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, 2001

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-2000,
-2000, ,
,
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,
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...

................................................................................. 1

2 -

................................................................................. 3

2.1

................................................................................. 3

2.2

................................................................................. 3

3 ......................................................................... 5
3.1 ................................................................................. 5
3.1.1
................................................................................. 5
3.1.2
................................................................................. 6
3.2

................................................................................. 8

3.3 ............................................................................... 12
3.4

............................................................................... 21

4 ........................................................................ 23
4.1 .............................................. 23
4.1.1 .................... 23
4.1.2 .......................................................... 23
4.1.3 ............................................... 23
4.1.4 ................................................. 24
4.1.4.1 ............................................................................... 24
4.1.4.2 ( ) ............................ 25
4.1.5 ................................................................. 26
4.1.6 .................................................. 26
4.1.6.1
............................................................................... 26
4.1.6.2
............................................................................... 26
4.1.6.3
............................................................................... 27
4.2 .......... 27
4.3
................................................................ 28
4.3.1 ....................................................... 28
()
............................................................................... 28
() - ..................................................... 28
()
............................................................................... 29
() ............................. 29
4.3.2 ............................................ 30
4.3.2.1
............................................................................... 30

4.3.2.2
.................................................................. 31
(1) ...................................................................... 31
(2) .................................................................. 31
(3) .............................................................. 31
(4) ........................................................... 32
4.3.2.3
..................................................................... 32
(1) ...................................................................... 32
(2) ................................ 33
(3) ............................................. 33
4.3.2.4 ........................ 33
4.3.2.5 34
4.3.2.6 ....................................................... 34
(1) ............................................. 34
(2) ............................................... 35
4.4
............................................................................... 35
4.4.1 ..................................................................... 35
4.4.2 .................................................................... 36
4.4.3 ............................................................................ 36
4.5

............................................................................... 36

5 ............................................... 37
5.1

............................................................................... 37

5.2 - .......... 40
5.3 ............................................................ 41
5.4 - ................................................................ 42
5.4.1 ........................................................... 42
5.4.1.1 .................................................................. 42
5.4.1.1.1 ............... 42
5.4.1.1.2 ................................ 43
5.4.1.2 ................................................................. 45
5.4.1.2.1 .............................. 46
....................................... 46
.................................... 48
................................................ 49
................................................................. 50
5.4.1.2.2 .......... 53
............................ 55

II

 ......................................... 55
.................................................................. 57
............................................... 59
............................................................... 62
........................................................... 62
.................................................................. 62
................................................... 63
5.4.2 - ................................................................... 64
5.4.2.1 ........................................................................... 64
5.4.2.2 .......................................................................... 64
5.4.2.2.1 ..................................... 64
5.4.2.2.2
........................................................................ 65
.................................................................. 67
................................................... 69
5.4.3 - .......................................................... 70
5.4.3.1 ................................................................. 70
5.4.3.2 ................................................................. 71
5.4.3.2.1 71
................................................................ 73
................................................ 73
5.4.3.2.2
..................................................... 73
.................................... 74
................................... 75
5.4.3.2.3 ........... 76
5.4.3.2.4 .............. 78
................................................................ 80
................................................ 80
5.4.4 - ................................... 80
5.4.4.1 ............................................................................... 81
5.4.4.2 ............................................................................... 81
5.4.4.2.1 .................................. 81
5.4.4.2.2 ......................................... 82
5.4.4.2.3 .................................. 84
5.4.4.3 ..................................................................... 85
5.4.5 ...................................................................... 86
5.5 .............................................................................. 88
5.5.1 ........................................................... 92
........................................ 92
(panels) ........................................................ 96
................................................ 96
5.5.2 ........................................... 96
5.5.3 .................. 99

III

5.6

............................................................................. 101

6 .............................................. 105
6.1

............................................................................. 105

6.2 ............................................................................. 105

6.2.1
............................................................................. 105
6.2.2 .......................................................................... 105
6.2.3 ........................................................................... 108
6.2.4 - ............................................................................. 109
6.3 ............................................................................ 114
6.3.1
............................................................................. 114
6.3.2 ........... 114
6.3.3 ........ 116
6.4 ............................................................................ 122
6.4.1
............................................................................. 122
6.4.2
............................................................................. 122
6.5 ..................................................................... 124
6.5.1
............................................................................. 124
6.5.2 ................................................................ 125
6.5.3 ............................................................................. 127
6.5.4 ............................................................. 130
6.5.5 .................................................................... 132
6.5.6 ................................................................ 134
6.5.7 () .................................................. 138
6.5.8 .................................................................... 139
6.6 .................................................................. 143
6.6.1
............................................................................. 143
6.6.2
............................................................................. 146
6.6.3 -
............................................................................. 148
6.6.4
............................................................................. 150
6.7
............................................................................. 152
6.7.1
............................................................................. 152
6.7.2
............................................................................. 154
6.7.3 ................................ 157
6.7.4 .................................................... 162
6.8

............................................................................. 164

7

............................................................................. 165

IV

7.1
............................................................................. 165
7.2
( . 1989) ............................................................................. 167
7.3
( . 1985)
............................................................................. 169
7.4
( . 1989)
............................................................................. 170
7.5

............................................................................. 170

7.6

............................................................................. 172

7.7 .............................................. 173

7.8 , 173
7.8.1
............................................................................. 173
7.8.2 ........................................................................... 174
7.8.3
............................................................................. 174
7.8.4
............................................................................. 174
7.9 7
............................................................................. 175

( . 1989) ................................................................. 175
. ...................................................................... 177
. ........................................................................ 181
7.10

............................................................................. 184

............................................................................. 189

.................................................................... 190

1
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11

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20

3.4.
1 CEB Fastenings to concrete and masonry structures, State of the Art Report, Thomas
Telford, London 1994
2 CEB Bulletin 233 Design of fastenings in concrete, Design Guide-Parts 1 to 3, Thomas
Telford, London 1997.
3 CEN: Draft prENV 1998-1-4 Eurocode 8, Design provisions for earthquake resistance of
structures. Part 1-4: General rules - Strengthening and repair of buildings.
4 UNIDO / UNDP Post - Earthquake Damage Evaluation and Strength Assessment of
Buildings Under Seismic Conditions, Volume 4, Vienna 1985.
5 .., ..., -
, ...... 240. 270, 271.
6 .., .., ,
1990.
7 (...), ...
381//24.03.2000
8 7, ///14/28.03.1997,

9 .., . , " "
..... ..., 2000
10 Fema 273-1997, NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Pehabilitation of Buildings. Issued
by FEMA Washington D.C..
11 .., " ", "
", ...., , 1984.
12 Penelis,G.,Kappos,A.,(1996).Earthqake Resistant Concrete Structures.Chapman ahd Hall,
London.
13 A.T.C.-3-06, Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for
Buildings, Chap.13 N.B.S. Spesial Publication 510, Washington D.C. 1978.
14 UNDP/UNIDO pr. Rer/79/015, Post - Earthquake Damage Evaluation and Strength
Assessment of Buildings under Seismic Conditions, Volume 4, Chap.3,Vienna 1985.
15 .., , . "
", ...., , 1984.

21

4.1

4.1.1

.
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4.1.2

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(),
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.

0,01mm 0,02 mm,
0,50 mm .
:
) 0,25fctk, ,
(.. ,
)
) 0,75fctk,
( , , .)
) 1,00fctk, ( )

(.. ) ,
, fctk (5%)
.

23

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()
, s, ,
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(1)
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0.
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, fud, ,
:
4.1.4.1
,
fud =0,4 cd
(2)
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fd

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(. 4.1.5).

,
sf
0,4,
0,60.
0,15 cd

(2)
:
s fu =0,15 cd [mm, MPa]
(3)

, s f 0 sfu.

