Ling Zhu

Louisiana State University

X Congreso Latinoamericano de Estudiantes de Ingenieria Civil
XII Congreso Nacional de Estudiantes de Ingenieria Civil del Peru,
August 4- 8, 2014
CoasLal Shore roLecuon
! SLrucLural meLhods
" Seawalls
" 8reakwaLers
! non-SLrucLural meLhods
" CoasLal weLlands
A seawall aL SL Cuen's 8ay,
!ersey, uk
CredlL: hup://www.freefoLo.com/prevlew/1120-13-18
Seawalls
A seawall aL SL Pelens
uuver, lsle of WlghL, uk
CredlL: Clkos-Leam aL en.wlklpedla
Seawalls
A harbor wlLh oaung breakwaLer
elemenLs
CredlL: hup://concreLesubmarlne.acuveboard.com/L43943323
8reakwaLers
A 8reakwaLer aL nobby,
Cueensland, Au
CredlL: hup://hlghLeawlLhmrswoo.com.au
8reakwaLers
CoasLal WeLlands aL arker 8lver
nauonal Wlldllfe 8efuge ln
newburyporL, MA.
CredlL: kelly llke/uSlWS
# ulsslpaLe lncomlng wave energy
# 8educe hurrlcane damages
# Lnhance deposluon of sedlmenL
luncuons of CoasLal WeLlands
Lo dlsslpaLe ocean waves
A vldeo
llow
ulrecuon
urag force, !
"
Lecuve sLem
helghL, $
%
Maln lorces LxerLed by
Waves (ConL.)
lnerua force, !
&
# lleld sLudles
# LaboraLory sLudles
# numerlcal slmulauons
Pow Lo assess surge and wave
reducuon by vegeLauon?
lleld SLudles
lleld SLudles
MeasuremenL of
vegeLauon sLem helghL
lleld SLudles
Surge measuremenLs
Wave measuremenLs
ulrecuonal wave
measuremenLs
lleld SLudles
M. L. Anderson, !. M. SmlLh, and S. kyle Mckay (2011), !"#$ &'((')"*+, -.
/$0$1"*+,23 L8uC/CPL CPL1n-l-82.
LaboraLory SLudles
A ume aL Lhe uSuA-A8S nauonal
SedlmenLauon LaboraLory ln Cxford,
Mlsslsslppl, uS
LaboraLory SLudles
A ume aL Lhe uSuA-A8S nauonal
SedlmenLauon LaboraLory ln Cxford,
Mlsslsslppl, uS
LaboraLory SLudles
Aruclal planLs
Llve planLs
45*67'"8 9 :'#$ )8",1(
8lgld / exlble planLs
8lgld planLs llexlble planLs
Aruclal / Llve planLs
;'0'< 9 =$>'-8$ )8",1(
LaboraLory SLudles
numerlcal Models
# Pow Lo represenL Lhe vegeLauon
eecL ln wave models
1reaL vegeLauon as a rough
bouom wlLh hlgh frlcuon
Add vegeLauon-lnduced reslsLance
(drag/lnerua) ln Lhe momenLum
equauons of Lhe wave model
vegeLauon-lnduced 8eslsLance
'
"
= drag coemclenL '
(
= lnerua coemclenL
) = uld veloclLy )
%
= vegeLauon mouon
!
F =
1
2
"
f
C
D
b
v
N u # u
v
u # u
v
( )
+ "
f
VN C
M
u

# C
M
#1
( )
u
v

$
%
&
'
(
)
vegeLauon-lnduced 8eslsLance
'
"
= drag coemclenL '
(
= lnerua coemclenL
) = uld veloclLy )
%
= vegeLauon mouon
!
F =
1
2
"
f
C
D
b
v
N u # u
v
u # u
v
( )
+ "
f
VN C
M
u

# C
M
#1
( )
u
v

$
%
&
'
(
)
&5"0 ?+57$
@,$5*" ?+57$
vegeLauon Motion (Cont.)
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Wave model Vegetation model Model coupling
Vegetation model
governing equation for vegetation motion:

v
V

+ C
1

+ EI
(4)
z
+ (
f

v
)gV
(1)
z
(Inertia) (Damping) (Stiffness) (Gravity)
=
1
2

f
C
D
b
v
N

+
f
V

C
M

W (C
M
1)

(Drag) (Inertia)

v
= vegetation density

f
= water density
V = volume per unit height of each
vegetation stand
= horizontal displacement of the
vegetation stand
EI = bending stiffness of the vegetation
stand
W = water particle movement
C
1
= damping coefcient
C
D
= drag coefcient
C
M
= inertia coefcient
b
v
= area per unit height of each vegetation
stand normal to the horizontal velocity
N = number of vegetation stands per unit
horizontal area
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
Covernlng Lquauon:
*

= waLer parucle movemenL
+

= vegeLauon deformauon
!
u
v
= "

