ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

TECHNOLOGY
(BDA14303)



DR SOON CHIN FHONG
Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Name : DR SOON CHIN FHONG
Website: http://www.chinfhong.webs.com/
Education :
B.Eng (Hons) in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(UTM)
Diploma in Education (UTM)
M.Eng in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (UTM)
PhD in Molecular and Biomedical Engineering
(Bradford Univ., United Kingdom)
Contact:
Email : soon@uthm.edu.my
Tel : 07-4538614 (Office)
Room : F5-001-03(MiNT-SRC)

About me
Chapter 1:
CHARGE AND
ELECTRICAL VARIABLES
1.1 Definitions and Units
Electric circuit, or electric network:
- A collection of electrical elements
interconnected in some way.
FIGURE 1.1: General two-terminal electrical elements
a b
Example
FIGURE 1.2: A simple electric circuit
Important terminology
Coulomb (C):
- The basic unit used to measure electric charge

Joule (J):
- A joule is the work done by a constant 1-N force
applied through a 1-m distance.(1Nm = 1 J)

Ampere (A):
- One ampere or amp is the current that flows when 1
Coulomb of charge passes each second (1 A = 1 C/s)

Cont
Volt (V):
- If a charge of 1 Coulomb may be moved
between two points in space with expenditure of
1 Joule of work, 1 Volt is said to be a potential
difference existing between these points
(1 V = 1 J/C)

Watt (W):
- The rate at which work is done or energy
expended. The watt is defined as 1 Joule per
second (1W =1 J/s).

Quantities and SI Units
Quantities and SI Units:
- The International System of Units (SI) will be
used throughout this course.
- The standard language for measurement
- 6 principal units
The six basic SI units
TABLE 1.1: The six basic SI Units
QUANTITY BASIC UNIT SYMBOL
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
TABLE 1.2: Prefixes in the SI
Prefixes in the SI
MULTIPLIER PREFIXES SYMBOL
10
12
Tera T
10
09
Giga G
10
06
Mega M
10
03
(=1000)

Kilo k
10
-03
(=1/1000 =0.001) Mili m
10
-06
Micro
10
-09
Nano n
10
-12
Pico p
Standard prefixes

Example 1.1
a. Convert 0.15mA (0.15mA) to
microamperes (A)

Solution:
0.15mA = 0.15x10
-3
A
= 150 x 10
-6
A
= 150 A


b. Add 15mA and 8000A and express the
sum in mA

Solution:
Convert 8000A to 8mA.
15x10
-3
A + 8000x10
-6
A
= 15x10
-3
A + 8x10
-3
A
= 15mA+8mA
= 23mA


1.1 Electric Charge
1.2 Charge and Currents
All things are made of indivisible particles called
atom.





Charge:
- Is an electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consist, measured in Coulomb (C).

Cont
FIGURE 1.3: Electrons flow
Each atom consists of electrons, protons and
neutrons.
- 1 electron charge,e= -1.602 x 10
-19
C
- 1 proton charge,e= 1.602 x 10
-19
C
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
unlike charges attract AND like charges repel
1.2 Current and
Voltage
Electric current
Electric current:
- Electric current is the time rate of
change of charge, measured in amperes
(A).
- Motion of chargers creates electric
current.

Cont
FIGURE 1.4: Electric current due to flow of electronic charge in a conductor


Battery
I
Mathematically:
The relationship between current i, charge q,
and time t, is
dt
dq
i
(Eq. 1.1)
where current is measured in amperes (A), and
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
Cont
The charge transferred between time to and t
is obtained by integrating both sides of Eq. (1).
We obtain,

t
to
idt q
(Eq. 1.2)
Cont
i = dq/dt;


t
t0
(dq/dt) dt =
t
t0
i dt

FIGURE 1.5: Two common types of current:
(a) direct current (dc), (b) alternating current (ac).

A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant
with time.
An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies
sinusoidally with time.
Example 1.2
1. Given:-
(a) i(t) = (3t
2
- t) A. Calculate charge,q
from t=1 to t=2 s.



Answer:
q = idt = (3t
2
- t) dt
= [t
3
- t
2
/2] from 1 to 2 sec
= (8-2) (1- 1/2) = 5.5 C



Example 1.3
2. How much charge (Q) is represented by 4,600 electrons?



Answer:
Each electron has -1.602 x 10
-19
C.
Hence 4,600 electrons will have

-1.602 x 10
-19
C/electron x 4,600 electrons

= -7.369 x 10
-16
C



Voltage
Voltage (or potential
difference) is the energy
required to move a unit
charge through an element,
measured in volts (V) and is
define as energy of work (W)
per unit charge (Q).

V=W/Q

Where W is expressed in
joules (J) and Q is in
columbs (C).

FIGURE 1.6:
Polarity of voltage V
ab

Example 1.4

If 50J of energy are available for every 10C of
charge, what is the voltage?

V= W/Q
=50J/10C
=5V

1.3 Independent and
Dependent Source
Independent Source
An ideal independent source is an active element that
provides a specified voltage or current that is completely
independent of other circuit variables.

FIGURE 1.8: Symbols for independent voltage sources:
(a)used for constant or time-varying voltage,
(b)used for constant voltage (dc).

FIGURE 1.9:
Symbol for
independent
current source.
Dependent Source
Fig 1.10: Symbols for a) dependent voltage sources b) dependent
current sources

An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active
element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
1.4 Basic Ideal Circuit
elements
Circuit Elements
An element is the basic building block of
circuit.
An electric circuit is simply an interconnection
of the elements.
Circuit analysis is the process of determining
voltages across (or the currents through) the
elements of the circuit.
There are two types of elements found in
electric circuits: passive elements and active
elements.
Cont
An active element is capable of generating
energy while a
passive element is not.

Active element
Typical active elements include generators,
batteries, and operational amplifiers.
The most important active elements are
voltage or current sources that generally
deliver power to the circuit connected to them.
Passive element
Examples of passive elements are resistors,
capacitors, and inductors.


1.5 Power and Energy
Power
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W). There is always
a certain amount of power dissipated in
electrical circuit, depend on amount of
resistance and current, as express as:

P =I
2
R

P = I(IR)
= IV

P = IV
= (V/R)V
= V
2
R .
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
= 3A
= 4V
p = vi = 4 x 3 = 12 W
= - 3A
p = v ( -i) = 4 x (- 3 ) = -12 W
Figure 1.7 (a) : Element with
absorbing power of 12 W
Figure 1.7 (b) : Element with
Supplying power of 12 W
How to make Rochelle salt
piezoelectric crystals

Element of supplying power
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1Ct3V
UWvhQ
Energy is ability to do work.

Power is the rate at which energy is used.
Power, symbolized by P, is certain amount of
energy, symbolized by W, used in certain length
of time (t), expressed as below:
Energy
P= W
t
Energy is measured in joules (J), time t is measured in
seconds (s) and power P is measured in watts (W).
Example 1.5
What is power in watts for an amount of
energy equal to 100J used in 5 s?

Solution:
P= W/t
= 100J/5s
= 20W