24

 s f,
( (2)).
, ,
:
fud ,n = fud 1 n 1
(4)

fud,n n
fud ( (2))
=0,15 ()

4.1.4.2


( 4.1.3):

1/ 3
2
fud = 0,4 f cd
cd
(5)
, fcd:
.
, 0,4
0,65.
(5)
2mm.
(
fd

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1/3
fud
,
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cd cd

( )
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0
0,1mm 0,5
fud
0
50% ( (5)),

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0,1mm
2mm,
2,0
0 0,1
s(mm)

:
4

f
f
= 0,3s 0,03, [s in mm]
0,5

(6)
fud
fud

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n
1/ 3

s cd

: fn ( s) = f 1 ( s) 1 0,002( n 1) :
s
f

u
cd

s:
f1(s): s
su=2,0 mm
25

(7)

4.1.5

, -
-
.
, (
) - - .
.
()
() ,
, fsy,
:

R = f sy + 0 u,m

(8)

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: =fsy+0
:
0:
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( 4.1.3),

. ,
:

1/ 3
2
fud = 0,4 f cd
[ cd + f yd ]

(9)

4.1.6
4.1.6.1
,
, .
,

( m=1,50).
4.1.6.2
, ,
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( 1,50).
,
,
.

26

4.1.6.3

,
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(4.1.4),
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(=sfyk, s fyk
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la =
t
(10)
f ctk s
c
, fctk , c
(=1,50) ts .
() (sfyk)
(. 4.3).
27

()
,
( L), ,
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(iii)
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()

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28

(i) , db,
,
:
:
=8db
=5db
: =3db
(ii) ,
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(i).
()
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db, :
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=3

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db

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f yd

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3

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(13)
3
()
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. f cd f yd 1 2
(14)

, =s/fyd s .
,
A s f yd
Fud = d 2b f cd f yd 1 2
(15)
3

29

4.3.2

4.3.2.1

/ (..
,

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.). ,
.


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,
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( , . [1]):
(i)
(ii) ,
(iii)
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4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3
:
(i) ,
(
)
(ii) ,
.
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[2].
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CEB .
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30

 ,
.
4.3.2.2

-
:
1
2
3 ( ),
4

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:
N Sd N R d
(16)
1
, ,
:
A sfyk
N R d,s =
(17)
s
,
s: .
, (17)
fyk: . ,
.
, 80%
.
s: (=1,20)
2

.

, c, :
c = 1 2
(18)

1: (=1,80)
2:
(=1,0, 1,2 1,4, ,
)
3 ( )

:

N R d ,c =

N 0R d,c ucr,N

(19)

c
31


N 0R d,c ,

:
0,5 0,5
N 0R k,c = k1fck
h ef
0,5

(20)

0,5

[k1=7,5 { /mm }, fck: , hef:

,
]
ucr,
:
ucr,=1,0
ucr,=1,4
c (. (18)).
4
,
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:
() ,

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()
, .

.
4.3.2.3

-
:
1
2
3 ( )

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:
VSd VR d
(21)
1
:
k 2A s fyk
VR d, s =
s

k2=0,60
s:
fyk:
32

(22)

s: , :
fyk
s=1,20 fyk 800M Pa
0,80
(23)
fuk
fyk
s=1,50 fyk >800M Pa
>0,80
(23)
fuk
2

,
()
()
()

VR d,c =

VR0 k,c ucr,V

(24)

0
VRk
,c

lf

d nom

k 2 d 0,5
nom

0,2
0,5 1,5

(25)

f ck c1

k2=0,5 [0,5/mm]
dnom:
lf: ( 8dnom)
fck:
c1: (
)
ucr,V=1,0 ,
c: (=1 2=1,80)
3
,
.

:
k 3 N Rk ,c
VRd ,cp =
(26)
c
,
k3= 1,0 hef<60mm
2,0 hef60mm
Rk,c: , 4.3.2.2
c: .
4.3.2.4
,
.
2
,
.

33

 ,
, (22) (24)
3:
: =0,80
: =0,70
4.3.2.5

, .
, :
N Sd
1
N Rd
VSd
(27)
1
VRd

N Sd VSd
1,20
+

N Rd VRd
(27) Rd
4.3.2.2, VRd
4.3.2.3.
4.3.2.6
,
( )
.
.

,
.

(1)

:
(1)
(2)
(3) .
,
.
(1)
4,

:
N yd = A s f yd
(28)
,
.
4
,
.
3

34

,
s fyd: .
(2)
,
,
:
N bd = f bk l e d b / b
(29)
,
fbk:
( )
le: db
b: (=1,50)

,
. ,
.
(3) .

,

:
N cd = 4,5l e f ck / c
(30)

fck:
,
: ,
c: (=1,50).

(2)
,
4.3.1,
.
4.4

.
4.4.1
,

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,
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() ,
()

35

() .
.
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, 15 .
,
5 .


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( 10),
.

5.

, ,
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4.4.2
(
.

4.3.
4.4.3

,
4.2
4.3 .

4.5
1. CEB Fastenings to concrete and masonry structures, State of the Art Report, Thomas
Telford, London 1994
2. CEB Bulletin 233 Design of fastenings in concrete, Design Guide-Parts 1 to 3, Thomas
Telford, London 1997.
3. CEN: Draft prENV 1998-1-4 Eurocode 8, Design Provisions for earthquake resistance of
structures. Part 1-4: Strengthening and repair of buildings, Brussels

36

5
5.1

, ,
-
.

.
M,

.

.
1.1 -
1.2
, [22] [24].

.
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[2,27]. ,
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1-2 mm,

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0.5 mm, .
C

, .
(.1.1, 1.1) [8] C.
D
,
, ,
.
37

 ( )
.
(.1.1) [8] D.

.

1.2
,
.
D, ,
.

()

()

()

()

()

()

1.1.
()
()
()

38

1-2 mm

0.5 mm
h =0

1.2
39

-O

Rres Kres ,
Ro ,
rR rk
.
:
rR = Rres/Ro
rk = Kres/Ko
rR ,
,
1.1 [24].
rk :
rk = 0.8 rR
[24] (.1.1)
Rres Kres
.
5.2

0,95

0,75

0,45

0,15

0,85

0,65

0,35

0,00

1.1 rR


(rg)
(rR) . [24]
:

rg =

(V
i =1

Ro ,i . rR ,i ) / V Ro ,i
i =1

:
i
.
rR
(.1.1).
VRo
.
VRo VRd3 (=Vwd+Vcd)
, VRo
.
,
,
rf :
r f = rg K R / 1
:
KR

[23].
KR= 1,0 - KR= 0,8
40


1
[7].
[24]:
rf /0,80 .
0,80 >rf/0,50 .
0,50 >rf .
5.3

/ o
. o

. ,
, . ,
,
.

.

,
(k)
:

:

kk =

:

kr =

r ,
,V, N .

:

kk 1,0 kr 1,0
,
:

kk kr

.

/
.
,
.

41

 M
.
.

.
/ ,
.

[22,24] .

.

.
,
, :
kk = kr = 1,0
:
) .
) ( , ).
) .

.
,

.
5.4
5.4.1

. ,

() ().

.
5.4.1.1
, ,
.
5.4.1.1.1

,

42

. ,

.
,
.
,
,
.

:
kk = kr = 1,0
5.4.1.1.2

,

.
.
1.3 [56] ,
,
.
:

, .
.
.
.
.
.

.
.


.
,
, 1.3
.

(
) .
,
.

43

1
1

10

7
4

5
3

6
9

1
8

1
10

7
3

5
6
9

1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

1.3 ,

1.4 [56]
.
,
,
.

.

.

.

44

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1
7
3

1
4

1.4


[17],

:
1
(1,3 f ctm Ac 0,7 N d )
As
,tot
f yk
As
,tot 0,0025 Ac
:
.
As

,tot

c
d
()
fctm

,

.
5.4.1.2
,
.

.
45


.