#
$
%
&
'
(
# MeLhods:
# llnlLe elemenL meLhod
# llnlLe dlerence meLhod
vegeLauon Motion (Cont.)
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Wave model Vegetation model Model coupling
Vegetation model
nite element method
hermite cubic shape
functions for 4th-order
convergence rate
semi-implicit time stepping
for 2nd-order accuracy
for quadratic drag force

n+1

n+1

n+1

n
numerical convergence rates of FEM and
FDM for solving vegetation motion
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
!8
10
!7
10
!6
10
!5
10
!4
10
!3
10
!2
10
!1
Number of elements
E
r
r
o
r

[
%
]


FDM, slope = !1.9149
FEM, slope = !4.0022
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
# numerlcal convergence raLes of lLM and
luM for solvlng vegeLauon mouon
vegeLauon Motion (Cont.)
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Single-stem swaying vegetation
stem deformation () for extremely exible (S = 0.0042),
moderately exible (S = 0.42) and stiff (S = 42) vegetation stem
- stiff stem: linear variation
- exible stem: non-linear variation
- extremely exible stem: whip-like
motion
(can only be computed by
solving vegetaion motion
equation)
!0.05 0 0.05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
S = 42
!5 0 5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
vegetation deflection (cm)
S = 0.42
!10 !5 0 5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
z

(
m
)
S = 0.0042
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
Slngle-sLem vegeLauon
ueformauon
# Assumpuons:
neglecL buoyancy, lnerua, damplng
and gravlLy
assume small vegeLauon deformauon
assume llnear drag force
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Single-stem swaying vegetation
assumptions:
neglect buoyancy, inertia, damping and gravity
assume small vegetation deformation
assume linear drag force
F
v
=
1
2

f
C
D
r
0
|U

r
0
is stem radius, |U

| is characteristic velocity magnitude,

|U

| =

8/ depth-averaged RMS relative velocity

simplied governing equation:
EI
(4)
z
=
1
2

f
C
D
r
0
|U

Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
Slngle-sLem Swaylng
vegeLauon (ConL.)
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Single-stem swaying vegetation
relationships between and W
a dimensionless parameter S =
Er
3
0
T
2
0

f
C
D
l
4
0
W
0
measures the stem stiffness
(T
0
= wave period, l
0
= stem length, W
0
= characteristic water particle
displacement)
, W Fourier expansion (t ) normal expansion (z) , W (rst
mode)
relationships: vegetation motion leads water motion
if S , phase of /W (90

)
magnitude of /W (0 1)
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
# numerlcal LesLs: wave condluons and
vegeLauon parameLers
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Single-stem swaying vegetation
numerical tests: wave conditions and vegetation parameters
Water depth 1.5 m Stem length 0.85 m
Wave height 4 cm Stem radius 16 mm
Wave period 2.95 s S 0.0042 42
drag coefcient C
D
= 2.0
objectives:
study stem deformation, deformation speed, and drag forces for
vegetation stem with different stiffness
compare numerical and theoretical

relationships of /W

Mullarney, J. C. and Henderson, S. M. (2010). Wave-forced motion of submerged single-stem vegetation. J.

Geophys. Res., 115, C12061.
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
C
u
= 2.0
Slngle-sLem Swaylng
vegeLauon (ConL.)
Mullarney, !. C. and Penderson, S. M. (2010). *,%-./012-3 40506 0/ 7)84-19-3 7:69;-.7<-4
%-9-<,506. !. Ceophys. 8es., 113, C12061.
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Single-stem swaying vegetation
time series of d/dt (dashed
line) and dW/dt (solid line) at the
top end of the vegetation stem
10 15 20 25 30
!0.05
0
0.05
d
W

/

d
t

(
m
/
s
)
S = 0.42
10 15 20 25 30
!0.05
0
0.05
d
!

/

d
t

(
m
/
s
)
10 15 20 25 30
!0.05
0
0.05
S = 42
Time [s]
10 15 20 25 30
!5
0
5
x 10
!4
10 15 20 25 30
!0.05
0
0.05
S = 0.0042
10 15 20 25 30
!0.05
0
0.05
comparison of numerical and
theoretical relationships of
/W
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
20
40
60
80
S
p
h
a
s
e

a
n
g
l
e

[
d
e
g
]


analytical
numerical
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
S
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e


analytical
numerical
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
1lme Serles of
d+=d< and d* /dL
d+=d<
d* /dL
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Single-stem swaying vegetation
time series of surface elevation (solid line) and deection
(dashed line) at the top end of the vegetation stem
- stiff stem:
in-phase ( 0

