can
be detected after 5 ms of fault inception. The output is also
consistent.
Apart from critical fault conditions as demonstrated before,
the proposed technique has also been tested for faults at different
fault inception time, fault locations, and different prefault load-
ings in the presence and absence of series compensation in the
line during the power swing. The performance of the proposed
algorithm is found to be accurate for all of these conditions. It is
also found that the algorithm is unaffected for the operation of
air gap of the series capacitor for certain faults during the power
swing. The performance of the proposed technique for nonfault
situations such as load change, capacitor switching, and signals
containing noise are also evaluated and found to be satisfactory.
V. COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
There are several techniques available to detect the fault
during the power swing and applied to uncompensated lines
720 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO. 2, APRIL 2013
Fig. 15. Current Ia, R, SCV, Isup and Index (g) for an ag-fault during the power
swing.
only. Three important techniques: tracking apparent resis-
tance (R), tracking the swing center voltage (SCV), and the
superimposed components of current are considered
for comparison with the proposed method. For the study in a
series-compensated line, the results of two fault cases for the
9-bus system will be presented.
A. Line-to-Ground Fault With High Fault Resistance
To evaluate the comparative assessment of the proposed
method with the available techniques, an ag-fault with fault
resistance 100 is created during the power swing on line
78 at a distance of 64 km from the relay bus at 2.3 s, and
the corresponding results are provided in Fig. 15. From
Fig. 15(b) and (c), it is clearly observed that the R and SCV
values, which should be closed to zero throughout the fault [8],
[11], have obtained a higher value due to the fault resistance.
This imposes difculty to set threshold values to discriminate
faults from the power swing. These observations clearly show
that methods based on tracking R and SCV will nd limitation
to detect asymmetrical faults during the power swing in a
series-compensated line. The slow rise of superimposed com-
ponents of current during the fault will obviously delay the fault
detection process which is evident from Fig. 15(d). The index
by the proposed method increases fast from zero to a high value
after the inception of fault which is observed in Fig. 15(e). This
shows the relative ability of the proposed method to detect the
fault during the power swing in a series-compensated line.
Fig. 16. Current Ia, R, SCV, Isup and Index (g) for a three-phase fault during
the power swing.
B. Three-Phase Fault
A three-phase fault is created at 2.3 s on lines 78 during the
power swing at a distance of 240 km from the relay location
for comparison purposes. Fig. 16(b) and (c) shows oscillations
in the values of R and SCV during the fault. These values will
denitely delay the fault detection process by the available tech-
niques. Low values of , as observed in Fig. 16(d), will also
delay the fault detection process by the superimposed compo-
nents of the current method. On the other hand, the rapid growth
of index of the proposed method from zero to a high value
after the inception of the fault helps to detect the symmetrical
fault also during the power swing in a series-compensated line
quickly. The two cases clearly show the potential of the pro-
posed method in detecting fault during the power swing for a
series-compensated line.
VI. CONCLUSION
A novel fault detection technique for the series-compen-
sated line during the power swing is presented in this paper.
It uses a cumulative sum of change in the magnitude of neg-
ative-sequence current to detect faults. The performance of
the proposed algorithm is tested for balanced and unbalanced
faults for different series-compensated systems. Conditions,
such as high-resistance fault, close-in fault, and fault during
single-pole tripping are considered to test the algorithm. The
proposed method, as a current-based technique, is not affected
by issues like close-in fault. The method is compared with
NAYAK et al.: FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE FOR SERIES-COMPENSATED LINE 721
available techniques and it is found that the method is accu-
rate and fast in detecting faults during the power swing in a
series-compensated line.
APPENDIX A
System data for SMIB:
Generator:
600 MVA, 22 kV, 50 Hz, inertia constant 4.4 MW/MVA.
1.81 p.u., 0.3 p.u., 0.23 p.u., 8 s,
0.03 s, 1.76 p.u., 0.25 p.u., 0.03
s., 0.003 p.u., Potier reactance 0.15 p.u.
Transformer:
600 MVA, 22/400 kV, 50 Hz, , 0.163 p.u.,
0.33 p.u., 0.0 p.u., 0.00177
p.u.
Transmission lines:
Length 320 km.
Positive sequence impedance .
Zero sequence impedance .
Positive 487.723
.
Zero sequence capacitive reactance 419.34
.
APPENDIX B
System data for 3-machine 9-bus conguration:
Generators
Gen-1: 600 MVA, 22 kV, 50 Hz;
Gen-2: 465 MVA, 22 kV, 50 Hz;
Gen-3: 310 MVA, 22 kV, 50 Hz.
Transformers
T1: 600 MVA, 22/400 kV, 50 Hz, ;
T2: 465 MVA, 22/400 kV, 50 Hz, ;
T3: 310 MVA, 22/400 kV, 50 Hz, .
Transmission lines:
Length of line 78 320 km., line 89 400 km., line
7-5 310 km., line 5-4 350 km, line 6-4 350 km.,
line 69 300 km.
Loads
Load A 300 MW 100 MVAr.
Load B 200 MW 75 MVAr.
Load C 150 MW 75 MVAr.
The other parameters considered for generators, trans-
formers, and transmission lines are the same as that provided
for SMIB in Appendix A.
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Paresh Kumar Nayak received the B.E. degree in
electrical engineering from Sambalpur University,
Sambalpur, India, in 2000, the M.Sc. degree in engi-
neering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
India, in 2003, and is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
degree at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
India.
He was an Engineer at Kirloskar Electric Com-
pany, Bangalore, India, in 2004 and was a Lecturer in
the Department of Electrical Engineering, KIIT Uni-
versity, Odisha, India, from2005 to 2009. His current
research interest is power system relaying.
722 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO. 2, APRIL 2013
Ashok Kumar Pradhan (M94SM10) received
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India, in 2001.
Currently, he is with the Department of Elec-
trical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur, India, since 2002, where he is a Pro-
fessor. His research interests includes power system
relaying and monitoring.
Prabodh Bajpai (M07) received the Ph.D. degree
in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT), Kanpur, India.
Currently, he is Assistant Professor in the Depart-
ment of Electrical Engineering at IIT, Kharagpur,
India. His research interests include power system
restructuring, renewable energy systems, solar
photovoltaic applications, and power system
optimization.