,
.
.
5.4.1.2.1

:
() .
() .
() 30%
.
()
.
,
.


:

1-2 mm (.1.5) (FRPs).
(FRPs)
[40].

1.5
(.1.6)
(FRPs).

46

50 mm

L 20X20X4

L 20X20X4

8/ 50 mm

1.6

(FRP),
. ,
FRPs.
.


- (.1.7).

( 1.7).

()

d
h:d < 3
1.7
()
()

47

()

(.1.7) (.1.8)
[27,28]. .

()

()

1.8
.
(FRPs)
.
,
.
,
( ).
,
.
,
. ,

(-)
.

.
30
mm. (
) . ,

.

48



. ,
(
) (.1.8).

200-400 C,
.
1.9.

1.9

,
- .

.
(h/d 3)
(.1.8).
,

.
,

(.1.10).


, by pass .

49

 1.10
,

:
() 50505 mm
() 25X4 mm
10
.
()
150 mm. 100 mm.
() ,

.
() ( ).

.
400 mm 418.

300 mm
.
.

,
.

. 50



.
1.11
.
c
f* c

fc

0,85fc

0
co
cu *co
1.11

*cu

,
[26], .
co* = 2 co
cu* = 0,0035+0,1 wd
fc* = fc
:
fc* ,fc .
co* ,co *-* -
(co=0,002).
cu* ,cu
.
=min(1+2,5 wd , 1,125+1,25 wd )
=s.n .
[19]. : ()
s
.
s= 0,9. ()
n
=s.n=1,0.
wd .
, wd
f fd,c (. f fd,c ).

[15]:
:

51

f c* = f c + 6 f r0, 7 (MPa)
fr = 2

cu* =

f c* f o
E2

tf

f fd ,c
D
f o = 0,872 f c + 0,371 f r + 6,258
(MPa)
tf
E 2 = 245,61 . f c0, 2 + 1,344
Ef
(MPa)
D
fr
.
tf
.
D
.
f

.
f fd ,c
,
.
f c* *cu (.
),
.
bh

:
b2 h2
+
D=
2h 2b
( )
50%. :
tf
tf
fr = 2 a
f fd ,c =
f fd ,c
D
D

.

,
,
(1/r) (
[24], [3].
:

.


.

.

:
:

52


Vwf ,d = t f E f fu D cot / f
2

Vwf ,d = 2 t f E f fu b cot / f
:
b .

. ( = 300).
f ,
. 2,5.
fu / f = 0,005
- fu / f = 0,01.
2, ,

.

, .
,

.
[24],
.
:
kr =kk =1.0


(s)
50%
: s =1,5 s = 1,72.
(
),
,
.

.
5.4.1.2.2

,
[34,35,36,37].

.

(.1.12)
( .1.13)
( ).

53

4
4
9

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)

5
9

1.12

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

1.13 ,

.
54


()
(d 80 mm)
.
.
.
,
.

.
() .
, ,
(d 100 mm) .

( ).
()

,
. ,
.
() .

.
.
.

:

.

(..
).

( ).

.
6 mm
(.. ),
,
.
,
.
(
).
,
.

(.1.14) [4]. 1.14
55

[8]
.
,
12/100 mm,
.
(.. 4 )
.
,
(. ).
( ).

(), .
.
.
6
.
( ) .

[18].

, .
2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

()

(1) 12/10
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

()
6

h/2

h/2

1.14

56


, ( ..

),
. 30-50 mm
.

..
,
. 1.15
[20].

.
,
.
(.1.16),
.

.
.
,.
. ( .. L 50105 mm)

. ( .. L 50X10X5 mm)
.
1.15

57

1.
2.

1.16
1.17 [56]
.
.

5
5

6
5

4
3

7
6

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

5
3

C - C

1.17
58




,

- .
[10,11,12,20]

.

.
1.18 [10]
:

6
1

2
5
1

5
3

. 1.18
1 : .
2 : .
3 :
.
4:
.
5: .
6: .
1,2 6
[2,10], 3,4 5
.
59

 f,
, ,
:
max Nf = 8 f2t t uo
:
- .
f2t .
uo max f.
:
u /

r

uo (.1.19) Nu-Nr
, :
N Nr
uo = u
8 f 2 t t

sw
sw
sw
sw

uo

8/75

sw
sw
sw
sw
t
1.19

60

uo

 [24] ,
,
().
(
)
.
(s)
:
As .E s s
s =
cr
2 hs
:
.
AS
s
2 .hs
scr

( ).
45 (.1.20).

0,15 mm.
uo (n)
.
A
[kN, mm]
N u N r = n a 14 s
hs
(24), :
A

N u N r = na 20 s + 10 [kN, mm]
hs

hs
5
2h

10

1.20

61


uo (.1.19)

[10,12].
:

t. f 2 t
Asw

sw
f ywd

Asw

a sw
f ywd
f2t f2t = fctk0,95
8/75 mm
[1,10].

-

( ).

. [2,3].

( ) [24] :
kr = 0,80
kk = 0,70
:
) ,
.
) .
)
.
[8,36]

. ,
kr, kk
. :
kr= 0,80 1,0 kk= 0,70 1,0.
,

.
kk= 0,70
.

62

 ,
kk = 1,0.


:

, 50 mm.
, 80-120 mm.
, 120 mm .
(.. 75 mm)
[18]

.
(.1.21) .
5

5
20 mm

1.21

:

[17].
8/75 mm.

S500s :
Asd = ,min Ac

. .
,min = max ( w
,
, min

. .

W ,min

0,12%) [2]

[17]
Ac
.
(S) :
S min (6 hmin , 800mm)

63

hmin
.


.

.

(c2 2Ac1).

.
,
.

5.4.2

.
5.4.2.1

, ,
, ,

.

.
: kr = 1,0
kk = 0,9 ~1,0

kk = 1,0.
5.4.2.2

,
.
5.4.2.2.1
()
.
,
.

.

.
:

64

()
()
.
300 mm,
.
() .
()

(.1.10).
5.4.2.2.2

.
,
.

. ,
.

1.22 [56].

, b .
c d
.
d 1.22,

.

1.23 [56].

65

b.

4
3

1
1

C
2

c.

5
1

C - C

C
D

d.

2
2

D
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

D - D

..

1.22 .

66

2
4

3
6

3
6

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)
(6)
3

1.23 .

.

[24]
.
,
67


.
:
kr = 0,80
kk = 0,70 1,0
:
) ,
.
) .
)
.
,

.
kk = 0,70.
,
k=1,0.

.
.

.
(Vn)
,
.
Kres n
. Vres Vn
:
K res
Vd
Vres =
K res + K n
Kn
Vd
Vn =
K res + K n
:
Vd
.

res ,
:
Vn =Vd-VR,res , ,
.
VR,res
.
[11].

VR VR ,res

0,25 (1 w )

0,5

(1 1 )
1 + 1,5 s2

0, 7 + d

(n 1) 0, 25

VR
:
.
VR
w
.

68


( ).

: = /
.
n
,
.
Nd
d
: d =
bw .l w . f c
Md
s
: a s =
Vd .l w
bw , lw .

.
( ) :
VR,res = VR
,
/
:

Vsd VRd2 = kr V Rdmonol
2

Vsd VRd 3 = k r VRdmonol
= k r Vcdmonol + Vwdo + Vwdn
3
1

:
V Rdmonol
,VRdmonol
Vcdmonol .
2
3

Vwdo ,Vwdn
.
O .
Vwdn Vsd, :
V
Vwdn min ( sd Vcdmonol Vwdo , Vsd )
kr

50 mm, 80 mm.

.

[17].

S500s :
Asd = ,min Ac

. .
,min = max ( w
,
, min

0,12%)

[2]

69

. .
W,min

[17].
Ac
.
(S) :
S min (6 hmin , 800mm)

hmin
.

.
.
.

( ) 10
, 90, . T

.
5.4.3 -
,
.