)
- exible stem:
out-of-phase ( 90

)
the maximum vegetation
deection and wave crests
NEVER synchronize
10 15 20 25 30
!0.02
0
0.02
time [s]
S = 42
10 15 20 25 30
0
x 10
!4
10 15 20 25 30
!0.02
0
0.02
S = 0.42
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

e
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
)
10 15 20 25 30
!0.05
0
0.05
V
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
n

d
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
)
10 15 20 25 30
!0.02
0
0.02
S = 0.0042
10 15 20 25 30
!0.2
0
0.2
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
1lme Serles of > and +
+
>
A vldeo for llexlble
vegeLauon (? = 0.006)
A vldeo for llexlble
vegeLauon (? = 66)
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Single-stem swaying vegetation
drag force for extremely exible (S = 0.0042, dashed line),
moderately exible (S = 0.42, thin line) and stiff (S = 42, thick
line) vegetation stem
stiff stem
large drag force
greater energy dissipation
exible stem
small drag force
less energy dissipation
10 15 20 25 30
!6
!4
!2
0
2
4
6
x 10
!3
Time (s)
D
r
a
g

f
o
r
c
e

p
e
r

u
n
i
t

l
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
)
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
urag lorces
LxLremely exlble planL (e.g. S = 0.0042)
ModeraLely exlble planL (e.g. ? = 0.0042)
Su planL (e.g. S = 42)
Model Coupllng
WAvL MCuLLS
vLCL1A1lCn
MCuLL
non-hydrosLauc models
(e.g. nPWAvL, SWASP)
8AnS-vCl models (e.g.
lPloam/Cpenloam)
llow veloclues
Surface Llevauon
Lecuve vegeLauon
PelghL
vegeLauon-lnduced
8eslsLance ..
Muluple swaylng
vegeLauon (ConL.)
# Couple Lhe vegeLauon model wlLh a non-
hydrosLauc wave model (nPWAvL, Ma eL
al. 2012)
# Model resulLs are compared wlLh
experlmenLal resulLs (Asano eL al. 1992)
# Model resulLs are compared wlLh
experlmenLal resulLs (Wu eL al. 2012)
Muluple swaylng
vegeLauon (ConL.)
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Multiple swaying vegetation
the fully coupled wave-vegetation model is solved
8 numerical test cases: wave conditions and vegetation parameters
Water depth 0.45, 0.52 m stem length 0.25 m
Wave height 0.086 0.166 m stem width 5.2 cm
Wave period 0.83 2 s stem thickness 0.03 mm
Youngs modulus 9.810
6
Pa specic gravity (
v
/
f
) 0.9
inertia coefcient C
M
= 2.0
drag coefcient C
D
is calibrated
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
LxperlmenLal seLup (Asano eL al. 1992)
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Multiple swaying vegetation
comparison of the experimental

(circles) and numerical (solid

line) wave heights
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.05
0.1
H

[
m
]
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.05
0.1
H

[
m
]
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.1
0.15
H

[
m
]
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.05
0.06
0.07
H

[
m
]
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.1
0.15
H

[
m
]
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
H

[
m
]
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.1
0.15
0.2
H

[
m
]
distance to wave maker [m]
2 4 6 8 10 12
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
distance to wave maker [m]
H

[
m
]
Case 1
Case 3
Case 5
Case 7
Case 2
Case 4
Case 6
Case 8

Asano, T., Tsutsui, S., and Sakai, T. (1988). Wave damping characteristics due to seaweed. Proc. of the 35th
Coastal Eng. Conf. in Japan., Japan Soc. of Civil Eng, Matsuyama, 138-142 (in Japanese).
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
LxperlmenLal and
numerlcal Wave PelghLs
LxperlmenLal
(Asano eL al. 1992)
numerlcal
Muluple swaylng
vegeLauon (ConL.)
LxperlmenLal seLup (Wu eL al. 2012)
Muluple swaylng
vegeLauon (ConL.)
WaLer depLh 0.70 m SLem lengLh 0.48, 0.63 m
Wave helghL 0.032, 0.117 m SLem wldLh 9.4 mm
Wave perlod 1.1, 1.2 s SLem denslLy 330, 623 #/m
2
Model Description Model Verication Scaling analysis Conclusions Single-stem swaying vegetation Multiple swaying vegetation
Multiple swaying vegetation
the fully coupled wave-vegetation model is solved
8 numerical test cases: wave conditions and vegetation parameters
Water depth 0.45, 0.52 m stem length 0.25 m
Wave height 0.086 0.166 m stem width 5.2 cm
Wave period 0.83 2 s stem thickness 0.03 mm
Youngs modulus 9.810
6
Pa specic gravity (
v
/
f
) 0.9
inertia coefcient C
M
= 2.0
drag coefcient C
D
is calibrated
Louisiana State University Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Submerged Flexible Vegetation
LxperlmenLal and
numerlcal Wave PelghLs
LxperlmenLal
(Wu eL al. 2012)
numerlcal
Concluslons
CoasLal weLlands are recognlzed as a buer zone
proLecung Lhe lnner land
A varleLy of eld sLudles, experlmenLal work, and
numerlcal slmulauons have been performed Lo
assess surge and wave reducuon by vegeLauon
1he swaylng vegeLauon sLem and Lhe wave
veloclues should be coupled ln numerlcal models
Su vegeLauon sLems resulL ln larger reslsLance
on wave and Lherefore lnduce more wave
dlsslpauon
1hank ?ou!