.
.
5.4.3.1
,
( )
( ).
1.24
[56].

.
.
. :kr=kk=1,0

70

4
5

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

4
2
1
2
4

1.24
5.4.3.2
,
(
) .
5.4.3.2.4
,
.
[30,32].
[33].

, 50-100 mm, .
, ,
.

( )
.


. ,

, .
71

 1.25
, .
( G1)
( G2).

F
3

F
3
1

G1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) ( )
(6)
(7)
1.25 .

G2

1.26 1.27
.
4

()

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

()

1.26
() , ()

72

()

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

(c)
1

(b)

(d)
1

1.27

.
.

,
[24]:
kr = 0,9 ,
kk = 0,85
kk = kr = 1,0
-

. [2].
,
-
[29,32,34,35].

,
[17].

.
[24]
.


.
5.4.3.2.2
(FRP),
,
.

.

.
(.1.28)

73


.
,
.

.

()

1.28

, ,
. .

.

,
, ,
.
[52] ,
,
.



.


.
( )
, .
,

[2,3].


, :

74

max (200mm,
140/bl, 200tl ) bl tl mm.

,
. 4 mm 2%
[54].

, .

, .
= / d 0,40 (57).
.

,
(.1.29).

1.29

.
,
. , ,
.
.
.
(Mdo/do) .

, [6,15]:
( )
, ,
.
( )
, , ,
() .

75

- ,
.
, (
) (FRP) ,
()
.
,
f ,lim 50%
.
f ,lim = 6/.
.
, c 2 = 3,5 /
s1 = 20 / [17]
c 2 = 3,5 / f = 6 / [2,3].

.
(lb) .
,
[15].
-
,
(.1.29)
.

,
- (G+2Q)
(.. ).
5.4.3.2.3
, ,

1.30 [56] .

76

1
2

1 - 1

1
4

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

1 - 1

1.30

.
1.31 1.32, [13]
, ( 1.32,).
,
(G+2Q).

.
:
V Rd 3 = Vcd + Vwd + V fd
V fd .
V fd ,
,
Vwd .

. ,
,
.

1.31
77

()

()

()

1.32
, (tf),
V fd
tf =
:
1,2 f ,e E f d

f ,e [15]:

f ,e = min 0,17 fu ( f cm2 / 3 / E f f )

0,3

, 0,65 10 3 f cm2 / 3 / E f f

0 , 56

, 0,006

f cm () ( MPa),
f GPa fu
.
5.4.3.2.4 ..

.
,
.
.
,

o.
1.33 [56] .

, .
.
1.34 [8,56] .

.

78

F
2

4
2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

1.33

: min 312
: min 218
: min 8/200

()

()

()
()
1.34
) ( )
) ( )
) ()
)

79


[24]

.
:
kk = 0,75
H

kr, = 0,90.
H
kr,v = 0,80.


.
(.).


,
.
5.4.4 -
, ,
,
.
:
() .
() , ,
.
()
.
()
.
, ,

. (.
5.1: ),
(, ...)
.


.
, ,
.

80

5.4.4.1
,
.
,
.

.
,
, .

( ). ,
.

.

[5,25].
:
.
.

.
,
,
.
.
5.4.4.2
-.

. ,
.
5.4.4.2.2

.
.
.
1.35 [56],
.
,
.
,

.

81

5.4.4.2.2
[4].
1.36 1.37.
,
.
,
.
,
.
. [16]
.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

6
6

1
7

C - C

2
3

1.35

,
.
.

82


(min 100100X4,5)

(min 20X4)

>0,70

+...

()

()

(min 20X4)
>0,70

>0,70

1.36 ,
) , )

(min 20X4)

>0,70
. 8/50

. 8/50

(min 20X4)

+...

+...

>0,70

(min 100100X4,5)

()

>0,70

(min 100100X4,5)

()

1.37
)
)
83

 ,
,
.
/
200 mm
.
S500s 8/50.
,
.
1.37. /

.
5.4.4.2.2
(FRP)
.
1.38 ,
[56]. ,
,
.

7
3

4
4
1
5

. -
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

1.38
,
,
.

84

 [41],
, .

. 1.39
.

.

1.39
(FRP,
.

,
.
,
[57].
,
, ,
.
5.4.4.3
/
:
kr= 0,9
k r= 0,8
/
1.40 .
-,
[8].

85

S1 f yd

S2 f yd

S1 f yd

f cd S2 f yd

1.40
5.4.5

.. , ..


.
[56] 1.41
1.42.
(.1.41)
,
( )
.

.


(. 1.41).
(.. )
,
.

86

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

-
b - b
2

1.41 ,
.
(.1.42)
.
,
. ,
/,
/.



.

1-

2-
3-
4-
5-

1.42 ,
.
87


,
,
( )
.

- .
5.5

3 ( )
1.43 ,
. (s)
. ,

.
(s)
. [31].

(s)
(s )
b.

d. ,

c.
a.

1.43
(a) .
(b) ,
.
88

 (c) ,
.
(d) ,
,
.
(s)
, .

.

, , .

, ,
.

.
, ,

[2,22,38].
.
:

(.1.44).
.

(.1.44).

.

.

.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.

89

 1.44 ()
()
,
.


.


.
,
.. .
, , ,
:
)
,
,

.
) ,

,
.
) ,



.
,
.

90


.
1.45
[53]
.

,
, 1.2 [22].

,
.

8.
( & )

7. 6.
Sugano,
H igashi, Kokusho 1975
Fujim ura 1980
Sugano, Fujim ura 1980
Higashi 1980
Hayashi 1980
Aoyam a 1984, Others

5.
Sugano,
Fujim ura 1980

4.

Vw

7
6

0,60 - 1,00 Vw
0,64 V w
0,62 V w

3.Higashi (1980, 1984)

0,45 V w

2.
panels
Higashi (1980)

0,29 Vw

Vo
1

1.
0,50

1,00
( 10 -2 rad)

1,50

1.45

..

Vu/ Vu,m

Vu/ Vu,f

K/ Km
K/ Kf

/ m
/ f

0.50~1.0

3.5~5.5

0.75~1.0

12.5~25.5

0.85~0.95

0.90

0.20~0.80

1.20~4.20

0.15~0.85

3.5~20.5

0.70~3.95

0.70~3.80

0.60

3.50

0.35

7.30

0.50

0.35~0.65

1.70~3.70

0.05~0.30

1.60~6.50

0.50~4.35

1.45~4.25

1.2

91

Vu , ,
.
V u , K ,
.
f .
m
( ) .
,
:
()
.
()
.
()
.
()
.
()
.
() (
).

. , ,

.
,
.
.
5.5.1

.


.

.
,

.


:
.
(panels).
.



(. 1.46) [53].
92

1.46
()
()
,
, ,
,
.
,
.
1.47 , ,
.

,
.
,
.

.
(
)
.
.
:

.

, .

( ) .

.

.
93



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5.6

1. . ., (1983),
, 6 , .
2. ., (2000),
.
3. ., (2000), /
-

,
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4. ..., (1987), ,
.
5. ., ., ., ., (1996),

, 12 ,
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6. ., ., ., ., (1999),
, 13
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7. (), (1999), ,
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8. ., ., (1990),
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9. ., (1999), - , 13
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10. ., (1981), ,
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11. ., ., (1983),
, 6
, .
12. ., (1984), , :
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13. ., (1998), ,
., .
14. ., (1999),
: ,
13 , .
15. ., (2000), , . . , 275.
16. ., (2000),
., , .
17. , (1995),
, .
18. , (1997),
-97 .. 14/19164, 28-3-1997, 315/17-4-1997.
19. ., (2000), , .,
1, .
20. ., (1985),
- ,
7 , .
101

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103

6
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) (. 6.6.1).

min 5 mm

. 6.6.1 [2], [4], [11]

7: .

.
.
,
.
8: . .
0.1MPa,
.
.
, .
.
10-20
( )
, .
,
. ,
.
9: .
- :
- (. 6.6.2)
- ( )
-
-
144

- , :
() ()
: :
-
-
- ( )
- (
, .. (silica fume))
-
- ( )
- ( )
:
, ,
(
). (

).
,

, .
,
.
. ,
.

. 6.6.2
[11]

145

: :
- +
- ( )
: .
, .
.
,
, ...
:
,
, (
).
, ,
,

.
, ,
. ,
.
:
.
:
. , :
Rw = Rw, o
6.6.2
:

.
:
( ).
- : .
:
,
.
:
- 50 lt m3 ,
20% 60%, .
- 150 lt m3 ,
200% 400%.
..
, ,
, :
146

(Kg)
75
60

(Kg)
25
22.5

(Kg)
0
27.5

(Kg)
1.33
1.66

(Kg)
90
100

(Mpa)
30
13

- 105 lt/m3 .
,

, .

. , ,
.

.
: ( 300.000
). ,
.
, ,
(.. , ...). ,


(, ...).
. ,

.
:
, (T, 1982) ,
.

f wc, s = f wc, 0 1 + 20 f

fwc,s fwc,0 ' .

f 0 ' .
(, 1995)
, :

V f 1gr/ 2
[MPa ]
f wc, s = f wc, 0 1 + 1.25 inf

Vw f wc, 0
Vmf Vw
, fgr
, Tomazevic, Sheppard
(1982), Tomazevic, Apin (1993), Bettio et al. (1993)
,
:

147

f wc, s = f wc, 0 1+ 0.013 (100G gr / G 0 ) 3

Ggr G0.
6.6.3 -
:
(. 6.6.3).
,
. (.
6.6.4). , .
:
1:
( )
. , .
2: () ,
( ).
.
3: ( )
.
4: (
, ).
5: ( )
( ). ,
.

L 100

:
-
-
-
-

. 6.6.3 [11]

148

. 6.6.4 [7], [10], [11]

:
.
.
:
.

.
:
,
.
, (,
).
[8], [11]:
()


, . ,
,
. , ,
. '
,
, "".
()

,
,
. .
149

 ,
(
).
:

fWV =

0,75* + 0,75* *
2
* * fWt * 1+
+
Rd 3
fWt
f 2Wt
1

+ y

fWX =

Rd

0,75 * + X
2
* * fWt * 1 +
3
fWt

+ y

f WC =

6.6.4

Rd

0 ,75 * + y + X (0 , 75 * + y )*
2
* f Wt * 1 +
+
3
f Wt
f 2 Wt

:
, ( 6.6.5)
( 6.6.6) ( ,
...).
:
1:
.
(
) .
2: .
3: (.. )
(.. - /
) .

150

:
-
-
-

45

d h = d b + 5 mm

dh
db

. 6.6.5 [7] ( )

. 6.6.6 [7]

151

: (
)
,
. ,


.
: ,
,

( ),
.
:
[11]:
0 = s / Ah

V
f wc h (1+ 10 0 ) f mt
Vw
V
f wv h (1+10 0 ) f sy
Vw
, Vh = Ah d
, Vw = Aw t
6.7

6.7.1

:
-
-
-


.
,
.
.
6.7.1.1

.
[9]:
- (.. ,
...)
- ,

- (..
)
152

- (.. )
- (, ...)
-
(.. )
- ,

-
-
- (.. , ,
..)
-
-
(.. )
- ( , ...)
6.7.1.2

,

.
, .
,
,
,
. ,
.
6.7.1.3

, :
-
( , )
- , ,
/ ,
( .. )
-

6.7.1.4
:
-
-
-


, ,
153

 .

.
.
6.7.2
: ,
, .

.
(
). ,
.
:
( )
, ,
( )
(. 6.7.1).
(. 6.7.2).

0.30 m
0.20 m

0.20 m

0,35

( 410 )

. 6.7.1 .. . 6.7.2 ..


[4], [6], [10], [11]
[4], [6], [10], [11]
( )

(. 6.7.3) (.
6.7.4)
( ).

154

 1 - 1

2 - 2

. 6.7.3 [9]

(
) (. 6.7.5).
,
.

= 0,50 m
= 0,50 -1,00 m

2-3

6.7.4 [7]

155

 6.7.5 [7],
[11]
:
, ,
:
1:
.
2:
(. 6.7.6).
.

.
3: (
)
, .

( )
2
5
3
6
1
4
2
5

. 6.7.6 [9]
156

:
,
.
( )
.
:
-
-
-
-
:
,
.
, .
.
:

. , ,
.
: ,

.
. ,
,
.
6.7.3
:
50
(
)
.
,
, ,
,
.
()
.
.
( ),
,
.
, .

157

 75 250mm
, (.. <120 140mm),
, ()
.

, :
- .
(),

- .

, (
) , ,



.


.
.
. 6.7.7.


.
( ) , ,
, .
,
.
,
( )

(. 6.7.8).
,
( 6.7.9).

158

d
a
e
1

d
1 - 1

d
-

. 6.7.7 . (
, ), (
, ) [9]

159


d h = 100 -150 mm
d b = 20 mm

6.7.8 ( ) [7], [11]

6.7.9 [7], [11]

160

 :
1: .
, . .
2: ()
. 140mm
. . ,
, , .
3: .
( 600-800 Kg
).
4: ( ).
5:
,
.
:
- ,
,
- ( )
-
-
- ,

: (
)
.

.
,

. , , .
, .
: ()
.
.
:
, DIN
4128 .
100 500 KN.
DIN,
3%
. ,
3m.

161

6.7.4
:
(
6.7.10).
, ,

( 6.7.11).

. ,
.. .

( ), . .

. 6.7.10 [11]
162

 :
1: .
2:
.
3: .
:
-
- :
.
,

:
.

.
.
:
.
.

6.7.11 [9]

163

6.8

1.

. ,
, ..., , 1978.

2.

. ,
, ..., , 1978.

3.

..., - , ...,
, 1978.

4.

..., , ' ...,

, 1978.

5.

UNDP/UNIDO, Manual for building construction under seismic conditions in the balkan
region: Design and Construction of Stone and Brick - Masonry Buildings,
UNDP/UNIDO, Project RER 79/015, Vol. 3, Vienna, 1983.

6.

UNDP/UNIDO, Manual for building construction under seismic conditions in the balkan
region: Repair and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete, Stone and Brick - Masonry
Buildings, UNDP/UNIDO, Project RER 79/015, Vol. 5, Vienna, 1983.

7. , ., , ..., , 1986.
8.

,
, ..., , 1987.

9.

, ., - , ,
. - . ...
..., , 1994, . 271 - 293.

10. , .,
, , , 1997.
11. , .,
( ), ..., , 1998.
12. , .,
. .
....,
..., , 1999.

164

.
,
(, , ).

. ,
,
,
.
7.1

,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
()-2000
.

.

.7.1 .

,
,
. ,
,
, .
,
,
.
(. . ).
165

, ,
.
,
,
.

.

, ( ), ()
,
. ,
( ),
2000 .4,
.

.7.2 .
,
( )
(PILOTIS ).
, 2000

.
. 4 ,
.4.1.7.1, :

,
(. 4). 4

, (.. Pilotis
).

50%.
( )

.

,
,
166



.

,

2d (d= ).
1985
( 10 cm , )
, .

.7.3 .


.

.
,
,
.
,
.

(, . 1989).

.
.



.

.
, ,
, .
7.2

,
.

167

 .

.
,

.
.
(.
. . ) :
)
.
)
.
) ,

,
.

,
, .. .
.


:
1.
.
,
.
2.
.

.
.
.
.
3.
. -
,
.
4.

(, , ,
).
.
5.

.
168

6.
.
7. (
) .
8.
.
.
7.3

(, ., 1985)

.
:
. ,
, .
.
.
,
, .

.
.
. .
, ,
.
.
.

.
.
.

.

.

,
.

.
.

,
,
.

.
,
.
169

 , ,
.
7.4

(, ., 1989)

. [17][29]
:
. ,
. 11
11 ( )
[17], 10%, 366994%
11 136353%
4.
. 40% 4
11 .

.
.
23
.
7.5

(<10 mm ).

:
) ( 50 cm
)

) ( )

170

) ( )

) ( )

) .

171

7.6

.
,

:
7.6.1 )
) ( )
) ( )
) ( )

) ,


) .

172

7.7

( )

( ),
:
) ( 50 cm
)
) ( )
) ( )
) ( )

)
,

) .
,
, .

,
, .
7.8

7.8.1

(, , ..),
, :
(, )
,
, .
35%
50% ,
.

.

, .
) :

173

,
,
( 10 cm).
8
2 , .
, 5 cm
.
(UPAT), ,
UPAT .

)
:

.
.

,
5 cm .
8 2
, .

)

4 2
.
7.8.2

,

. ,

.
7.8.3

,


.
7.8.4

.
174


.
.
7.9

(, ., 1989)

,

. ,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
[18],.
. :
Fourier. .
.
. :
[62],
.

.

[41], [42] , [22].

t sin 2
(2.2.1)
= h h = h 4 W
4 c lh'
w .

:
Mainstone [41],[42]: w = 0.175d0.4
(2.2.2)
Mainstone [69]
: w = 0.21 cos
(2.2..3)
f t
[69]
: w = 3k t w I
(2.2.4)
w
t
t= cr
f wt

: cr 500 (50%)

175

Bazan Meli

[13], [69]:

w= 0.2h 4

c c
Gw w

(2.2.5)

c c
5
(2.2.6)
Gw w


(
, , , ...).

.
,
, [61].
,
, [65]
:

.
(:
) .

.

,

.
. :

.

.
. :
, .

.

.

. [45]

( ..
, .
).
(..
)
, [12].
.

-
,

176


.
-

.
, :

.
: .
1) Wei L.et al. [120] .
1 = 1 0 = 1

W W
1
W h2
2.35h
+
7
1

2= 0.250
3= 0

a1 = 0.55 + 0.15(1 / h 1)

W = 1 . 1 W = 1 . 1tl
: .

: .
: /1: .
t,h,1 : , .
W : .
2h
cr = cr w 1 + c
1

y = cr w +

:
: cr = cro 1 +

M ub + M uc
h

0
cro

1
=3.5+0.5 1
h
cro : .
0 : .

Hc : .
177

ub, Muc: , ,
.

2. Xihui L. et al [122], .
0 =

G w z
1h

K1 = K0
2 = -0

= (24-3.90) / 1500, 0 6 kg/cm2

1
Gw z h 2
1+
12 w I z 1

z = 2c n c
w

1 3
1
+ tl
2 12

Az = Aw (1+S)
S = n

Gc 2 c

Gw w

n = 0.26, 1=1.2
Gc, Gw, Ec, Ew : .
c, Aw

t, h, l

: , , .

: cr = (1 + S )

cr w cr z
=
2
2

: Hu = 1 ( 2 crd + 0 ) w + 3 f sy s
cr = cro 1 +

0
cro

cro :
s, Asy :
:
0 :
1 = 1-0,520, 2 = 0,69, 3 = 0,41, 2 = 1,2

178

3. Zarnic R. Tomazevic M. [126]

,
.

cr = w

f t ,w

f t ,w

+1

u = Hcr + Asfy
: =

3 cr hw
2 w I w

h3
kI w
=
+
3 w e Gw e
Kcr =
: Ae = 2 Ac

24 c I c
h3

Gc
+ Aw
Gw

w, c, s

: ,
.

: E .

w, c, Gw, Gc :
.
e

: .

: .

Ft,w

: .

Fy

: .

4. Tassios T.P. [109]

-
:

u ,m = n ( u , 0 + u ,w )

:
u,m :

u,0 :

u,w

-
.

1,10 1,40

179

 ,

n .

.
:

u = 2( cs + cf ) f wc f w
:

Hu

: .

Mcs : , .
cf : K .

: .

Tw

Fcw : A .

: .

u =

2
tan

bf f wc t w

:
bf : H .
.

u =

2( j1 + j 2 )
h

f wc t w h
6

Mj1, j2 : -
.
5) :
,
, .
:
180

Mallick and Severn [75], Mallick and Garg [77], Kost, Weaver and Barber [59], Tanaka,
Kaneko and Mizutani [106], Axley and Bertero [13], Thiruvengadam V. [114], Dhanasekar
M., Page A. [32].
: .
o ,
,
.
.

.
w
. ,
.
Smith R.S. [94] : = n h = h 4

w = 0,175d0, 4

Klingner Bertero [55][57][73] :

Mainstone R. [73] :

w = 0,2 l cos

Tassios T. [109] :

w = 3Kt

t = cr
f wt

Bazan Meli [16] :

w t sin 2
4 c I h

f wt
l
w

: cr 500( 50 0 0 )

w = 0,2h 4

Syrmakezis Vratsanou [104] :

c c
Gw w

1 <

cc
<5
Gww

w
l
d

= 0,64 + 3,0 c 0,1

h
h
l

dc .
,
,
( ,
...).
,
, .
,
.
,
, .
[112]:
) :
:

181

 u cos = f wc wt w
:
u:
w :
tw :
fwc : ,

(.3.12). wt 0,30 wc :
0,30
f wc = 1 : 1 +
f wc

( = fwt:fwc)

) ,
.
Vsd,
. .
:
u = c mb l w t w
:
cmb : .
Klingner R.E. Bertero V.V [55][57]
,
, .
,
CD.
.
BC.

.
.- . [37]

:

( S0).
.

182

, .

, .

S ' 0 < S 0 ,
.

. [15]
: t u = 1,1 f wc (kg / cm 2 )
:
1W = a 2,72

f wc (80 + h / t )
h

u = b 1,1 f wc
cr = c 0,29

f wc (80 + h / t )

cr / u = 0,71

cr / u = 0,22

.
=u ( )
(). ()
().
() (n)
.

183

7.10
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Detroit,1977.
2. ACI ASCE Com. 326: Shear and Diagonal Tension Proceedings, American
Concrete Institute, Vol.59, 1962.
3. Alongi C. et al: Modelling of Brick Masonry, 7ECEE, Athens, 1982.
4. .: :
. ..., .
, . 1984.
5. ASCE-ACI Com. 426: The Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members
6. ASTM C 67: Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay
Tile.
7. ASTM C 270: Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry.
8. ASTM E 149: Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Mortar to Masonry Units.
9. ASTM E 447: Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms.
10. ASTM E 519: Standard Test Methods for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry
Assemblages.
11. A.T.C. 3 06: Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for
Buildings NSF/USA, 1978.
12. Avramidou Maio N. and Fei C.: An Investigation of Mechanical Behavior of
Repaired R.C. Frames Under Severe Repeated Load 7WCEE, Istanbul, 1980.
13. Axley J.M and Bertero V.V.: Infill Panels: Their Influence on Seismic Response of
Buildings EERC Report No 79-28, Sept. 1979.
14. Axley J.M.: Modelling the Stiffness Contribution of Infill Panels to Framed
Structures by a Constrained Approach, 7WCEE, Istanbul, 1980.
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..
,
..., 1989.
16. Bazan E.- Meli R.: Seismic Analysis of Structures With Masonry Walls 7WCEE,
Istanbul, 1980.
17. Bertero V.V. and Brokken S.: Infills in Seismic Resistant Building Proceedings
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18. Bertero V.V.: Seismic Perfomance of Reinforced Concrete StructuresAmales de la
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19. .:
, , 1981.
20. Bonvalet Ch., Girard J., Ilantzis A., Wianecki J.: Influence des Remplissages dans les
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184

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22. Castellani A. and Vitielo E.: Hollow Bricks in Bearing Walls: An Experimental and
Theoretical Investigation, 7WCEE, Istanbul.
23. Causevic M.: Fullscale Forced Vibration Tests and Computer Analysis of the Seven
Story Composite Reinforced Concrete and Clay Blocks Building Structure, 8EAEE,
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24. CEB: Model Code for Seismic Design of Concrete Structures Final Draft CEB B.I.,
No 160, Oct. 1983.
25. CEB: Seismic Design of Concrete Structures, Second Draft, CEB B.I. No 149,
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26. Chinwah J.G. Shear Strength of Brick Mortar Couplets 7ECEE, Athens, 1982.
27. Chuxian S.: Analysis of the Strength for Compressive Members of Brick Masonry
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28. Ciongradi C.: Estimation of Framework Infill Wall Interaction for Multistorey
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30. Clough R.W.: Effect of Stiffness Degradation on Earthquake Ductility
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32. Dhanasekar M. Page A.: The Influence of Brick Masonry Infill Properties on the
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33. DIN 105: Mauerziegel. Vollziegel und Lochziegel.
34. DIN 1053: Blatt 1: Mauerwerk. Berechnung und Ausf hrung.
35. DIN 18554: Mauerwerk. Ermittlung der Tragfahigkeit von Wanden und Pfeilern.
36. DIN 18555: Mortel aus Mineralischen Bindemittelln. Pr fung.
37. Doudoumis I. Mitsopoulou E.: Nonlinear Analysis of Multistorey Infilled Frames
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38. Drakopoulos J. and Makropoulos K.: Seismicity and Hazard Analysis Studies in the
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39. Drysdale R.G.et al . Tensile Strength of Concrete Masonry, Proceedings ASCE,
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40. Focardi F. Manzini E.: Diagonal Tension Tests on Reinforced and non-Reinforced
Brick Panels 8WCEE, San Francisco, 1984.
41. Focardi F. Manzini E.: Cyclic and Monotonic Diagonal Tension Tests on Various
Shape Reinforced and nonReinforced Brick Walls 8EAEE Lisbon, 1986.

185

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Reverced Cyclic Load 8EAEE, Lisbon, 1986.
43. Grimm C.T.: Strength and Related Properties of Brick Masonry Proceedings
ASCEE, STRD, Jan. 1975.
44. Hamid A.A. and Drysdale R.G.: Concrete Masonry Under Combined Shear and
Compression Along the Mortar Joints, ACI Journal, Sep. Oct. 1980.
45. Hamid A.A. et al .: Shear Strength of Concrete Masonry Joints Proceedings
ASCEE, STRD, July 1979.
46. Hayashi T. et al .: The Strengthening Methods of the Existing Reinforced Concrete
Buildings 7WCEE, Istanbul 1980.
47. Henry A.W.: The Shear Strength of Brickwork, Reinforced and Prestressed
Masonry. Inst. Struct. Eng London, 1981.
48. Higashhi Y.et al.: Experimental Study on Strengthening Reinforced Concrete
Structure by Adding Shear Wall 7WCEE Istanbul 1980.
49. Jingqian X. et al.: Experimental Study on Behaviour of Earthquake Resistance of
Brick Masonry Under Cyclic Loading 8 EAEE, Lisbon 1986.
50. Jolley R.: Shear Strength: A Predictive Technique for Masonry Walls 1976.
51. Jurina L.: Pareti in Muratura Soggete ad Azioni Sismiche, Rivista Construire, n.
100, 1977.
52. Kahn L.F. and anson R.D.: Infilled Walls for Earthquake Strengthening
Proceedings ASCEE, STRD, Feb. 1979.
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54. .: o
O ,
, ... 1986.
55. Klingner R.E. and Bertero V.V.: Infilled Frames in Earthquake Resistant
Construction, Rep. No EERC 76-32 Dec. 1976, University of California, Berkeley.
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WCEE, New Delhi, India 1977.

th

57. Klingner R.E. and Bertero V.V.: Earthquake Resistance of Infilled Frames,
Proceedings ASCE, STRD, June 1978.
58. Klingner R.E.: Discussion of paper by Kahn and Hanson, ASCE, STRD, Nov. 1979.
59. Kost E.G.,Weaver W. and Russel R.: Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Frames With
Filler Panels, ASCE, Structural Division Journal, Apr. 1974.
60. Lamar S., Fortoul C.: Brick Masonry Effect in Vibrations of Frames, Proc. 4WCEE,
Vol. II.
61. Leonhardt F.: Reducing the Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams and
Slabs Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 17, No 53, Dec.1965.
62. Liauw T.C.: Elastic Behaviour of Infilled Frames ICE, May / August 1970, Vol. 46.
63. Liauw T.C.: Stress Analysis for Panel of Infilled Frames, Building Science, Vol. 8,
1973.
186

64. Liauw T.C and Lee S.W.: On the Behaviour and the Analysis of Multistorey Infilled
Frames Subjected to Lateral Loadind, Proc. ICE, Part 2, Vol. 63, Sept. 1977
65. Liauw T.C.: Tests on Multistorey Infilled Frames Subjected to Dynamic Lateral
Loading, ACI Journal, Vol 76, No 4 April 1979.
66. Liauw T.C.: An Effective Structural System Against Earthquakes - Infilled Frames
7WCEE Istanbul 1980.
67. Liauw T.C.: Discussion to paper by Kahn and Hanson, ASCE Structural Division
Journal, January 1980.
68. Liauw T.C., Kwan K.H.: Plastic Theory of Nonintegral Infilled Frames Proc.
Institution of Civil Engineers , Part 2, Vol. 75, Sept. 1983.
69. Liauw T.C Kwan K.H.: Plastic Theory of Infilled Frames with Finite Interface Shear
Strength, Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers , Part 2, Vol. 75, Dec. 1983.
70. Liauw T.C Kwan K.H.: Cyclic Characteristics of Multistorey Infill Frames CIB, Int.
Symposium on Wall Structures,Warsaw, June 1984.
71. Liauw T.C and Lo C.Q.: Tests on Multibay and Multistorey Infilled Frames,
Institution of Engineers, Australia Civ. Eng. Trans. 1985.
72. Liauw T.C, Tian Q.L.., Cheung Y.K.: Dynamic Response of Infilled Frames
Incorporating a Sliding Base Device Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Part. 2, 1986, Vol. 81.
73. Mainstone R.J.: On the Stiffnesses and Strengths of Infilled Frames Current Paper
CP 2/72, Building Research Station, Febr. 1972, Reprinted from Proc. ICE , 1971
Suppl. (iv).
74. Makino M. et al.: An investigation for the Design of Framed Structures with Infill
Walls, 7WCEE, Istanbul 1980.
75. Mallick D.V. and Severn R.T.: The Behaviour of Infilled Frames under Static
Loading, Proc. ICE, Sept./Dec. 1967, Vol.39.
76. Mallick D.V. and Severn R.T.: Dynamic Characteristics of Infilled Frames, Proc.
ICE Jan./Apr. 1968, Vol.39.
77. Mallick D.V. and Garg. R.P.: Effects of Openings, on the Lateral Stiffness of Infilled
Frames, Proc. ICE, 1971 Vol.49, Paper No 7371.
78. Mallick D.V.: Infilled Frame Construction in Seismic Regions, 7WCEE, Istanbul
1980.
79. Meli R.: Behaviour of Masonry Walls Under Lateral Loads, 5WCEE, Rome, 1972.
80. Meli R.: Comportiamento Sismico de Muros de Mamposteria Universidad Nacional
de Mexico, 2nda Edition, 1979.

187

. , .
. , .
189

. . : Y & Y Y .., , 2000

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190

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[17].
2.2

( ),
(latex),
.
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.
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,
20!
)
.
.
70 C 140 MPa 5
(200oC)
100MPa 7 [11].
) ,
.
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,
(latex)
50%.
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.

.

191

2.3

.
10-15 mm.
.
.

, ,
.
2.4

(shotcrete gunite)
. ,
.
/

:
1. ' /
.
70 Mpa
. ' ,
50 MPa, 35 MPa
.
2.
.
.
3.

50 mm.
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2.4.1

:
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(.3).
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192

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193

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( 150 rn),
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(MPa)
(MPa)
.
1
40,3
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2
49,2
4,1
3
40,7
2,9
4
37,3
3,6
5
48,7
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6
31,9
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7
31,6
3,5
194

(MPa)

(MPa)

.
8
9
10

33,0
30,1
32,1

3,9
3,7
3,4

.
11
12
13
14
15

33,2

0,9
1,3
1,7
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33,5

1 :
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,

[12].
2 [15]
.

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( 1 ),
( 3).

.1
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3/4 in.(19 mm)

1/2 in.(12 mm)
3/8 in.(10 mm)
No.4 (4.75 mm)
No.8 (2.4 mm)
No.16 (1.2 mm)
No.30 (600 m)
No.50 (300 m)
No.100 (150 m)

100
95-100
80-100
50-85
25-60
10-30
2-10

100
90-100
70-85
50-70
35-55
20-35
8-20
2-10

100
80-95
70-90
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2

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195


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[15].
C 30/35, / 1 : 3,5
1 :4.

1 :3,0
1 :3, 5
1 :4,0
1 :4,5
1 :5,0
1 :6,0

1 :2,0
1 :2,8
1 :3,25
1 :3,6
1 :3,8
1 :4, 1

3 /
/ '
0,30 0,50.
0,40 0,55.
' ,
:
) 300-380 kg/m3 21 MPa.
) 325-425 kg/m3 28 MPa
) 380-500 kg/m3 35 MPa.
' ,
'
.
, cs, 0,6x10-3
1,0x10-3,
. ,
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.
.
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.
2.4.3

.

196


.


.

(l), (h),
, ..
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[15],
1 h: = 200 + 2.5 (1 + 2h)
: 1 h m kPa.

.
4 ,
700 kPa 25 mm 64 mm.
. .

M3 /min

25 mm
32 mm
38mm
51mm
64mm

10.0
12.5
17.0
21.0
28.0

4 700 kPa
.

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:

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0,60 m 1 ,80 m
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197

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4

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,

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5
198

8
199

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50% .

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[15].

5-15 %
15-25 %

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5

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201

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202

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203

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205

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6
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207

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208

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[]

ASTM
D695

**
[min]
[PS]

*
ASTM
D1824- mod

68,9

61,1

110

117

85,8

103,4

60

300

19

60 gr

170

100 gr

28

60 gr

3,5

4,0

1,4

106
5 gr

106
5 gr
6,0

5,0

209

[]

[]

[]

[%]

[]

[]

[ ]

AASTHO
T-237
ASTM
D695
ASTM
D638
ASTM
D638
ASTM
D790
ASTM
D790
ASTM
D648
*

48,2

34,5

34,5

965

827

1585

1379

1372

2785

41,4

34,5

62

27,5

41,4

57,2

55,2

2,0

2,5

2,5

0,5-1,2

1,5

68,9

55,1

82,7

107,3

89,6

2413

2068

4137

2842

3447,5

49 0 C

45 0 C

57 0 C

43-115
C ***

46 0 C

60 0 C

20

*
** 25 0 C
***

[]
**
[min]
[PS]****
[]

[]

[]

ASTM
D695

200 gr
ASTM
D1824mod
AASTHO
T-237
AASTHO
T-237
AASTHO
T-237

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

92,2

105

129

112

101

25

80

45

30

81

4,5

2,0

2,8

44,0

55,1

49,5

44

44

55

3,0

3,9

5,5

2,5

3,4

3,0

2,9

2,8

4,1

4,0

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**** 20 0 C
7
, ,
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210

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211

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14


A3
A5
A6
A7

= 4 C
44
24
6
7,5
= 5 C
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45
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= 25 C
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4
1,4
1,6
= 2 C
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= 37 C
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0,55
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= 35 C
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1,1
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B1
B2
B3
B6
B7
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8 ( PS)

, (.
. 7).

45 min.
60 min.
212

 .
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4260 gr
4260:4=1065
gr
50 min
60 min
I
120 min
300 min
II
9

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.

15

= 4 C

A3
A6
1
2
3

=4 C

=4 C

=4 C

=4 C

*
210 min
380 min
*
*

*
62 min
72 min
300 min
61 min

19 min
28 min
25 min
80 min
35 min

8,5 min
12 min
*
*
*

60 gr
60 gr
200 gr
200 gr
200 gr

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10
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213

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215

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75

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63

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68

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42

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25.000 25.00
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6
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6

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27.50
0
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3,7

3,5

8,8

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3
20

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20

4
30

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11 m

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MA
33
1
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4
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8
74
28
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MC

MD

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26
40
5
70

30
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3
33
48
63

16
38
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217

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240 400 MPa.
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218

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.
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5.2 (FRPs)
(IO)-Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs)
.
,
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[2].
,
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,
80 C.
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5-25 m. 13 [11]
, .

. :

219

f t

29
49

[Kg/m3

X 103]
[G]

Poisson

[]

[%]

1,90
1,90

380
230

0,35
0,35

1800
2600

0,5
1,2

2,54
2,27

72-75
70-76

0,25
0,25

3500
2000-3500

4,8
3-4,6

1,44
1,45
7,86

70
135
200

0,32
0,32
0,28

2900
2900
400-1700

4
2,1
10

13
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5 rnrn,
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30 mm.
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220

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FRP = Er*Vr + Ef*Vf
:
EFRP , Er, Ef ,
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Vr ' Vf .. .
Vr + Vf = 1
, Ef >>Er FRP =Vf .Ef
17 .

17 .
3-4
S500s 1500-2500 MPa.

,
.

. 40-60 %
, 50-65% 75-95%
.
14
[11].
18 -
. ,
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221

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(GFRP)

(AFRP)

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50

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3%

65 120

2-3 %

35 190

1-1,5 %

200

10 %

14

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:
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250 C.
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15
. 10 [11].
222

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9
9

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6

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3

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6

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9

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224


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[13].
, C 0.24%
Ceq 0.53% .
Stl ( S220)
0, 15%
St IIl ( S 400) 0.30%.
St IIl (S 400)
,

225

 [13].
.
.
,
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21
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.


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.

.
() StI (S220),
S500s S400s.
.
StIII (S400)
S400s
S500s.
[13].

229

8.
1. ..., (1987) "E -", .
2. ., ., ., ., (1999) "
", 13 ,
.
3. ., (1994) "E ",
. , .
4. ..., (1978) " ", .
5. (....), (1994) "
".
6. ., (1983) "E
".
7. ..., 152.
8. ., ., (1998) " ,
15/6/95", , .
, .
9. 1., Young R., ., ., (1984) "
",
. . . , 166.
10. 1., ., ., (1990) "
E ", 9
,.
11. ., (1998) " ",
., .
12., (1997) ' "
-97" .. 14/19164, 28-3-1997, 315/17-4-1997.
13., (2000) ' "
", 381//24-3-2000 .. .2100,
.
14.ACI Committee 224, ( 1990) "Control of Cracking Concrete Structures" and "Causes
Evaluation and Repair ofCracks Concrete Structures", ACI 224R-89, ACI 224.1R-89,
ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 3 .
15.ACI Committee 506, (1990) "Guide to Shotcrete", ACI 506R-85, ACI Manual of Concrete
Practice, Part 5.
16.ACI Committee 503, (1992) "Guide for the Selection of Polymer Adhesives with
Concrete", ACI Materials Joumal, Vol.89(1).
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